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Статті в журналах з теми "Antarctic Ozone Hole"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 23 вересня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Kramarova, N. A., E. R. Nash, P. A. Newman, P. K. Bhartia, R. D. McPeters, D. F. Rault, C. J. Seftor, P. Q. Xu, and G. J. Labow. "Measuring the Antarctic ozone hole with the new Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 5 (March 6, 2014): 2353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2353-2014.

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Abstract. The new Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS), which launched on the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership satellite in October 2011, gives a detailed view of the development of the Antarctic ozone hole and extends the long series of satellite ozone measurements that go back to the early 1970s. OMPS includes two modules – nadir and limb – to measure profile and total ozone concentrations. The new limb module is designed to measure the vertical profile of ozone between the lowermost stratosphere and the mesosphere. The OMPS observations over Antarctica show excellent agreement with the measurements obtained from independent satellite and ground-based instruments. This validation demonstrates that OMPS data can ably extend the ozone time series over Antarctica in the future. The OMPS observations are used to monitor and characterize the evolution of the 2012 Antarctic ozone hole. While large ozone losses were observed in September 2012, a strong ozone rebound occurred in October and November 2012. This ozone rebound is characterized by rapid increases of ozone at mid-stratospheric levels and a splitting of the ozone hole in early November. The 2012 Antarctic ozone hole was the second smallest on record since 1988.

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2

Kramarova, N. A., E. R. Nash, P. A. Newman, P. K. Bhartia, R. D. McPeters, D. F. Rault, C. J. Seftor, and P. Q. Xu. "Measuring the Antarctic ozone hole with the new Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 10 (October 10, 2013): 26305–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-26305-2013.

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Abstract. The new Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) launched on the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership satellite in October 2011 gives a more detailed view of the development of the Antarctic ozone hole than ever before. This instrumental suite extends the long series of satellite ozone measurements that go back to the early 1970s. The OMPS includes two modules – nadir and limb – to measure profile and total ozone concentrations. The new limb module is designed to measure the vertical profile of ozone between the lowermost stratosphere and the mesosphere. The OMPS observations over Antarctica show excellent agreement with the measurements obtained from independent satellite and ground-based instruments. This validation demonstrates that OMPS data can ably extend the ozone time series over Antarctica in the future. The OMPS observations are used to monitor and characterize the evolution of the 2012 Antarctic ozone hole. While large ozone losses were observed in September 2012, a strong ozone rebound occurred in October and November 2012. This ozone rebound is characterized by rapid increases of ozone at mid-stratospheric levels and a splitting of the ozone hole in early November. The 2012 Antarctic ozone hole was the second smallest on record since 1988.

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3

Klekociuk, Andrew R., Matthew B. Tully, Paul B. Krummel, Stuart I. Henderson, Dan Smale, Richard Querel, Sylvia Nichol, Simon P. Alexander, Paul J. Fraser, and Gerald Nedoluha. "The Antarctic ozone hole during 2020." Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 72, no. 1 (March 2, 2022): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/es21015.

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The Antarctic ozone hole remains the focus of scientific attention because of its importance to the health of the biosphere and its influence on the climate of the southern hemisphere. Here we examine the general characteristics of the 2020 Antarctic ozone hole using a variety of observational and reanalysis data and compare and contrast its behaviour with earlier years. The main feature of the 2020 ozone hole was its relatively large size, and persistence to the beginning of the 2020/2021 summer, with new maximum records being set for the ozone hole daily area and ozone mass deficit during November and December. This was in strong contrast to 2019 when the ozone hole was one of the smallest observed. We show that a key factor in 2020 was the relative stability and strength of the stratospheric polar vortex, which allowed low temperatures in the Antarctic lower stratosphere to enhance ozone depletion reactions in relative isolation from the rest of the global atmosphere. These conditions were associated with relatively weak Rossby wave activity at high southern latitudes that occurred during the strengthening westerly phase of the Quasi Biennial Oscillation as well as the emerging La Niña phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation. A consequence of the conditions in early summer was the measurement of new maximum values of ultraviolet radiation at Australia’s three Antarctic research stations of Mawson, Davis and Casey. Indications of anomalous chlorine partitioning above Arrival Heights in Antarctica prior to the 2020 winter are provided, which may relate to effects from the 2019/2020 Australian wildfires. We also examine the effect of the downward coupling of the 2020 ozone hole to the climate of the wider southern hemisphere, which showed regional influences on surface temperature and precipitation in common with other strong vortex years.

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4

Tully, Matthew B., Andrew R. Klekociuk, Paul B. Krummel, H. Peter Gies, Simon P. Alexander, Paul J. Fraser, Stuart I. Henderson, Robyn Schofield, Jonathon D. Shanklin, and Kane A. Stone. "The Antarctic ozone hole during 2015 and 2016." Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 69, no. 1 (2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/es19021.

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We reviewed the 2015 and 2016 Antarctic ozone holes, making use of a variety of ground-based and spacebased measurements of ozone and ultraviolet radiation, supplemented by meteorological reanalyses. The ozone hole of 2015 was one of the most severe on record with respect to maximum area and integrated deficit and was notably longlasting, with many values above previous extremes in October, November and December. In contrast, all assessed metrics for the 2016 ozone hole were at or below their median values for the 37 ozone holes since 1979 for which adequate satellite observations exist. The 2015 ozone hole was influenced both by very cold conditions and enhanced ozone depletion caused by stratospheric aerosol resulting from the April 2015 volcanic eruption of Calbuco (Chile).

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5

Klekociuk, Andrew R., Matthew B. Tully, Paul B. Krummel, Stuart I. Henderson, Dan Smale, Richard Querel, Sylvia Nichol, Simon P. Alexander, Paul J. Fraser, and Gerald Nedoluha. "The Antarctic ozone hole during 2018 and 2019." Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 71, no. 1 (2021): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/es20010.

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While the Montreal Protocol is reducing stratospheric ozone loss, recent increases in some ozone depleting substance (ODS) emissions have been identified that may impact southern hemisphere climate systems. In this study, we discuss characteristics of the 2018 and 2019 Antarctic ozone holes using surface insitu, satellite and reanalysis data to gain a better understanding of recent ozone variability. These ozone holes had strongly contrasting characteristics. In 2018, the Antarctic stratospheric vortex was relatively stable and cold in comparison to most years of the prior decade. This resulted in a large and persistent ozone hole that ranked in the upper-tercile of metrics quantifying Antarctic ozone depletion. In contrast, strong stratospheric warming in the spring of 2019 curtailed the development of the ozone hole, causing it to be anomalously small and of similar size to ozone holes in the 1980s. As known from previous studies, the ability of planetary waves to propagate into the stratosphere at high latitudes is an important factor that influences temperatures of the polar vortex and the overall amount of ozone loss in any particular year. Disturbance and warming of the vortex by strong planetary wave activity were the dominant factors in the small 2019 ozone hole. In contrast, planetary wave disturbances to the vortex in the winter–spring of 2018 were much weaker than in 2019. These results increase our understanding of the impact of Montreal Protocol controls on ODS and the effects of Antarctic ozone on the southern hemisphere climate system.

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6

Jones, Anna E. "The Antarctic ozone hole." Physics Education 43, no. 4 (June 20, 2008): 358–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/43/4/002.

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7

Stolarski, Richard S. "The Antarctic Ozone Hole." Scientific American 258, no. 1 (January 1988): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0188-30.

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8

Gardiner, Brian. "THE ANTARCTIC OZONE HOLE." Weather 44, no. 7 (July 1989): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.1989.tb07055.x.

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9

Klekociuk, Andrew R., Matthew B. Tully, Paul B. Krummel, Oleksandr Evtushevsky, Volodymyr Kravchenko, Stuart I. Henderson, Simon P. Alexander, et al. "The Antarctic ozone hole during 2017." Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 69, no. 1 (2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/es19019.

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Анотація:

We review the 2017 Antarctic ozone hole, making use of various meteorological reanalyses, and in-situ, satellite and ground-based measurements of ozone and related trace gases, and ground-based measurements of ultraviolet radiation. The 2017 ozone hole was associated with relatively high-ozone concentrations over the Antarctic region compared to other years, and our analysis ranked it in the smallest 25% of observed ozone holes in terms of size. The severity of stratospheric ozone loss was comparable with that which occurred in 2002 (when the stratospheric vortex exhibited an unprecedented major warming) and most years prior to 1989 (which were early in the development of the ozone hole). Disturbances to the polar vortex in August and September that were associated with intervals of anomalous planetary wave activity resulted in significant erosion of the polar vortex and the mitigation of the overall level of ozone depletion. The enhanced wave activity was favoured by below-average westerly winds at high southern latitudes during winter, and the prevailing easterly phase of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). Using proxy information on the chemical make-up of the polar vortex based on the analysis of nitrous oxide and the likely influence of the QBO, we suggest that the concentration of inorganic chlorine, which plays a key role in ozone loss, was likely similar to that in 2014 and 2016, when the ozone hole was larger than that in 2017. Finally, we found that the overall severity of Antarctic ozone loss in 2017 was largely dictated by the timing of the disturbances to the polar vortex rather than interannual variability in the level of inorganic chlorine.

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10

Bodeker, G. E., H. Shiona, and H. Eskes. "Indicators of Antarctic ozone depletion." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 5, no. 3 (June 8, 2005): 3811–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-5-3811-2005.

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Abstract. An assimilated data base of total column ozone measurements from satellites has been used to generate a set of indicators describing attributes of the Antarctic ozone hole for the period 1979 to 2003, including (i) daily measures of the area over Antarctica where ozone levels are below 150DU, below 220DU, more than 30% below 1979 to 1981 norms, and more than 50% below 1979 to 1981 norms, (ii) the date of disappearance of 150DU ozone values, 220DU ozone values, values 30% below 1979 to 1981 norms, and values 50% below 1979 to 1981 norms, for each year, (iii) daily minimum total column ozone values over Antarctica, and (iv) daily values of the ozone mass deficit based on a O3<220DU threshold. The assimilated data base combines satellite-based ozone measurements from 4 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instruments, 3 different retrievals from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME), and data from 4 Solar Backscatter Ultra-Violet (SBUV) instruments. Comparisons with the global ground-based Dobson spectrophotometer network are used to remove offsets and drifts between the different data sets to produce a global homogeneous data set that combines the advantages of good spatial coverage of satellite data with good long-term stability of ground-based measurements. One potential use of the derived indices is detection of the expected recovery of the Antarctic ozone hole. The suitability of the derived indicators to this task is discussed in the context of their variability and their susceptibility to saturation effects which makes them less responsive to decreasing stratospheric halogen loading. It is also shown that if the corrections required to match recent Earth Probe TOMS measurements to Dobson measurements are not applied, some of the indictors are affected so as to obscure detection of the recovery of the Antarctic ozone hole.

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11

Bodeker, G. E., H. Shiona, and H. Eskes. "Indicators of Antarctic ozone depletion." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 5, no. 10 (September 29, 2005): 2603–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-2603-2005.

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Анотація:

Abstract. An assimilated data base of total column ozone measurements from satellites has been used to generate a set of indicators describing attributes of the Antarctic ozone hole for the period 1979 to 2003, including (i) daily measures of the area over Antarctica where ozone levels are below 150 DU, below 220 DU, more than 30% below 1979 to 1981 norms, and more than 50% below 1979 to 1981 norms, (ii) the date of disappearance of 150 DU ozone values, 220 DU ozone values, values 30% below 1979 to 1981 norms, and values 50% below 1979 to 1981 norms, for each year, (iii) daily minimum total column ozone values over Antarctica, and (iv) daily values of the ozone mass deficit based on a O3<220 DU threshold. The assimilated data base combines satellite-based ozone measurements from 4 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instruments, 3 different retrievals from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME), and data from 4 Solar Backscatter Ultra-Violet (SBUV) instruments. Comparisons with the global ground-based Dobson spectrophotometer network are used to remove offsets and drifts between the different data sets to produce a global homogeneous data set that combines the advantages of good spatial coverage of satellite data with good long-term stability of ground-based measurements. One potential use of the derived indices is detection of the expected recovery of the Antarctic ozone hole. The suitability of the derived indicators to this task is discussed in the context of their variability and their susceptibility to saturation effects which makes them less responsive to decreasing stratospheric halogen loading. It is also shown that if the corrections required to match recent Earth Probe TOMS measurements to Dobson measurements are not applied, some of the indictors are affected so as to obscure detection of the recovery of the Antarctic ozone hole.

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12

Hara, Keiichiro, Chiharu Nishita-Hara, Kazuo Osada, Masanori Yabuki, and Takashi Yamanouchi. "Characterization of aerosol number size distributions and their effect on cloud properties at Syowa Station, Antarctica." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 15 (August 13, 2021): 12155–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12155-2021.

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Abstract. We took aerosol measurements at Syowa Station, Antarctica, to characterize the aerosol number–size distribution and other aerosol physicochemical properties in 2004–2006. Four modal structures (i.e., mono-, bi-, tri-, and quad-modal) were identified in aerosol size distributions during measurements. Particularly, tri-modal and quad-modal structures were associated closely with new particle formation (NPF). To elucidate where NPF proceeds in the Antarctic, we compared the aerosol size distributions and modal structures to air mass origins computed using backward trajectory analysis. Results of this comparison imply that aerosol size distributions involved with fresh NPF (quad-modal distributions) were observed in coastal and continental free troposphere (FT; 12 % of days) areas and marine and coastal boundary layers (1 %) during September–October and March and in coastal and continental FT (3 %) areas and marine and coastal boundary layers (8 %) during December–February. Photochemical gaseous products, coupled with ultraviolet (UV) radiation, play an important role in NPF, even in the Antarctic troposphere. With the existence of the ozone hole in the Antarctic stratosphere, more UV radiation can enhance atmospheric chemistry, even near the surface in the Antarctic. However, linkage among tropospheric aerosols in the Antarctic, ozone hole, and UV enhancement is unknown. Results demonstrated that NPF started in the Antarctic FT already at the end of August–early September by UV enhancement resulting from the ozone hole. Then, aerosol particles supplied from NPF during periods when the ozone hole appeared to grow gradually by vapor condensation, suggesting modification of aerosol properties such as number concentrations and size distributions in the Antarctic troposphere during summer. Here, we assess the hypothesis that UV enhancement in the upper troposphere by the Antarctic ozone hole modifies the aerosol population, aerosol size distribution, cloud condensation nuclei capabilities, and cloud properties in Antarctic regions during summer.

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13

Marshall, John, Kyle C. Armour, Jeffery R. Scott, Yavor Kostov, Ute Hausmann, David Ferreira, Theodore G. Shepherd, and Cecilia M. Bitz. "The ocean's role in polar climate change: asymmetric Arctic and Antarctic responses to greenhouse gas and ozone forcing." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 372, no. 2019 (July 13, 2014): 20130040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0040.

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In recent decades, the Arctic has been warming and sea ice disappearing. By contrast, the Southern Ocean around Antarctica has been (mainly) cooling and sea-ice extent growing. We argue here that interhemispheric asymmetries in the mean ocean circulation, with sinking in the northern North Atlantic and upwelling around Antarctica, strongly influence the sea-surface temperature (SST) response to anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing, accelerating warming in the Arctic while delaying it in the Antarctic. Furthermore, while the amplitude of GHG forcing has been similar at the poles, significant ozone depletion only occurs over Antarctica. We suggest that the initial response of SST around Antarctica to ozone depletion is one of cooling and only later adds to the GHG-induced warming trend as upwelling of sub-surface warm water associated with stronger surface westerlies impacts surface properties. We organize our discussion around ‘climate response functions’ (CRFs), i.e. the response of the climate to ‘step’ changes in anthropogenic forcing in which GHG and/or ozone-hole forcing is abruptly turned on and the transient response of the climate revealed and studied. Convolutions of known or postulated GHG and ozone-hole forcing functions with their respective CRFs then yield the transient forced SST response (implied by linear response theory), providing a context for discussion of the differing warming/cooling trends in the Arctic and Antarctic. We speculate that the period through which we are now passing may be one in which the delayed warming of SST associated with GHG forcing around Antarctica is largely cancelled by the cooling effects associated with the ozone hole. By mid-century, however, ozone-hole effects may instead be adding to GHG warming around Antarctica but with diminished amplitude as the ozone hole heals. The Arctic, meanwhile, responding to GHG forcing but in a manner amplified by ocean heat transport, may continue to warm at an accelerating rate.

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14

Monastersky, R. "Antarctic Ozone Hole Unexpectedly Severe." Science News 136, no. 16 (October 14, 1989): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3974058.

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15

Cracknell, Arthur P., and Costas A. Varotsos. "The Antarctic 2006 ozone hole." International Journal of Remote Sensing 28, no. 1 (January 10, 2007): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160601143695.

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16

Hofmann, D. J. "The 1996 Antarctic ozone hole." Nature 383, no. 6596 (September 1996): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/383129a0.

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17

Hofmann, D. J. "Recovery of Antarctic ozone hole." Nature 384, no. 6606 (November 1996): 222–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/384222a0.

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18

Anonymous. "Antarctic ozone hole deepest yet." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 68, no. 40 (1987): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/eo068i040p00788-01.

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19

Kerr, R. A. "Another Deep Antarctic Ozone Hole." Science 250, no. 4979 (October 19, 1990): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.250.4979.370.

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20

McIntyre, M. E. "On the Antarctic ozone hole." Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 51, no. 1 (January 1989): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(89)90071-8.

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21

Fernandez, Rafael P., Douglas E. Kinnison, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Simone Tilmes, and Alfonso Saiz-Lopez. "Impact of biogenic very short-lived bromine on the Antarctic ozone hole during the 21st century." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 3 (February 3, 2017): 1673–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1673-2017.

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Abstract. Active bromine released from the photochemical decomposition of biogenic very short-lived bromocarbons (VSLBr) enhances stratospheric ozone depletion. Based on a dual set of 1960–2100 coupled chemistry–climate simulations (i.e. with and without VSLBr), we show that the maximum Antarctic ozone hole depletion increases by up to 14 % when natural VSLBr are considered, which is in better agreement with ozone observations. The impact of the additional 5 pptv VSLBr on Antarctic ozone is most evident in the periphery of the ozone hole, producing an expansion of the ozone hole area of ∼ 5 million km2, which is equivalent in magnitude to the recently estimated Antarctic ozone healing due to the implementation of the Montreal Protocol. We find that the inclusion of VSLBr in CAM-Chem (Community Atmosphere Model with Chemistry, version 4.0) does not introduce a significant delay of the modelled ozone return date to 1980 October levels, but instead affects the depth and duration of the simulated ozone hole. Our analysis further shows that total bromine-catalysed ozone destruction in the lower stratosphere surpasses that of chlorine by the year 2070 and indicates that natural VSLBr chemistry would dominate Antarctic ozone seasonality before the end of the 21st century. This work suggests a large influence of biogenic bromine on the future Antarctic ozone layer.

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22

Lu, Qing-Bin. "Observation of large and all-season ozone losses over the tropics." AIP Advances 12, no. 7 (July 1, 2022): 075006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0094629.

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This paper reveals a large and all-season ozone hole in the lower stratosphere over the tropics (30°N–30°S) existing since the 1980s, where an O3 hole is defined as an area of O3 loss larger than 25% compared with the undisturbed atmosphere. The depth of this tropical O3 hole is comparable to that of the well-known springtime Antarctic O3 hole, whereas its area is about seven times that of the latter. Similar to the Antarctic O3 hole, approximately 80% of the normal O3 value is depleted at the center of the tropical O3 hole. The results strongly indicate that both Antarctic and tropical O3 holes must arise from an identical physical mechanism, for which the cosmic-ray-driven electron reaction model shows good agreement with observations. The whole-year large tropical O3 hole could cause a great global concern as it can lead to increases in ground-level ultraviolet radiation and affect 50% of the Earth’s surface area, which is home to approximately 50% of the world’s population. Moreover, the presence of the tropical and polar O3 holes is equivalent to the formation of three “temperature holes” observed in the stratosphere. These findings will have significances in understanding planetary physics, ozone depletion, climate change, and human health.

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23

Kravchenko, V. O., O. M. Evtushevsky, A. V. Grytsai, A. R. Klekociuk, G. P. Milinevsky, and Z. I. Grytsai. "Quasi-stationary planetary waves in late winter Antarctic stratosphere temperature as a possible indicator of spring total ozone." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 6 (March 23, 2012): 2865–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-2865-2012.

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Abstract. Stratospheric preconditions for the annual Antarctic ozone hole are analyzed using the amplitude of quasi-stationary planetary waves in temperature as a predictor of total ozone column behaviour. It is found that the quasi-stationary wave amplitude in August is highly correlated with September–November total ozone over Antarctica with correlation coefficient (r) as high as 0.83 indicating that quasi-stationary wave effects in late winter have a persisting influence on the evolution of the ozone hole during the following three months. Correlation maxima are found in both the lower and middle stratosphere. These likely result from the influence of wave activity on ozone depletion due to chemical processes, and ozone accumulation due to large-scale ozone transport, respectively. Both correlation maxima indicate that spring total ozone tends to increase in the case of amplified activity of quasi-stationary waves in late winter. Since the stationary wave number one dominates the planetary waves that propagate into the Antarctic stratosphere in late austral winter, it is largely responsible for the stationary zonal asymmetry of the ozone hole relative to the South Pole. Processes associated with zonally asymmetric ozone and temperature which possibly contribute to differences in the persistence and location of the correlation maxima are discussed.

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24

Pitari, Giovanni, Guido Visconti, and Marco Verdecchia. "Global ozone depletion and the Antarctic ozone hole." Journal of Geophysical Research 97, no. D8 (1992): 8075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91jd02148.

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25

Rowland, F. Sherwood. "Chlorofluorocarbons, Stratospheric Ozone, and the Antarctic ‘Ozone Hole’." Environmental Conservation 15, no. 2 (1988): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900028897.

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The momentous subject of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and their effect on The Biosphere's stratospheric ozone shield is treated rather generally but in sufficient depth where necessary in three main sections dealing with (i) scientific background and current status of ongoing investigation, (ii) the major technological uses of CFCs and available or foreseeable alternatives to them, and (iii) the policy status and regulatory activity involving present or proposed future restrictions in CFC emissions.It being unlikely that life, at least as we know it, would have developed on Earth without an ozone layer in the stratosphere to ‘filter off’ harmful ultraviolet rays from solar radiation, the prospect of continuing manufacture in developing countries of its destroyers is highly alarming, especially as these destructive CFCs may take more than a decade from emission to reach the levels around 40 km altitude at which they do the most harm.

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26

Müller, Rolf, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Abdul Mannan Zafar, Sabine Robrecht, and Ralph Lehmann. "The maintenance of elevated active chlorine levels in the Antarctic lower stratosphere through HCl null cycles." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 4 (March 1, 2018): 2985–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2985-2018.

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Abstract. The Antarctic ozone hole arises from ozone destruction driven by elevated levels of ozone destroying (active) chlorine in Antarctic spring. These elevated levels of active chlorine have to be formed first and then maintained throughout the period of ozone destruction. It is a matter of debate how this maintenance of active chlorine is brought about in Antarctic spring, when the rate of formation of HCl (considered to be the main chlorine deactivation mechanism in Antarctica) is extremely high. Here we show that in the heart of the ozone hole (16–18 km or 85–55 hPa, in the core of the vortex), high levels of active chlorine are maintained by effective chemical cycles (referred to as HCl null cycles hereafter). In these cycles, the formation of HCl is balanced by immediate reactivation, i.e. by immediate reformation of active chlorine. Under these conditions, polar stratospheric clouds sequester HNO3 and thereby cause NO2 concentrations to be low. These HCl null cycles allow active chlorine levels to be maintained in the Antarctic lower stratosphere and thus rapid ozone destruction to occur. For the observed almost complete activation of stratospheric chlorine in the lower stratosphere, the heterogeneous reaction HCl + HOCl is essential; the production of HOCl occurs via HO2 + ClO, with the HO2 resulting from CH2O photolysis. These results are important for assessing the impact of changes of the future stratospheric composition on the recovery of the ozone hole. Our simulations indicate that, in the lower stratosphere, future increased methane concentrations will not lead to enhanced chlorine deactivation (through the reaction CH4 + Cl ⟶ HCl + CH3) and that extreme ozone destruction to levels below ≈ 0.1 ppm will occur until mid-century.

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27

Bittencourt, Gabriela Dornelles, Damaris Kirsch Pinheiro, José Valentin Bageston, Hassan Bencherif, Luis Angelo Steffenel, and Lucas Vaz Peres. "Investigation of the behavior of the atmospheric dynamics during occurrences of the ozone hole's secondary effect in southern Brazil." Annales Geophysicae 37, no. 6 (November 21, 2019): 1049–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-1049-2019.

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Abstract. The Antarctic ozone hole (AOH) directly influences the Antarctic region, where its levels can reach values below 220 DU. The temporary depletion of ozone in Antarctica generally occurs between the beginning and middle of August, during the austral spring, and extends to November, when a temporary reduction in ozone content is observed in a large region over the Antarctic continent. However, masses of ozone-depleted air can break away from the ozone hole and reach mid-latitude regions in a phenomenon known as the secondary effect of the Antarctic ozone hole. The objective of this paper is to show how atmospheric dynamics behave during the occurrence of this type of event, especially in mid-latitude regions, such as southern Brazil, over a 12-year observation period. For the analysis and identification of the events of influence of the AOH on the southern region of Brazil, data from the total ozone column were used from ground-based and satellite experiments, the Brewer Spectrophotometer (MkIII no. 167), and the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on the Aura satellite. For the analysis of the stratospheric and tropospheric fields, the ECMWF reanalysis products were used. Thus, 37 events of influence of the AOH that reached the southern region of Brazil were identified for the study period (2006–2017), where the events showed that in approximately 70 % of the cases they occurred after the passage of frontal systems and/or atmospheric blocks over southern Brazil. In addition, the statistical analysis showed a strong influence of the jet stream on mid-latitude regions during the events. Among the 37 identified events, 92 % occurred in the presence of the subtropical and/or polar jet stream over the region of study, possibly explaining the exchange of air masses of ozone deficient in the upper troposphere–lower stratosphere (UT–LS) region.

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28

Dergunov, Alexander V., Valentin B. Kashkin, Тatyana V. Rubleva, Alexey A. Romanov, and Roman V. Odintsov. "ANTARCTIC OZONE HOLE AS A NATURAL GEOPHYSICAL OBJECT." E3S Web of Conferences 75 (2019): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20197502008.

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Satellite data on total ozone content for 1985-2015 have been used. Methods of evaluating ozone deficit in the polar region and its excess in middle latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere have been developed. In early spring the ozone molecules outflow and the ozone anomaly forms. Ozone inflows the middle latitudes, its total content increases and a ring with elevated TO forms. In October-November the dynamic process reverses, from the ring the ozone molecules transfer to the polar latitudes. The amount of ozone leaving the ring into the polar regions and filling the ozone anomaly is virtually the same. The results produces indicate that the Antarctic ozone hole is a natural geophysical formation.

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29

Klekociuk, A., M. Tully, S. Alexander, R. Dargaville, L. Deschamps, P. Fraser, H. Gies, et al. "The Antarctic ozone hole during 2010." Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal 61, no. 4 (December 2011): 253–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22499/2.6104.006.

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30

Klekociuk, A., M. Tully, P. Krummel, H. Gies, S. Petelina, S. Alexander, L. Deschamps, et al. "The Antarctic ozone hole during 2011." Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal 64, no. 4 (December 2014): 293–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.22499/2.6404.006.

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31

Klekociuk, A., M. Tully, P. Krummel, H. Gies, S. Alexander, P. Fraser, S. Henderson, et al. "The Antarctic ozone hole during 2012." Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal 64, no. 4 (December 2014): 313–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22499/2.6404.007.

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32

Klekociuk, A., P. Krummel, M. Tully, H. Gies, Alexander, P. Fraser, S. Henderson, et al. "The Antarctic ozone hole during 2013." Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal 65, no. 2 (July 2015): 247–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22499/2.6502.005.

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33

Kerr, Richard A. "Antarctic Ozone Hole Is Still Deepening." Science 232, no. 4758 (June 27, 1986): 1602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.232.4758.1602.a.

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34

Holden, Constance. "Antarctic Ozone Hole Hits Record Depth." Science 254, no. 5030 (October 18, 1991): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.254.5030.373.b.

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35

KANE, R. P. "ANTARCTIC OZONE HOLE STATUS - AN UPDATE." MAUSAM 66, no. 2 (December 28, 2021): 311–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v66i2.540.

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36

Monastersky, Richard. "Antarctic Ozone Hole Reaches Record Size." Science News 154, no. 16 (October 17, 1998): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4010919.

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37

Monastersky, R. "Antarctic Ozone Hole Expands in Altitude." Science News 152, no. 17 (October 25, 1997): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3980931.

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38

Douglass, Anne R., Paul A. Newman, and Susan Solomon. "The Antarctic ozone hole: An update." Physics Today 67, no. 7 (July 2014): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.3.2449.

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39

Anderson, Alun. "Expedition faces Antarctic ozone hole mysteries." Nature 328, no. 6130 (August 1987): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/328463a0.

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40

Kerr, R. A. "Antarctic Ozone Hole Fails to Recover." Science 266, no. 5183 (October 14, 1994): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.266.5183.217.

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41

Rowland, F. Sherwood. "Chlorofluorocarbons and the Antarctic Ozone ‘Hole’." Environmental Conservation 13, no. 3 (1986): 193–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900036213.

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42

ZURER, PAMELA S. "Antarctic Ozone Hole: Complex Picture Emerges." Chemical & Engineering News 65, no. 44 (November 2, 1987): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v065n044.p022.

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43

Schoeberl, Mark R., Anne R. Douglass, S. Randolph Kawa, Andrew E. Dessler, Paul A. Newman, Richard S. Stolarski, Aidan E. Roche, Joe W. Waters, and James M. Russell. "Development of the Antarctic ozone hole." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 101, no. D15 (September 1, 1996): 20909–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96jd01707.

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44

Krummel, Paul B., Andrew R. Klekociuk, Matthew B. Tully, H. Peter Gies, Simon P. Alexander, Paul J. Fraser, Stuart I. Henderson, Robyn Schofield, Jonathan D. Shanklin, and Kane A. Stone. "The Antarctic ozone hole during 2014." Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 69, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/es19023.

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We review the 2014 Antarctic ozone hole, making use of a variety of ground-based and space-based measurements of ozone and ultra-violet radiation, supplemented by meteorological reanalyses. Although the polar vortex was relatively stable in 2014 and persisted some weeks longer into November than was the case in 2012 or 2013, the vortex temperature was close to the long-term mean in September and October with modest warming events occurring in both months, preventing severe depletion from taking place. Of the seven metrics reported here, all were close to their respective median values of the 1979–2014 record, being ranked between 16th and 21st of the 35 years for which adequate satellite observations exist.

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45

Monastersky, R. "Pinatubo Deepens the Antarctic Ozone Hole." Science News 142, no. 17 (October 24, 1992): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4017984.

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46

Monastersky, R. "Ozone Hole Reemerges above the Antarctic." Science News 148, no. 16 (October 14, 1995): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4018113.

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47

Varotsos, Costas. "News on the Antarctic Ozone Hole." Environmental Science and Pollution Research - International 12, no. 6 (November 2005): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2005.11.003.

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48

Kerr, R. A. "Antarctic Ozone Hole Is Still Deepening." Science 232, no. 4758 (June 27, 1986): 1602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.232.4758.1602.

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49

TIWARI, V. S. "Measurement of Ozone at Maitri, Antarctica." MAUSAM 50, no. 2 (December 17, 2021): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v50i2.1848.

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Regular ozone profile measurement over Antarctica has been made by India Meteorological Department since 1987 at Dakshin Gangotri and later at Maitri (70.7°S, 11.7°E) since 1990 with the help of Indian electro-chemical ozone sonde. Surface ozone measurement was also started at Dakshin Gangotri since 1989 and later at Maitri. Ozone sonde data at Dakshin Gangotri and Maitri have been analysed and ozone hole structure has been studied in detail. The drastic decrease in ozone amount is clearly seen between 100 hPa to 30 hPa layer reaching near zero value. Incidently this is the layer where highest ozone concentration occurs during other months except September-October. The ozone hole has been quite severe during 1994-95 with increase in area and depth. During 1996 the Antarctic ozone hole was also similar to previous years. An interesting feature of the 1995 event was the persistence of ozone hole through November & December. Stratospheric temperature changes during 1995 also support that the cold core vortex during 1995 was very cold and persisted up to November.

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50

Weare, B. C. "Dynamical modes associated with the Antarctic ozone hole." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 1 (February 25, 2009): 5055–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-5055-2009.

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Abstract. Generalized Maximum Covariance Analysis (GMCA) has been developed and applied to diagnosing the dynamical modes associated with variations in the Antarctic spring ozone hole. GMCA is used to identify the most important patterns of co-variability between interannual ozone mixing ratio variations in the Antarctic region and temperature, zonal, meridional and vertical velocities between 100 and 10 hPa in the same region. The most important two pairs of GMCA time coefficients show large year-to-year variations and trends, which are connected with the growth of the Antarctic Ozone Hole and the increase of ozone depleting substances. The associated spatial patterns of ozone variations may be characterized as being quasi-symmetric and asymmetric about the pole. These patterns of ozone variations are associated with comparable patterns of variations of temperature and winds through most of the vertical domain. The year 2000 is shown to be dominated by the asymmetric mode, whereas the adjacent year 2001 is dominated by the quasi-symmetric mode. A case study, focusing on the asymmetric differences between these two years, shows the magnitude of the ozone mixing ratio, temperature and zonal wind differences to be in the range of 2 e-6, 10°C and 10 m/s, respectively. Budget calculations show that transport processes contribute substantially to the ozone and temperature changes in the middle stratosphere over the Antarctic continent. However, both radiative and chemical processes also play important roles in the changes.

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