Дисертації з теми "Antenne intelligenti"

2006/2007
The objective of this thesis is discussing the application of multiple antenna technology in some selected areas of wireless networks and fourth-generation telecommunication systems. The original contributions of this study involve, mainly, two research fields in the context of the emerging solutions for high-speed digital communications: the mathematical modeling of distributed wireless networks adopting advanced antenna techniques and the development of iterative algorithms for antenna array pattern synthesis. The material presented in this dissertation is the result of three-year studies performed within the Telecommunication Group of the Department of Electronic Engineering at the University of Trieste during the course of Doctorate in Information Engineering. In recent years, an enormous increase in traffic has been experienced by wireless communication systems, due to a significant growth in the number of users as well as to the development of new high bit rate applications. It is foreseen that in the near future this trend will be confirmed. This challenging scenario involves not only the well established market of cellular systems, but also the field of emerging wireless technologies, such as WiMAX (Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access) for wireless metropolitan area networks, and Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) for wireless local area networks, mobile ad-hoc networks and wireless mesh networks. The rapid diffusion of architectures adopting an ad-hoc paradigm, in which the network infrastructure is totally or partially absent and that can be deployed using low-cost self-configuring devices, has further enlarged the number of systems that have to coexist within a limited frequency spectrum. In such evolving environment, the development of interference mitigation methods to guarantee the communication reliability, the implementation of proper radio resource allocation schemes for managing the user mobility as well as for supporting multimedia and high speed applications, represent the most relevant topics. Classic approaches are focused on the use of the time-frequency resources of the propagation channel. However, to satisfy the increasing demand of network capacity, while guaranteeing at the same time the necessary levels in the quality of the offered services, operators and manufacturers must explore new solutions. In this scenario, the exploitation of the spatial domain of the communication channel by means of multiple antenna systems can be a key improvement for enhancing the spectral efficiency of the wireless systems. In a rich scattering environment, the use of multiple antennas enables the adoption of diversity and spatial multiplexing techniques for mitigating and, respectively, exploiting multipath fading effects. In propagation environments characterized by small angular spreads, the combination of antenna arrays and beamforming algorithms provides the possibility to suppress the undesired sources and to receive the signals incoming from the desired ones. This leads to an increase of the signal to interference plus noise ratio at the receiver that can be exploited to produce relevant benefits in terms of communication reliability and/or capacity. A proper design of the medium access control layer of the wireless network can enable the simultaneous exchange of packets between different node pairs as well as the simultaneous reception of packets from multiple transmitters at a single node. Switched-beam antennas, adaptive antennas (also referred to as smart antennas), and phased-antenna arrays represent some of the available beamforming techniques that can be applied to increase the overall system capacity and to mitigate the interference, in a scenario where several different technologies must share the same frequency spectrum. In the context of distributed wireless networks using multiple antenna systems, the core of this thesis is the development of a mathematical model to analyze the performance of the network in presence of multipath fading, with particular reference to a scenario in which the signal replicas incoming at the receiver are confined within a small angle and are characterized by small relative delays. This propagation environment, referred to as low-rank, is the typical operating scenario of smart antennas, which necessitate high spatial correlation channels to work properly. The novel aspects of this study are represented by the theoretical and numerical modeling of the sophisticated adaptive antennas in conjunction with a detailed description of the channel statistics and of the IEEE 802.11 medium access control scheme. A theoretical model providing a more realistic perspective may be desirable, considering that, at present, not only cost and competition issues, but also too optimistic expectations, as compared to the first measurements on the field, have induced the wireless operators to delay the adoption of smart antenna technology. The presented analysis includes the most relevant elements that can influence the network behavior: the spatial channel model, the fading statistic, the network topology, the access scheme, the beamforming algorithm and the antenna array geometry. This last aspect is numerically investigated considering that the size of the user terminal represents a strict constraint on the number of antennas that can be deployed on the device, and so the maximization of the performance becomes related to the geometrical distribution of the radiators. In ad-hoc and mesh networks, the typical communication devices, such as laptops, palmtops and personal digital assistants require compact and cheap antenna structures as well as beamforming algorithms easy to implement. In particular, the low-cost characteristics have guaranteed a wide popularity to wireless mesh technology, which have encouraged the birth of a new social phenomenon, known as wireless community networks, whose objective is the reduction of the Internet access cost. The adoption of multi-antenna systems is the purpose of the IEEE 802.11n amendment, which, however, not considering modifications of the medium access control layer, provides higher bit rates for the single link, but does not allow simultaneous communications between different couples of nodes. This aspect must be taken into account together with the fact that, nowadays, IEEE 802.11x represents the leading family of standards for wireless local communications, and enhancement proposals have to pay careful attention to the backward compatibility issues. The mathematical model presented in this thesis discusses the suitable parameter settings to exploit advanced antenna techniques in 802.11-based networks when the access scheme supports multiple communications at the same time, maintaining a realistic description for the antenna patterns and the channel behavior. The presentation of two new iterative algorithms for antenna array pattern synthesis represents the core of the last part of this dissertation. The proposed solutions are characterized by implementation simplicity, low computational burden and do not require the modification of the excitation amplitudes of the array elements. These advantages make the presented algorithms suitable for a wide range of communication systems, while matching also the inexpensiveness of mesh and ad-hoc devices. In particular, phase-only synthesis techniques allow the adoption of a cheaper hardware, including only phase shifters, which are available at a reasonable price, while avoiding the use of the more expensive power dividers. The first presented algorithm employs the spatial statistic of the channel for properly placing the pattern nulls, in order to suppress the undesired power incoming from a given angular interval. This solution exploits the improved knowledge of the spatial properties of the propagation environment for enhancing the interference suppression capabilities at the transmitter and receiver sides. The second algorithm is a phase-only technique that is able to generate multiple nulls towards the undesired directions and multiple main lobes towards the desired ones. This method provides the possibility to perform spatial multiplexing adopting low-cost electronic components. The thesis is organized in three parts. The first one provides the background material and represents the basics of the following arguments, while the other two parts are dedicated to the original results developed during the research activity. With reference to the first part, the fundamentals of antenna array theory are briefly summarized in the first chapter. The most relevant aspects of the wireless propagation environment are described in the second chapter, focusing on the characteristics of the spatial domain in a low-rank scenario. The third chapter presents a classification of the different multiple antenna techniques according to the channel properties and provides an overview of the most common beamforming algorithms. The fourth chapter introduces the most significant aspects of the distributed wireless networks, presenting the main open issues and the current proposals for the exploitation of the potential offered by antenna array systems. The second part describes the original results obtained in the mathematical modeling of ad-hoc and mesh networks adopting smart antennas in realistic propagation scenarios. In particular, the fifth chapter presents the theoretical analysis to evaluate the number of simultaneous communications that can be sustained by a distributed wireless network using adaptive antennas in presence of multipath. The sixth chapter extends this model to switched-beam antennas, while addressing the mobility aspects and discussing the cost-benefit tradeoff that is related to the use of multiple antenna techniques in today's wireless networks. A detailed throughput-delay analysis is performed in the seventh chapter, where the impact of advanced antenna systems on 802.11-based networks is investigated using a Markov chain model. The influence of the antenna array geometry is examined in the eighth chapter adopting a numerical approach based on a discrete-time simulator, which is able to take into account the details of the channel and of the antenna system behavior. The third part describes the original results obtained in the field of antenna array pattern synthesis. The ninth chapter presents the technique developed to modify the excitation phases of an antenna array in order to reject interferers spread over an angular region according to a given spatial statistic. The tenth chapter describes the iterative algorithm for phased arrays, which is able to produce low side-lobe level patterns with multiple prescribed main lobes and nulls. Finally, the eleventh chapter summarizes the thesis contributions and remarks the most important conclusions. The intent of the work presented hereafter is to examine the benefits that derive from the employment of smart antenna techniques from a realistic perspective, as well as to provide some useful solutions to improve the reliability of the communications and to increase the network capacity.
XX Ciclo
1973

Questo lavoro affronta gli aspetti riguardanti le metodologie e tecniche di analisi e progettazione per alcune funzionalità in front-end ricevitori a radiofrequenza ad elevata sensibilità e riconfigurabili. Tali funzionalità sono: l’amplificazione a basso rumore e il controllo dell’ampiezza di un segnale a RF. Infine, un’ulteriore investigazione ha focalizzato gli aspetti e le criticità in circuiti multi-funzione a elevata integrazione. E’ stata mostrata una metodologia per progettazione di amplificatori a basso rumore a microonde che ha portato a definire le relazioni di adattamento simultaneamente ottenibile in ingresso e uscita in un LNA. Il principale risultato di tale investigazione è l’individuazione di un grafico che permette di valutare in modo sinottico il guadagno di trasduzione e gli adattamenti I/O di una rete 2-porte amplificatrice una volta fissata l’impedenza di sorgente, e quindi il fattore di rumore del LNA. Sull’argomento degli amplificatori a basso rumore a onde millimetriche, è stato proposto un insieme di metodi analitici e sintetici che coprono le tematiche dalla scelta della tecnologia del dispositivo attivo al test del LNA realizzato. E’ stato ripreso il significato della Misura di Rumore nella progettazione a basso rumore a onde millimetriche investigando anche le tematiche della simulazione EM planare e 3D a onde millimetriche. All’interno della tematica sul controllo dell’ampiezza di un segnale a RF è stato investigato in profondità lo sfasamento parassita connesso al cambio di stato in attenuatori digitali a commutazione. E’ stata suggerita una tecnica circuitale e sono state ricavate equazioni di progetto che permettono di compensare tale sfasamento indesiderato, fornendo una relazione che consente di dimensionare l’elemento reattivo che compensa tale effetto sgradito. Infine, sulla materia della progettazione di circuiti-multi funzione a elevata integrazione è stata investigata la realizzabilità di un modulo contenente diverse funzionalità: controllo dell’ampiezza del segnale, amplificazione, scelta del modo T/R, controllo della fase del segnale e conversione seriale/parallelo dei dati di comando. Sono state presentate le procedure di progetto di alcuni sottosistemi nonché i criteri e i passi seguiti nella fase di integrazione.
This work deals with aspects relating to analysis and design methodologies and techniques for some circuits in high sensitivity and reconfigurable front-end RF receivers. These circuits are: low noise amplifier and RF attenuators. Finally, further investigation has focused aspects and issues of multi-function high integration circuits. A methodology for designing microwave low noise amplifiers is reported. The latter has led to define the I/O matching relationships simultaneously achievable in an LNA. The main result of this investigation is the identification of a chart that allows to synoptically evaluating the achievable gain and I/O matching of a 2-port amplifier, once the source impedance is fixed and consequently the LNA noise factor. A set of analytical and synthetic methods on millimetre wave low noise amplifiers has been proposed, covering topics from the active device technology selection to test the realized LNA. The meaning of the noise measure parameter is reprised for designing millimetre wave low-noise. The issues of and 3D planar EM millimetre wave simulation is also investigated. The parasitic phase shift in digital attenuators has been investigated in depth. Such parasitic effect is related to the change of state in digital switched attenuators. A technique has been suggested and circuit equations were derived that allow to compensate such unwanted phase shift, providing design relations that allows to estimate the value of the reactive element that compensates for this undesirable effect. Finally, in the field of multi-function high-integration circuits design, the feasibility of a module containing several functionalities has been investigated. The latter are: control of the signal amplitude, amplification, selection of Tx/Rx mode, control the phase of the signal and serial to parallel control data conversion. The design procedures of some sub-modules, together with the criteria and the steps followed in the process of integration, have been reported.

De nos jours, les communications sans fil sont devenues un moyen incontournable et universel d'échange d'un large éventail d'informations entre différents systèmes, certains d'entre eux étant en mouvement comme des drones parmi tant d'autres. Dans le contexte de cette thèse nous considérons une liaison entre un projectile et une station de base. La géométrie de la structure ainsi que les contraintes aérodynamiques d'un tir balistique impliquent l'utilisation d'antennes patchs dans la partie conique à l'avant du projectile. Ce type d'antenne est facile à intégrer à une plate-forme en tant que réseau conformé tout en respectant les contraintes d'encombrement. Ces communications doivent être fiables et discrètes dans un environnement perturbé ou hostile. Les diagrammes de rayonnement du réseau d'antennes doivent présenter des caractéristiques spécifiques, notamment dans le cas particulier d'objets volants et possédant une rotation en roulis (rotation autour de son axe) qui impliquent l'utilisation d'un réseau phasé et commuté par rapport à sa position. Une antenne qui présenterait un rayonnement fixe assurerait une liaison avec un interlocuteur, mais rayonnerait également dans d'autres directions sensibles ce qui pourraient interférer avec la communication principale. La solution qui consiste à activer et désactiver des sous-réseaux verticaux afin d'orienter le lobe principal dans la plan orthogonal à la pointe semble être en accord avec les contraintes de la structure tournante. Un réseau conique a été étudié puis 2 prototypes ont été fabriqués, dont un à l'ISL. Les sous-réseaux sont répartis de manière égale autour de la pointe de façon à pouvoir rayonner dans toutes les directions. De plus, chaque sous-réseau est composé de trois éléments ce qui permet d'orienter également le lobe principal dans le plan longitudinal de la pointe (le long de l'axe du projectile) grâce à un dépointage électronique. Un système électronique de formation de faisceaux a été développé dans le but de contrôler 12 éléments rayonnants. Le réseau d'antennes ainsi que le circuit de répartition ont été caractérisés dans un premier temps de manière indépendante afin d'optimiser les lois de phase nécessaires à dépointer le lobe à partir des pondérations mesurées. Au final, le réseau de 12 éléments associé à son système d'alimentation dédié a été mesuré dans les chambres anéchoïques de DGA-MI et de l'ISL et les mesures sont en accord avec les simulations
Nowadays wireless communications have become a useful and universal mean to exchange a wide range of information between different systems, some of them being moving, as UAVs among others. In this context we consider here the link between a projectile and a base station. The shape of the structure and the aerodynamic constraints involve the use of patch antennas in the conical front part. This class of antenna is easy to be integrated into the platform as a conformal array, while respecting space constraint. Communications have to be reliable and discrete in disturbed or hostile environment. Antennas array radiation patterns must have some specific characteristics, in particular in the case of flying objects with spin which involves the use of a switched phased array considering its roll position. A fixed-radiation pattern antenna may presents a relevant level or gain toward the interlocutor, but also toward sensitive directions, in which may be located others systems, interfering with the current communication. The solution to switch on and off vertical sub-arrays to steer the beam in the azimuthal plane seem convenient ant fitting the requirements of rotating platform. A conical phased array was studied and two prototypes were manufactured, one at ISL. Sub-arrays are distributed around the conical shape in order to be able to radiate in each direction. Moreover, each sub-array are composed of three radiating elements allowing to steer the main antenna beam in many direction (along the projectile fuze axes). A beam forming network was developed to control the 12 radiating elements conical array. The antenna array and the feeding network were characterized independently in order to optimized the phase of each radiating element. Finally, measurements were done on the whole system in the DGA-MI and ISL anechoic chambers and are in good agreement with simulation results

Les antennes reconfigurables offrent de multiples fonctions en changeant dynamiquement leurs propriétés telles que la fréquence de fonctionnement, la polarisation, le diagramme de rayonnement ou toute combinaison de ces trois paramètres. Leur agilité et leur diversité créent de nouvelles possibilités d'applications pour les systèmes radio tels que les réseaux locaux, les liaisons par satellite et notamment la radio cognitive. Dans cette thèse, deux antennes reconfigurables en fréquence fonctionnant dans les bandes des standards sans fil actuels ont été proposées. Elles sont basées sur la modification de la géométrie du patch rayonnant. Leurs dimensions ont été optimisées par algorithmes génétiques embarqués et combinés à un logiciel de simulation électromagnétique. La commande de la reconfiguration de ces antennes est réalisée à l'aide d'un microcontrôleur qui pilote l'état des commutateurs (des diodes PIN). De ce fait, un système d'antenne reconfigurable intelligent dédié à la radio cognitive a été développé
Reconfigurable antennas offer multiple functions by dynamically changing their properties such as operating frequency, polarization, radiation pattern, and a combination of all these factors. Their agility and diversity create a wide range of different and new applications for radio systems such as local networks, satellites, and especially in cognitive radio. In this thesis, two new frequency reconfigurable antennas are proposed. The frequency reconfiguration is obtained by changing the geometry of radiating patch. Their dimensions have been optimized by genetic algorithm embedded in the electromagnetic simulation software. These antennas operate at the frequency band for IEEE 802.11b/g standard with satisfactory radiation characteristics. This thesis also presents a method of controlling the operation of the frequency reconfigurable antenna by a micro-controller. The operation of electronic switches (PIN diodes) are carried out through programs which allows an adaptive operating system like smart antennas and work well in cognitive radio environment

Cette thèse a été consacrée à la conception d'antennes volumiques reconfigurables pour les produits sans fils du futur. Ces recherches ont été motivées par la tendance actuelle conduisant à une centralisation des services au sein des réseaux locaux sans fil et une miniaturisation des dispositifs. Ceci se traduit par une contrainte d'encombrement pour les antennes qui se doivent également d'apporter des solutions aux problèmes d'affaiblissements dus aux trajets multiples et aux interférences tout en améliorant les capacités (portée, qualité, consommation) du dispositif. Nous présentons ainsi une solution d'antenne multi-secteurs associant plusieurs antennes Vivaldi en réponse aux problèmes de l'application visée à savoir un système embarqué de type caméra haute définition sans fil. Après une étude théorique de l'antenne Vivaldi, un nouveau concept d'antenne multi-secteurs a été introduit et validé. La nécessité d'une réalisation industrielle à grande échelle et à bas coût de formes complexes nous a conduit vers la technologie plastique métallisé pour fabriquer l'antenne. Un système original de report sans soudure a ainsi été développé pour intégrer l'antenne en plastique au reste du système. La caractérisation d'un prototype a permis de valider l'utilisation du plastique pour ce genre d'applications. Cette antenne a ensuite été intégrée à une caméra sans fil puis recouverte d'un radôme protecteur qui permet d'améliorer les performances. Cette intégration simplifiée associée au contrôle des performances et à la flexibilité de l'antenne permet d'envisager des utilisations dans des applications aussi diverses que les réseaux domestiques ou maillés, ou pour la technologie MIMO
This thesis is dedicated to the design of 3D smart antennas for forthcoming wireless devices. Our research work has been motivated by the actual wireless trends leading to service concentration within WLAN and device miniaturisation. Thus, antenna design is nowadays guided by size constraints and their capacity to deal with fading interference, wireless environments while improving the performances of devices in terms of communication quality, power consumption. This thesis presents a multi-sector antenna solution associating many Vivaldi-antennas to provide a solution for the targeted application which is an embedded system constituting of high definition wireless cameras. A theoretical analysis of the Vivaldi antenna is first performed and then a novel concept of multi-sector antenna has been introduced and validated. Then, in order to target consumer market and to reduce the manufacturing costs in high volume production, the metallized molded plastic technology which enables molding 3D complex structures has been retained. An original without-welding transfer system has been developed for integrating the antenna to the rest of the system. The characterization of a prototype has resulted in the validation of the use of plastics for such applications. This antenna has been integrated in a wireless camera ; a protective radome having as additional property to improve the overall performances of the device is finally designed. This simplified integration procedure associated to a monitoring of the performances and the flexibility of the system makes it a good candidate for various applications like domestic WLAN, mesh networks or for MIMO technology

Les antennes reconfigurables offrent de multiples fonctions en changeant dynamiquement leurs propriétés telles que la fréquence de fonctionnement, la polarisation, le diagramme de rayonnement ou toute combinaison de ces trois paramètres. Leur agilité et leur diversité créent de nouvelles possibilités d'applications pour les systèmes radio tels que les réseaux locaux, les liaisons par satellite et notamment la radio cognitive. Dans cette thèse, deux antennes reconfigurables en fréquence fonctionnant dans les bandes des standards sans fil actuels ont été proposées. Elles sont basées sur la modification de la géométrie du patch rayonnant. Leurs dimensions ont été optimisées par algorithmes génétiques embarqués et combinés à un logiciel de simulation électromagnétique. La commande de la reconfiguration de ces antennes est réalisée à l'aide d'un microcontrôleur qui pilote l'état des commutateurs (des diodes PIN). De ce fait, un système d'antenne reconfigurable intelligent dédié à la radio cognitive a été développé.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 143-152).
Cooperative diversity has been recently proposed as a way to form virtual antenna arrays that provide dramatic gains in slow fading wireless environments. However, most of the proposed solutions require simultaneous relay transmissions at the same frequency bands, using distributed space-time coding algorithms. Careful design of distributed space-time coding for the relay channel is usually based on global knowledge of some network parameters or is usually left for future investigation, if there is more than one cooperative relay. We propose a novel scheme that eliminates the need for space-time coding and provides diversity gains on the order of the number of relays in the network. Our scheme first selects the best relay from a set of M available relays and then uses this "best" relay for cooperation between the source and the destination. Information theoretic analysis of outage probability shows that our scheme achieves the same diversity-multiplexing gain tradeoff as achieved by more complex protocols, where coordination and distributed space-time coding for M relay nodes is required. Additionally, the proposed scheme increases the outage and ergodic capacity, compared to non-cooperative communication with increasing number of participating relays, at the low SNR regime and under a total transmission power constraint.
(cont.) Coordination among the participating relays is based on a novel timing protocol that exploits local measurements of the instantaneous channel conditions. The method is distributed and allows for fast selection of the best relay as compared to the channel coherence time. In addition, a methodology to evaluate relay selection performance for any kind of wireless channel statistics is provided. Other methods of network coordination, inspired by natural phenomena of decentralized time synchronization, are analyzed in theory and implemented in practice. It was possible to implement the proposed, virtual antenna formation technique in a custom network of single antenna, half-duplex radios.
by Aggelos Anastasiou Bletsas.
Ph.D.

Les conditions actuelles de transport démontrent par elles-même l'urgence qu'il y'a à intervenir dans la sécurisation des routes par des moyens autres que purement répressifs. Le recours aux véhicules intelligents dotés de technologies de perception et de commande avancées, capables de prendre en charge, au moins en partie, certaines tâches de conduite, semble justier ce point de vue. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une stratégie de commande basée sur un modèle d'accélération non linéaire de type exponentiel, sûre, robuste, confortable et compatible aussi bien avec les applications de régulation de vitesse intelligente (ACC) qu'avec les applications Stop&Go. Nous proposons également, une stratégie de détection par dépointage de faisceau d'antenne qui augmente sensiblement la distance de détection et permet l'identication de scénarios du trafic routier, toutes choses importantes pour la mise en oeuvre d'une stratégie de commande efficace
Monitoring and Perception Strategies Design for Intelligent Cruise Control Today's trac conditions call for the event of Intelligent Transportation Systems for road safety improvement. In Intelligent vehicles driven by such technologies, at least, part of the driving task is managed by embeded systems. In this thesis report, we oer a new longitudinal control strategy based on a nonlinear, second order, and exponential prole model. The approach is safe, robust, comfortable and consistent with Intelligent Cruise Control as well as Stop&Go applications. We also propose a detection approach based on an antenna beam scanning strategy that drastically improves distance of detection and enables identication of traffic scenarios. Such results are essential for an efficient longitudinal control strategy design

La technique d'accès par paquet radio est une option intéressante pour les systèmes radio mobiles dédiés au trafic multimédia. Avec cette technique, les ressources radio sont allouées seulement lorsque les utilisateurs sont actifs, ce qui permet le partage du canal avec plusieurs usagers. L'accès est alors un point clé. Les protocoles S-Aloha et R-Aloha sont très populaires du à leur simplicité. Cependant, ces protocoles n'ont pas une bonne efficience spectrale. Une solution possible pour faire augmenter l'efficience de ces protocoles est l'utilisation d'antennes intelligentes. Dans ce contexte, plusieurs travaux ont été consacrés à l'analyse des performances des réseaux sous l'action des antennes. Toutefois, la plus part de ces études a privilégié les aspects systémiques en détriment des aspects du traitement des signaux. Dans cette thèse, nous évaluons les bénéfices apportés par l'utilisation d'antennes intelligentes aux réseaux de paquets sous les protocoles S-Aloha et R-Aloha. Nous abordons l'influence de la géométrie des antennes utilisée ainsi que l'influence des caractéristiques du canal sur les performances des réseaux. Dans les réseaux de paquets, la récupération de l'information envoyée doit, en général, être achevée durant la période de temps correspondant à l'envoi du paquet. De ce fait, la complexité des algorithmes ne doit pas être très élevée. Afin de réduire l'ordre et par conséquent la complexité des filtres utilisés pour le filtrage spatio-temporel, nous proposons une structure de filtrage basée sur l'utilisation de bases orthonormales généralisées. Ces bases s'avèrent très performantes si leurs paramètres, les pôles, sont judicieusement choisis. Dans ce travail, nous comparons les performances de la structure proposée avec celles des filtres RIF conventionnels. Nos simulations montrent que la structure proposée permet l'utilisation de filtres d'ordre réduite tout en gardant les mêmes performances des filtres RIF d'ordre beaucoup plus élevée
The packet radio access is an interesting option for multimedia traffic in radio mobile networks. This technique allows a radio resource allocation based on the user's activity in such a way that the canal may be used in a multi-user mode. So, the MAC protocol plays a fundamental role in this context. The S-Aloha and R-Aloha protocols are the most popular schemes due to their simplicity. Nevertheless, they offer a poor spectral efficiency. The use of smart antennas is widely proposed as a way of increasing the spectral efficiency of these MAC protocols. Actually, several papers were dedicated to performance analysis of packet networks with smart antennas. However, most of then have focussed only on the systemic aspects in detriment of signal processing ones. In this work, we evaluate the advantage of using smart antennas in a packet network with S-Aloha and R-Aloha MAC. We focus on the channel and the array geometry influences over the network performances. In the packet networks, the signal processing must be accomplished within the packet transmission time slot. That is the why the algorithm complexity must be limited. In order to decrease the overall system complexity, we propose the use of generalized orthonormal basis for the space-time equalizers. This strategy allows an equalizer order reduction if the base poles are correctly chosen. In this thesis, we compare the proposed structure performance with the conventional FIR one. Our simulations show that the proposed strategy leads to an efficient equalizer order reduction

O objetivo deste trabalho é projetar e desenvolver um sistema automatizado inteligente para o alinhamento de uma antena receptora com refletor parabólico aplicado a comunicação via satélite. Com base em procedimentos empíricos para o alinhamento manual de uma antena parabólica, foi concebida e desenvolvida uma solução tecnológica empregando hardware e software. O sistema concebido utiliza um GPS, para prover a localização espacial instantânea da antena receptora e um receptor digital, que fornece a relação portadora / ruído de recepção. A principal contribuição deste trabalho foi o projeto e desenvolvimento de um sistema computacional inteligente, denominado Sistema Inteligente de Alinhamento de Satélite que visa a automatizar o alinhamento de antena receptora. Para um determinado satélite, o sistema utiliza a informação sobre a qualidade do sinal recebido para acionar um servomecanismo responsável pelo alinhamento da antena. Verificou-se que quando a antena estiver na posição desejada, a relação portadora ruído deverá estar acima de 8 dB para uma boa qualidade de recepção. Foi desenvolvido um projeto de um sistema inteligente para uma varredura em torno do valor de referência de posição da antena, o qual se denominou ajuste fino da posição da antena. Nossa inédita abordagem para o ajuste fino projetou-se um controlador fuzzy do tipo Mandani, cujas regras foram geradas de acordo com o processo de posicionamento manual da antena parabólica. Nossa solução permitiu melhorar a relação portadora / ruído de recepção.
The objective of this work is to design and develop an intelligent automated system for the alignment of a receiving antenna with parabolic reflector applied to satellite communication. Based on empirical procedures manual for the manual alignment of a parabolic antenna, we designed and developed a technological solution using hardware and software. The system uses a GPS to provide the initial spatial location of the receiving antenna and a digital receiver to provide the carrier-to-noise ratio. The main contribution of this work was the design and development of an intelligent computational system which aims at automating the receiving antenna alignment. For a given satellite, through the dynamic handling of relocate the receiving antenna, the system uses information about the quality of the received signal to drive the servo responsible for aligning the antenna. We found that, the antenna is in the desired position, the carrier-to-noise ratio should be above 8 dB for a good reception quality. We developed the project of an intelligent system to scan around the reference antenna position value, which was called the antenna position fine tuning. Our new approach consisted in a fuzzy controller type Mandani, generated according to the manual process of maneuvering the dish. Our solution has improved the carrier-to-noise ratio by repositioning the antenna in the desired position.

This thesis reports the results of the investigation on the practical implementation of the intelligent Quadrifilar Helix Antenna (IQHA). The research work has covered many aspects on practical issues for utilising the IQHA at the mobile terminal. The investigations were carried out through simulations and measurements, with main emphasis on the measurement results such that mobile phone manufacturers can utilise and progress directly to product development. The research work is divided into three parts, namely, the QHA structure, the intelligent algorithm and the development and performance evaluation of the IQHA demonstrator. One of the challenges was to reduce the physical size of the conventional Quadrifilar Helix Antenna (QHA) structure, such that it is small enough to be implemented onto a mobile terminal device. The QHA structure also needs to be able to operate in more than one frequency band. The QHA structure was successfully reduced by more than 50% using the meander line technique with slight reduction in efficiency and tremendous increase in operating bandwidth. The spur-line band-stop filter technique is used to create dual resonance for the reduced size QHA structure. These two techniques have been patented and can both be applied independently. The intelligent algorithm for the IQHA is studied through simulations. An adaptive combining algorithm based on Least Means Squares (LMS) is proposed to perform real-time diversity combining and is implemented into the micro-controller of the IQHA demonstrator. It was observed through measurements in the downlink that the IQHA is able to perform diversity combining and cancellation of deep fades in realtime. In the uplink, the real time demonstrator uses the micro-controller to feed the appropriate weights through the digital phase shifters on the individual branches of the IQHA system to perform beam steering. The approach relies on producing a variable radiation pattern by adjusting the phase relationship between the individual elements of the IQHA. Beam steering gains relative to the standard QHA configuration were observed using the optimised weighting configurations.

Future mines will benefit from connected intelligent transport system technologies. Autonomous mining vehicles will improve safety and productivity while decreasing the fuel consumption. Hence, it is necessary for Scania to increase the know-how regarding the design of vehicular communication systems for the harsh mine environment. The scope of this work is to examine the requirements for the antenna placement of a future autonomous mining truck and propose suitable antenna types and positions. By using the electromagnetic simulator suite CST Microwave Studio, the research estimates the impact of a simplified autonomous mining vehicle geometry on basic antenna radiation patterns. Some simulated antenna configurations are assessed with radiation pattern measurements. In order to radiate enough power towards the area surrounding the vehicle and guarantee reliable communications, the truck requires omnidirectional antennas in centered locations, or alternatively one patch antenna for each side. The method used to solve the problem is also assessed: flexibility provided by the simulation method is emphasized, whereas some relevant limitations are discussed. Hardware requirements, availability of the models and limited results provided by the software can make the simulation phase not suitable to evaluate the antenna placement.
Framtidens gruvor kommer att gynnas av sammankopplade, intelligenta transportsystem. Autonoma gruvfordon kommer att förbättra säkerhet och produktivitet, och samtidigt minska bränslekonsumtion. Därför är det nödvändigt för Scania att öka kunskapen om design av kommunikationssystem för fordon i hård gruvmiljö. Målet för detta projekt är att undersöka kraven för antennplacering hos ett framtida autonomt gruvfordon och att ge förslag på passande antenntyper och -positioner. Det elektromagnetiska simuleringsverktyget CST Microwave Studio används för att uppskatta påverkan från en förenklad fordonsgeometri på grundläggande antennstrålningsmönster. Utvalda antennkonfigurationer utvärderas genom undersökningar av dess strålningsmönster. För att kunna stråla ut tillräcklig effekt i området kring fordonet och garantera tillförlitlig kommunikation krävs centralt placerade runtstrålande antenner, eller alternativt en patchantenn till varje sida. Problemlösningsmetoden utvärderas också: Flexibiliteten simuleringsmetoden ger betonas, medan några relevanta begränsningar diskuteras. Hårdvarukrav, tillgängligheten av modeller och begränsade resultat från mjukvaran kan bidra till att göra simuleringen olämplig för att utvärdera antennplaceringen.

Pour ma thèse de doctorat, je propose d’explorer la piste de l’apprentissage supervisé, pour la tâche de localisation de sources acoustiques. Pour ce faire, j’ai développé une nouvelle architecture de réseau de neurones profonds. Mais, pour optimiser les millions de variables d’apprentissages de ce réseau, une base de données d’exemples conséquente est nécessaire. Ainsi, deux approches complémentaires sont proposées pour constituer ces exemples. La première est de réaliser des simulations numériques d’enregistrements microphoniques. La seconde, est de placer une antenne de microphones au centre d’une sphère de haut-parleurs qui permet de spatialiser les sons en 3D, et d’enregistrer directement sur l’antenne de microphones les signaux émis par ce simulateur expérimental d’ondes sonores 3D. Le réseau de neurones a ainsi pu être testé dans différentes conditions, et ses performances ont pu être comparées à celles des algorithmes conventionnels de localisation de sources acoustiques. Il en ressort que cette approche permet une localisation généralement plus précise, mais aussi beaucoup plus rapide que les algorithmes conventionnels de la littérature
For my PhD thesis, I propose to explore the path of supervised learning, for the task of locating acoustic sources. To do so, I have developed a new deep neural network architecture. But, to optimize the millions of learning variables of this network, a large database of examples is needed. Thus, two complementary approaches are proposed to constitute these examples. The first is to carry out numerical simulations of microphonic recordings. The second one is to place a microphone antenna in the center of a sphere of loudspeakers which allows to spatialize the sounds in 3D, and to record directly on the microphone antenna the signals emitted by this experimental 3D sound wave simulator. The neural network could thus be tested under different conditions, and its performances could be compared to those of conventional algorithms for locating acoustic sources. The results show that this approach allows a generally more precise localization, but also much faster than conventional algorithms in the literature

This dissertation presents and develops the Intelligent Picocell as a solution for high bit rate, efficient bandwidth indoor wireless communication. The research has examined different aspects of the indoor radio propagation environment and system implementation in order to highlight key benefits of the proposed architecture. Explosive growth in demand for indoor wireless communications motivates research into this novel radio architecture. The architecture should be capable of tailoring capacity and coverage to the needs of the specific indoor environment, while maximising spectral efficiency. The Intelligent Picocell is based on an evolution of the distributed antenna concept to provide macrodiversity, microdiversity and interference cancellation. The architecture is fully scalable to large numbers of users and can provide plug-and-play operation, with no need for detailed system planning beyond the antenna locations. The research examines different aspects of picocell system performance and design, including: Investigation on the indoor radio environment. Through measurements, the effects of building features on path loss and shadowing are analysed and propagation models are proposed for simulating picocell systems. Analysis of the Intelligent Picocell architecture, two algorithms are proposed for interference reduction, one based on a distributed narrowband optimum combiner and the other on a dynamic channel assignment and allocation scheme. Through simulation, it was demonstrated that the mobile transmitted power for an Intelligent Picocell is lower than the power required in a distributed antennas system. It was also shown that the capacity of the system depends on the number of antennas distributed in the building. Key words: Intelligent picocell, adaptive antennas, diversity, distributed antennas, dynamic channel allocation, propagation measurements.

Cette thèse se concentre sur l'idée d'exploiter le domaine spatial (contrairement à l'exploitation de la ressource temps-fréquence) des environnements sans fil à partir de deux fronts: a) Antennes ESPAR (pour Electronically Steerable Parasitic Array Radiator) comme alternative peu coûteuse au multi- conventionnel architectures d'antennes (peu coûteuses par rapport au nombre de frontaux radiofréquences que ces architectures conventionnelles sont souvent supposées fournies), et b) l'étude de réseaux d'antennes chargés de manière réactive pour fournir une diffusion contrôlable comme moyen d'ajouter des degrés de liberté à l'environnement de propagation lui-même. Ce dernier est atteint ici via des diffuseurs contrôlables numériquement (DCS). En particulier, la thèse se concentre sur l'objectif de mieux conditionner les problèmes d'optimisation comme moyen de proposer des algorithmes de faible complexité. Par conséquent, un aspect clé est l'équilibre requis entre la précision et la complexité des modèles électromagnétiques adoptés. Ainsi, il convient de souligner l'importance accordée à l'interface entre l'électromagnétisme et la caractérisation du signal. Plus précisément, ESPAR et DCS nécessitent la compréhension des phénomènes électromagnétiques (EM) qui ne sont pas entièrement pris en compte dans les descriptions conventionnelles au niveau des liaisons. Plus important encore, ce dernier est la preuve de la nécessité de rejoindre les approches de deux communautés de recherche apparentées pour faire face à la rareté des ressources qui ne devrait qu'augmenter dans les décennies à venir. En fait, le document est principalement positionné du point de vue d'une personne ayant une formation en télécommunications (contrairement à l'électromagnétisme pur) et qui cherche à éclairer les mécanismes EM sous-jacents. Il se compose approximativement de trois parties, à savoir: les principes fondamentaux, l'antenne ESPAR et les diffuseurs contrôlables numériquement. En fait, le but d'avoir une partie du document consacrée uniquement aux fondamentaux est de décrire les phénomènes EM tout en mettant en évidence tous les détails pertinents pour les deux autres. La partie "fondamentaux" commence par les équations de Maxwell (et leur solution pratique pour les problèmes de rayonnement en champ lointain) jusqu'à la caractérisation bien connue du signal y = hx + n. En tant que description apparemment la moins appropriée pour travailler avec, mais la caractérisation la plus complète des phénomènes EM, les équations de Maxwell sont la base qui relie notre description mathématique à la même réalité. Ainsi, l'objectif de cette partie est d'exposer la connexion entre champs et signaux, ainsi que d'ouvrir la porte à la remise en cause du modèle conventionnel de signal émetteur-récepteur. Pour continuer, la deuxième partie est consacrée à l'antenne ESPAR. En particulier, ESPAR nous oblige à s'écarter de l'espace de signal abstrait dans lequel les caractérisations traditionnelles au niveau de la liaison multi-antennes sont représentées. En tant que contribution de ce travail, il sera montré comment une approximation locale du modèle de système offre une vue alternative. Notamment, grâce à une telle approximation du modèle de système, une solution efficace sur le plan informatique au problème non trivial de l'adaptation basée sur les canaux des caractéristiques de rayonnement d'ESPAR est trouvée. Enfin et surtout, la troisième partie traite des diffuseurs à commande numérique comme moyen d'améliorer l'efficacité énergétique. Un concept aussi passionnant a attiré une attention considérable ces dernières années et, en un sens, ouvre la porte à une manière radicalement différente de concevoir les problèmes de communication. Même si ces appareils en sont à leurs balbutiements, il n'est pas difficile pour moi d'imaginer comment les décennies à venir pourraient être marquées par la massification de cette technologie
The thesis focuses on the idea of exploiting the spatial domain (as opposed to the exploitation of the time-frequency resource) of wireless environments from two fronts: a) ESPAR antennas (standing for Electronically Steerable Parasitic Array Radiator) as a potential inexpensive alternative to conventional multi-antenna architectures (inexpensive in relation to the number of radio frequency front-ends these conventional architectures are often assumed to be provided with), and b) the study of reactively loaded arrays to deliver controllable scattering as a mean of adding degrees of freedom to the propagation environment itself. The latter is achieved here via digitally controllable scatterers (DCS).Particularly, the thesis focuses on the goal of better conditioning optimization problems as means of proposing low-complexity algorithms. Therefore, one key aspect is the required balance between the accuracy and complexity of the adopted electromagnetic models.Thus, it is appropriate to highlight the importance given to the interface between electromagnetism and the signal characterization. More specifically, both ESPAR and DCS require the understanding of electromagnetic (EM) phenomena that is not fully accounted for through conventional link-level descriptions. More importantly, the latter is proof of the need to join the approaches of two related research communities to cope with the scarcity of resources that is only expected to grow in the decades to come. In fact, the document is mostly positioned from the view of someone with a background in telecommunications (unlike pure electromagnetism) with looks at enlightening the underlying EM mechanisms. It is roughly composed of three parts, namely: fundamentals, the ESPAR antenna and digitally controllable scatterers. In fact, the aim of having one part of the document dedicated purely to fundamentals is to describe the EM phenomena while highlighting all relevant details to the remaining two.The part "fundamentals" begins with Maxwell's equations (and their convenient solution for far-field radiation problems) all the way to the well-known (y=hx+n) signal characterization. As the seemingly least appropriate description to work with, but most complete characterization of the EM phenomena, Maxwell's equations are the basis that link our mathematical description to the very same reality. Thus, the objective of this part is to expose the connection between fields and signals, as well as to open the door to questioning the conventional transmitter-receiver signal model. The latter becomes one of the most exciting outcomes of this project in line with the research-related aim of challenging our vision to expand our understanding of a problem.To continue, the second part is dedicated to the ESPAR antenna as a preamble of what is meant by "questioning the conventional transmitter-receiver signal model". Particularly, ESPAR obliges us to depart from the abstract signal space in which traditional multi-antenna link-level characterizations are depicted. As a contribution of this work, it will be shown how a local approximation of the system model offers an alternative view. Notably, through such an approximation of the system model, a computationally-efficient solution to the non-trivial problem of channel-based adaptation of the radiation characteristics of ESPAR is found.Last, but not least, the third part deals with digitally controllable scatterers as a mean of improving energy efficiency. Such an exciting concept has gained significant attention in the recent years and, in a sense, opens the door to a radically different way to conceive communication problems. Even though these devices are in their infancy, it is not difficult for me to imagine how the decades to come could be marked by the massification of this technology

Le champ des communications mobiles sans fil se développe continuellement à cause de la demande croissante pour les systèmes de communication sans fil à haut débit. Cependant, l'un des problèmes majeurs de ce domaine est la disponibilité limitée du spectre. Les dimensions temporelles et fréquentielles étant quasi-pleinement exploitées, il ne reste que la dimension spatiale, via la technique SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access) à exploiter. Un système de communication sans fil doté de la technique SDMA via un réseau d'antennes est capable de multiplier la capacité et d'améliorer l'efficacité spectrale. Ce mémoire traite l'impact des réseaux d'antennes et les algorithmes associés sur les systèmes de communication mobile sans fil. Après un survol sur les techniques du "beamforming" et les algorithmes associés, nous étudions deux types d'antenne intelligente; à "beamforming" numérique et analogique. Dans le cas du "beamforming" numérique, nous présentons un algorithme simplifié qui se base sur le fait que les positions des mobiles sont fournies par des récepteur GPS (Global Positioning System). Cet algorithme est implémenté et testé par MatLab® et montre le gain substantiel en termes de temps de calcul et précision qu'il procure par rapport aux algorithmes basés sur l'estimation de la direction d'arrivée. Dans le cas du "beamforming" analogique, une antenne intelligente à faisceau commutable a été conçue par simulations électromagnétiques en utilisant Momentum® et a été fabriquée et testée. Cette antenne présente l'avantage d'être compacte, à faible coiit, de large bande et dont les lobes secondaires et arrières sont considérablement atténués.

Thèse (M. Ing.)-- École de technologie supérieure, Montréal, 2008.
"Mémoire présenté à l'École de technologie supérieure comme exigence partielle à l'obtention de la maîtrise en génie électrique." "par Jaber, Zouhair" -- p. de t. CaQMUQET CaQMUQET Bibliogr : f. [155]-159. Également disponible en version électronique. CaQMUQET

In this thesis the possibilities of smart antenna systems in wireless mesh networks are examined. With respect to the individual smart antenna tradeoffs, a routing protocol (Modified HWMP, MHWMP) for IEEE 802.11s mesh networks is presented, that exploits the full range of benefits provided by smart antennas: MHWMP actively switches between the PHY-layer transmission/reception modes (multiplexing, beamforming and diversity) according to the wireless channel conditions. Spatial multiplexing and beamforming are used for unicast data transmissions, while antenna diversity is employed for efficient broadcasts. To adapt to the directional channel environment and to take full benefit of the PHY capabilities, a respective MAC scheme is employed. The presented protocol is tested in extensive simulation and the results are examined.

L'engouement pour les réseaux de télécommunication à haut débit (> 100 Mbit. S-¹) en milieu confiné a amené à la création de réseaux conjuguant réseaux ad hoc et traditionnels. Pour atteindre ces débits, une montée en fréquence s'est avérée nécessaire jusqu'en bande V. Cependant, les réseaux à de telles fréquences posent de nombreux problèmes du fait des propagations multi-trajets et des évanouissements à petite et grande échelle. L'utilisation d'antennes intelligentes est une solution pour lutter efficacement contre ces problèmes. Pour permettre une intégration monolithique d'une antenne intelligente, deux composants de bases ont été développés. Premièrement, un micro-commutateur série en technologie MEMS sur substrat GaAs à membrane diélectrique a été conçu, réalisé et testé. Deuxièmement, une antenne quasi-Yagi intégrable sur substrat haute permittivité a été mise au point, puis testée. L'antenne intelligente composée de ces deux briques de base (antennes et alimentation de l'antenne basée sur les micro-commutateurs) sera facilement intégrable de part sa taille réduite, aura de bonnes performances RF et aidera à optimiser la consommation des objets. Pour assurer un fonctionnement correct dans un environnement réel, une méthode collective d' encapsulation des micro-commutateurs a été développée.

Multiple-antenna transmission has been widely deployed in the past few years to improve the performance of wireless networks. Nevertheless, the targeted 1000-fold network capacity increase in future wireless networks has called for additional innovative, spectral and energy-efficient, and yet cost-effective solutions. This has led to extensive research on 1) millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication systems, 2) reconfigurable-intelligent-surfaces (RIS)-aided communication systems, and 3) computation-offloading with multiple-antenna aided cloud-radio-access-networks (C-RAN) to further expand the capability of multiple-antenna transmission to meet the requirements of future wireless networks. Accordingly, in this thesis, we explore low-complexity beamforming and resource allocation designs for the above multiple-antenna transmission techniques with the goal of facilitating various use cases intended for future wireless networks. Specifically, since mmWave communication systems are envisioned to adopt energy-efficient and cost-efficient analog-digital hybrid architecture to carry out highly directional beamforming, we firstly focus on the hybrid-precoding design that alleviates the performance loss caused by beam-misalignment in the practical scenarios. Secondly, we consider a RIS-aided mmWave communication system to bypass the problem of blockage-limited propagation of the mmWave communication, where a joint optimization of the hybrid-precoding at the mmWave BS and the RIS design is proposed. Subsequently, with billions of connected devices expected to be deployed in the near future, we study a RIS-enhanced two-way device-to-device (D2D) orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing (OFDM) communication system, where the sub-band allocation, the power allocation, and the RIS design are jointly optimized. Thirdly, we focus on the resource allocation for the computation-offloading of latency-constrained internet-of-things (IoT) applications in a multiple-antenna aided C-RAN.

Le travail réalisé dans le cadre de cette thèse permet d'évaluer et d'optimiser la charge de signalisation dans les réseaux intelligents (RI) à grande échelle ainsi que d'analyser plusieurs aspects liés aux réseaux hétérogènes.L'objectif principal des RI est de faciliter l'introduction de nouveaux services en se basant sur plus de flexibilité et de nouvelles fonctionnalités. Les composants principaux d'un RI sont le point de commutation de services (SSP) et le point de commande de services (SCP). L'emplacement des équipements de réseau et la répartition du trafic peuvent jouer un rôle important dans la réduction du volume de la signalisation. Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous examinons plusieurs configurations du RI à grande échelledans le but d'analyser les effets du déplacement, de l'addition des nouveaux commutateurs SSP et de la redistribution du trafic au sein du réseau sur le nombre requis de liens de signalisation. Nous proposons un algorithme assurant la distribution optimale du trafic sur les commutateurs SSP avecle nombre minimum requis de liens de signalisation. Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, nous analysons les différentes stratégies de sélection de réseaux dans un contexte de réseaux hétérogènes. En effet, dans la prochaine génération de réseaux sans fil et mobiles, les utilisateurs pourront se déplacer entre les réseaux hétérogènes en utilisant des terminaux équipés d'interfaces d'accès de plusieurs types. Dans ce contexte, les terminaux mobiles sont en mesure de choisir le lien d'accès le plus approprié parmi lesoptions disponibles. Dans notre travail, nous proposons une stratégie de sélection basée sur la valeur estimée de SINR (Rapport signal à interférence plus bruit) dans un système hétérogène composé de deux types de réseau : LTE et WiFi. Avec cette stratégie, les utilisateurs sélectionnent toujours leréseau présentant le SINR le plus élevé afin d'effectuer leurs communications. En se basant sur la méthode de Markov, nous analysons dans un premier temps, les performances de la stratégie de sélection basée sur le SINR en termes de probabilités de blocage de demandes d'accès aux services, de probabilités de blocage de handover vertical ou horizontal et de qualité de connexion. Nous comparons les résultats obtenus avec deux autres stratégies basées sur la puissance du signal reçu et sur la disponibilité de bande passante. Les performances sont analysées et comparées selon les modèles de mobilité 2D fluid flow et Random WayPoint qui sont largement utilisés dans l'analyse des réseaux sans fil et mobiles. Finalement, nous analysons les influences de l'allocation de ressources du réseau LTE aux services Multicast et Unicast sur les performances du système.

Ce mémoire s'inscrit dans le cadre d'un projet CEDRE (Collaboration entre l'université de Limoges et l'université Libanaise) sur le thème des antennes intelligentes dans les radio- communications mobiles. Le travail a consisté en une contribution à l'optimisation du lobe de rayonnement pour une antenne intelligente. Deux approches complémentaires ont été développées pour implémenter la technique de formage du lobe, une basée sur un algorithme d'optimisation qui calcule les phases des excitations en fonction des spécifications désirés (lobe pointé, multi- lobes, création des zéros) et l'autre utilisant les résultats de la première technique pour implémenter un modèle avec des réseaux de neurones. La première méthode a un inconvénient concernant le temps de calcul (quelques seconds), la deuxième est quasiment une application en temps réel. La prise en compte de l'effet de couplage sur le rayonnement a été implémentée directement dans la technique de synthèse, et une validation pratique de cet effet a été réalisée. De nombreuses mesures d'une antenne réseau 8 éléments, excités seulement en phase, ont permis de valider nos outils développés
. This report joins within the framework of a project CEDRE (Collaboration between the University of Limoges and the Lebanese university) on the topic of the intelligent antennas in the radio mobile communications. Work consisted with a contribution to the optimization of the lobe of radiation for an intelligent antenna. Two complementary approaches were developed to implement the technique of forming of the lobe, one based on an algorithm of optimization which calculates the phases of the excitations according to the specifications desired (pointed lobe, multiple lobes and creation of the zeros) and the other using the results of the first technique to implement a model with networks of neurons. The first method has a disadvantage concerning the computing time (some seconds), the second is almost an application in real time. The taking into account of the effect of coupling on the radiation was implemented directly in technique of synthesis, and a practical validation of this effect was carried out. Many measurements of an antenna arrays 8 elements, excited only in phase, made it possible to validate our developed tools

Le développement des antennes modales, qui sont des antennes actives reconfigurables en diagramme de rayonnement mais pas en réseaux, a commencé pour pouvoir implémenter le dépointage électronique dans les téléphones portables. Cette solution est généralement réalisée par un réseau d’antennes, ce qui est très difficile, voire impossible, dans un téléphone portable. Le dépointage permettrait d’améliorer le bilan de liaison et d’augmenter le débit des données.Le premier objectif de cette thèse est donc de développer des antennes modales pour la norme LTE. Trois concepts d’antennes modales ont été présentés. Le premier est une antenne de type « folded loop » active reconfigurable par permutation des points d’alimentation et de retour à la masse. Le deuxième propose une architecture pour rassembler l’antenne principale et l’antenne diversité en bas du téléphone, tout en supportant le MIMO et l’agrégation de porteuses, deux des spécificités de la LTE. Le dernier optimise l’utilisation de la seconde antenne des systèmes LTE MIMO pour procéder au dépointage électronique.Ces antennes modales ne peuvent délivrer leur réel potentiel qu’en étant utilisées avec un algorithme de pilotage, qui choisira la configuration ou le mode approprié(e) à la situation. Le second objectif de cette thèse est donc le développement d’algorithmes intelligents de pilotage d’antennes modales. Le premier algorithme développé et breveté par la société Ethertronics a la particularité de prédire à chaque instant quel sera le meilleur mode à l’instant suivant, à l’aide de données en bande de base pour la LTE. Le second algorithme est déterministe et permet d’estimer et de suivre la direction d’arrivée du signal. Il sélectionne ensuite le mode qui possède le meilleur gain dans cette direction, dans le but d’améliorer le bilan de liaison
The development of modal antennas which are radiation pattern reconfigurable active antennas, but not arrays, started in order to implement beam forming in cellphones. This solution is generally made with an antenna array, which is very difficult, even impossible, in a mobile phone. Beam forming could improve the link budget and increase the data rate. The first aim of this thesis is the development of modal antennas for LTE standard. Three modal antennas concepts were presented. The first one is a reconfigurable “folded loop” active antenna by permutation of feed and ground points. The second one is a solution to gather the main and the diversity antenna in the bottom part of the phone, and to support MIMO and carrier aggregation, which are two features of LTE. The last one optimizes the use of the second antenna in LTE MIMO systems in order to perform beam forming. These modal antennas will provide their real potential only by being used by a driving algorithm which will choose the best mode or configuration according to the situation. So, the second aim of this thesis is the development of smart modal antenna driving algorithms. The first algorithm, developed and patented by Ethertronics, has the specificity to predict, at each moment, which mode will be the best for the next moment, by using baseband data for LTE. The second algorithm is deterministic and can estimate and track the direction of arrival of the signal. Then, it selects the mode which has the best gain in this direction in order to improve the link budget

Les matériaux ferroélectriques sont aujourd’hui étudiés pour leur permittivité élevée et accordable en vue de la réalisation d’antennes intelligentes. L’accordabilité importante requise amène souvent à une augmentation des pertes diélectriques et un compromis entre accordabilité élevée et faibles pertes est alors à réaliser. L’objectif de ces travaux est l’étude des phénomènes liés à la permittivité diélectrique des matériaux ferroélectriques afin de décrire l’influence des parois de domaine sur celle-ci. Un modèle diélectrique complexe est utilisé qui prend en compte les pertes indépendantes du champ électrique appliqué et une loi hyperbolique est proposée, permettant de distinguer les contributions liées aux vibrations et aux sauts de parois de domaines ainsi que celles provenant du matériau. La stabilité des propriétés diélectriques en fréquence et en temps est abordée en y dégageant l’influence des parois de domaine sur les phénomènes de relaxation observées. L’analyse sur la phase ferroélectrique est étendue à la phase paraélectrique en étudiant le BST en fonction du taux de strontium. Ceci permet de comprendre les mécanismes responsables de l’accordabilité dans les phases ferroélectrique et paraélectrique ainsi qu’à la transition de phase. Les matériaux ferroélectriques étant envisagés pour une utilisation en hyperfréquences, une méthode de caractérisation basée sur l’analyse statique de la transformation conforme d’une ligne coplanaire, est étudiée. La loi hyperbolique permet de connaître la composition du BST qui présente le meilleur compromis entre accordabilité et pertes et donc les conditions optimales d’utilisation des matériaux ferroélectriques
Today, ferroelectric materials are studied for their high and tunable permittivity for the realization of intelligent antennas. The high tunability required is often related to increased dielectric losses and a compromise between large tunability and weak losses thus has to be found. The aim of the present research work is to study the phenomena related to the dielectric permittivity of ferroelectric materials in order to describe the influence of the domain walls on this permittivity. A complex dielectric model is used which takes into account the electric field independent losses and a hyperbolic law is suggested which allows to distinguish the contributions stemming from domain wall motion and pinning and from the material itself. The stability in frequency and time of the dielectric properties is discussed by identifying the influence of the domain walls on the relaxation phenomena observed. Examination of the ferroelectric phase is extended to the paraelectric phase by studying the dielectric properties of the BST as a function of the strontium rate. This allows understanding the mechanisms responsible of the tunability in the ferroelectric and the paraelectric state and at the phase transition. The ferroelectric materials being considered for the use at microwave frequencies, characterization based on the static analysis of conformal mapping method of a coplanar waveguide, is studied. The hyperbolic law allows knowing the BST composition which presents the best compromise between tunability and losses and thus knowing the optimum conditions for the use of ferroelectric materials

Ce travail traite de la conception et la réalisation d'un démonstrateur d'antennes intelligentes. Il est divisé en deux parties : hardware et traitement du signal. La partie hardware s'intéresse à la conception et la réalisation d'un réseau d'antennes patch à huit éléments fonctionnant à 2. 45 GHz ainsi qu'à l'étude de huit réflectomètres six-portes. Ces éléments permettent la détection des angles d'arrivées de sept signaux qui peuvent représenter des signaux d'interférences, de trajectoires multiples et de bruit. Les réflectomètres (Récepteurs Homodynes) détectent les enveloppes complexes des signaux RF. La partie traitement de signal analyse les enveloppes complexes à l'aide d'un ordinateur en utilisant une carte d'acquisition DAQ. Après un processus de linéarisation et de calibrage des enveloppes (six ou cinq portes), le système sera capable de détecter les angles d'arrivées par l'application d'un algorithme de prétraitement, appelé lissage spatial, associé à un des deux algorithmes à hautes résolutions MUSIC et ESPRIT. Une étude comparative a été faite afin d'analyser l'efficacité des deux types des détecteurs. Une deuxième étude a pour objectif de montrer l'intérêt de l'utlisation du lissage spatial ainsi qu'une comparaison entre les algorithmes MUSIC et ESPRIT. L'efficacité de la détection affecte directement les performances de la partie émission de l'antenne intelligente qui est commandée par notre système de réception.

This thesis presents a wide spectrum of novel extensions and enhancements to critical components of modern electromagnetic analysis and design systems. These advancements are achieved through the use of computational intelligence, which comprises neural networks, evolutionary algorithms, and fuzzy systems. These tools have been proven in myriad industrial applications ranging from computer network optimization to heavy machinery control.
The analysis module of an electromagnetic analysis and design system typically comprises mesh generation and mesh improvement stages. A novel method for discovering optimal orderings of mesh improvement operators is proposed and leads to a suite of novel mesh improvement techniques. The new techniques outperform existing methods in both mesh quality improvement and computational cost.
The remaining contributions pertain to the design module. Specifically, a novel space mapping method is proposed, which allows for the optimization of response surface models. The method is able to combine the accuracy of fine models with the speed of coarse models. Optimal results are achieved for a fraction of the cost of the standard optimization approach.
Models built from computational data often do not take into consideration the intrinsic characteristics of the data. A novel model building approach is proposed, which customizes the model to the underlying responses and accelerates searching within the model. The novel approach is able to significantly reduce model error and accelerate optimization.
Automatic design schemes for 2D structures typically preconceive the final design or create an intractable search space. A novel non-preconceived approach is presented, which relies on a new genome structure and genetic operators. The new approach is capable of a threefold performance improvement and improved manufacturability.
Automatic design of 3D wire structures is often based on "in-series" architectures, which limit performance. A novel technique for automatic creative design of 3D wire antennas is proposed. The antenna structures are grown from a starting wire and invalid designs are avoided. The high quality antennas that emerge from this bio-inspired approach could not have been obtained by a human designer and are able to outperform standard designs.

La thèse aborde le problème de la détection d’un signal dans une bande de fréquences donnée sans aucune connaissance à priori sur la source (détection aveugle) dans le contexte de la radio intelligente. Le détecteur proposé dans la thèse est basé sur l’estimation des valeurs propres de la matrice de corrélation du signal reçu. A partir de ces valeurs propres, plusieurs critères ont été développés théoriquement (Standard Condition Number, Scaled Largest Eigenvalue, Largest Eigenvalue) en prenant pour hypothèse majeure un nombre fini d’éléments, contrairement aux hypothèses courantes de la théorie des matrices aléatoires qui considère un comportement asymptotique de ces critères. Les paramètres clés des détecteurs ont été formulés mathématiquement (probabilité de fausse alarme, densité de probabilité) et une correspondance avec la densité GEV a été explicitée. Enfin, ce travail a été étendu au cas multi-antennes (MIMO) pour les détecteurs SLE et SCN
In Cognitive Radio, Spectrum Sensing (SS) is the task of obtaining awareness about the spectrum usage. Mainly it concerns two scenarios of detection: (i) detecting the absence of the Primary User (PU) in a licensed spectrum in order to use it and (ii) detecting the presence of the PU to avoid interference. Several SS techniques were proposed in the literature. Among these, Eigenvalue Based Detector (EBD) has been proposed as a precious totally-blind detector that exploits the spacial diversity, overcome noise uncertainty challenges and performs adequately even in low SNR conditions. The first part of this study concerns the Standard Condition Number (SCN) detector and the Scaled Largest Eigenvalue (SLE) detector. We derived exact expressions for the Probability Density Function (PDF) and the Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) of the SCN using results from finite Random Matrix Theory; In addition, we derived exact expressions for the moments of the SCN and we proposed a new approximation based on the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution. Moreover, using results from the asymptotic RMT we further provided a simple forms for the central moments of the SCN and we end up with a simple and accurate expression for the CDF, PDF, Probability of False-Alarm, Probability of Detection, of Miss-Detection and the decision threshold that could be computed and hence provide a dynamic SCN detector that could dynamically change the threshold value depending on target performance and environmental conditions. The second part of this study concerns the massive MIMO technology and how to exploit the large number of antennas for SS and CRs. Two antenna exploitation scenarios are studied: (i) Full antenna exploitation and (ii) Partial antenna exploitation in which we have two options: (i) Fixed use or (ii) Dynamic use of the antennas. We considered the Largest Eigenvalue (LE) detector if noise power is perfectly known and the SCN and SLE detectors when noise uncertainty exists

L’augmentation exponentielle des équipements d’utilisateurs sans fil (UEs) et des services des réseaux associés aux déploiements actuels de cinquième génération (5G) pose plusieurs défis de conception sans précédent qui doivent être résolus avec l’avènement des futurs réseaux au-delà de la 5G. Plus précisément, la demande croissante de débits de données élevés ainsi que la nécessité de desservir un grand nombre d’appareils hétérogènes, allant des téléphones mobiles classiques aux objets connectés formant l’internet des objets (IoT), motivent l’étude de nouveaux schémas de traitement et de transmission du signal. À cet égard, les sorties multiples massives à entrées multiples (massive MIMO) sont une technologie d’accès bien établie, qui permet de desservir plusieurs dizaines d’UEs en utilisant lesmêmes ressources temps-fréquence au moyen de techniques de formation de faisceau hautement directionnelles. Cependant, le massive MIMO présente des problèmes d’évolutivité dans les scénarios accès massif où la population UE est composée d’un grand nombre de périphériques hétérogènes. En effet, si la disponibilité d’un grand nombre d’antennes dans les émetteurs-récepteurs massive MIMO apporte des gains de performances substantiels, elle augmente également considérablement la surcharge et la complexité du système. Plus précisément, la dimensionnalité élevée des canaux nécessite l’allocation de ressources temps-fréquence considérables pour acquérir les informations d’état de canal (CSI) et se traduit par de grandes opérations matricielles pour construire des précodeurs/décodeurs. De plus, dans le contexte de communications de multidiffusion comme, par exemple, la mise en cache périphérique sans fil ou la diffusion de messages critiques pour la mission, les techniques d’antennes multiples conventionnelles présentent des taux de disparition lorsque le nombre d’UEs augmente même dans le régime d’antenne massif. Enfin, le grand nombre de chaînes de radiofréquences (RF) associées aux émetteurs-récepteurs massive MIMO, qui sont utilisés pour contrer les pertes de propagation dans des environnements difficiles tels que, par exemple, à des fréquences d’ondes millimétriques (mmWave), se heurte au budget de puissance limité des appareils IoT. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons de nouvelles méthodes à antennes multiples évolutives pour l’amélioration des performances dans les scénarios d’intérêt susmentionnés. Plus précisément, nous décrivons le rôle fondamental joué par le CSI statistique qui peut être mis à profit pour réduire à la fois la complexité et la surcharge pour l’acquisition de CSI et pour la suppression des interférences multi-utilisateurs. En effet, lorsque les UEs sont équipés au moins de duex antennes, leurs propriétés de sélectivité spatiale peuvent être exploitées pour imposer une orthogonalité statistique parmi les transmissions interférentes. De plus, nous exploitons les communications de périphérique à périphérique (D2D) pour surmonter le goulot d’étranglement fondamental de la multidiffusion conventionnelle. En particulier, nous exploitons les capacités de précodage d’un émetteur multi-antennes pour sélectionner soigneusement les UEs dans des conditions de canal favorables, qui à leur tour agissent comme des relais opportunistes et retransmettent le message via les liaisons D2D. Enfin, dans le cadre des communications mmWave, nous explorons les avantages des surfaces intelligentes reconfigurables (RISs) récemment proposées, qui sont un catalyseur clé de l’innovation grâce à leur structure intrinsèquement passive qui permet de contrôler l’environnement de propagation et de contrer efficacement les pertes de propagation. En particulier, nous utilisons la formation de faisceaux passive au niveau du RIS, c’est-à-dire sans aucune dépense d’énergie significative, ainsi que la formation de faisceaux active conventionnelle au niveau de l’émetteur pour augmenter considérablement les performances du réseau
The exponential increase of wireless user equipments (UEs) and network services associated with current 5G deployments poses several unprecedented design challenges that need to be addressed with the advent of future beyond-5G networks and novel signal processing and transmission schemes. In this regard, massive MIMO is a well-established access technology, which allows to serve many tens of UEs using the same time-frequency resources. However, massive MIMO exhibits scalability issues in massive access scenarios where the UE population is composed of a large number of heterogeneous devices. In this thesis, we propose novel scalable multiple antenna methods for performance enhancement in several scenarios of interest. Specifically, we describe the fundamental role played by statistical channel state information (CSI) that can be leveraged for reduction of both complexity and overhead for CSI acquisition, and for multiuser interference suppression. Moreover, we exploit device-to-device communications to overcome the fundamental bottleneck of conventional multicasting. Lastly, in the context of millimiter wave communications, we explore the benefits of the recently proposed reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs). Thanks to their inherently passive structure, RISs allow to control the propagation environment and effectively counteract propagation losses and substantially increase the network performance

The tremendous growth of the wireless communications sector and the problem of limited available spectrum that can be used to cater the wireless demand have spurred the need for better data transmission capacity and signal rates for wireless communication systems. Smart antennas are the promising technology for improving the wireless communication systems performance. Smart antennas are system that consist of antenna arrays capable of adaptively adjusting the beam pattern, thereby enhancing the desired signals (beam steering) and suppressing the interference signals (null steering), which is also known as Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA). SDMA systems allow significant improvement in the area of capacity, signal bandwidth, signal-to-interference ratio, and frequency reuse. Due to the increasing complexity of the smart antennas system, innovations and improvements in miniaturisation, power consumption, and cost are needed. These breakthroughs could be achieved by combining the microelectronic and photonic technologies, leading to an innovative software-driven broadband MicroPhotonic beamforming system. This thesis presents a doctoral study of integrated MicroPhotonic smart antenna beamformers. The beamformers presented in this study is based on microminiaturisation of hotonic and electronic components, which processes RF-modulated optical signals and adaptively synthesises multiple broadband null for interference suppression. Two types of beamformer are investigated in this thesis; the first form is based on delaying the input RF signal via discrete, high-resolution true-time delay (TTD) through the use of free space optics. The second type is based on continuous TTD generation using an Opto-VLSI processor in conjunction with high-dispersive optical fibres. Design, simulation and proof-of-concept demonstration of some of the photonic building blocks and RF components of smart antennas that employ the MicroPhotonic beamformer are presented. These smart antennas are designed for use in adaptive broadband phased-array antenna applications including multimedia wireless transmission and RADAR.

La tendance actuelle est d'utiliser les systèmes multi-antennes en émission et en réception afin d'utiliser au mieux le spectre radioélectrique et d'améliorer la liaison radio pour les systèmes de communications sans fil. C'est dans ce contexte que s'inscrit ce mémoire de thèse qui porte sur l'étude et l'optimisation d'un démonstrateur d'antennes intelligentes. Après avoir effectué une étude approfondie des méthodes de détection de directions d'arrivée des signaux RF et développé une technique de formation de lobe, deux prototypes de système d'antenne adaptative ont été développés dans la bande WiMax (3. 4 - 3. 5 GHz) et validé expérimentalement. Le premier prototype fonctionnant en réception est basé sur les liaisons de type Uplink. Il utilise les démodulateurs cinq-ports et le système de formation numérique de faisceau où les poids sont calculés par l'algorithme SQP (technique de synthèse développée) et appliqués directement aux signaux en bande de base afin d'améliorer la qualité des signaux reçus c'est-à-dire améliorer le rapport signal à interférent plus bruit. Le deuxième fonctionnant en émission est basé sur les liaisons de type Downlink, c'est un système analogique de formation de faisceau utilisant les modulateurs vectoriels commandés numériquement à partir de la loi d'alimentation donnée par la synthèse de diagramme (algorithme SQP) afin de concentrer le rayonnement émis dans la direction privilégiée du récepteur utile. Ces deux systèmes sont complémentaires dans la mesure où ce dernier utilise les résultats de mesure de DoA du premier pour adapter son diagramme de rayonnement en fonction de la position angulaires des sources
The current tendency is to use the multi-antennas systems in emission and/or reception in order to optimize the radioelectric spectrum as well as possible and to improve the radio connexion for the wireless communication systems. It is in this context that this thesis is related to the study and optimization of a demonstrator of smart antennas. After having carried out a thorough study of the detection methods of directions of arrival of the RF signals and having developed a beamforming technique, two prototypes of adaptive antenna system were developed in the WiMax band (3. 4 - 3. 5 GHz) and experimentally validated. The first system functioning in reception is based on the Uplink. It uses the five-port demodulators and the numerical beamforming system where the weights are calculated by the SQP algorithm (technique of pattern synthesis developed) and directly applied to the signals in baseband in order to improve quality of the received signals i. E. To improve the signal to interference plus noice ratio. The second system functioning in emission is based on the Downlink ; it is an analogical beamforming system using the vectors modulators controlled numerically, starting form the weight given by the array pattern synthesis (SQP algorithm) in order to concentrate the radiation emitted in the desired direction of the useful receiver. These two systems are complementary insofar as the last one uses the results of measurement of DoA of the first one to adapt its radiation pattern according to the position angular of the sources

La technologie RFID UHF, également appelée RAIN RFID, est une technologie passive permettant l’identification automatique des objets. Elle comble ainsi le fossé entre les mondes physique et numérique en permettant à un objet de devenir « vivant » sur l'internet des objets grâce à des étiquettes RFID (tags) peu coûteuses et sans batterie. La technologie RFID UHF passive témoigne d’un développement significatif en raison de la croissance accélérée de dispositifs technologiques sophistiqués. Ce développement est en grande partie poussé par la chaîne d'approvisionnement et la grande distribution. Dans ces domaines, la RFID UHF passive de deuxième génération (Gen2), parmi d'autres solutions de traçage et d'identification possibles, constitue un choix logique compte tenu du faible coût des tags lorsqu’ils sont produits en gros volumes, de leur facilité d'impression et de l’absence de batterie.La principale préoccupation des revendeurs détaillants est la disponibilité du produit. Celle-ci peut être affectée par l’existence d’erreurs liées à la visibilité (écarts de stockage, vol, perte) et d’erreurs humaines. Il est donc nécessaire d'améliorer la visibilité et d'automatiser le processus. Malgré ses avantages, le déploiement de la technologie RFID dans la grande distribution est toujours confronté à de nombreux obstacles et défis. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes attachés à répertorier toutes les technologies de composants et de lecteurs proposées sur le marché ou encore à l’état de prototype, puis, après avoir identifié et analysé les différents défis liés à ce domaine particulier d’application, à élaborer et à tester de nouvelles solutions.En premier lieu, les distances maximales de lecture des tags passifs sont évaluées dans différents environnement afin d’identifier les facteurs les impactant. A l’issue de cette étude, une méthode de caractérisation alternative est proposée pour contrôler les performances des tags et identifier les objets tagués ayant de faibles performances. Deuxièmement, nous nous appuyant sur cette méthode pour proposer une nouvelle solution d’amélioration de la détection. Les algorithmes conçus et réalisés pour traduire cette solution permettent aux lecteurs de négocier leurs configurations avec l’environnement et entre eux. Enfin, un nouvel algorithme de localisation est proposé afin d’améliorer la précision. Son élaboration et son implémentation sont basées sur l’exploitation de la réponse des tags identifiés comme les plus fiables du milieu. Les solutions proposées sont particulièrement avantageuses car universelles, compatibles avec les lecteurs du marché et n’ajoutant aucun coût au matériel utilisé pour la détection
UHF RFID technology, also known as RAIN RFID, is a passive technology that enables the automatic identification of items. Thus, it bridges the gap between the physical and digital worlds by allowing an item to become alive on the Internet of things thanks to inexpensive and battery-free RFID tags. Passive UHF RFID technology has witnessed a significant development due to the accelerated growth of sophisticated technological devices. This development is largely driven by the supply chain and the retail industries. Passive UHF RFID Gen2, among other tracing and identification solutions, is the logical choice given the low costs of large-volume tags, ease of printing and being battery-free, the need for maintenance is completely eliminated.The main concern of resellers, the withdrawal of the product, is mainly affected by errors related to visibility (stock gap, theft, loss) and human errors. It is, therefore, necessary to improve visibility and automate the process. Despite its advantages, RFID deployment in supermarkets is still facing many obstacles and challenges. In this thesis, we focus on technological availability by defining and analyzing the different challenges and possibly proposing the appropriate solutions.First, the maximum reading distances of passive tags are evaluated in different environments in order to identify the factors impacting them. At the end of this study, an alternative characterization method is proposed to control tag performance and identify tagged objects with poor performance. Secondly, we will use this method to propose a new solution to improve detection. The algorithms behind this solution allow readers to negotiate their configurations with the environment and with each other. Finally, a new location algorithm is proposed to improve accuracy. This algorithm is based on the exploitation of the answers of the reliable tags of the medium. The proposed solutions are universal, compatible with market readers and add no cost to the hardware used for detection

Capacity improvement of Wireless Communication Systems is a very important area of current research. The goal is to increase the number of users supported by the system per unit bandwidth allotted. One important way of achieving this improvement is to use multiple antennas backed by intelligent signal processing. In this thesis, we present methods for blind separation of co-channel BPSK signals arriving at an antenna array. These methods consist of two parts, Constellation Estimation and Assignment. We give two methods for constellation estimation, the Smallest Distance Clustering and the Maximum Likelihood Estimation. While the latter is theoretically sound,the former is Computationally simple and intuitively appealing. We show that the Maximum Likelihood Constellation Estimation is well approximated by the Smallest Distance Clustering Algorithm at high SNR. The Assignment Algorithm exploits the structure of the BPSK signals. We observe that both the methods for estimating the constellation vectors perform very well at high SNR and nearly attain Cramer-Rao bounds. Using this fact and noting that the Assignment Algorithm causes negligble error at high SNR, we derive an upper bound on the probability of bit error for the above methods at high SNR. This upper bound falls very rapidly with increasing SNR, showing that our constellation estimation-assignment approach is very efficient. Simulation results are given to demonstrate the usefulness of the bounds.

Avec l'essor de l'internet des objets, le nombre d'objets communicants dans nos villes est en pleine croissance, et notamment avec l'émergence du concept des ``Villes Intelligentes''. A l'instar des points d'accès Wifi, beaucoup de ces objets sont placés à des positions initialement connues, et pouvant être partagées dans le "Cloud" dans une démarche "BigData"; on parle alors de géo-référencement. Dans ce contexte, nous posons le problème de la radiolocalisation véhiculaire opportuniste basée sur la découverte de voisinage et l'exploitation des signaux reçus. Nous proposons une approche novatrice pour l'auto-localisation véhiculaire dans le domaine des systèmes de transport intelligents. La méthode proposée est opportuniste, passive et non-intrusive vis-a-vis des réseaux et des applications. La thèse défendue propose un système de localisation qui s'intègre aisément dans une pile de communication standard et qui s'étend sur deux niveaux protocolaires : couche physique et couche de liaison. Au niveau physique, nous utilisons un réseau d'antennes pour collecter les signaux à des fins d'identification et de localisation. Dès qu'un paquet est détecté au niveau MAC, les signaux physiques correspondants sont exploités pour estimer la position de l'émetteur dans le référentiel du véhicule. En utilisant l'identifiant de l’émetteur, on peut retrouver sa position dans un référentiel externe (ou global) depuis une base de données construite hors ligne et accessible localement ou à distance. En connaissant l'orientation du véhicule, la position du véhicule dans le référentiel externe peut être ensuite estimée par changement de base
With the development of the internet of things, the number of communicating objects is rapidly increasing especially with the emergence of the "Smart City'' concept. As in the case of WiFi access points, many of these objects would operate at fixed and known positions. Such information is made available in the Cloud under the Big Data paradigm, thus leading to the so called geo-referencing of the nodes. In such a context, we pose the problem of opportunistic vehicular radio-localization by means of neighborhood discovery and signal processing of received neighboring signals. We propose a novel approach for vehicle self-localization as a contribution to the field of intelligent transportation systems. The proposed solution is opportunistic, passive and non-intrusive regarding the network operations and deployed applications. The thesis defends a localization system that seamlessly integrates with a standard communication stack and covers two layers: physical and link. At physical level, we use an antenna array for collecting and processing the received signals for both identification and localization. As soon as a packet is detected at MAC layer, the corresponding signals are exploited to localize the source with respect to the vehicle body frame. By using the source identifier, its position in the external (or global) frame is looked up in a database that was previously built off-line and made accessible locally or remotely. By assuming that the vehicle orientation is known, the position of the vehicle is then estimated using basis change equations

CAPES
Nesta dissertação, o uso de antenas direcionais em sistemas de verificação de localização é analisado, considerando um cenário realista para redes veiculares. O objetivo é propor um método para a utilização das antenas direcionais nestes sistemas e verificar quais os benefícios proporcionados em termos de desempenho, que representa a capacidade em diferenciar usuários legítimos e maliciosos. Um sistema que utiliza o modelo de propagação log-normal é inicialmente estudado, seguido de uma analise das alterações necessárias para a utilização de um modelo mais realista. Utilizando este modelo, é demonstrado então como o uso de antenas direcionais pode ser introduzido no sistema, adicionando ao processo de verificação uma etapa adicional. Resultados numéricos são obtidos para verificar as expressões analíticas, seguido das comparações entre os desempenhos de cada um dos sistemas apresentados. Através destes resultados, é constatado que a utilização das antenas direcionais proporciona um aumento considerável no desempenho do sistema e, mesmo quando considerado apenas a etapa adicional de verificação, o desempenho é satisfatório. É feita também uma análise da influência do desvanecimento em pequena escala no sistema, demonstrando qual a relação entre o número de amostras e a porcentagem de erro no desempenho do esquema apresentado.
In this master thesis, a performance analysis of an information-theoretic location verification system using directional antennas is performed, considering a vehicular network scenario. Our goal is to develop a method using directional antennas to improve the system performance. First, a recently introduced scheme that uses a simple propagation model is studied, then it is described the modifications needed when a realistic propagation model is considered. Based on the described scheme, it is shown how the use of directional antennas can be introduced into the system, creating a new validation stage called directional verification. Numerical results are used to validate the analytical expressions, showing also the performance differences between the described systems. Using the obtained results, it is shown that the use of directional antennas increase the system performance and that, even when using only the directional verification stage, the performance is satisfactory. An analysis of the relation between the number of samples and the system's error percentage is also performed, when considered a small scale fading model.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
The frequency selective surfaces, or FSS (Frequency Selective Surfaces), are structures consisting of periodic arrays of conductive elements, called patches, which are usually very thin and they are printed on dielectric layers, or by openings perforated on very thin metallic surfaces, for applications in bands of microwave and millimeter waves. These structures are often used in aircraft, missiles, satellites, radomes, antennae reflector, high gain antennas and microwave ovens, for example. The use of these structures has as main objective filter frequency bands that can be broadcast or rejection, depending on the specificity of the required application. In turn, the modern communication systems such as GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and WiMAX, whose services are highly demanded by society, have required the development of antennas having, as its main features, and low cost profile, and reduced dimensions and weight. In this context, the microstrip antenna is presented as an excellent choice for communications systems today, because (in addition to meeting the requirements mentioned intrinsically) planar structures are easy to manufacture and integration with other components in microwave circuits. Consequently, the analysis and synthesis of these devices mainly, due to the high possibility of shapes, size and frequency of its elements has been carried out by full-wave models, such as the finite element method, the method of moments and finite difference time domain. However, these methods require an accurate despite great computational effort. In this context, computational intelligence (CI) has been used successfully in the design and optimization of microwave planar structures, as an auxiliary tool and very appropriate, given the complexity of the geometry of the antennas and the FSS considered. The computational intelligence is inspired by natural phenomena such as learning, perception and decision, using techniques such as artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, fractal geometry and evolutionary computation. This work makes a study of application of computational intelligence using meta-heuristics such as genetic algorithms and swarm intelligence optimization of antennas and frequency selective surfaces. Genetic algorithms are computational search methods based on the theory of natural selection proposed by Darwin and genetics used to solve complex problems, eg, problems where the search space grows with the size of the problem. The particle swarm optimization characteristics including the use of intelligence collectively being applied to optimization problems in many areas of research. The main objective of this work is the use of computational intelligence, the analysis and synthesis of antennas and FSS. We considered the structures of a microstrip planar monopole, ring type, and a cross-dipole FSS. We developed algorithms and optimization results obtained for optimized geometries of antennas and FSS considered. To validate results were designed, constructed and measured several prototypes. The measured results showed excellent agreement with the simulated. Moreover, the results obtained in this study were compared to those simulated using a commercial software has been also observed an excellent agreement. Specifically, the efficiency of techniques used were CI evidenced by simulated and measured, aiming at optimizing the bandwidth of an antenna for wideband operation or UWB (Ultra Wideband), using a genetic algorithm and optimizing the bandwidth, by specifying the length of the air gap between two frequency selective surfaces, using an optimization algorithm particle swarm
As superf?cies seletivas de freq??ncia, ou FSS (Frequency Selective Surfaces), s?o estruturas constitu?das por arranjos peri?dicos de elementos condutores, denominados patches, geralmente muito finos e impressos sobre camadas diel?tricas, ou de aberturas, perfuradas em superf?cies met?licas muito finas, para aplica??es nas faixas de microondas e ondas milim?tricas. Estas estruturas s?o frequentemente utilizadas em aeronaves, m?sseis, sat?lites, radomes, antenas de refletor, antenas de alto ganho e fornos de microondas, por exemplo. A utiliza??o destas estruturas tem como objetivo principal filtrar bandas de freq??ncia, que podem ser de transmiss?o ou de rejei??o, dependendo da especificidade da aplica??o desejada. Por sua vez, os sistemas de comunica??o modernos, tais como GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), Bluetooth, Wi-Fi e WiMAX, cujos servi?os s?o altamente demandados pela sociedade, t?m requerido o desenvolvimento de antenas que apresentem, como caracter?sticas principais, baixo custo e perfil, al?m de peso e dimens?es reduzidas. Neste contexto, a antena de microfita se apresenta como uma excelente op??o para os sistemas de comunica??es atuais, pois (al?m de atenderem intrinsicamente aos requisitos mencionados) s?o estruturas planares de f?cil fabrica??o e integra??o com outros componentes de circuitos de microondas. Em consequ?ncia, a an?lise e principalmente a s?ntese destes dispositivos, em face da grande possibilidade de formas, dimens?es e periodicidade de seus elementos, tem sido efetuada atrav?s de modelos de onda completa, tais como o m?todo dos elementos finitos, o m?todo dos momentos e o m?todo das diferen?as finitas no dom?nio do tempo. Entretanto, estes m?todos apesar de precisos requerem um grande esfor?o computacional. Neste contexto, a intelig?ncia computacional (IC) tem sido utilizada com sucesso nos projetos e na otimiza??o de estruturas planares de microondas, como uma ferramenta auxiliar e muito adequada, dada a complexidade das geometrias das antenas e das FSS consideradas. A intelig?ncia computacional ? inspirada em fen?menos naturais como: aprendizado, percep??o e decis?o, utilizando t?cnicas como redes neurais artificiais, l?gica fuzzy, geometria fractal e computa??o evolucion?ria. Este trabalho realiza um estudo de aplica??o de intelig?ncia computacional utilizando metaheur?sticas como algoritmos gen?ticos e intelig?ncia de enxames na otimiza??o de antenas e superf?cies seletivas de frequ?ncia. Os algoritmos gen?ticos s?o m?todos computacionais de busca baseados na teoria da sele??o natural proposta por Darwin e na gen?tica utilizados para resolver problemas complexos como, por exemplo, problemas em que o espa?o de busca cresce com as dimens?es do problema. A otimiza??o por enxame de part?culas tem como caracter?sticas a utiliza??o da intelig?ncia de forma coletiva sendo aplicada em problemas de otimiza??o em diversas ?reas de pesquisa. O objetivo principal deste trabalho consiste na utiliza??o da intelig?ncia computacional, na an?lise e s?ntese de antenas e de FSS. Foram consideradas as estruturas de um monopolo planar de microfita, do tipo anel, e de uma FSS de dipolos em cruz. Foram desenvolvidos os algoritmos de otimiza??o e obtidos resultados para as geometrias otimizadas de antenas e FSS consideradas. Para a valida??o de resultados foram projetados, constru?dos e medidos v?rios prot?tipos. Os resultados medidos apresentaram excelente concord?ncia com os simulados. Al?m disso, os resultados obtidos neste trabalho foram comparados com os simulados atrav?s de um software comercial, tendo sido observada tamb?m uma excelente concord?ncia. Especificamente, a efici?ncia das t?cnicas de IC utilizadas foram comprovadas atrav?s de resultados simulados e medidos, objetivando a otimiza??o da largura de banda de uma antena para opera??o em banda ultralarga, ou UWB (Ultra Wideband), com a utiliza??o de um algoritmo gen?tico e da otimiza??o da largura de banda, atrav?s da especifica??o do comprimento do gap de ar entre duas superf?cies seletivas de frequ?ncia, utilizando um algoritmo de otimiza??o por enxame de part?culas

Aujourd'hui les réseaux de capteurs sont devenus des systèmes pouvant atteindre un très grand nombre de nœuds, avec une zone de couverture déterminée et déployés d'une manière plus ou moins dense dans un environnement hétérogène dont on mesure ainsi son état global. La problématique de cette thèse consiste à concevoir une architecture pour les objets communicants à faible consommation en utilisant des antennes " intelligentes " pour l'instrumentation et la mesure. Intégrant une approche pluridisciplinaire, cette architecture couvre les services offerts depuis les couches MAC jusqu'à celles de plus haut niveau. Basés sur une partie matérielle complètement reconfigurable (amplificateur de puissance et antennes à base de MEMS RF), les services des couches supérieures sont définis en partie sur circuits numériques pour la couche physique (bande de base) et la couche MAC, et de manière logicielle pour les protocoles de routages adaptés et les services innovants. En résumé, le travail consiste à concevoir un système autonome multi capteurs, d'acquisition et de traitement avec mémorisation, communicant à travers un réseau sans fil. Les principaux problèmes à résoudre seront : - Le contrôle de la topologie - La précision de la synchronisation - La consommation d'énergie.

Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif la prédiction des paramètres structurels des forêts à grande échelle, grâce aux images de télédétection. La démarche consiste à étendre la précision des données LIDAR spatiales, en les utilisant là où elles sont disponibles, en tant que donnée d'apprentissage pour les images radar à synthèse d'ouverture polarimétriques et interférométrique (PolInSAR). A partir de l'analyse des propriétés géométriques de la forme de cohérence PolInSAR, nous avons proposé un ensemble de paramètres susceptibles d'avoir une corrélation forte avec les profils de densité LIDAR en milieu forestier. Cette description a été utilisée comme données d'entrée de techniques SVM, de réseaux de neurones, et de forêts aléatoires, afin d'apprendre un ensemble de descripteurs de forêts issus du LIDAR : la hauteur totale, le type de profil vertical, et la couverture horizontale. L'application de ces techniques à des données réelles aéroportées de forêts boréales en Suède et au Canada, et l'évaluation de leur précision, démontrent la pertinence de la méthode. Celle-ci préfigure les traitements qui pourront être appliqués à l'échelle planétaires aux futures missions satellites dédiées à la forêt : Biomass, Tandem-L et NiSAR
The objective of this thesis is to predict the structural parameters of forests on a large scale using remote sensing images. The approach is to extend the accuracy of LIDAR full waveforms, on a larger area covered by polarimetric and interferometric (PolInSAR) synthetic aperture radar images using machine learning methods. From the analysis of the geometric properties of the PolInSAR coherence shape, we proposed a set of parameters that are likely to have a strong correlation with the LIDAR density profiles on forest lands. These features were used as input data for SVM techniques, neural networks, and random forests, in order to learn a set of forest descriptors deduced from LIDAR: the canopy height, the vertical profile type, and the canopy cover. The application of these techniques to airborne data over boreal forests in Sweden and Canada, and the evaluation of their accuracy, demonstrate the relevance of the method. This approach can be soon be adapted for future satellite missions dedicated to the forest: Biomass, Tandem-L and NiSAR

Undoubtedly, spectrum scarcity constitutes the main bottleneck of current wireless networks. It is therefore imperative to move beyond the sub-6 GHz band in order to overcome this limitation. Toward this direction, terahertz (THz) communication is deemed a promising solution for future wireless systems owing to the abundant spectrum resources at these frequencies. Despite the prospect of terabit- per-second wireless links, THz signals suffer from severe propagation losses, which can undermine the communication range and performance of THz systems. In this dissertation, we tackle this challenge by putting forward two key physical layer technologies, namely massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs). More particularly, this dissertation consists of two parts. In the first part, we thoroughly study the spatialwideband effect in THz massive MIMO. We commence by demonstrating that conventional narrowband beamforming/combining leads to substantial performance degradation for large antenna arrays and high transmission bandwidths. With this in mind, we propose a wideband array architecture based on true-timedelay and virtual subarrays. For the channel estimation problem, we introduce a wideband dictionary along with a novel variant of the orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm. Numerical simulations are provided showcasing that the proposed design enables: i) nearly squint-free beamforming/combining with a small number of true-time-delay elements; and ii) accurate channel acquisition with reduced pilot overhead even in the low signal-to-noise-ratio regime. In the second part, we focus on the fundamentals of IRSs at THz frequencies. Specifically, we show that an IRS has the potential to improve the energy efficiency of THz MIMO, when it is placed close to one of the link ends. As a result, electrically large IRSs are expected to operate in the radiating near-field zone, where the spherical wavefront of the emitted electromagnetic (EM) waves cannot be neglected. To this end, we introduce a spherical wave channel model by leveraging EM theory, which includes far-field as special case. Furthermore, we discuss the importance of using EM principles to characterize the path loss of IRS-aided links, as simplistic models may wrongly estimate the link budget and actual system performance. Our analysis reveals that: i) conventional far-field beamforming is highly suboptimal in terms of power gain, and hence beamfocusing is the optimal mode of operation for THz IRSs; and ii) frequencydependent beamfocusing is required in wideband THz transmissions, as beam squint can substantially reduce the achievable data rate.

CAPES; CNPq; Fundação Araucária; FINEP
Esta tese apresenta aplicações de inteligência computacional para o aprimoramento de sensoriamento ótico realizado com sensores em fibra ótica. Para tanto, redes neurais artificiais (perceptron de múltiplas camadas), máquinas de vetor de suporte para regressão, evolução diferencial e métodos de sensoriamento compressivo são empregados em conjunto com transdutores de redes de Bragg em fibras óticas. As redes neurais artificiais, máquinas de vetor de suporte para regressão e redes de Bragg são empregadas na localização de uma carga aplicada sobre uma placa de acrílico. É apresentado um novo método utilizando evolução diferencial para a solução do problema do espalhamento inverso em redes de Bragg em fibra ótica, propondo o uso de restrições para solucioná-lo na ausência de informação de fase do sinal refletido. Um método para a detecção de múltiplas cargas posicionadas acima de uma placa de metal é proposto. Neste método, a placa de metal é suportada por anéis de ferro contendo redes de Bragg em fibra ótica e a detecção das cargas é realizada com o uso de métodos de sensoriamento compressivo para a solução do problema inverso subdeterminado resultante. A troca dos anéis de ferro por blocos de silicone e um novo método baseado em sensoriamento compressivo e evolução diferencial são propostos. Os resultados experimentais mostram que os métodos computacionais propostos auxiliam o sensoriamento e podem permitir uma melhoria da resolução espacial do sistema sem a necessidade do aumento do número de elementos transdutores.
This thesis presents new optical fiber sensing methodologies employing computational intelligence approaches seeking for the improvement of the sensing performance. Particularly, artificial neural networks, support vector regression, differential evolution and compressive sensing methods were employed with fiber Bragg grating transducers. Artificial neural networks (multilayer perceptron) and fiber Bragg gratings were used to determine the location of a load applied to a polymethyl methacrylate sheet. A new method based on the application of differential evolution is proposed to solve the inverse scattering problem in fiber Bragg gratings, where constraints are imposed to solve the problem without the need of phase information. A method for detecting multiple loads on a metal sheet is also proposed. In this method, the metal sheet is supported by iron rings containing fiber Bragg gratings, and compressive sensing methods are employed to solve the resulting underdetermined inverse problem. Further developments of the method replaced the iron rings by silicon blocks and employed a new reconstruction method based on compressive sensing and differential evolution. Experimental results show that the proposed computational methods improve the optical fiber sensing and lead to an enhancement of the spatial resolution without increasing the number of transducers.

by Fu Kar Kit.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 158-160).
Abstract also in Chinese.
Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter Chapter 2: --- Background and Theories --- p.3
Chapter 2.1 --- Background History --- p.3
Chapter 2.2 --- Finite Difference Time Domain Method --- p.4
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Basic Formulation --- p.4
Chapter A ) --- Governing Equations --- p.4
Chapter B ) --- Discretization of Differential Equations --- p.6
Chapter C ) --- Numerical Stability --- p.7
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Absorbing Boundary Condition ( PML - Bandlimited ) --- p.8
Chapter A ) --- Berenger Perfectly Matched Layer --- p.8
Chapter B ) --- "Theroy, Two-Dimensional TE Case" --- p.10
Chapter B-1 ) --- Propagation of a Plane Wave in a PML Medium --- p.11
Chapter B-2 ) --- Transmission of a Wave through PML-PML Interfaces --- p.15
Chapter B-3 ) --- PML for the FD-TD technique in 2-D domain --- p.18
Chapter C ) --- Extension to Three-Dimension Case --- p.22
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Modeling of Source and Passive Lumped-Circuit --- p.25
Chapter 2.2.4 --- Obtaining the frequency dependent parameters --- p.27
Chapter 2.2.5 --- Time Domain Extrapolation --- p.29
Chapter 2.2.6 --- Near-to-Far-Field Transformation --- p.33
Chapter A ) --- FD-TD implementation of Near-to-Far-Field Transformation --- p.35
Chapter B ) --- Numerical Techniques to compute the Antenna Directivity --- p.38
Chapter 2.3 --- Transmission Line Circuit Theories --- p.40
Chapter 2.3.1 --- Stripline --- p.43
Chapter 2.3.2 --- Microstrip Line --- p.46
Chapter 2.3.3 --- Quadrature 90° Hybrid --- p.50
Chapter 2.3.4 --- Butler Matrices --- p.50
Chapter A ) --- Types of hybrids --- p.54
Chapter B ) --- Number of hybrids --- p.51
Chapter C ) --- Number of fixed phase shifters --- p.51
Chapter D ) --- Positions and magnitudes of fixed phase shifters --- p.51
Chapter E ) --- Values of total phase shift at output ports and produced by input ports --- p.53
Chapter 2.4 --- Antenna Theories --- p.54
Chapter 2.4.1 --- Microstrip Patch Antenna --- p.54
Chapter A ) --- Bandwidth Enhancement --- p.55
Chapter B ) --- Antenna design methodology --- p.55
Chapter B-1 ) --- Substrate selection --- p.55
Chapter B-2 ) --- Rectangular element analysis and design --- p.56
Chapter 1) --- Electromagnetically coupled patch --- p.57
Chapter 2) --- Aperture coupled patch --- p.61
Chapter 2.4.2 --- Array Antenna --- p.67
Chapter Chapter 3: --- Butler Matrix Analysis and Design --- p.73
Chapter 3.1 --- Circuit Topology --- p.73
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Basic Operation of the 4x4 Butler Matrix --- p.74
Chapter 3.2 --- Design Methodology and Circuit Characteristics --- p.75
Chapter 3.2.1 --- 3 dB branch-line coupler --- p.76
Chapter 3.2.2 --- 0 dB branch-line coupler --- p.79
Chapter 3.2.3 --- 4x4 Butler matrix Beamforming network --- p.82
Chapter Chapter 4: --- Multibeam Array Analysis and Design --- p.90
Chapter 4.1 --- Antenna Architecture --- p.90
Chapter 4.2 --- Antenna Design --- p.91
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Antenna Choice --- p.91
Chapter A ) --- Microstrip Dipole --- p.91
Chapter B ) --- Rectangular Microstrip Patch --- p.91
Chapter C ) --- Circular Patch --- p.92
Chapter D ) --- Compact Patch --- p.93
Chapter E ) --- Annular Resonators --- p.94
Chapter F ) --- Antenna Choice of the 4x4 Butler Matrix Network --- p.94
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Choice of Feeding and Matching Technique --- p.95
Chapter 4.2.3 --- Basic Antenna Parameters and Measurement Technique --- p.95
Chapter A ) --- Radiation Pattern --- p.95
Chapter B ) --- Radiation Pattern Lobes --- p.96
Chapter C ) --- Antenna Gain --- p.97
Chapter D ) --- Input Impedance --- p.97
Chapter E ) --- Bandwidth --- p.97
Chapter 4.2.4 --- FDTD Characterization --- p.98
Chapter 4.3 --- Multibeam Antenna Design and Optimization --- p.104
Chapter 4.4 --- Stripline Fed - Multibeam Antenna --- p.107
Chapter 4.4.1 --- Design Methodology of the Stripline 3 dB Hybrid --- p.109
Chapter 4.4.2 --- Design Methodology of the Stripline 0 dB Hybrid --- p.111
Chapter 4.4.3 --- Design Methodology of the Stripline 4x4 Butler Matrix Network --- p.113
Chapter 4.4.4 --- Design Methodology of the Stripline Aperture Coupled Patch --- p.138
Chapter 4.4.5 --- Design Methodology of the Stripline Multibeam Antenna --- p.142
Chapter Chapter 5: --- Design Examples and Application of Multibeam Antenna --- p.150
Chapter 5.1 --- Wireless Local Loop (WLL) System --- p.150
Chapter Chapter 6: --- Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work --- p.156
Chapter 6.1 --- Conclusions --- p.156
Chapter 6.2 --- Recommendations for Future Work --- p.157
Bibliography --- p.158
Publication List --- p.160

Au cours de la dernière décennie, un intérêt remarquable a été éprouvé en matière des réseaux ad hoc sans fil capables de s'organiser sans soutien des infrastructures. L'utilisation potentielle d'un tel réseau existe dans de nombreux scénarios, qui vont du génie civil et secours en cas de catastrophes aux réseaux de capteurs et applications militaires. La Fonction de coordination distribuée (DCF) du standard IEEE 802.11 est le protocole dominant des réseaux ad hoc sans fil. Cependant, la méthode DCF n'aide pas à profiter efficacement du canal partagé et éprouve de divers problèmes tels que le problème de terminal exposé et de terminal caché. Par conséquent, au cours des dernières années, de différentes méthodes ont été développées en vue de régler ces problèmes, ce qui a entraîné la croissance de débits d'ensemble des réseaux. Ces méthodes englobent essentiellement la mise au point de seuil de détecteur de porteuse, le remplacement des antennes omnidirectionnelles par des antennes directionnelles et le contrôle de puissance pour émettre des paquets adéquatement. Comparées avec les antennes omnidirectionnelles, les antennes directionnelles ont de nombreux avantages et peuvent améliorer la performance des réseaux ad hoc. Ces antennes ne fixent leurs énergies qu'envers la direction cible et ont une portée d'émission et de réception plus large avec la même somme de puissance. Cette particularité peut être exploitée pour ajuster la puissance d'un transmetteur en cas d'utilisation d'une antenne directionnelle. Certains protocoles de contrôle de puissance directionnel MAC ont été proposés dans les documentations. La majorité de ces suggestions prennent seulement la transmission directionnelle en considération et, dans leurs résultats de simulation, ces études ont l'habitude de supposer que la portée de transmission des antennes omnidirectionnelles et directionnelles est la même. Apparemment, cette supposition n'est pas toujours vraie dans les situations réelles. De surcroît, les recherches prenant l'hétérogénéité en compte dans les réseaux ad hoc ne sont pas suffisantes. Le présent mémoire est dédié à proposer un protocole de contrôle de puissance MAC pour les réseaux ad hoc avec des antennes directionnelles en prenant tous ces problèmes en considération. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Réseaux ad hoc, Antennes directives, Contrôle de puissance.

博士
逢甲大學
電機與通訊工程博士學位學程
105
Smart antenna array has been widely used in mobile communication system. The base station use the main beam with greatest power pointing to the direction of arrival (DOA) of desired user signals to obtain the perfect receiving response and eliminated the interferers’ signals. However, due to the perturbation of noise and the finite sample effect, the performances of beamforming and DOA estimation are degraded for impinging signal. Such that, in this dissertation, we utilize swarm intelligence algorithms to enhance the robustness of beamforming and the accuracy of DOA estimation, and reduce the computation complexity. First, we propose an approach which use particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to enhance the robustness of decision directed (DD) eigenspace-based (ESB) beamformer and promote the accuracy of data bits estimation. Second, the computation complexity and estimation accuracy of the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) method, which has been widely used in DOA estimation of desired user on smart antenna array depends on the size of search grids during the spectrum searching process. For the proposes to reduce computation complexities and promote estimation accuracies, we also utilize PSO algorithm, gravitational search algorithm (GSA) and hybrid PSOGSA strategy to implements spectrum searching respectively, and the estimation results are unlimited by grids size.