Дисертації з теми "Anoxie – Thau, Étang de (France)"
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Regis, Julie. "Impact des hypoxies sur la mobilité des nutriments et ETMM présents dans les sédiments des lagunes méditerranéennes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nîmes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NIME0002.
Studies carried out in recent years have shown that oxygen concentration in the water column is the main factor controlling all biogeochemical reactions in surface sediment, as well as controlling transfers of nutrients, trace elements (TE) at the sediment water interface (SWI). Three lagoons on France’s Mediterranean coast (Berre, Thau and Prévost) are among the world’s most eutrophied coastal zones impacted by hypoxia episodes, with high accumulations of nutrients, metals and metalloids in their sediment. They are also characterized by different benthic habitats, some of which include macrophytes, which have been shown to regulate nutrient flux at IES. This thesis project aims to better understand the impact of deoxygenation phenomena on the mobility of nutrients and TE present in Mediterranean lagoon sediment, in the presence of different benthic habitats representing their eutrophication gradient. The results show that the Berre lagoon is the site most impacted by long-lasting (1 week) and seasonal episodes of deoxygenation; the Prévost lagoon exhibits wide nycthemeral variations, going from hypoxia to hyperoxia in less than 12 h during the summer season; the Thau lagoon site seems the most resilient about deoxygenation. Under summer conditions, sediment and porewater concentrationprofiles show enrichments in nutrients and sulfides in the substrates of benthic habitats in lagoons with the most advanced eutrophication status (Berre and Prévost), and also in the presence of macroalgae (Prévost and Thau). These enrichments are the result of strong organic matter mineralization, and the more reducing conditions in these habitats binding the TE (As, Sb, Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, Co, Hgtot) to the solid phase of the sediment. Comparison with available environmental thresholds enables us to identify habitats in the Berre lagoon that are highly at risk in terms of eutrophication support, remobilization of TE at SWI and ecotoxicological risk. The acquisition of dissolved oxygen concentration gradients within the benthic boundary layer (BBL) at high temporal resolution has enabled us to identify the high oxygen demand of sediment in the Berre lagoon and the nighttime deoxygenations resulting from the presence of opportunistic macroalgae in the Prévost lagoon. The punctual acquisition of concentration gradients illustrates nutrient exports from the sediment to the water column that are more intense under anoxic and euxinic conditions, and exports ofMn, Fe, As, Co under hypoxic conditions. However, concentration gradients under euxinic conditions indicate the trapping of TE (Mn, Fe, Cu,Mo) with the sulfide phases of the sediment. In addition, in situ and ex situ incubation experiments under "forced" deoxygenation conditions for the various benthic habitats present at these three sites yielded SWI fluxes that also followed this trend. Nutrient fluxes were shown to intensify following deoxygenation in eutrophied bare sediment habitats affected by deoxygenation (Berre) and specifically in habitats containing opportunistic (Prévost) and perennial (Thau) macroalgae. For these same habitats, the most intense exports of TE (Mn, Fe, As, Co, V , Mo) were measured under hypoxic and anoxic conditions, while fluxes decreased or reversed under euxinic conditions. This comparative and experimental field approach brings an integrative biogeochemical perspective on the chemical quality of sediment in lagoon environments undergoing re-oligotrophication. It provides a context for their great temporal variability, as well as their vulnerability to climate change
Ben, Maïz Naceur. "Flore algale (Rhodophyta, Phaeophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Bryopsidophyceae) de l'Etang de Thau (Hérault)." Aix-Marseille 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986AIX22057.
Gangnery, Aline. "Etude et modélisation de la dynamique des populations de bivalves en élevage ("Crassostrea gigas" et "Mytilus galloprovincialis") dans le bassin de Thau (Méditerranée, France) et des ascidies solitaires associées." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20022.
Sécolier, Pierre. "Une communauté lagunaire en mutation : l'étang de Thau et ses petits métiers." Perpignan, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PERP0812.
There has been quite an intense development of traditional industries around the « étang de Thau », the largest lagoon in the Gulf of Lions. Of these, fishing and shellfish farming make up what is nowadays known as the “small enterprises” of the lagoon. In an undefined category that is not quite a micro society, this community has managed, thanks to its great vitality, to adapt to changes in the socioeconomic context. Since settling on the shores of the lagoon they have had to overcome a lot of problems – linked to the climatic environment, fishing, fish-farming techniques and the usual disputes. Difficulties arise from the new redefined role of women in production, from the sharing of space and resources and from the various phytosanitary crises. These constraints do not prevent shellfish lovers from paying their homage by organising religious ceremonies, games and festivities all around the lagoon. When the party is over, no one can forget the ever-present tensions between a constantly expanding human activity. In order to preserve the quality of the environment while satisfying the requirements of all users, some professionals have joined forces to get round a certain number of intermediary social organisations that do not have their total confidence. Their knowledge of issues relating to the use of the area has allowed them to take a stand in managing disturbances - particularly those brought about by continually increasing numbers of people using the lagoon. In this way, they have managed, insofar as is possible, to preserve the resources of the lagoon, and ensure the survival of the “little jobs”
Genovesi-Giunti, Benjamin. "Initiation, maintien et récurrence des efflorescences toxiques d’Alexandrium catenella (dinophyceae) dans une lagune méditerranéenne (Thau, France) : rôle du kyste dormant." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20202.
The toxic blooms of Alexandrium catenella in Thau lagoon (France) are related to paralytic shellfish poisoning syndrome. Understanding and predicting their developments depend on the identification of the seeding pattern and potential "hot spots" for bloom initiation. Mapping reveals three preferential zones for resting cysts accumulation which are linked to hydrodynamism. Low resting cyst density in sediments is related probably to a new invasion process. However, higher densities linked to a patchy distribution mode are recorded in the creek of l’Angle which is considered as a significant hot spot for bloom initiation. Bloom recurrence results from cyst survival in sediments, whose renewal depends on the encystment phase. The germination of A. Catenella resting cyst does not depend on light and nutrients in the culture medium. High rates of excystment and synchrony occur in a large "environmental window" (temperature and salinity). However, the low realized seeding ratio limits significantly the initiation phase. The confrontation with numerical simulations suggests that a short duration of water column stability/confining period associated with a frontal structure reduces dispersion, supports the cohesion of bottom cell clusters and allows the seeding population to reach a critical density as a condition for successful bloom initiation
Rudloff, Marie-Anne. "La construction d'un marché contingent : une application à la qualité de l'eau." Montpellier 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON10024.
Derolez, Valérie. "Approche dynamique et intégrée de l'évaluation d'un socio-écosystème côtier : application à la lagune de Thau, son état écologique et ses bouquets de services écosystémiques sur la période 1970-2018." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG021.
The Thau lagoon is one of the largest Mediterranean coastal lagoons and it supports many uses such as shellfish farming and fishing, priority activities of the territory, and more recently recreational activities. Since the 1960s, the increase in anthropogenic inputs, linked to the sudden growth of the population, led to microbiological contaminations of shellfish and to the eutrophication of the lagoon, with negative impacts at sanitary, ecological and socio-economic levels. Since the 1970s, the considerable work carried out on the waste water system on the watershed has made it possible to restore the lagoon, which then began an oligotrophication trajectory, a process that has still few been studied in coastal environments.Subject to a variety of pressures and disturbances, Thau can be studied as a complex system, within which the ecosystem interacts with society, constituting a socio-ecosystem (SES). The general objective of the thesis is to propose benchmarks able to assess the state and to analyze the trajectory of the Thau SES from 1970 to 2018, in a dynamic and integrated way, based on the approaches and tools proposed by: i) restoration ecology and ii) ecosystem services (ES) approach. From the point of view of the state and functioning of the ecosystem, statistical analyzes of long-term data series on autotrophic compartments have highlighted shifts in the composition of communities, as well as phenomena of resilience or inertia during oligotrophication. By applying the interdisciplinary tool of timelines, we distinguished three contrasting periods in the trajectory of the SES: P1) 1970-1989: degraded state, predominant traditional uses and sectoral management; P2) 1990-2004, transition period: start of improvement in water quality, development of recreational uses and structuring of management; P3) 2005-2018: oligotrophication, diversification of uses and integrated management. Through the dynamic analysis of: i) bundles of ecosystem services (matches or gaps between ES’ potential and consumption); ii) and of forms of ES demands potentially driving change (impacting, unsatisfied, conservation), we identified the main interactions between ecological and social processes and the main determinants of the phases of stability or change in the SES
Jarry, Vincent. "Etude pluridisciplinaire en écologie lagunaire (étang de Thau, France) : stratégie d'échantillonnage et organisation spatiale du phytoplancton." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20204.
Borsa, Philippe. "Génétique des populations bivalves en milieu lagunaire : la palourde dans l'étang de Thau (Méditerranée)." Paris 6, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA066416.
The genetic structuration of populations of the palourde, Ruditapes decussatus, a bivalve species of the Mediterranean coastal lagoons, was studied at the enzymatic gene level, in relation to their ecology and their demography. A genetic comparison of local populations of the Languedocian lagoons suggested that they constitute a metapopulation. In the Thau lagoon, genetic heterogeneity could be related to demographic features. Genetic differences between cohorts appeared to account for significant heterozygote deficiencies, although not fully explaining them. For this, a Wahlund effect could be rejected. The hypothesis of selection affecting pre-recruits appeared most likely and it was confirmed by preliminary results of experiments conducted on larvae. It was shown that mean heterozygosity increases in a cohort monitored over one generation. This also occurs during sudden environmental stress (malaigue). Selective intercations between loci also could be detected. Thus, consistent observations account for the existence of a selective control of the distribution of multilocus, as well as monolocus genotypes, at both the larval and post-settled stages, between individuals within a cohort, and between cohorts within the population
Gerbal, Maryse. "Analyse spatio-temporelle des peuplements phytobenthiques de substrat meuble de l'étang de Thau (Hérault, France)." Aix-Marseille 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX22007.
Galès, Philippe. "Origine et devenir d'une bactérie pathogène (Salmonella) dans les compartiments eau, sédiment, coquillages filtreurs d'un écosystème méditerranéen marin côtier (étang de Thau, France)." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20249.
Vincent, Céline. "Détection de structures tourbillonnaires par analyse de données directionnelles." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20128.
Posada, Florence. "Dynamique des populations, croissance et absorption des sels nutritifs des populations fixées d'Ulva rigida C. Agardh (étang de Thau, Sète, France)." Aix-Marseille 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX30033.
Mocke, Gary. "Turbulence et courants induits par le vent en présence de gradients de densité et modèle hydrodynamique du bassin de Thau." Toulouse, INPT, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988INPT075H.
Guillo, Olivier. "Méthode de régulation d'une variable écologique par contrôle optimal stochastique, en temps réel, d'activités socio-économiques dans le cadre des jeux dynamiques : application à la qualité de l'eau de la lagune de Thau et à son bassin versant." Aix-Marseille 2, 2001. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2001AIX24008.pdf.
Duport, Eric Marc Yann. "Quantification de la bioturbation dans les écosystèmes marins côtiers : caractérisation des groupes fonctionnels responsables du remaniement sédimentaire." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2006AIX22054.pdf.
In order to define the biological and environmental factors playing a role in the sediment reworking intensity changes, works have been carried out both on monospecific Nereis diversicolor population (in vitro) and in situ macrobenthic communities. The studies about in situ communities were realised over time in contrasted Mediterranean environments : St. Antoine canal (Gulf of Fos) and Thau Lagoon. The first part of this work was to characterize the species and more particularly their belonging bioturbation functional group according to their tropic and locomotive behaviors. In the second part, using particle tracers (luminophores), intensity of sediment reworking induced by organisms was quantified. The impact of the different studied factors on sediment reworking intensity was assessed with 1-D model. The results of the in vitro experiment showed the existence of a non-linear relationship between density of gallery-diffusor N. Diversicolor and sediment reworking intensity. The intensity of biodiffusive transport (Db) and the biotransport (r) first increased with the density and then reached a maximal value. This experimentation showed the importance of the population density which appears as a key factor in the sedimentary ecosystem functioning. The studies related to in situ communities allowed to highlight the crucial importance of the species functional traits and the functional diversity of the communities on the sediment mixing dynamics. This work has enabled us to show that temporal changes in sediment reworking are a complex phenomenon which can be explain by combined influence of biological factors (functional composition and density of the community), associated with the direct and indirect influence of environmental (temperature of water, oxygen concentration in the sediments, organic quantity of matter in the sedimentary column and particle size)
Jauzein, Cécile. "Paramétrisation de la nutrition azotée et phosphorée d’Alexandrium catenella, microalgue toxique responsable d’efflorescences dans la lagune de Thau." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20042.
In the Thau lagoon, blooms of the toxic microalgae Alexandrium catenella have induced regular losses of shellfish production since 1998 due to bioaccumulation of toxins in oysters and mussels. This thesis was conducted to enhance knowledge of toxic bloom development regulation by environmental factors, focusing on nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients influence on A. Catenella growth. These works highlighted a large variety of potential nutritive sources for this species and a major part of these nutrients appeared to be potentially regenerated in the water column. Different organic sources may contribute to the growth of A. Catenella from diverse nutrition processes: direct absorption through the cell membrane (for urea), enzymatic degradation in the extracellular medium (for dissolved organic phosphorus) or phagocytosis (for ingestion of cyanobacteria). These mixotrophic capacities may represent competitive advantages for this species allowing the development of huge blooms; another competitive advantage may correspond to the potential use of nitrogen nutrients at night. A high complexity in nutrition processes of this species was revealed through observation of temporal variations in uptake capacities, excretion/absorption phenomena and interactions between nutrient uptake processes. The parametrization of a part of this complexity allowed the definition of mathematical formulations which can be integrated in a future growth model
Fonseca, da Silva Marques Raquel. "Drivers and fate of jellyfish blooms : The case study of Aurelia coerulea in the Thau lagoon, North Western Mediterranean." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG036.
Jellyfish are important components of marine ecosystems. Their spectacular blooms have severe ecological and socioeconomic impacts and are seemingly boosted by anthropogenic pressures on the marine environment. Concerns regarding increases in jellyfish blooms, at least in some areas of the world, call for a deeper understanding of their drivers. However, many jellyfish have complex life cycles, comprising both benthic and pelagic stages, which complicates the understanding of their blooms and predictions on their future evolution. Furthermore, the lack of knowledge regarding the fates of these large accumulations of biomass hampers the assessment of their impacts. With this regards, the semi-enclosed ecosystem of the Thau lagoon presents the rare particularity to harbour a complete resident population of the jellyfish Aurelia coerulea. Therefore, it offers the ideal background to study the multiple ecological processes affecting the dynamics of both its benthic and pelagic populations. This PhD built on this rare opportunity to precise the drivers and fates of the blooms of A. coerulea. This was accomplished in two steps. First, the benthic population dynamics in the lagoon was investigated and complemented with studies on its drivers and on the trophic ecology of both life stages over one year. To do so, in situ monitoring surveys and both stomach content and stable isotope analyses were employed. Second, the fate of A. coerulea biomass in the lagoon was assessed by investigating fish predation on its pelagic and benthic life stages and by studying the degradation of its medusae once dead on the seabed. This was performed by molecular analysis of fish gut contents and in situ experiments evaluating the decay rates of medusae and the potential role of the benthic fauna in their disappearance. The results obtained highlight a complex interaction of biotic and abiotic environmental parameters, which modulate bloom intensity by jointly influencing both the benthic and pelagic populations of A. coerulea. Temperature, salinity, food availability and predation appear to be the main drivers of the blooms of A. coerulea in Thau, with four critical periods, either boosting or lessening local bloom formation each year. Finally, the biomass produced by A. coerulea blooms has three main fates within the lagoon. The medusae can first be consumed alive by several pelagic predators like fish. Otherwise, when they die and sink to the seabed, some can be consumed by benthic scavengers like gastropods, but most are rapidly remineralised by the local microbial community. These findings shed light on the potential evolution of jellyfish blooms in the face of the ongoing anthropogenic forces on the marine environment, and on their impacts on coastal ecosystems functioning. However, they also highlight how intricate jellyfish blooms forecasting is and stress the need for similar comprehensive studies, not only for other jellyfish species but also in many other parts of the world
Langlet, Denis. "Enregistrement haute fréquence des conditions environnementales par les tests de bivalves : application des techniques de marquage,cathodoluminescence et chimie à l'huître Crassostrea gigas de l' Etang de Thau (Hérault, France)." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066425.
Rigaud, Sylvain. "Dynamique et biodisponibilité des éléments traces métalliques dans les sédiments de l'étang de Berre." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX30054.
The industrialization of the Berre lagoon in the 20th century was accompanied by large releases trace metals, which were partially accumulated in sediments and are now likely to be remobilized to the water column or be integrated into the food chain and cause an ecotoxicological risk.The reconstruction of the temporal and spatial trends of sediment contamination shows that current levels of contamination of surface sediments have been the lowest for decades in agreement with the effectiveness of regulations on industrial releases set up in the years 1970. These levels are low to moderate in surface but very high contamination exist a few centimeters below the sediment surface.The role of Fe and Mn oxy-hydroxides and sulfides in controlling the mobility of ETM in the sediment and fluxes at the water/sediment interface has been demonstrated through the modeling of transport and reactions of chemical compounds and trace metals in the pore waters, their concentration profiles in the reactive fraction of the particulate phase and experiments under controlled laboratory conditions. The oxygenation of the water column is the main parameter influencing the mobility and fluxes and the influence of reoxygenation of bottom water column in the Grand Etang is discussed.Finally, the bioavailability of trace metals and adverse effects they may constitute for a target benthic organism, the polychaete Nereis succinea, were evaluated by estimating the potentially bioavailable fraction in sediments (chemical extractions and Diffusive Gradient in Thin-films), by measuring bioaccumulated concentrations and by the use of biomarkers (metallothioneins and genotoxicity assays). Some highly bioaccumulated trace metals pose a potential risk and might be involved in the degradation of the benthic macrofauna
Facca, Chiara. "Phytoplancton et microphytobenthos comme indicateurs de l'état trophique en milieu côtier." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20148.
Boyer, Séverine. "Ecologie du copépode calanoïde Paracartia grani : implication dans le cycle de vie du parasite Marteilia refringens dans la lagune de Thau." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20147/document.
In this study, the life cycle of Paracartia grani, a calanoid copepod belonging to the Acartiidae family was determined in Thau lagoon. Indeed, the copepod involvement in the life cycle of the parasite Marteilia refringens affecting the bivalves production is suspected. Mesozooplanktonic community was monitored twice a month over two years at a fixed station in the lagoon. Sampling has identified P. grani as the acartiid dominant species in summer. From April to January, the copepod is found in the water column while from February to early April it remains in the sediment as diapausing eggs. The analysis of the population structure (size spectrum, contribution of developmental stages and sex ratio) has revealed that there are 9 generations per year. The study of the influence of three environmental parameters (temperature, salinity and chlorophyll a concentration) on the dynamic nesting species indicated that P. grani egg production was mainly governed by temperature and its rapid increase in spring could trigger the hatching of diapause eggs.The second objective of this study aimed to describe the dynamics of the parasite M. refringens in P. grani, and in the bivalves Mytilus galloprovincialis and Ruditapes decussatus in the Thau lagoon. Histological and in situ hybridization analysis allowed describing the different forms of the parasite in these three species. Research of M. refringens by PCR in P. grani copepodites revealed that the parasite DNA presence in the copepod from June to November, when new mussels appeared infected. Experiments to measure the retention efficiency of the different stages of development of P. grani by mussels have shown that all developmental stages could be involved in M. refringens life cycle, especially copepod eggs that have also shown positive results by PCR. Our study has allowed clarifying interaction between copepods, parasites and mussels but not elucidate completely M. refringens life cycle. Questions remain especially regarding way of transmission of parasite from copepods to mussels and the potential impact of the parasite on the copepod itself
Trombetta, Thomas. "Initiation des efflorescences phytoplanctoniques en zone côtière : le rôle de la température et des interactions biologiques." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG088.
In temperate marine ecosystems, the major part of the annual primary production is generated in spring during rapid phytoplankton biomass accumulation periods, called ‘blooms’, supporting the diversity and the functioning of these ecosystems. Several physical, chemical and biological mechanisms triggering the bloom initiation were evocated for these ecosystems. However, for shallow coastal zones, under the influence of complex environmental forcing factors, mechanisms triggering blooms are not well known. The objective of the present thesis was to identify and classify the forcing factors contributing to the bloom initiation in these zones, especially the role of physical and chemical forcing factors and biological interactions in the microbial network, but also to understand the consequences of the temperature elevation on this functioning in the global warming context.In this frame, a monitoring with a dual approach was carried out in Thau lagoon: a high frequency (15 min) in situ monitoring of hydrological , meteorological and biological parameters; and a weekly monitoring of the abundance of the microbial community (virus, bacteria, phytoplankton, heterotrophic flagellates and ciliates), and its diversity, with a particular look at phytoplankton. These monitoring were carried out from winter to spring in two consecutive years, 2015 and 2016. Besides these monitoring, an in situ mesocosm experiment was carried out during the 2018 spring to simulate the temperature elevation according to the global warming scenario, in the presence and the absence of mesozooplankton. The objective of this experiment was to identify the direct effect of warming and the indirect effect of the zooplankton on the phytoplankton dynamic, the pigment composition and succession, during the pre-bloom, bloom and post-bloom periods. A correlation network analysis between 110 various groups/taxa/species highlighted the major interactions characterizing the microbial interaction network during the bloom and the non-bloom periods and the differences between these two years. During the bloom periods, intraguild phytoplankton competition and mutualism between phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria dominated the microbial food web. This suggested an energy transfer based on both bacterial and phytoplanktonic biomass, through the microzooplankton predation. During the non-bloom periods, interaction between ciliates and heterotrophic bacteria (bacterivory) dominated, suggesting an energy transfer mainly based on bacterial biomass. Besides, the high frequency monitoring highlighted the predominant role of the water temperature increase, especially during the early spring, in the initiation of the phytoplankton blooms. The combination between the phytoplankton metabolism stimulated by the temperature increase and the low grazing pressure triggered the phytoplankton biomass accumulation starting the blooms. Furthermore, 2016 year, with the warmer winter recorded in France (Meteofrance), was characterized by a weaker phytoplankton biomass accumulation during the early spring, a dominance of the small phytoplankton at the expanse of diatoms, and a dominance of interactions between small size microorganisms. The mesocosm experiment confirmed the role of the temperature elevation on the bloom amplitude reduction (diminution of 50% of the chlorophyll a concentration) and the promotion of small phytoplankton such as small green algae and dinoflagellates, at the expanse of diatoms. This amplitude and composition modification of phytoplankton blooms was mainly due to the indirect effect of the zooplankton grazing increase under warming. Furthermore, the results underlined that it was microzooplankton which mainly controlled the phytoplankton dynamic and biomass and the mesozooplankton was mainly accomplished the role of the secondary consumer in this system