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Статті в журналах з теми "ANOPHELES CULICIFACIES"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 вересня 2023

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1

Kareemi, Tazeen Iram, Jitendra K. Nirankar, Ashok K. Mishra, Sunil K. Chand, Gyan Chand, Anup K. Vishwakarma, Archana Tiwari, and Praveen K. Bharti. "Population Dynamics and Insecticide Susceptibility of Anopheles culicifacies in Malaria Endemic Districts of Chhattisgarh, India." Insects 12, no. 4 (March 25, 2021): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12040284.

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A study was undertaken in the villages of Korea and Bastar district (Chhattisgarh) during the years 2012–2015 to investigate the bionomics of malaria vectors and the prevalence of their sibling species complexes. Entomological surveys carried out every month included indoor resting collections, pyrethrum spray catches, light trap catches, and insecticide susceptibility status of Anopheles culicifacies using World Health Organization (WHO) methods. Anopheles culicifacies and Anopheles fluviatilis species were assayed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of malaria parasite, and sibling species were identified using PCR and DNA sequencing. A total of 13,186 samples of Anopheles comprising 15 species from Bastar and 16 from Korea were collected. An. Culicifacies was recorded as the most dominant species and also the only active vector at both sites. This species was found to be resistant to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and Malathion, showing signs of emerging resistance against pyrethroids. Among the sibling species of An. culicifacies, the group BCE was found in maximum numbers, while sibling species T of the An. fluviatilis was recorded to be dominant among its complex. The study provides a comprehensive view of the vector bionomics in the highly malarious regions of India that may have importance in developing vector control strategies.

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2

Kumar, Gaurav. "Etymologia: Anopheles culicifacies." Emerging Infectious Diseases 28, no. 8 (August 2022): 1728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2802.211875.

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3

Kumar, Gaurav. "Etymologia: Anopheles culicifacies." Emerging Infectious Diseases 28, no. 8 (August 2022): 1728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2808.211875.

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4

ZAIM, M., A. V. MANOUCHEHRI, M. MOTABAR, A. M. EMADI, M. NAZARI, K. PAKDAD, M. H. KAYEDI, and G. MOWLAII. "Anopheles culicifacies in Baluchistan, Iran." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 9, no. 2 (April 1995): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1995.tb00176.x.

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5

Alam, M. F., A. K. Chopra, Mohammed M. Safhi, and V. K. Dua. "Toxicity of Vernonia anthelmintica Linn. (Asteracea) seeds against mosquitoes vectors." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v2i2.118.

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The Toxicological activity (larvicidal, adulticidal and repellent toxicity) of Vernonia anthelmintica seeds fraction was tested against different species of mosquito vectors viz, malaria (Anopheles culicifacies and Anopheles stephensi), filaria (Culex quinquefasciatus) and dengue (Aedes aegypti). The larvicidal toxicity of Vernonia anthelmintica seeds fraction was evaluated against the early 4th instars larvae of different mosquitoes species. Mean LC50 value of the column fraction KAL-4 from seeds of V. anthelmintica against the larvae of An. culicifacies, An. stephensi, Culex quinquifaciatus and Aedes aegpyti were found to be 64 ppm, 70 ppm, 143 ppm and 166 ppm respectively. The larvicidal toxicity was more against An. culicifacies, An. stephensi than Culex quinquifaciatus and Aedes aegypti. The seed extracts did not show any adulticidal toxicity and repellent toxicity even at 10% concentrated impregnated paper and 5% on human hand, respectively.

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6

Gunasekera, Maya B., B. G. D. N. K. de Silva, W. Abeyewickreme, S. K. Subbarao, H. G. Nandadasa, and E. H. Karunanayake. "Development of DNA probes for the identification of sibling species A of the Anopheles culicifacies (Diptera: Culicidae) complex." Bulletin of Entomological Research 85, no. 3 (September 1995): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300036075.

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AbstractThree highly repetitive DNA sequences Rp36, Rp217 and Rp234, have been isolated from Anopheles culicifacies Giles sensu lato. The cloned DNA sequences were found at a higher copy number in species B and C, than in species A of the A. culicifacies complex. These sequences may therefore be used as DNA probes to distinguish species A from the other two species, using a 200-fold dilution of a single mosquito DNA extract in a dot-blot hybridization assay. Rp36 and Rp217 have been completely sequenced. Internal repeats were absent in Rp36. Two related core sequences of 13 and 16 bp were found tandemly repeated in Rp217. These probes enable the rapid detection of species A of A. culicifacies in field investigations.

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7

Hanafi-Bojd, Ahmad Ali, Hassan Vatandoost, and Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi. "Climate Change and the Risk of Malaria Transmission in Iran." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 1 (August 20, 2019): 50–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz131.

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Abstract Climate change is an important factor affecting the dynamics of the vectors population and, hence, the risk of vector-borne diseases. This study aimed to predict the environmental suitability for malaria vectors in Iran under climate change scenarios in 2030s and 2050s. Literature search was performed to find documents on the spatial distribution of Anopheles stephensi Liston, 1901, Anopheles culicifacies s.l. Giles, 1901, Anopheles fluviatilis s.l. James, 1902, Anopheles superpictus s.l. Grassi, 1899, Anopheles dthali Patton, 1905, Anopheles maculipennis s.l. Meigen, 1818, and Anopheles sacharovi Favre, 1903 (Diptera: Culicidae) published between 1970 and 2017. The bioclimatic data under three climate change scenarios (representative concentration pathway 2.6 [RCP2.6], RCP4.5, and RCP8.5) and MaxEnt model were used to predict the ecological niches for each species. Comparison between the two study periods under the three scenarios for each species revealed that RCP8.5 would reduce the area at risk for An. culicifacies s.l., An. dthali and An. superpictus s.l. in the 2050s compared to the 2030s, but the reverse will be induced by RCP2.6 and RCP4.5 scenarios. For An. fluviatilis s.l., RCP2.6 will reduce the risk areas in the 2050s, whereas an increase is expected under the two other scenarios. Moreover, all scenarios would decrease the high-risk areas of An. maculipennis s.l. in the 2050s. For An. sacharovi, RCP2.6 would increase its high-risk areas, whereas RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 would decrease its exposure. The high-risk area of An. stephensi is expected to increase under RCP8.5 in the 2030s and RCP4.5 in 2050s, but it will be almost unchanged or reduced under other scenarios.

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8

Mishra, Ashok K., Praveen K. Bharti, Tazeen Iram Kareemi, Sunil K. Chand, Anup Singh Tidgam, Ravendra K. Sharma, and Neeru Singh. "Field evaluation of zero vector durable lining to assess its efficacy against malaria vectors and malaria transmission in tribal areas of the Balaghat district of central India." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 113, no. 10 (June 28, 2019): 623–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trz046.

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Abstract Background Indoor residual spray (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets are the two principal intervention methods of vector control. Zero vector durable lining (ZVDL), a relatively new vector control method, was evaluated to assess its efficacy against malaria vectors in hard to reach areas in the Balaghat district, where malaria transmission is perennial. Methods ZVDL was installed in six experimental villages during November–December 2012. In control villages, IRS was carried out with Alphacypermethrin. Cone bioassays were performed to assess the efficacy and persistence of insecticide-treated ZVDL following WHO bioassays. Results The mean per man hour density of Anopheles caught during 2013 was 12.1 in experimental villages and 16.2 in control villages. No sporozoite-positive Anopheles culicifacies were found in experimental villages; however, in control villages, four sporozoite-positive A. culicifacies were found (two Plasmodium vivax and two P. falciparum). The knock-down rate of A. culicifacies was 95–100% with 100% mortality during the 24 h recovery period. Malaria declined sharply in experimental villages showing a slide positivity rate of 22.3% compared with control villages (36.4%) (p<0.05). Conclusions A supplementary vector control intervention such as ZVDL has the potential to become a viable alternative to IRS in malaria endemic areas.

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9

Mishra, Neeru Singh A. K., C. F. Curtis, and V. P. Sharma. "Influence of moonlight on light-trap catches of the malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies (Diptera: Culicidae) in central India." Bulletin of Entomological Research 86, no. 4 (August 1996): 475–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300035057.

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AbstractA significant effect of moon phase on light-trap catches of Anopheles species was observed during a longitudinal study carried out in a forested belt of Madhya Pradesh, India, inhabited by tribal people. However, moon phase does not seem to have any effect on the proportion of adult Anopheles culicifacies Giles in the total catch, or the parity rate in this species, which is the vector responsible for perennial transmission of malaria in the area.

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10

Subbarao, S. K. "The Anopheles culicifacies complex and control of malaria." Parasitology Today 4, no. 3 (March 1988): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4758(88)90199-8.

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11

Gunathilaka, Nayana, Menaka Hapugoda, Rajitha Wickremasinghe, and Wimaladharma Abeyewickreme. "A Comprehensive Analysis on Abundance, Distribution, and Bionomics of Potential Malaria Vectors in Mannar District of Sri Lanka." Malaria Research and Treatment 2019 (March 12, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1650180.

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Анотація:

Background. A detailed knowledge of the distribution of the malaria vectors in Mannar district of Sri Lanka has not been studied after 1927. Past records indicated the presence of only seven species of anophelines, namely, An. culicifacies, An. subpictus, An. barbirostris, An. peditaeniatus, An. nigerrimus, An. Jamesii, and An. maculatus. There have been many changes in terms of distribution of Anopheles in the district over time. Methods. Entomological surveillance was conducted on a monthly basis, comprising indoor hand collection, window trap collection, cattle-baited net collection, cattle-baited hut collection, and larval survey from June 2010 to June 2012 in 12 study areas under three entomological sentinel sites. The relationship between seven abiotic variables of the breeding habitats was measured. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to determine the associations between climatic variables and anopheline densities. Results. A total of 74,181 mosquitoes belonging to 14 Anopheles species were recorded. An. subpictus was the most predominant species from all techniques representing 92% (n=68,268) of the total anopheline collection. However, Anopheles culicifacies was not recorded from any site during the study period. Larval surveys identified 12 breeding habitat categories including waste water collections, lagoon water collections, and drains which were not recorded as breeding habitats by previous studies. The mean dissolved oxygen level of waste water collections was 3.45±0.15 mg/l. The mean salinity and conductivity of lagoon water collections were 21105±1344 mg/l and 34734±1974 μs/cm, respectively. Conclusion. The present study provides the updated knowledge on anopheline distribution and vector bionomics. Therefore, documentation of the current knowledge would be useful for learners and health authorities to design appropriate vector control measures in the prevention of reintroduction of malaria.

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12

Al Maktari, M. T., and H. K. Bassioumy. "Bionomics of anopheline vectors in Zabid District, Al-Hodeidah Governorate, Republic of Yemen." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 5, no. 4 (August 20, 1999): 698–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/1999.5.4.698.

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The bionomics of anopheline vectors were analysed in randomly selected centres, representing fixed and spot-check stations. Three anopheline species were found. Anopheles arabiensis was the most prevalent species [84.2%]with a sporozoite rate of 0.7%, followed by A. culicifacies adenensis [14.9%]and A. rhodesiensis rupicolus [0.9%]. Maximum indoor resting density was recorded during March, July and August. Positive sprayed sites for females were higher in bedrooms [40.4%]than animal sheds [26.9%]. A total of 2560 anopheline larvae were collected of which 79.5% were A. arabiensis, 19.4% were A. culicifacies adenensis and 1.1% A. rhodesiensis rupicolus. A. arabiensis was assumed to be the most efficient malaria vector based on epidemiological evidence and the finding of natural sporozoite infected females

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13

Goutam, Chandra, and Rawani Anjali. "A Review on Mosquitocidal Activity of the Genus Solanum." International Journal of Zoological Investigations 08, no. 01 (2022): 548–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i01.062.

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As a vector, mosquitoes are responsible for transmitting deadly diseases such as Chikungunya fever, filariasis, encephalitis, West Nile Virus infection, malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, etc. To combat this problem, various techniques and strategies had been adopted to control the mosquito population. An alternative mosquito control strategy was available from ancient times that is the application of active toxic agents from plant extracts. This preference has several advantages over the consistent application of synthetic insecticides which cause resistance in vector species, harmful effects on environment and non-target organisms, including human health. From ancient times, plants have been used to control the vector mosquitoes, and still now, in many parts of the world, many researchers are looking for plant substances to kill the mosquitoes or cause repellency in mosquitoes. The phytochemicals that originate from the plant showed various activities such as larval mortality, disrupt insect growth, and act as a repellent and also effect as an ovipositional attractant/deterrent. Several plant species have been stated so far possessing mosquitocidal activities. The present review discussed the larvicidal activities of different solvent extracts (viz. hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol) of thirteen species of Genus Solanum. Different plant parts of various species such as the leaf, berry, flower, rhizome, bulb, stem and root bark, whole plant, and essential oil demonstrated for significant larvicidal activities against different mosquito vectors viz., Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles subpictus, Anopheles culicifacies species A, Anopheles culicifacies species C, Culex vishnui group and Anopheles labranchiae. This review may open the opportunity for further explorations of the efficacy of larvicidal properties of another species under Genus Solanum for their natural product.

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14

Rathnayake, R. A. S., W. M. M. Wedage, L. S. Muthukumarana, and B. G. D. N. K. De Silva. "Genetic diversity, phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis of Anopheles culicifacies species complex using ITS2 and COI sequences." PLOS ONE 18, no. 8 (August 16, 2023): e0290178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0290178.

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Anopheles culicifacies is the major vector of malaria in Sri Lanka and the Indian subcontinent which is characterized as a species complex with five sibling species provisionally designated as A, B, C, D and E. The current study was carried out to understand the phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships between the sibling species of the species complex while observing their genetic diversity and genetic differentiation. Thirty-five ITS2 and seventy-seven COI sequences of An. culicifacies species complex reported from different geographical locations of Asia and China at the NCBI public database were used for the analysis. Bayesian likelihood trees were generated for the phylogenetic analysis. The divergence of the species complex was obtained from the Bayesian phylogeographic model in BEAST. There were two clades of the sibling species of An. culicifacies species complex as A, D and B, C and E in both phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis using ITS2 sequences. Based on the highly divergent COI sequences and the high mutation rate of the mitochondrial genome, there were four and three clades in both phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis using COI sequences. The diversification of An. culicifacies species complex was obtained as ranging from 20.25 to 24.12 Mya and 22.37 to 26.22 Mya based on ITS2 and COI phylogeographic analysis respectively. There was a recent diversification of the sibling species A and D than the sibling species B, C and E. Low haplotype diversity was observed in the sequences reported from Sri Lanka in both ITS2 and COI analysis that can be due to bottlenecks resulting from the intense malaria control efforts. A high genetic differentiation was achieved for some populations due to the large geographical distance. The high genetic diversity based on the five sibling species implies the possibility of maintaining a relatively high effective population size despite the vector control efforts.

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15

Mishra, Ashok K., Mrigendra P. Singh, Aparup Das, and Kamaraju Raghavendra. "First Report on Intensity Bioassays for Pyrethroid Resistance in Anopheles culicifacies s.l in District Dindori of Madhya Pradesh State and Districts Kanker and Bastar of Chhattisgarh State, India." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2022 (September 20, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1595604.

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Background. The major malaria vector in India is Anopheles culicifacies, and indoor residual spraying (IRS) and distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are the two main vector control measures in the national program. This species has shown resistance to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), malathion, and synthetic pyrethroids (SP). The study was carried out in three districts, that is, Dindori of Madhya Pradesh and Kanker and Bastar from Chhattisgarh state to know the range of resistance phenotypes and to assess the strength of resistance in An. culicifacies. Methods. An. culicifacies collected from the field was tested to determine the susceptibility status to the discriminating concentration (DC) of different insecticides, that is, DDT 4.0%, malathion 5.0%, alphacypermethrin 0.05%, and deltamethrin 0.05% following the World Health Organization (WHO) procedures. Further, intensity bioassays of the resistant An. culicifacies to 1X discriminating concentration (DC) of alphacypermethrin and deltamethrin were conducted by exposing 5X and 10X concentrations of 1X DC. Results are interpreted as per the WHO criterion. Results. The overall result of susceptibility status in An. culicifacies in districts Dindori, Kanker, and Bastar revealed confirmed resistance to DDT, malathion, alphacypermethrin, and deltamethrin registering mortality of 15% (10–20%), 70% (65–75%), 78.6% (77–82.5%), and 87% (84.8–91.3%), respectively. Further, in district Dindori and Baster, the intensity bioassay test at 5X DC of alphacypermethrin and deltamethrin revealed 99% and 100%, respectively, while in district Kanker, the species registered moderate resistance with 92.5% and 95% mortality, respectively, in 5X DC of alphacypermethrin and deltamethrin. However, in 10X DC, the An. culicifacies was susceptible to both pyrethroids (100%) in district Kanker. Conclusion. The results of the intensity bioassay tests with SP-resistant An. culicifacies suggested no change of insecticide is required in the ongoing intervention. However, regular monitoring of insecticide susceptibility and intensity bioassays in malaria vectors in view of continued use of these interventions may increase resistance and for implementing effective vector management strategies.

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16

Kelly-Hope, L. A., A. M. G. M. Yapabandara, M. B. Wickramasinghe, M. D. B. Perera, S. H. P. P. Karunaratne, W. P. Fernando, R. R. Abeyasinghe, et al. "Spatiotemporal distribution of insecticide resistance in Anopheles culicifacies and Anopheles subpictus in Sri Lanka." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 99, no. 10 (October 2005): 751–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.05.008.

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17

Gunathilaka, Nayana, Menaka Hapugoda, Wimaladharma Abeyewickreme, and Rajitha Wickremasinghe. "Entomological Investigations on Malaria Vectors in Some War-Torn Areas in the Trincomalee District of Sri Lanka after Settlement of 30-Year Civil Disturbance." Malaria Research and Treatment 2015 (February 19, 2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/367635.

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Background. Malaria was an endemic problem in Trincomalee District, Eastern Province of Sri Lanka. Very few recent data concerning Anopheles are available which transmit malaria. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify various Anopheles species and the dynamics of anophelines including malaria vectors in Trincomalee District for effective vector control under the current malaria elimination program embarked in the country. Method. Entomological surveys were conducted on a monthly basis, using five entomological techniques, namely, indoor hand collection (HC), window trap collection (WTC), cattle-baited net collection (CBNC), and cattle-baited hut collection (CBHC) from June 2010 to June 2012 in 32 study areas under five entomological sentinel sites. Results. Seventeen anopheline species were encountered, of which Anopheles subpictus was the predominant species in all sampling methods. It is noted that A. culicifacies and A. subpictus have adapted to breed in polluted water in urban settings which may cause serious implications on the epidemiology of malaria in the country. Conclusions. It is important to determine the abundance, biology, distribution, and relationship with climatic factors of main and secondary malaria vectors in Sri Lanka in order to initiate evidence based controlling programs under the current malaria elimination program in Sri Lanka.

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18

Dassanayake, Ranil Samantha, Yasanthi Gunawardene, and Babaranda De Silva. "ITS-2 secondary structures and phylogeny of Anopheles culicifacies species." Bioinformation 2, no. 10 (July 14, 2008): 456–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.6026/97320630002456.

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19

Adak, T., S. K. Subbarao, V. P. Sharma, and S. R. V. Rao. "X-Linkage of Malic Enzyme in Anopheles culicifacies Species B." Journal of Heredity 79, no. 1 (January 1988): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110442.

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20

Konradsen, F., K. A. Stobberup, S. K. Sharma, O. T. Gulati, and W. van der Hoek. "Irrigation water releases and Anopheles culicifacies abundance in Gujarat, India." Acta Tropica 71, no. 2 (September 1998): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-706x(98)00059-x.

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21

Dua, V. K., R. Kumari, and V. P. Sharma. "Organochlorine Residue Sequestration by Anopheles culicifacies sensu lato Mosquito Larvae." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 66, no. 4 (April 2001): 492–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001280033.

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22

Dua, V. K., R. Kumari, and V. P. Sharma. "Organochlorine Residue Sequestration by Anopheles culicifacies sensu lato Mosquito Larvae." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 66, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 492–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-001-0033-y.

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23

PIYARATNE, M. K., P. H. AMERASINGHE, F. P. AMERASINGHE, and F. KONRADSEN. "FOOD OF LARVAL ANOPHELES CULICIFACIES AND ANOPHELES VARUNA IN A STREAM HABITAT IN SRI LANKA." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 21, no. 4 (December 2005): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/8756-971x(2006)21[387:folaca]2.0.co;2.

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24

SREEHARI, U., P. K. MITTAL, R. K. RAZDAN, M. A. ANSARI, M. M. A. RIZVI, and A. P. DASH. "EFFICACY OF PERMANET® 2.0 AGAINST ANOPHELES CULICIFACIES AND ANOPHELES STEPHENSI, MALARIA VECTORS IN INDIA." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 23, no. 2 (June 2007): 220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/8756-971x(2007)23[220:eopaac]2.0.co;2.

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25

Mishra, Ashok K., Praveen K. Bharti, Gyan Chand, Aparup Das, Himanshu Jayswar, Manju Rahi, and Kamaraju Raghavendra. "Monitoring of Insecticide Resistance in Anopheles culicifacies in Twelve Districts of Madhya Pradesh, Central India (2017–2019)." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2022 (January 5, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4404027.

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Background. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are malaria vector control measures used in India, but the development of insecticide resistance poses major impediments for effective vector control strategies. As per the guidelines of the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP), the study was conducted in 12 districts of Madhya Pradesh to generate data on insecticide resistance in malaria vectors. Methods. The susceptibility tests were conducted on adult An. culicifacies as per the WHO standard technique with wild-caught mosquitoes. The blood-fed female mosquitoes were exposed in 3 to 4 replicates on each occasion to the impregnated papers with specified discriminating dosages of the insecticides (DDT: 4%, malathion: 5%, deltamethrin: 0.05%, and alphacypermethrin: 0.05%), for one hour, and mortality was recorded after 24-hour holding. Results. An. culicifacies was found resistant to DDT 4% in all the 12 districts and malathion in 11 districts. The resistance to alphacypermethrin was also observed in two districts, and possible resistance was found to alphacypermethrin in seven districts and to deltamethrin in eight districts, while the vector was found susceptible to both deltamethrin and alphacypermethrin in only 3 districts. Conclusion. An. culicifacies is resistant to DDT and malathion and has emerging resistance to pyrethroids, alphacypermethrin, and deltamethrin. Therefore, regular monitoring of insecticide susceptibility in malaria vectors is needed for implementing effective vector management strategies. However, studies to verify the impact of IRS with good coverage on the transmission of disease are required before deciding on the change of insecticide in conjunction with epidemiological data.

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Rani, Jyoti, Tanwee Das De, Charu Chauhan, Seena Kumari, Punita Sharma, Sanjay Tevatiya, Soumyananda Chakraborti, Kailash C. Pandey, Namita Singh, and Rajnikant Dixit. "Functional disruption of transferrin expression alters reproductive physiology in Anopheles culicifacies." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 4, 2022): e0264523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264523.

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Background Iron metabolism is crucial to maintain optimal physiological homeostasis of every organism and any alteration of the iron concentration (i.e. deficit or excess) can have adverse consequences. Transferrins are glycoproteins that play important role in iron transportation and have been widely characterized in vertebrates and insects, but poorly studied in blood-feeding mosquitoes. Results We characterized a 2102 bp long transcript AcTrf1a with complete CDS of 1872bp, and 226bp UTR region, encoding putative transferrin homolog protein from mosquito An. culicifacies. A detailed in silico analysis predicts AcTrf1a encodes 624 amino acid (aa) long polypeptide that carries transferrin domain. AcTrf1a also showed a putative N-linked glycosylation site, a characteristic feature of most of the mammalian transferrins and certain non-blood feeding insects. Structure modelling prediction confirms the presence of an iron-binding site at the N-terminal lobe of the transferrin. Our spatial and temporal expression analysis under altered pathophysiological conditions showed that AcTrf1a is abundantly expressed in the fat-body, ovary, and its response is significantly altered (enhanced) after blood meal uptake, and exogenous bacterial challenge. Additionally, non-heme iron supplementation of FeCl3 at 1 mM concentration not only augmented the AcTrf1a transcript expression in fat-body but also enhanced the reproductive fecundity of gravid adult female mosquitoes. RNAi-mediated knockdown of AcTrf1a causes a significant reduction in fecundity, confirming the important role of transferrin in oocyte maturation. Conclusion All together our results advocate that detailed characterization of newly identified AcTrf1a transcript may help to select it as a unique target to impair the mosquito reproductive outcome.

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SUNIL, SUJATHA, K. RAGHAVENDRA, O. P. SINGH, PAWAN MALHOTRA, YAMING HUANG, LIANGBIAO ZHENG, and SARALA K. SUBBARAO. "Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers from malaria vector, Anopheles culicifacies." Molecular Ecology Notes 4, no. 3 (September 2004): 440–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2004.00698.x.

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28

Adak, T., O. P. Singh, Nutan Nanda, V. P. Sharma, and Sarala K. Subbarao. "Isolation of a Plasmodium vivax refractory Anopheles culicifacies strain from India." Tropical Medicine and International Health 11, no. 2 (February 2006): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01556.x.

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29

ADAK, T., S. K. SUBBARAO, V. P. SHARMA, and S. R. V. RAO. "Lactate dehydrogenase allozyme differentiation of species in the Anopheles culicifacies complex." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 8, no. 2 (April 1994): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1994.tb00153.x.

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30

Vasantha, K., Sarala K. Subbarao, and V. P. Sharma. "Anopheles culicifacies Complex: Population Cytogenetic Evidence for Species D (Diptera: Culicidae)." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 84, no. 5 (September 1, 1991): 531–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/84.5.531.

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31

Rani, Jyoti, Charu Chauhan, Tanwee Das De, Seena Kumari, Punita Sharma, Sanjay Tevatiya, Karan Patel, et al. "Hemocyte RNA-Seq analysis of Indian malarial vectors Anopheles stephensi and Anopheles culicifacies: From similarities to differences." Gene 798 (September 2021): 145810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2021.145810.

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32

Jakhar, Renu, and Surendra Kumar Gakhar. "Identification and Characterization of Aminopeptidase N 1 Gene of the Indian Malaria Vector Anopheles culicifacies (Diptera: Culicidae)." Journal of Medical Entomology 58, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): 1476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjab011.

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Abstract Aminopeptidase N1 (APN) is one of the important enzymes involved in blood digestion and is up-regulated along with several other enzymes in response to bloodmeal ingestion. APN is a zinc metalloprotease that cleaves one amino acid residue at a time from the amino terminus of the protein. The APN1 gene of the Indian malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies Giles was cloned and characterized. The An. culicifacies APN1 (AcAPN1) gene has an Open Reading Frame of 3084 basepairs which encodes a putative protein of 1027 amino acids. The coding region of the gene shares 81% and 78% similarity to the APN1 genes found in An. stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) and An. gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae), respectively. The organization of the APN1 gene was studied in available mosquito genomes and a three-dimensional structure of AcAPN1 modeled using homology structure modeling. The enzymatic active site was predicted to consist of HEYAH and GAMEN amino acid residues, and a comparison of the protein sequences among different genera revealed the conservation of zinc-binding residues. The expression pattern of AcAPN1 showed that the gene was expressed rapidly in response to the ingestion of the bloodmeal and therefore this gene may be used to exploit its promoter region as an antiparasite candidate molecule.

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33

Sharma, Punita, Swati Sharma, Rakesh Maurya, Tanwee De, Tina Thomas, Suman Lata, Namita Singh, Kailash Pandey, Neena Valecha, and Rajnikant Dixit. "Salivary glands harbor more diverse microbial communities than gut in Anopheles culicifacies." Parasites & Vectors 7, no. 1 (2014): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-7-235.

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34

Suguna, S. G., S. C. Tewari, T. R. Mani, J. Hiriyan, and R. Reuben. "A cytogenetic description of a new species of the Anopheles culicifacies complex." Genetica 78, no. 3 (1988): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00055642.

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35

Rahman, Atiqur, Shah Alam Siddiqui, M. Oliur Rahman, and Sun Chul Kang. "Insecticidal activity of essential oil from seeds of Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 47, no. 3 (October 28, 2018): 413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v47i3.38678.

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The essential oil from the seeds of oriental medicinal plant Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. was tested for repellent and fumigant efficacy on fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and mosquito (Anopheles culicifacies). The oil showed potent activity with 76.2 and 93.2% mortality in fumigant assay, and 77.1 and 93.2% repellent efficacy on fruit fly at doses of 100 and 200 μg/ml, respectively. The application of oil against mosquito showed 80.0% mortality in fumigant assay and 70.3% repellency at 100 μg/ml dose. Thus, essential oil of P. trifoliata seeds can be considered as a potential source of biologically active compounds for pest control.

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36

Sahu, S. S., K. Gunasekaran, N. Krishnamoorthy, P. Vanamail, A. Mathivanan, A. Manonmani, and P. Jambulingam. "Bionomics of Anopheles fluviatilis and Anopheles culicifacies (Diptera: Culicidae) in Relation to Malaria Transmission in East-Central India." Journal of Medical Entomology 54, no. 4 (March 25, 2017): 821–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjx065.

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37

Sahu, Sudhansu Sekhar, Sonia Thankachy, Smrutidhara Dash, Subramanian Swaminathan, Gunasekaran Kasinathan, and Jambulingam Purushothaman. "Multiple insecticide resistance in Anopheles culicifacies s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) in east-central India." Pathogens and Global Health 113, no. 8 (November 17, 2019): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20477724.2019.1707398.

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38

Gunathilaka, Nayana, Thilan Fernando, Menaka Hapugoda, Rajitha Wickremasinghe, Panduka Wijeyerathne, and Wimaladharma Abeyewickreme. "Anopheles culicifacies breeding in polluted water bodies in Trincomalee District of Sri Lanka." Malaria Journal 12, no. 1 (2013): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-12-285.

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39

Konradsen, F., Y. Matsuno, F. P. Amerasinghe, P. H. Amerasinghe, and W. van der Hoek. "Anopheles culicifacies breeding in Sri Lanka and options for control through water management." Acta Tropica 71, no. 2 (September 1998): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-706x(98)00060-6.

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40

Adak, T., Sarbjit Kaur, and O. P. Singh. "Comparative susceptibility of different members of the Anopheles culicifacies complex to Plasmodium vivax." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 93, no. 6 (November 1999): 573–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0035-9203(99)90052-4.

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41

Milligan, P. J. M., A. Phillips, D. H. Molyneux, S. K. Subbarao, and G. B. White. "Differentiation of anopheles culicifacies Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) sibling species by analysis of cuticular components." Bulletin of Entomological Research 76, no. 3 (September 1986): 529–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300015017.

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AbstractCuticular wax was extracted from adult females of Anopheles culicifacies Giles and analysed by gas liquid chromatography. The flies were taken from pure cage stocks of three sibling species: 56 individuals of species A, 43 of species B and 51 of species C. The three cytospecies were found to be significantly different in their cuticular hydrocarbon composition by a multivariate analysis of variance. Using discriminant analysis, each cytospecies was characterized by the amounts of C25-C33 hydrocarbons extracted from the cuticle, allowing criteria to be established for the identification of flies. By these criteria, specimens from stocks of known identity were allocated to the correct group with a high success rate. These results may reflect ecological differences among the sibling species.

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42

Herath, P. R. J., K. G. I. Jayawardena, J. Hemingway, and J. Harris. "DDT resistance in Anopheles culicifacies Giles and A. subpictus Grassi (Diptera: Culicidae) from Sri Lanka: a field study on the mechanisms and changes in gene frequency after cessation of DDT spraying." Bulletin of Entomological Research 78, no. 4 (December 1988): 717–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300015583.

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AbstractThe frequency of DDT resistance in Anopheles culicifacies Giles in Sri Lanka remained relatively constant from the cessation of DDT use for malaria control in 1975 until 1982. From 1983 to 1986, the frequency of resistance decreased slowly but significantly. In contrast, the resistance gene frequency in A. subpictus Grassi declined between 1980 and 1983, after which the trend was reversed, and there was a significant increase in DDT resistance in 1984–86. This rise in DDT resistance cannot be attributed to positive DDT selection pressure as there has been little or no agricultural use of DDT during this period. It is also unlikely that the rise in resistance is due to pyrethroid selection as the quantity of pyrethroids used on the island is low and there is no evidence of pyrethroid resistance from WHO susceptibility tests. Studies with the synergists FDMC (4-chloro-α-(4-chlorophenyl)-α-(trifluoromethyl)benzenemethanol) and piperonyl butoxide indicated the involvement of DDT-dehydrochlorinase rather than oxidase in the resistance. This was confirmed by metabolism studies, as DDT-resistant adults of both A. culicifacies and A. subpictus showed an increase in the rate of DDE production, which was also correlated with an increase in glutathione transferase activity.

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43

Montada Dorta, Domingo, V. Vasuki, and A. Rajavel. "Evaluation of organophosphorus and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides against six vector mosquitoe species." Revista de Saúde Pública 27, no. 6 (December 1993): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89101993000600001.

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Three organophosphorus compounds- malathion, folithion and temephos- and two synthetic pyrethroids- alphamethrin and deltamethrin- were used for monitoring the susceptibility status of larvae and adults of six vector mosquitoe species: Culex quinquefasciatus (Filariasis) and Aedes albopictus (Dengue) (both laboratory and field strains); laboratory strains of Aedes aegypti (Dengue), Anopheles slephensi and Anopheles culicifacies (Malaria), and Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Japanese encephalitis) in India. From the LC50 values obtained for these insecticides, it was found that all mosquito species including the field strains of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. albopictus were highly susceptible Except for Cx. quinquefasciatus (field strain) against malathion, 100% mortality was observed at the discriminating dosages recommended by World Health Organization. The residual effect of alphamethrin, deltamethrin, malathion and folithion at 25 mg (ai)/m² on different surfaces against six species of vector mosquitoes showed that alphamethrin was the most effective on all four treated surfaces (mud, plywood, cement and thatch). Nevertheless, residual efficacy lasted longer on thatch than on the other surfaces. Therefore, synthetic pyrethroids such as alphamethrin can be effectively employed in integrated vector control operations.

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44

Vidhyanandhini, R., and N. Pradeep Kumar. "Characterization of the 3-HKT gene in important malaria vectors in India, viz: Anopheles culicifacies and Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae)." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 103, no. 6 (September 2008): 595–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02762008000600014.

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45

Sharma, P., S. Sharma, A. K. Mishra, T. Thomas, T. Das De, S. L. Rohilla, N. Singh, K. C. Pandey, N. Valecha, and R. Dixit. "Unraveling dual feeding associated molecular complexity of salivary glands in the mosquito Anopheles culicifacies." Biology Open 4, no. 8 (July 10, 2015): 1002–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/bio.012294.

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46

Sahu, Sudhansu Sekhar, Sonia Thankachy, Smrutidhara Dash, Gunasekaran Kasinathan, and Ashwani Kumar. "Intensity of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles culicifacies s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) in Odisha State, India." Pathogens and Global Health 114, no. 4 (April 10, 2020): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20477724.2020.1751999.

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47

Sunil, Sujatha, Om P. Singh, Nutan Nanda, Kamaraju Raghavendra, BP Niranjan Reddy, and Sarala K. Subbarao. "Analysis of population genetic structure of Indian Anopheles culicifacies species A using microsatellite markers." Parasites & Vectors 6, no. 1 (2013): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-6-166.

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48

Jude, Pavilupillai J., Sangaralingam Dharshini, Muthuladchumy Vinobaba, Sinnathamby N. Surendran, and Ranjan Ramasamy. "Anopheles culicifacies breeding in brackish waters in Sri Lanka and implications for malaria control." Malaria Journal 9, no. 1 (2010): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-9-106.

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49

Malcolm, C. A., and R. G. Boddington. "Malathion resistance conferred by a carboxylesterase in Anopheles culicifacies Giles (species B) (Diptera: Culicidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 79, no. 2 (June 1989): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300018174.

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AbstractA strain of Anopheles culicifaciesGiles (species B) originally collected from Aurangabad, Maharashtra State, India, showed highly specific resistance to malathion. Homogenates of one-day-old adults metabolized 14C-labelled malathion at a level comparable with strains of A. stephensi Liston and A. arabiensis Patton known to possess the malathion carboxylesterase resistance mechanism and at a higher rate (6.4 and 7.8 times, respectively) than malathion-susceptible strains of these species. The major metabolite obtained was malathion dicarboxylic acid, a carboxylesterase product, which suggests that this may be the principal resistance mechanism in this strain. Levels of non-specific esterase activity in larvae and adults were similar to those shown by both the susceptible and resistant strains of A. stephensi, implying that no quantitative increase in esterases had occurred. Microtitre plate assays on individual mosquitoes provided no evidence for the presence of the insensitive acetylcholinesterase resistance mechanism.

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Subbarao, S. K., K. Vasantha, H. Joshi, K. Raghavendra, C. Usha Devi, T. S. Sathyanarayan, A. H. Cochrane, R. S. Nussenzweig, and V. P. Sharma. "Role of Anopheles culicifacies sibling species in malaria transmission in Madhya Pradesh state, India." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 86, no. 6 (November 1992): 613–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(92)90149-7.

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