Статті в журналах з теми "Antennal bole"

Reflectarray antennas have emerged as one of the most suitable choice for 5G network base station antennas due to their ability to combine the advantages of parabolic reflectors and phased array antennas. These antennas offer a lightweight structure, high gain, and low impedance mismatch losses. High gain and low loss are crucial factors in ensuring the antenna delivers low latency and high-quality 5G radio signals. The application of 5G technology becomes more practical and efficient with the capability to adjust the functionality of a single 5G antenna or enable reconfiguration. This reconfigurable technique simplifies the multi-antenna systems and significantly reduces costs, making it more practical and systematic. Furthermore, this reconfigurability is particularly beneficial for satellite applications, as it allows for the reconfiguration of the signal in the event of satellite movement on the space. This paper aims to discuss the historical development of reconfigurable reflectarray antennas, focusing on the innovations in each configurable mechanism. The paper further explores the classification of configurations employed by this antenna, encompassing frequency configuration, radiation pattern, polarization, and hybrid configurations that integrate multiple existing configuration classifications. Finally, the research paper provides a discussion of the most recent research and innovations in the configurable mechanisms of reflectarray antennas.

In this paper, a microstrip patch array antenna is designed and simulated to operate in the X-band frequency region at 9.5 GHz. For X-band communication transmission, it is necessary to suppress the side lobe radiation pattern of the antenna as much as possible to avoid the transmission being intercepted and/or received by undesirable neighbouring satellites. The geometrical design of the microstrip patch array antenna is simulated and executed using CST Microwave Studio (CST MWS) in order to study the effects of various antenna parameters such as S11, gain, directivity, side lobe level, and angular width. It is shown that the proposed antenna exhibits a low side lobe level of -14.2 dB with an acceptable high gain and directivity of 16.5 dB and 17.7 dB, respectively. The antenna configuration also has a size of only 285 mm × 59.275 mm which is much more compact and lightweight compared to the standard reflector antennas that are used for most X-band communication transmission. ABSTRAK: Kajian ini berkaitan antena cantuman barisan jalurmikro yang direka dan disimulasi beroperasi pada 9.5 GHz frekunsi daerah jalur-X. Pada transmisi komunikasi jalur-X, corak radiasi sisi-lobus antena perlu ditahan sebanyak mungkin bagi mengelak transmisi dipintas dan/atau diterima oleh satelit tetangga yang tidak di ingini. Rekaan geometri antena cantuman barisan jalurmikro disimulasi dan diuji menggunakan perisian CST Studio Gelombang Mikro (CST MWS) bagi mengkaji pelbagai kesan parameter antenna seperti S11, gandaan, keterarahan, tahap sisi-lobus dan lebar sudut. Didapati bahawa antena yang dicadangkan mempunyai tahap sisi-lobus -14.2 dB yang rendah dengan gandaan tinggi yang boleh diterima dan keterarahan sebanyak 16.5 dB dan 17.7 dB, masing-masing. Tatabentuk antena mempunyai saiz 285 mm × 59.275 mm yang kompak dan ringan berbanding antena pemantul piawai, di mana telah digunakan pada kebanyakan jalur-X transmisi komunikasi.

Abstract Considering the narrow bandwidth of microstrip antennas, but also their applicability in upcoming technologies, this paper addresses the problem of wide-band matching, the theoretical bounds on the matching bandwidth and low-cost and low-complexity matching strategies. In this context the Bode-Fano bounds of single mode, linearly polarized aperture-coupled microstrip antennas is evaluated, optimized and compared to the theoretical bounds on matching bandwidth of other common feeding technologies. A detailed study of the input impedance of aperture-coupled patch antennas shows how to widen the Fano bounds. Based on this, a straight-forward and effective method to optimize the Fano bound is given. After optimization of the antennas input impedance, basic matching techniques can be applied, to exploit the enlarged bandwidth potential. As an example a $\lambda/4$-transformer as matching element is proposed. Design equations and simulation and measurement results of X-band prototypes are given as verification.

Electrically small antenna suffer from the high Q impedance such as narrow bandwidth and poor gain. To improve them, passive impedance matching is often used but it is restricted to a Bode-Fano limit. To skip it, active matching incorporating non-Foster circuits can provide a good solution. Using non-Foster theory, in this paper an active reactance circuit (ARC) design is proposed for application to electrically small antenna prototypes.

Penyuluhan ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan ibu hamil mengenai pengertian yoga, manfaat melakukan yoga, kapan boleh melakukan yoga, dan kondisi yang tidak boleh melakukan yoga hamil. di Kelurahan Kemas Rindo terlebih dimasa pandemi Covid-19. Kehamilan merupakan proses fisiologis, tetapi dalam masa kehamilan tersebut ibu hamil memerlukan asuhan kebidanan untuk mengevaluasi kondisi kesehatan dan kehamilannya. Yoga antenatal merupakan keterampilan mengolah pikiran, berupa teknik pengembangan kepribadian secara menyeluruh baik fisik, psikologis dan spiritual. Yoga antenatal dapat membantu ibu hamil untuk mengendalikan pikiran, keinginan dan reaksi terhadap stres. Pengadaan penyuluhan dan konseling yoga pada kehamilan menjadi sarana penting untuk memberikan informasi tentang yoga bagi ibu hamil. Untuk menyampaikan pesan atau materi penyuluhan biasanya bahasa yang digunakan ialah bahasa yang mudah dimengerti dan dipahami sehingga tidak terlalu sulit untuk dimengerti oleh sasaran atau objek penyuluhan. Media yang biasanya digunakan dalam penyuluhan seperti media cetak, dan media elektronik. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan observasi kepada seluruh peserta Kegiatan dibagi menjadi 3 fase, yaitu fase orientasi, kerja dan terminasi. Kesimpulan dalam kegiatan ini yaitu kegiatan penyuluhan tentang yoga dalam kehamilan berhubungan dengan peningkatan tingkat pengetahuan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini maka perlu dilakukan kegiatan promosi kesehatan secara berkala.

Towers, like obelisks, stand out from a distance, signal places and guide directions in cities, like the Roman Baroque, in a way analogous to dolmens that order and qualify mystical and representative areas. Without covering or protecting, they are typical of the dominant and recognized architecture, they are landmarks of formalistic urbanism. Furthermore, the tower corresponds to a bold construction, to a critical structural problem, whose appropriate complementarity between configuration and construction reveals intelligence and imagination of conceptual, formal and structural options. Architect Jorge Caron does not neglect architectural, permanent and historical aspects in the design of the transmission antenna for TV Cultura. He anticipates the presence of the tower and proposes the metallic geometry that establishes the lattice system, reductive and homogeneous, or uniform. The design of the antenna is related to the discussion of architecture at the end of the 20th century.

Antenatal Care (ANC) perlu dilakukan secara terintegrasi untuk mengatasi permasalahan Angka Kematian Ibu (AKI). Pelayanan kehamilan (ANC) yang dilakukan secara teratur dapat mendeteksi lebih awal kondisi kehamilan yang berisiko tinggi seperti anemia, sehingga intervensi dapat segera dilakukan. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia telah membuat standar pelayanan kehamilan terpadu (ANC), yaitu ibu melakukan kunjungan ANC minimal 6 kali selama kehamilannya. Layanan yang terkait dengan pencegahan anemia yaitu pemberian Tablet Tambah Darah minimal 90 tablet selama kehamilan yang diberikan sejak kontak pertama. (Mitra, 2021). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi program Antenatal Care terpadu sebagai upaya deteksi dini anemia pada ibu hamil dengan unsur input, proses dan output dengan rancangan kualitatif yang disajikan secara deskriptif. Informan awal ditentukan dengan tehnik purposive sampling. Metode pengumpulan data melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi dan dokumentasi terhadap 5 informan awal yang terdiri dari bidan koordinator, tenaga gizi kesehatan, bidan desa dan kader serta ibu hamil trimester III yang mengalami anemia. 1 informan triangulasi yaitu Kepala Seksi Kesehatan Keluarga Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Brebes. Hasil penelitian menunjukan pada unsur input sudah cukup baik dari Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM) dan pendanaan sudah terintegrasi, hanya sarana prasaran USG dan cheklis belum terfasilitasi. Pada unsur proses, program terlaksana dengan baik yaitu pelayanan ANC sudah menggunakan standar 10 T, hanya belum ada koordinasi jemput bola di desa yg jaraknya jauh untuk pengadaan pelayanan didesa tersebut secara kerjasama lintas sektoral. Pada unsur output, cakupan pelayanan ANC di puskesmas buaran di angka 85% dengan prevalensi anemia 65 kasus. Kata kunci: Antenatal Care, Deteksi Dini, Anemia, Ibu Hamil

Aim. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) and elongation factor 1-alpha gene (EF1α) are frequently used for a correct species diagnostics of aphids forms that are correct diagnosis of the species, studying of species genetic structure, assessment of intraspecies and interspecies genetic polymorphism assessment and construction of phylogenetic systems. Methods. Aphids samples were collected in Belarus. Genetic sequences of COI and EF1α genes were sequenced using primes LCO and EF3. Results. Sequences of COI and EF1α genes of 18 aphid species of Belarussian fauna including 6 aphid species of COI gene (Aphis fabae mordvilkoi Börn. & Janisch,, Aphis pomi Deg., Aphis spiraecola Patch, Colopha compressa Koch, Panaphis juglandis (Gz.) и Uroleucon hypochoeridis (F.)) and 15 species of EF1α gene (Anoecia corni (Fabr.), Aphis euphorbiae Kalt., C. compressa, Drepanosiphum platanoidis (Schr.), Gyphina jacutensis Mordv., Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffr.), Longicaudus trirhodus (Walk.), Monaphis antennata (Kalt.), P. juglandis, Periphyllus aceris (L.), Schizolachmus pineti (F.), Sipha maydis Pass., Therioaphis tenera Aiz., Trichosiphonaphis corticis (Aiz.), U. hypochoeridis) were obtained. Conclusions. COI gene and EF1α gene sequences were decoded and deposited to GenBank. Keywords: aphids, COI, EF1α, nucleotide sequence, GenBank, BOLD.

Tangan bionik merupakan pengembangan teknologi dari tangan buatan menggantikan sebagian fungsi tangan bagi orang-orang yang kehilangan tangan akibat kecelakaan, kelainan dan amputasi. Gerakan tangan bionik secara sederhana adalah dengan memanfaatkan teknologi pembacaan sinyal otot menggunakan sistem kontrol dikendalikan oleh sinyal otak (electroencephalogram, EEG). Penelitian ini mengusulkan desain Dual Band antena tangan bionik untuk komunikasi jarak jauh pada fekuensi 900Mhz dan untuk komunikasi jarak pendek di frekuensi 1800MHz. antena berdasarkan bentuk dan ukurannya mempunyai empat karakteristik dasar yaitu directivity, gain, polarization dan beamwidth. Antena PIFA harus memiliki ukuran kecil, sesuai dengan tangan bionik, serta memiliki kinerja yang baik dalam peningkatan gain tinggi dipasang ditangan bionik dan efisiensi radiasi serta tidak boleh menurunkan kulaitas pola radiasi atau mempersempit bandwith. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, dikembangkan dual band planar inverted - F antenna (PIFA) yang diminiaturisasi dengan teknik meander dan spiral, serta teknik konformal. Proses penalaan desain menggunakan Teknik design of experiment (DOE) untuk mengenali parameter desain yang signifikan dan koefisien talanya (slope). Material design menggunakan Material Miu Negatif (MNG) berstruktur Spiral Resonator (SR) Dengan DOE, PIFA Spiral (1800 MHz) dan PIFA Meander (5 GHz). Kedua antena ini ditempatkan di siku dan pergelangan tangan bionik. Frekuensi resonansi PIFA Spiral bergeser hingga 179,6 MHz dan PIFA Meander hingga 57 MHz. Hasil DOE dimanfaatkan untuk melakukan penalaan sehingga pergeseran frekuensi ini dapat dikoreksi. Hasil pengukuran PIFA Spiral didapatkan S11 sebesar -22,2 dB pada frekuensi resonansi 1800 MHz, bandwidth 6 MHz, dan gain -17,9 dBi; antena ini dapat digunakan untuk LoRa kanal 8. Pengukuran PIFA Meander menghasilkan S11 sebesar -24,6 dB pada frekuensi resonansi 2,419 GHz, bandwidth 10 MHz, dan gain -12,2 dBi; antena ini bisa digunakan untuk Bluetooth Low Energi kanal 7.

Operational cost is important in any system. In the case of the earth station system, operational cost is very crucial. The operational cost can be divided into three costs: maintenance, failure, and replacement costs. There are many complex subsystems incorporated in the earth station system, for instance a high-power amplifier, modulators, and antennas, to name a few. In this research, only the replacement cost was considered. Moreover, there are many replacement methods that are available. These replacement methods implicitly influence both the replacement and the replacement costs. The aim of this research is to provide a new cost model based on which replacement method yields the lowest cost. Two replacement methods are involved in this research: failure-triggered and age-based. The failure-triggered and the age-based replacement methods were considered because these methods are the most used in previous research work. Furthermore, three types of cost models were also considered, and they were linear, polynomial, and exponential operational cost models. The outcomes show that the failure-triggered and age-based replacement methods of 2-parallel configuration of polynomial and linear operational cost models yielded the lowest RMSE value of 2.5. Therefore, both polynomial and linear operational cost models of the 2-parallel configuration were the most optimal operational cost models. ABSTRAK: Kos operasi adalah penting dalam mana-mana sistem. Dalam kes sistem stesen bumi, kos operasi adalah sangat penting. Kos operasi boleh dibahagikan kepada tiga kos: kos penyelenggaraan, kegagalan dan penggantian. Terdapat banyak subsistem kompleks yang digabungkan dalam sistem stesen bumi, contohnya penguat kuasa tinggi, modulator, dan antena. Penyelidikan ini hanya membincangkan tentang kos penggantian. Selain itu, terdapat banyak kaedah penggantian sedia ada. Kaedah penggantian ini secara tersirat mempengaruhi kedua-dua kos penggantian dan penggantian. Matlamat penyelidikan ini adalah bagi menyediakan model kos baharu berdasarkan kaedah penggantian yang menghasilkan kos terendah. Dua kaedah penggantian yang terlibat dalam kajian ini: penggantian yang dicetuskan oleh kegagalan dan berdasarkan umur. Kaedah cetusan kegagalan dan penggantian berasaskan umur telah dipertimbangkan kerana kaedah ini paling banyak digunakan dalam penyelidikan terdahulu. Tambahan, tiga jenis model kos turut dipertimbangkan, iaitu model kos operasi linear, polinomial dan eksponen. Dapatan menunjukkan kaedah penggantian cetusan kegagalan dan berdasarkan umur melalui konfigurasi model 2 selari bagi kos operasi polinomial dan linear menghasilkan nilai RMSE terendah iaitu 2.5. Oleh itu, kedua-dua model kos operasi polinomial dan linear bagi konfigurasi model 2 selari adalah kos operasi paling optimum.

Antena merupakan satu komponen penting dalam sistem komukasi wayarles. Antena mikrojalur boleh digunakan untuk aplikasi wayarles kerana ia mempunyai ciri–ciri seperti ringan, mudah dipasang dan dihasilkan dalam kuantiti yang banyak. Walaupun antenna mikrojalur mempunyai ciri–ciri tersebut yang menjadikannya sesuai untuk digunakan dalam aplikasi wayarles, namun ia mempunyai satu kekurangan yang agak serius, iaitu ciri lebar jalur yang sempit. Selalunya, antena mikrojalur mempunyai jalur di antara 1 – 3%. Tetapi, sekiranya kekurangan ini dapat diatasi, potensi antena mikrojalur boleh dimaksimumkan. Satu teknik alternatif untuk memperluaskan lebar jalur antena mikrojalur telah dikaji dan dicadangkan di sini. Aplikasi wayarles yang telah dipilih untuk dikaji ialah rangkaian kawasan tempatan tanpa wayar (WLAN) berasaskan kepada piawaian IEEE 802.11b. Di Malaysia, jalur WLAN adalah di antara 2.4 GHz hingga 2.48 GHz. Teknik yang dipilih untuk meluaskan lebar jalur ini ialah Antena Mikrojalur Dua Tampal Serupa Dengan Ruangan Udara (IDMA). Dengan menggunakan teknik ini, perluasan lebar jalur hingga lebih kurang 11% dapat dicapai. Jalur ini sememangnya dapat merangkumi jalur WLAN dengan frekuensi operasinya pada 2.45 GHz. Kata kunci: Rangkaian kawasan tempatan wayarles (WLAN); antena mikrojalur dua tampal serupa dengan ruangan udara (IDMA) Antenna is a vital component in wireless application systems. The microstrip antenna can be used for wireless applications as it has features such as light weight, easily mounted and it is easy to mass produce. Although there are many features that suits well for microstrip antenna to be deployed for wireless applications, there is a very serious limitation where it has a very narrow bandwidth. The typical bandwidth of the microstrip antennas is between 1 – 3%. If this limitation is eliminated, the microstrip antenna can be used to its full potential. An alternative bandwidth enhancement technique is studied and then proposed in order to broaden the bandwidth of the microstrip antenna. The wireless application that is selected to be studied is the Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) based on the IEEE 802.11b standard. In Malaysia, this WLAN band spans from 2.4 GHz to 2.48 GHz. The bandwidth enhancement technique which is selected is the Identical Dual–Patch Microstrip Antenna with Air–Gap (IDMA). By using this technique, a bandwidth enhancement of about 11% has been achieved. This bandwidth very well covers the required WLAN band with an operating frequency of 2.45 GHz. Key words: Wireless local area network (WLAN); identical dual patch microstrip antenna with air–gap (IDMA)

The infestation of Dictyla cheriani (Drake) (Hemiptera: Tingidae) on Indian cherry (Cordia myxa L.), was noticed in 2010 at the Experimental Farm of Central Institute for Arid Horticulture and other fields of Bikaner district, Rajasthan, India. The maximum incidence was observed in October (51.67% on bold and 76.67% on small seeded plants) and minimum was in January (11.67% on bold and 21.67% on small seeded plants). The number of this lace bug ranged between (0.5 to 8.8 on bold and 4.5 to 25.97 on small seeded plants) nymphs and adults per leaves. This species is characterised by body oblong, pale testaceous with brownish or fuscous markings, with collar and hood yellowish brown, body beneath reddish dark with thoracic sterna darker. Antenna is yellowish brown; 1/3 part of 4 segment blackish. Antenna is rather slender, segmental measurements: I, 0.12 mm; II, 0.09 mm; III, 0.80 mm; IV, 0.22 mm. The mean body lengths of the male and female adult vary and were recorded as 2.17 mm and 2.34 mm, respectively.

AbstractMaternal and child mortality are of public health concern. Most of these deaths occur in rural communities of developing countries. Technology for maternal and child health (T4MCH) is an intervention introduced to increase Maternal and Child Health (MCH) services utilization and continuum of care in some health facilities across Ghana. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of T4MCH intervention on MCH services utilization and continuum of care in the Sawla-Tuna-Kalba District in the Savannah Region of Ghana. This is a quasi-experimental study with a retrospective review of records of MCH services of women who attended antenatal services in some selected health centers in the Bole (comparison district) and Sawla-Tuna-Kalba (intervention district) of the Savannah region, Ghana. A total of 469 records were reviewed, 263 in Bole and 206 in Sawla-Tuna-Kalba. A multivariable modified Poisson and logistic regression models with augmented inverse-probability weighted regression adjustment based on propensity scores were used to quantify the impact of the intervention on service utilization and continuum of care. The implementation of T4MCH intervention increased antenatal care attendance, facility delivery, postnatal care and continuum of care by 18 percentage points (ppts) [95% CI - 17.0, 52.0], 14 ppts [95% CI 6.0%, 21.0%], 27 ppts [95% CI 15.0, 26.0] and 15.0 ppts [95% CI 8.0, 23.0] respectively compared to the control districts. The study showed that T4MCH intervention improved antenatal care, skilled delivery, postnatal services utilization, and continuum of care in health facilities in the intervention district. The intervention is recommended for a scale-up in other rural areas of Northern Ghana and the West-African sub-region.

Butler Matrix merupakan jaringan pembentuk alur (BFN), berfungsi sebagai jaringan suapan kepada tatasusun antena. Ia menghasilkan pelbagai nilai anjakan fasa progresif pada arus yang diujakan kepada antena. Dengan menyepadukan Butler Matrix bersama tatasusun antena, banyak sinaran pada corak radiasi boleh dihasilkan. Dalam kerja ini, tiga jenis tatasusun antena yang berbeza disepadukan dengan Matrik Butler dan corak radiasi untuk setiap konfigurasi dibandingkan. Antena yang dipilih dalam projek ini adalah 4 × 1 antena tampalan segi empat sama dengan suapan proximity, 4 × [4 × 2] tatasusun antena dan 4 × 1 antena eka-kutub. Ia diplih kerana setiap satu daripadanya mempunya ciri–ciri corak radiasi yang berbeza. Keputusan yang diperolehi menunjukkan empat sinaran yang berasingan dengan sudut yang berbeza dihasilkan oleh setiap tatasusun di mana antena tampalan segi empat sama mempunyai Lebarjalur Setengah Kuasa (HPBW) sebanyak 30° untuk setiap sinaran dan berjaya meliputi 120° kawasan liputan, 4 × 2 tatasusun antenna mempunyai HPBW sebanyak 7° dan meliputi 30° manakala antenna eka–kutub menghasilkan dua jenis sinaran, lebar dan sempit. Perbandingan antara pengukuran dan pengiraan corak radiasi untuk setiap tatasusun antena juga dibentangkan. Kata kunci: Antena pelbagai sinaran; 4 × 4 Matrik ; antena microstrip; tatasusun antena; jaringan pembentuk alur Butler Matrix is a beamforming network (BFN), functioning as a feeding network of antenna array. It provides multiple values of progressive phase different of excitation current to an antenna array. By integrating Butler Matrix with antenna array, multiple beams on radiation pattern could be created. In this work, three different types of antenna array have been integrated with the same Butler Matrix and the radiation patterns of each configuration have been compared. The chosen antenna types in this project are 4 × 1 proximity feed square patch antenna array, 4 × [4 × 2] antenna array and 4 × 1 monopole antenna array. They are chosen as each of them has different radiation pattern characteristic. The obtained results show that four independent beams with different angles are generated by individual array where square patch antenna array has Half Power Beamwidth (HPBW) about 30° for each beams and manage to cover 120° of coverage area, [4 × 2] antenna array has HPBW about 7° and cover 30° while monopole antenna produce two kind of beams, broader and narrower beams. The comparison between the measured and computed radiation pattern of each antenna array are presented. Key words: Multibeam antenna; 4 × 4 Butler Matrix; microstrip antenna; antenna array; beamforming network

ABSTRACT: Femtocell technology has been drawing considerable attention as a cost-effective means of improving cellular coverage and capacity. It is connected to the core network through an IP backhaul and can only use timing protocols such as IEEE1588 or Network Time Protocol (NTP). Furthermore, the femtocell is installed indoor, and cannot use a GPS antenna for time synchronization. High-precision crystal oscillators can solve the timing problem, but they are often too expensive for consumer grade devices. Therefore, femtocell Base Station (fBS) synchronization is one of the principle technical trends in femtocell deployment. Since fBSand macrocell Base Station (mBS) network operates on the same frequency under a licensed spectrum, fBS network can interfere with the macrocell network. In addition, fBSs can also interfere with each other if multiple units are in close proximity. Furthermore, in a flat fBS structured network using IEEE 1588 synchronization algorithm and fBS-fBS synchronization scheme creates offset and frequency error which results inaccurate synchronization. In order to reduce offset and frequency error (skew), this paper proposed a cluster-based multihop synchronization scheme to achieve precise in fBS neighbor nodes. The proposed scheme is able to reduce the offset and skew significantly.ABSTRAK: Teknologi Femtocell telah menjadi tumpuan sebagai alat yang kos-efektif dalam memperbaiki liputan mudahalih dan kapasiti. Ia menghubungkan jaringan teras melalui IP backhaul dan hanya boleh menggunakan protokol masa seperti IEEE1588 atau Protokol Jaringan Masa (NTP). Seterusnya, femtocell dipasang di dalam, dan tidak boleh menggunakan antena GPS untuk sinkronisasi masa. Osilator Kristal yang tinggi kejituannya boleh menyelesaikan masalah masa, tetapi ianya mahal bagi gred peranti consumer. Oleh itu, sinkronisasi Stesen Asas femtocell (fBS) adalah salah satu tren teknikal prinsip dalam deployment femtocell. Memandangkan fBS dan jaringan Stesen Asas makrosel (mBS) beroperasi pada frekuensi yang sama di bawah spektrum lesen jaringan fBS boleh mengganggu jaringan makrosel. Tambahan pula, fBS juga boleh mengganggu antara satu sama lain jika unit pelbagai adalah close proximity. Tambahan lagi, bagi struktur jaringan rata fBS menggunakan algorisma sinkronisasi IEEE 1588 dan skema sinkronisasi fBS-fBS mencipta offset dan ralat frekuensi yang menyebabkan ketidaktepatansinkronisasi. Bagi mengurangkan offset dan ralat frekuensi (skew), kajian ini mencadangkan multihop berasaskan kluster skema sinkronisasi bagi mencapai kejituan dalam mod kejiranan fBS. Skema yang dicadangkan boleh mengurangkan offset dan skew dengan berkesan.KEYWORDS: femtocell base satationt (FBS); synchronization; frequency division multiple access (OFDMA); inter-cluster, intra-cluster

Abstract Background The occurrence of pregnancy in the postpartum period poses a risk to women and their infants, and it also has increased risks of adverse health outcomes if a pregnancy happens less than two years after the preceding birth. Utilization of immediate postpartum family planning is a possible and simple way to reduce these unfavourable outcomes. However, only a small proportion of mothers use the service; but the reasons appear unclear. Thus, this study aimed to determine the level and factors associated with the utilization of immediate postpartum family planning in Bole sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods A facility-based cross-sectional study was carried out from August 15 to September 15, 2022, among mothers who gave birth one year before the data collection period. A total of 425 mothers were selected with a systematic random sampling technique. A pretested and structured questionnaire was administered to collect data. Data entry and analysis were done by Statistical Package for Social Sciences 25. Chi-square, multicollinearity and Hosmer-Lemshaw model fitness tests were tested. The level of utilization was determined by descriptive statistics and the associated factors were determined by a binary logistic regression model, and presented with the adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). All statistical tests were conducted at a 5% level of significance. Results Utilization of family planning method immediately after birth was 12.9% (95% CI = 11.3-14.5%), and it was statistically significantly associated with ages between 25 and 34 years (AOR = 5; 95% CI [1.38–18.41]) and 35 years and above (AOR = 6[1.47–25.70]), unfavourable attitude (AOR = 0.2[0.11–0.31]) and no counselling about immediate postpartum family planning during antenatal care visit (AOR = 0.43[0.20–0.89]). Conclusion and recommendations The level of utilization of immediate postpartum family planning is low in the study area. To improve it, dealing with younger women, working to achieve a positive attitude amongst women towards immediate postpartum family planning, and incorporating counselling about postpartum family planning methods during antenatal care visits are all recommended.

Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) is the technique of delivering energy to specific targets with high-gain antennas. An important global application is SpaceBased Solar Power (SBSP) in which powersats in Earth orbit gather sunlight and beam this power to terrestrial groundstations (rectennae). At the distances involved, and the power levels needed to be economical, any stray (off-axis or off-target) energy can disrupt communications, giving cause for regulatory restriction or public objection of SBSP. Until recently, sidelobe levels (SLL) were limited to no lower than -60 dB, meaning that a gigawatt beam would give off kilowatt-range SLL, leading to desensitization of communications devices for a very wide radius surrounding a rectenna. The author discovered, published, and validated a specific design for a phased array antenna (PAA) that allows SLL to be reduced to -240 dB, creating what is called a "pencil beam" with negligible off-axis energy. Studies have found that this method can be applied to PAA as small as 6 m diameter at 5.8 GHz. This breakthrough discovery was first published in 2016 but appears to have largely escaped notice by the WPT community. The second issue is aiming accuracy, with the de facto solution being phase conjugation at the transmit PAA using a pilot beam issued from the receiver. While elegant, the accuracy of angle of arrival (AOA) using phase conjugtion is limited to about 1 degree (17 milliradians). This is sufficient for 5G signals over 100s of meters, but grossly inadequate for SBSP that requires microradian pointing accuracy. A novel method to detect AOA at the microrad scale that is separated from the transmitter emission electronics allows independent optimization of both. This work presents simulation studies showing microradian capability and laboratory results in the single millirad range, a factor of 10 improvement over the current state of the art. With this new approach, an orbiting powersat can aim its beam to a terrestrial target with stability under 100 m with off-axis energy at -127 dBm (typical surface environments are -100 to -80 dBm). The combination of a pencil beam and highly-accurate AOA detection bode well for realizing the benefits of SBSP.

AbstractActive materials have been explored in recent years to demonstrate superluminal group velocities over relatively broad bandwidths, implying a potential path towards bold claims such as information transport beyond the speed of light, as well as antennas and metamaterial cloaks operating over very broad bandwidths. However, causality requires that no portion of an impinging pulse can pass its precursor, implying a fundamental trade-off between bandwidth, velocity and propagation distance. Here, we clarify the general nature of superluminal propagation in active structures and derive a bound on these quantities fundamentally rooted into stability considerations. By applying filter theory, we show that this bound is generally applicable to causal structures of arbitrary complexity, as it applies to each zero-pole pair describing their response. As the system complexity grows, we find that only minor improvements in superluminal bandwidth can be practically achieved. Our results provide physical insights into the limitations of superluminal structures based on active media, implying severe constraints in several recently proposed applications.

Abstract Glycobius speciosus (Say) was studied in New York State to elucidate poorly known aspects of its biology. Head capsule size from excavated larvae coupled with gallery lengths measured at the time of excavation was used to characterize larval development. Partial life tables indicated nearly 20% of G. speciosus survive to adulthood. Larvae experienced 30% of their mortality during early development, 27% during mid-larval development, and 43% during late larval development. Predation by hairy woodpeckers, Dryobates villosus (Linnaeus) (Piciformes: Picidae), the only unambiguous source of mortality, accounted for 43% mortality in naturally infested trees located and followed 2004–2009, and 74% late instar mortality. One parasitoid, Dolichomitus irritator (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), was recovered from a single larva. Beetles emerged between 316 accumulated DD (base 10 °C) and 648 DD. Males emerged prior to, or simultaneously with, females and lived longer. Female fecundity averaged 41.3 ± 6 eggs. Larval eclosion occurred 7–10 days after oviposition. Non-functional ovipositors observed in 16% of females represented an appreciable reproductive loss. In 77% of infested trees 1 oviposition site was located and in 70% of oviposition sites examined only 1 or 2 larvae successfully eclosed, penetrated the bark to the phloem-xylem interface, and began feeding. Beetles preferred southern and eastern aspects for oviposition which occurred preferentially on the lower bole (<20 cm). Male beetles had longer and wider antennae than females, pronotal pits containing gland pores, and a straight to concave posterior margin of the terminal sternite compared to the more rounded margin of females.

On 17 January 2013, Wired chose the smart contact lens as one of “7 Massive Ideas That Could Change the World” describing a Google-led research project. Wired explains that the inventor, Dr. Babak Parviz, wants to build a microsystem on a contact lens: “Using radios no wider than a few human hairs, he thinks these lenses can augment reality and incidentally eliminate the need for displays on phones, PCs, and widescreen TVs”. Explained further in other sources, the technology entails an antenna, circuits embedded into a contact lens, GPS, and an LED to project images on the eye, creating a virtual display (Solve for X). Wi-Fi would stream content through a transparent screen over the eye. One patent describes a camera embedded in the lens (Etherington). Another mentions medical sensing, such as glucose monitoring of tears (Goldman). In other words, Google proposes an imagined future when we use contact lenses to search the Internet (and be searched by it), shop online, communicate with friends, work, navigate maps, swipe through Tinder, monitor our health, watch television, and, by that time, probably engage in a host of activities not yet invented. Often referred to as a bionic contact, the smart contact lens would signal a weighty shift in the way we work, socialize, and frame our online identities. However, speculative discussion over this radical shift in personal computing, rarely if ever, includes consideration of how the body, acting as a host to digital information, will manage to assimilate not only significant affordances, but also significant constraints and vulnerabilities. At this point, for most people, the smart contact lens is just an idea. Is a new medium of communication started when it is launched in an advertising campaign? When we Like it on Facebook? If we chat about it during a party amongst friends? Or, do a critical mass of people actually have to be using it to say it has started? One might say that Apple’s Macintosh computer started as a media platform when the world heard about the famous 1984 television advertisement aired during the American NFL Super Bowl of that year. Directed by Ridley Scott, the ad entails an athlete running down a passageway and hurling a hammer at a massive screen depicting cold war style rulers expounding state propaganda. The screen explodes freeing those imprisoned from their concentration camp existence. The direct reference to Orwell’s 1984 serves as a metaphor for IBM in 1984. PC users were made analogous to political prisoners and IBM served to represent the totalitarian government. The Mac became a something that, at the time, challenged IBM, and suggested an alternative use for the desktop computer that had previously been relegated for work rather than life. Not everyone bought a Mac, but the polemical ad fostered the idea that Mac was certainly the start of new expectations, civic identities, value-systems, and personal uses for computers. The smart contact lens is another startling start. News of it shocks us, initiates social media clicks and forwards, and instigates dialogue. But, it also indicates the start of a new media paradigm that is already undergoing popular adoption as it is announced in mainstream news and circulated algorithmically across media channels. Since 2008, news outlets like CNN, The New York Times, The Globe and Mail, Asian International News, United News of India, The Times of London and The Washington Post have carried it, feeding the buzz in circulation that Google intends. Attached to the wave of current popular interest generated around any technology claiming to be “wearable,” a smart contact lens also seems surreptitious. We would no longer hold smartphones, but hide all of that digital functionality beneath our eyelids. Its emergence reveals the way commercial models have dramatically changed. The smart contact lens is a futuristic invention imagined for us and about us, but also a sensationalized idea socializing us to a future that includes it. It is also a real device that Parviz (with Google) has been inventing, promoting, and patenting for commercial applications. All of these workings speak to a broader digital culture phenomenon. We argue that the smart contact lens discloses a process of nascent posthuman adaptation, launched in an era that celebrates wearable media as simultaneously astonishing and banal. More specifically, we adopt technology based on our adaptation to it within our personal, political, medial, social, and biological contexts, which also function in a state of flux. N. Katherine Hayles writes that “Contemporary technogenesis, like evolution in general, is not about progress ... rather, contemporary technogenesis is about adaptation, the fit between organisms and their environments, recognizing that both sides of the engagement (human and technologies) are undergoing coordinated transformations” (81). This article attends to the idea that in these early stages, symbolic acts of adaptation signal an emergent medium through rhetorical processes that society both draws from and contributes to. In terms of project scope, this article contributes a focused analysis to a much larger ongoing digital rhetoric project. For the larger project, we conducted a discourse analysis on a collection of international publications concerning Babak Parviz and the invention. We searched for and collected newspaper stories, news broadcasts, YouTube videos from various sources, academic journal publications, inventors’ conference presentations, and advertising, all published between January 2008 and May 2014, generating a corpus of more than 600 relevant artifacts. Shortly after this time, Dr. Parviz, a Professor at the University of Washington, left the secretive GoogleX lab and joined Amazon.com (Mac). For this article we focus specifically on the idea of beginnings or genesis and how digital spaces increasingly serve as the grounds for emergent digital cultural phenomena that are rarely recognized as starting points. We searched through the corpus to identify a few exemplary international mainstream news stories to foreground predominant tropes in support of the claim we make that smart contacts lenses are a startling idea. Content producers deliberately use astonishment as a persuasive device. We characterize the idea of a smart contact lens cast in rhetorical terms in order to reveal how its allure works as a process of adaptation. Rhetorician and philosopher, Kenneth Burke writes that “rhetorical language is inducement to action (or to attitude)” (42). A rhetorical approach is instrumental because it offers a model to explain how we deploy, often times, manipulative meaning as senders and receivers while negotiating highly complex constellations of resources and contexts. Burke’s rhetorical theory can show how messages influence and become influenced by powerful hierarchies in discourse that seem transparent or neutral, ones that seem to fade into the background of our consciousness. For this article, we also concentrate on rhetorical devices such as ethos and the inventor’s own appeals through different modes of communication. Ethos was originally proposed by Aristotle to identify speaker credibility as a persuasive tactic. Addressed by scholars of rhetoric for centuries, ethos has been reconfigured by many critical theorists (Burke; Baumlin Ethos; Hyde). Baumlin and Baumlin suggest that “ethos describes an audience’s projection of authority and trustworthiness onto the speaker ... ethos suggests that the ethical appeal to be a radically psychological event situated in the mental processes of the audience – as belonging as much to the audience as to the actual character of a speaker” (Psychology 99). Discussed in the next section, our impression of Parviz and his position as inventor plays a dramatic role in the surfacing of the smart contact lens. Digital Rhetoric is an “emerging scholarly discipline concerned with the interpretation of computer-generated media as objects of study” (Losh 48). In an era when machine-learning algorithms become the messengers for our messages, which have become commodity items operating across globalized, capitalist networks, digital rhetoric provides a stable model for our approach. It leads us to demonstrate how this emergent medium and invention, the smart contact lens, is born amid new digital genres of speculative communication circulated in the everyday forums we engage on a daily basis. Smart Contact Lenses, Sensationalism, and Identity One relevant site for exploration into how an invention gains ethos is through writing or video penned or produced by the inventor. An article authored by Parviz in 2009 discusses his invention and the technical advancements that need to be made before the smart contact lens could work. He opens the article using a fictional and sensationalized analogy to encourage the adoption of his invention: The human eye is a perceptual powerhouse. It can see millions of colors, adjust easily to shifting light conditions, and transmit information to the brain at a rate exceeding that of a high-speed Internet connection.But why stop there?In the Terminator movies, Arnold Schwarzenegger’s character sees the world with data superimposed on his visual field—virtual captions that enhance the cyborg’s scan of a scene. In stories by the science fiction author Vernor Vinge, characters rely on electronic contact lenses, rather than smartphones or brain implants, for seamless access to information that appears right before their eyes. Identity building is made to correlate with smart contact lenses in a manner that frames them as exciting. Coming to terms with them often involves casting us as superhumans, wielding abilities that we do not currently possess. One reason for embellishment is because we do not need digital displays on the eyes, so the motive to use them must always be geared to transcending our assumed present condition as humans and society members. Consequently, imagination is used to justify a shift in human identity along a future trajectory.This passage above also instantiates a transformation from humanist to posthumanist posturing (i.e. “the cyborg”) in order to incent the adoption of smart contact lenses. It begins with the bold declarative statement, “The human eye is a perceptual powerhouse,” which is a comforting claim about our seemingly human superiority. Indexing abstract humanist values, Parviz emphasizes skills we already possess, including seeing a plethora of colours, adjusting to light on the fly, and thinking fast, indeed faster than “a high-speed Internet connection”. However, the text goes on to summon the Terminator character and his optic feats from the franchise of films. Filmic cyborg characters fulfill the excitement that posthuman rhetoric often seems to demand, but there is more here than sensationalism. Parviz raises the issue of augmenting human vision using science fiction as his contextualizing vehicle because he lacks another way to imbricate the idea. Most interesting in this passage is the inventor’s query “But why stop there?” to yoke the two claims, one biological (i.e., “The human eye is a perceptual powerhouse”) and one fictional (i.e. Terminator, Vernor Vinge characters). The query suggests, Why stop with human superiority, we may as well progress to the next level and embrace a smart contact lens just as fictional cyborgs do. The non-threatening use of fiction makes the concept seem simultaneously exciting and banal, especially because the inventor follows with a clear description of the necessary scientific engineering in the rest of the article. This rhetorical act signifies the voice of a technoelite, a heavily-funded cohort responding to global capitalist imperatives armed with a team of technologists who can access technological advancements and imbue comments with an authority that may extend beyond their fields of expertise, such as communication studies, sociology, psychology, or medicine. The result is a powerful ethos. The idea behind the smart contact lens maintains a degree of respectability long before a public is invited to use it.Parviz exhumes much cultural baggage when he brings to life the Terminator character to pitch smart contact lenses. The Terminator series of films has established the “Arnold Schwarzenegger” character a cultural mainstay. Each new film reinvented him, but ultimately promoted him within a convincing dystopian future across the whole series: The Terminator (Cameron), Terminator 2: Judgment Day (Cameron), Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (Mostow), Terminator Salvation (McG) and Terminator Genisys (Taylor) (which appeared in 2015 after Parviz’s article). Recently, several writers have addressed how cyborg characters figure significantly in our cultural psyche (Haraway, Bukatman; Leaver). Tama Leaver’s Artificial Culture explores the way popular, contemporary, cinematic, science fiction depictions of embodied Artificial Intelligence, such as the Terminator cyborgs, “can act as a matrix which, rather than separating or demarcating minds and bodies or humanity and the digital, reinforce the symbiotic connection between people, bodies, and technologies” (31). Pointing out the violent and ultimately technophobic motive of The Terminator films, Leaver reads across them to conclude nevertheless that science fiction “proves an extremely fertile context in which to address the significance of representations of Artificial Intelligence” (63).Posthumanism and TechnogenesisOne reason this invention enters the public’s consciousness is its announcement alongside a host of other technologies, which seem like parts of a whole. We argue that this constant grouping of technologies in the news is one process indicative of technogenesis. For example, City A.M., London’s largest free commuter daily newspaper, reports on the future of business technology as a hodgepodge of what ifs: As Facebook turns ten, and with Bill Gates stepping down as Microsoft chairman, it feels like something is drawing to an end. But if so, it is only the end of the technological revolution’s beginning ... Try to look ahead ten years from now and the future is dark. Not because it is bleak, but because the sheer profusion of potential is blinding. Smartphones are set to outnumber PCs within months. After just a few more years, there are likely to be 3bn in use across the planet. In ten years, who knows – wearables? smart contact lenses? implants? And that’s just the start. The Internet of Things is projected to be a $300bn (£183bn) industry by 2020. (Sidwell) This reporting is a common means to frame the commodification of technology in globalized business news that seeks circulation as much as it does readership. But as a text, it also posits how individuals frame the future and their participation with it (Pedersen). Smart contacts appear to move along this exciting, unstoppable trajectory where the “potential is blinding”. The motive is to excite and scare. However, simultaneously, the effect is predictable. We are quite accustomed to this march of innovations that appears everyday in the morning paper. We are asked to adapt rather than question, consequently, we never separate the parts from the whole (e.g., “wearables? smart contact lenses? Implants”) in order to look at them critically.In coming to terms with Cary Wolf’s definition of posthumanism, Greg Pollock writes that posthumanism is the questioning that goes on “when we can no longer rely on ‘the human’ as an autonomous, rational being who provides an Archimedean point for knowing about the world (in contrast to “humanism,” which uses such a figure to ground further claims)” (208). With similar intent, N. Katherine Hayles formulating the term technogenesis suggests that we are not really progressing to another level of autonomous human existence when we adopt media, we are in effect, adapting to media and media are also in a process of adapting to us. She writes: As digital media, including networked and programmable desktop stations, mobile devices, and other computational media embedded in the environment, become more pervasive, they push us in the direction of faster communication, more intense and varied information streams, more integration of humans and intelligent machines, and more interactions of language with code. These environmental changes have significant neurological consequences, many of which are now becoming evident in young people and to a lesser degree in almost everyone who interacts with digital media on a regular basis. (11) Following Hayles, three actions or traits characterize adaptation in a manner germane to the technogenesis of media like smart contact lenses. The first is “media embedded in the environment”. The trait of embedding technology in the form of sensors and chips into external spaces evokes the onset of The Internet of Things (IoT) foundations. Extensive data-gathering sensors, wireless technologies, mobile and wearable components integrated with the Internet, all contribute to the IoT. Emerging from cloud computing infrastructures and data models, The IoT, in its most extreme, involves a scenario whereby people, places, animals, and objects are given unique “embedded” identifiers so that they can embark on constant data transfer over a network. In a sense, the lenses are adapted artifacts responding to a world that expects ubiquitous networked access for both humans and machines. Smart contact lenses will essentially be attached to the user who must adapt to these dynamic and heavily mediated contexts.Following closely on the first, the second point Hayles makes is “integration of humans and intelligent machines”. The camera embedded in the smart contact lens, really an adapted smartphone camera, turns the eye itself into an image capture device. By incorporating them under the eyelids, smart contact lenses signify integration in complex ways. Human-machine amalgamation follows biological, cognitive, and social contexts. Third, Hayles points to “more interactions of language with code.” We assert that with smart contact lenses, code will eventually govern interaction between countless agents in accordance with other smart devices, such as: (1) exchanges of code between people and external nonhuman networks of actors through machine algorithms and massive amalgamations of big data distributed on the Internet;(2) exchanges of code amongst people, human social actors in direct communication with each other over social media; and (3) exchanges of coding and decoding between people and their own biological processes (e.g. monitoring breathing, consuming nutrients, translating brainwaves) and phenomenological (but no less material) practices (e.g., remembering, grieving, or celebrating). The allure of the smart contact lens is the quietly pressing proposition that communication models such as these will be radically transformed because they will have to be adapted to use with the human eye, as the method of input and output of information. Focusing on genetic engineering, Eugene Thacker fittingly defines biomedia as “entail[ing] the informatic recontextualization of biological components and processes, for ends that may be medical or nonmedical (economic, technical) and with effects that are as much cultural, social, and political as they are scientific” (123). He specifies, “biomedia are not computers that simply work on or manipulate biological compounds. Rather, the aim is to provide the right conditions, such that biological life is able to demonstrate or express itself in a particular way” (123). Smart contact lenses sit on the cusp of emergence as a biomedia device that will enable us to decode bodily processes in significant new ways. The bold, technical discourse that announces it however, has not yet begun to attend to the seemingly dramatic “cultural, social, and political” effects percolating under the surface. Through technogenesis, media acclimatizes rapidly to change without establishing a logic of the consequences, nor a design plan for emergence. Following from this, we should mention issues such as the intrusion of surveillance algorithms deployed by corporations, governments, and other hegemonic entities that this invention risks. If smart contact lenses are biomedia devices inspiring us to decode bodily processes and communicate that data for analysis, for ourselves, and others in our trust (e.g., doctors, family, friends), we also need to be wary of them. David Lyon warns: Surveillance has spilled out of its old nation-state containers to become a feature of everyday life, at work, at home, at play, on the move. So far from the single all-seeing eye of Big Brother, myriad agencies now trace and track mundane activities for a plethora of purposes. Abstract data, now including video, biometric, and genetic as well as computerized administrative files, are manipulated to produce profiles and risk categories in a liquid, networked system. The point is to plan, predict, and prevent by classifying and assessing those profiles and risks. (13) In simple terms, the smart contact lens might disclose the most intimate information we possess and leave us vulnerable to profiling, tracking, and theft. Irma van der Ploeg presupposed this predicament when she wrote: “The capacity of certain technologies to change the boundary, not just between what is public and private information but, on top of that, between what is inside and outside the human body, appears to leave our normative concepts wanting” (71). The smart contact lens, with its implied motive to encode and disclose internal bodily information, needs considerations on many levels. Conclusion The smart contact lens has made a digital beginning. We accept it through the mass consumption of the idea, which acts as a rhetorical motivator for media adoption, taking place long before the device materializes in the marketplace. This occurrence may also be a sign of our “posthuman predicament” (Braidotti). We have argued that the smart contact lens concept reveals our posthuman adaptation to media rather than our reasoned acceptance or agreement with it as a logical proposition. By the time we actually squabble over the price, express fears for our privacy, and buy them, smart contact lenses will long be part of our everyday culture. References Baumlin, James S., and Tita F. Baumlin. “On the Psychology of the Pisteis: Mapping the Terrains of Mind and Rhetoric.” Ethos: New Essays in Rhetorical and Critical Theory. Eds. James S. 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