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Статті в журналах з теми "Animal Protection"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 20 лютого 2023

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1

Hoffman, István, and Bernadette Somody. "Animal Protection in Hungary: A Multilayer System Based on an Administrative Approach." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30, no. 3 (September 16, 2021): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.3.109-118.

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Animal protection has a long tradition in the Hungarian legal system. It can be interpreted as a multi-layer model, but the major approach of animal protection has an administrative nature. Originally, animal protection was interpreted as protecting farm animals as resources. Even though new layers have been evolved, the agricultural-administrative approach remained. The second layer is based on the protection of health and healthy nature. Animals are even protected as part of the natural environment and ecosystem and their protection is part of securing the biodiversity in Hungary. Although animal cruelty is a criminal offense in Hungary, the penal law approach is consistent with administrative law as it is based on the institutional protection of the fundamental right to health and a healthy environment. The law acknowledges that animals are capable of feeling, of suffering. However, animal protection stems from the state’s objective – subjectless – duty to protect the environment and humans’ living conditions. Its ultimate aim is to protect humans.

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2

Jones, Dena M. "Advertising Animal Protection." Anthrozoös 10, no. 4 (December 2, 1997): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/089279397787000969.

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3

Zębek, Elżbieta. "Humane Legal Protection of Homeless Animals." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30, no. 3 (September 16, 2021): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.3.265-276.

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Animal rights at the international level have been defined in the Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare, which has become a guiding principle for many EU countries in shaping animal protection legislation. The subject of this article is the humane protection of homeless animals, which is the responsibility of the municipality in terms of maintaining cleanliness and order. The study assumes that by carrying out tasks regarding the protection of animals from homelessness, municipalities contribute to the effective protection of animals by providing them with appropriate care. The analysis found that the provisions of the Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare have been fully incorporated into Polish legislation. However, the effectiveness of the provisions on the protection of homeless animals executed by municipalities is not entirely satisfactory as evidenced by the post-inspection data and selected jurisprudence. In order to improve this state of affairs, the following de lege ferenda postulates were formulated, which in part are also guidelines of the Supreme Audit Office extending the catalog of activities in municipal homeless animal protection programs, introducing the requirement to inspect animal shelters by municipalities, changing the location requirements of animal shelters and also clarifying sanitary requirements concerning the conditions in which animals live in to improve their welfare. The above changes in legislation may contribute to more efficient humane protection of homeless animals in Poland and may serve as an example for other EU countries.

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4

Weng, Hsin-Yi, Philip H. Kass, Lynette A. Hart, and Bruno B. Chomel. "Animal Protection Measures in Taiwan: Taiwanese Attitudes Toward the Animal Protection Law and Animal Shelters." Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 9, no. 4 (October 2006): 315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327604jaws0904_6.

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5

Fritzsche, Ulrich. "Nazis and Animal Protection." Anthrozoös 5, no. 4 (December 1992): 218–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/089279392787011296.

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6

Akhtar, A. "Lab animal protection overdue." Science 345, no. 6203 (September 18, 2014): 1461–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.345.6203.1461-b.

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7

Chan, Benedict S. B. "Animal Ethics, International Animal Protection and Confucianism." Global Policy 6, no. 2 (February 11, 2015): 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12194.

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8

Guazzaloca, Giulia. "‘Anyone who Abuses Animals is no Italian’: Animal Protection in Fascist Italy." European History Quarterly 50, no. 4 (October 2020): 669–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691420960672.

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This article examines the animal protection policies in fascist Italy, placing them in the more general framework of Mussolini’s political and economic strategies and the history of Italian animal advocacy, which began in the second half of the nineteenth century. Focusing on fascist propaganda campaigns on animal welfare, legislation on animal experimentation and slaughter, state reorganization of animal protection societies, which were incorporated in 1938 into the Ente nazionale fascista per la protezione animale, the article aims to show the conceptual and political basis of fascist activism in the prevention of cruelty to animals. Far from being based on the recognition of animals as sentient individuals, it was determined by specifically human interests: autarky and economic efficiency, public morality, the primacy of ‘fascist civilization’, and the regime’s totalitarian design.

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9

Coulter, Kendra, and Brittany Campbell. "Public Investment in Animal Protection Work: Data from Manitoba, Canada." Animals 10, no. 3 (March 19, 2020): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10030516.

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There is a dearth of research on animal cruelty investigations policy and work, despite its importance for protecting animals from illegal forms of cruelty. This study provides baseline data about the approach used in Manitoba, one of the only Canadian provinces where animal protection is publicly funded. By integrating statistical and qualitative data collected through interviews with key informants, this paper elucidates how animal cruelty investigations are organized and undertaken in the province. Although animal protection in Manitoba is publicly funded, the workforce responsible for undertaking investigations is a cross-section of public and private actors with different occupational classifications and working conditions.

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10

WAHLBERG, BIRGITTA. "RE-EVALUATION OF ANIMAL PROTECTION BY THE FINNISH ANIMAL RIGHTS LAWYERS SOCIETY." Society Register 3, no. 3 (January 2, 2020): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sr.2019.3.3.07.

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Анотація:

The recognition of animals as sentient beings in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) gave rise to expectations as to real concern and care for animal welfare and a balance of human-animal interests. However, both the EU-legislation and the Finnish animal protection legislation is based on an animal welfare paradigm, meaning that animals have a weak legal status compared to humans that makes it impossible to de facto balance human and animal needs and interests in an effective manner from an animal point of view. The weak legal status of animals in the hierarchy of norms in the Finnish legal system contributes to the continuation of the oppression and exploitation of animals. The Finnish Animal Rights Lawyers Society have therefore made a proposal to strengthen animals’ legal status by including animals in the Finnish Constitution (FC) by safeguarding animals’ certain fundamental rights, thereby providing tools for balancing of human-animals interests. This article focuses on the re-evaluation of animal protection from an animal and constitutional point of view.

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11

Ostrowska, Anna. "Effectiveness of Administrative and Legal Instruments for Animal Protection Used by Social Organizations." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30, no. 3 (September 16, 2021): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.3.147-160.

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The article is devoted to the issue of the effectiveness of administrative and legal instruments of animal protection granted to social organizations under the Animal Protection Act. The research purpose of the paper is to analyze the administrative and legal conditions of the interaction of social organizations with public administration and other entities in the field of animal protection and animal care, and as a result to verify the thesis that the activity of organizations has little influence on the effectiveness of the animal protection system. In order to achieve this goal, three research theses were formulated: 1) there are no rational grounds for depriving social organizations of the competence to temporarily remove an animal, which is the most effective means of protecting mistreated animals; 2) public administration bodies and their subordinate services should make wider use of the potential of social organizations in the sphere of consultative and educational activities; 3) the effectiveness of the activities of social organizations in the sphere of animal protection is adversely affected by superficial regulations concerning the cooperation of organizations with administrative bodies and public services. The article is a research paper of a national range of research. The author’s intention is to contribute to a broader discussion on the directions of socialization of the animal protection system.

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12

Rakoczy, Bartosz. "Protection of Animals and Protection from Animals as Seen by Polish Law." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30, no. 3 (September 16, 2021): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.3.161-172.

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The system of Polish law regulates both the protection of animals and the protection of humans from animals. Insofar as the first direction of regulations is strongly developed, popular, and fashionable and reflects the present-day trends in environmental protection law, the latter is not as popular. Both directions of the regulations show signs of axiological conflict. In the case of protection of animals, they are treated as a protected good, referring to their suffering, ability to feel, having emotions, etc. These circumstances do not only opt for covering animals by legal protection. Some people are even tempted to postulate the need for recognizing animals as subjects. However, the same animal that can suffer and feel and has emotions can pose a hazard to man – in certain extreme cases even a fatal one. Thus, animals are protected from humans, which is the right solution, but at the same time humans should be protected from animals. When exploring the issues of animal protection, it is worth remembering that such a second dimension exists.

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13

Goździewicz-Biechońska, Justyna, and Eliza Jachnik. "Legal Status of the Animal as a Determinant of Its Humanitarian Protection." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30, no. 3 (September 16, 2021): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.3.67-79.

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The article concerns the humanitarian protection of animals in Polish law. It is of a scientific and research nature and its purpose is to define the relationship between the legal status of an animal and the nature and the scope of its humanitarian protection. The legal status of an animal is determined by the Animal Protection Act, through dereification and the general principle of humane treatment of animals. In the light of legal provisions, two basic categories of animals can be distinguished in the context of their humanitarian protection: domestic animals and working animals. The latter are then divided into further subcategories. The scope of humanitarian protection varies depending on belonging to a given category, because legal provisions differently define the scope and degree of obligations regarding animal welfare. However, the premises for classifying a given animal as belonging to one of those types, result not only from the scope of legal acts. The decisive role in this regard has the status that is given by a man, usually determined by the man’s attitude towards the animal and its utility for the man. This attitude is shaped individually in a specific case and is the actual source of the legal status of the animal and consequently its protection.

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14

Sykes, Katie. "Globalization and the Animal Turn: How International Trade Law Contributes to Global Norms of Animal Protection." Transnational Environmental Law 5, no. 1 (March 10, 2016): 55–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102516000054.

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AbstractMany animal and environmental activists think of international trade law as a block to the achievement of their goals and perceive the World Trade Organization (WTO) as a threat to animals. Yet, the first legal decision of an international tribunal to devote careful, sustained attention to animal welfare issues comes from the WTO, in the EC – Seal Products decision. This article argues that international trade law is currently an important, although under-acknowledged, locus for the development of global norms concerning the protection of animals, and that animal conservation and animal welfare can be seen as aspects of a single overarching principle of animal protection. International trade law contributes to animal protection in two ways. Firstly, WTO jurisprudence has recognized animal protection as a legitimate basis for invoking exceptions to trade rules (as in EC – Seal Products). Secondly, international trade negotiations enhance cooperation on the implementation and enforcement of existing conservation obligations (as in the new Trans-Pacific Partnership’s Environment Chapter).

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15

Chakraborty, Rhyddhi. "Animal Ethics and India: Understanding the Connection through the Capabilities Approach." Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 8, no. 1 (January 11, 2017): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v8i1.31081.

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This paper, unveiling the visionary short-sightedness of animal protection, argues for a just vision towards animals in India. Critically analysing the wide range of animal protections in India, the paper finds that in spite of such protections, animals continue to suffer out of unfair and unjust treatments in the country. Considering visionary short-sightedness as the reason behind these unfair and unjust treatments, the paper argues that ensuring the rights of non-human animals to basic capabilities is a fundamental and just vision towards delivering ethical and just actions towards animals. For this, the paper grounds itself on the theoretical foundation of the capabilities approach and makes some policy-level recommendations to protect animals in India.

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16

Kagan, Connie. "Philosophy and Animal Protection Legislation." International Journal of Applied Philosophy 2, no. 4 (1985): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ijap19852417.

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17

Heflin, H. T. "The Animal Facility Protection Act." Academic Medicine 64, no. 12 (December 1989): 778–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001888-198912000-00017.

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18

Kaufman, StephenR. "Animal protection and medical science." Lancet 343, no. 8912 (June 1994): 1574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92976-9.

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19

Wiebers, DavidO, Jennifer Leaning, and RogerD White. "Animal protection and medical science." Lancet 343, no. 8902 (April 1994): 902–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(94)90013-2.

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20

Watson, Alan. "Legal protection of animal rights?" Criminal Law Forum 7, no. 3 (October 1996): 691–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02197824.

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21

Radzikowski, Czesław. "Protection of animal research subjects." Science and Engineering Ethics 12, no. 1 (March 2006): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11948-006-0010-2.

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22

Cochrane, Alasdair. "International Animal Protection: An Introduction." Global Policy 4, no. 4 (November 2013): 369–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12082.

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23

YATSENKO, Ivan V., Svitlana I. ZAPARA, Gregory A. ZON, Lydmyla B. IVANOVSKAYA, and Alyona M. KLOCHKO. "Animal Rights and Protection against Cruelty in Ukraine." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 11, no. 1 (April 18, 2020): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.11.1(41).11.

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The article deals with the issues of the animal rights protection in Ukraine. Views of the prominent scientists are examined and the provisions of the current international and Ukrainian legislation are analyzed to establish the lacks in the legislative regulations of the animals protection from the cruel treatment. It is noted that an animal is a creature, but not a thing as it is prescribed by the civil legislation in Ukraine. Some particular terms, such as “bullying”, concerning the cruel treatment with animals are analyzed. The interpretation of the concept of "cruel methods" in the scientific and reference literature is studied. Сonclusionsare made, that animal abuse is a socially dangerous, unlawful, guilty, punishable, intentional action, provisioned by the Criminal legislation and according to the animal's health consequences, animal abuse may cause: non-lethal damage or death. In this regard Ukrainian legislation needs to be amended essentially,

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24

de Hemptinne, Jérôme. "The Protection of Animals During Warfare." AJIL Unbound 111 (2017): 272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2017.69.

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In times of war, the first instinct is to relieve the suffering of human beings. Environmental and animal interests are always pushed into the background. However, warfare strongly affects natural resources, including animals, which makes animal issues a matter of great concern. Certain species have been vanishing at a rapid rate because of wars, often with disastrous effects on the food chain and on the ecological balance. Indeed, belligerents rarely take into account the adverse consequences of their military operations on animals. They even take advantage of the chaotic circumstances of war in order to poach protected species and to engage in the trafficking of expensive animal products. While generating billions of dollars each year, such poaching and trafficking allows armed groups to grow and to reinforce their authority over disputed territory. States have also trained, and continue to train, certain animals—principally marine mammals such as bottlenose dolphins and California sea lions—to perform military tasks, like ship and harbor protection, or mine detection and clearance. Millions of horses, mules, donkeys, camels, dogs, and birds are obliged to serve on various fronts (transport, logistics, or communications) and become particularly vulnerable targets.

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25

Stilt, Kristen A. "Constitutional Innovation and Animal Protection in Egypt." Law & Social Inquiry 43, no. 04 (2018): 1364–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12312.

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This article examines constitutional innovation through the case study of the emergence of animal protection in Egypt's 2014 Constitution. Egypt's provision, which is a state obligation to provide al-rifq bi-l-hayawan (kindness to animals), was adopted in Article 45 as part of the country's second constitution following the 2011 revolution that ousted President Hosni Mubarak. Three aspects proved crucial to the adoption of the provision: a decision by animal protection activists to influence the constitutional process; the ability of citizens to convey their ideas to the constitutional drafters, albeit in a limited way; and, most importantly, the use of frame bridging. The activists and then the constitutional drafters presented the new cause of constitutional animal protection in terms of well-established areas of social, and constitutional, concern in the country, including Islamic law, women's rights, human rights, and the protection of the environment.

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26

Christianti, Johana Ake. "PENGGUNAAN PRINSIP INTERGENERATIONAL EQUITY DALAM PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP KESEJAHTERAAN HEWAN DI TEMPAT WISATA DARI KEKEJAMAN." BELLI AC PACIS 7, no. 1 (March 11, 2022): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/belli.v7i1.59986.

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<div>Good animal welfare occurs when the health, nutrition, behavior, environmental and psychological needs of animals are met. However, the captivity of wild animals by tourist attractions is often not able to meet the needs of these animals. In addition, the exhibition and training of wildlife by tourist sites is carried out through a process that results in unnecessary suffering. This legal research aims to analyze the legal protection of animal welfare from cruelty in tourist attractions based on the principle of Intergenerational Equity and to analyze the application of these principles in tourist attractions to the national laws of several countries (Indonesia and United Kingdom) in protecting animal welfare from cruelty. The results of this legal research show that: First, protection under existing international agreements has not been able to protect animal welfare from cruelty to the maximum, while the pure use of the principle of Intergenerational Equity cannot be the only source of international law to protect</div><div>animal welfare, especially in places travel. Second, Indonesian national law applies this principle more to animal welfare laws than national law of the United Kingdom does.</div>

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27

Kharchuk, Sergiy. "Promotion of the idea of biodiversity protection through the celebration of animal days." Novitates Theriologicae, no. 11 (August 28, 2020): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.53452/nt1133.

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Humanity has a huge, mostly negative impact on nature. On the other hand, nature protection measures are being taken also. In recent years, public involvement in nature protection has become increasingly important. Celebrating animal days is aimed at just that. Animal Days have an educational purpose, they acquaint people with the life of certain animals and inform them about the importance of animal protection. The list of 48 dates given below, mostly dedicated to specific animals and a few more general dates.

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28

Vetter, Szilvia, László Ózsvári, and Anita Boros. "Protection of Animals in the Constitutions of the European Countries." Pro Publico Bono - Magyar Közigazgatás 8, no. 1 (2020): 170–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.32575/ppb.2020.1.9.

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The aim of the study is to examine how animal protection, especially that of animal specimens, is included in the European constitutions. San Marino and the United Kingdom have no classical, written constitutions, hence, a total of 42 European constitutions were studied. Animals typically appear in the constitution as species that, as part of nature and the environment, must be conserved in order to preserve biodiversity. There are only a few constitutions in Europe that reflect a narrowly defined approach to animal protection. According to this, animals as individuals must be protected because of their intrinsic value. The research has shown that 14% (6 countries) of the European countries examined contain both species and specimen protection provisions in their constitutions. The vast majority, 69% (29 countries) included only animal species protection provisions in the constitution. 17% (7 countries) of the European constitutions do not contain a provision based on any of the criteria. Only Austria, Germany, Luxembourg, Slovenia, Sweden and Switzerland have provisions for individual protection of animals at constitutional level. In Switzerland, a unique legal institution, the “dignity of animals” was given constitutional protection.

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29

Guazzaloca, Giulia. "‘In the name of justice and compassion’: animal protection in Italy during the Liberal Age (1861-1914)." Modern Italy 22, no. 3 (August 2017): 261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mit.2017.36.

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This essay reconstructs the emergence of a growing sensitivity towards animal welfare in Italy during the so-called ‘liberal’ years. An examination of the origins and activities of animal protection societies, the debate on use of animals for scientific experimentation, and the earliest provisions for animal protection, reveals a growing concern for animal welfare in Italy too during the course of the twentieth century. This was channelled by the liberal-bourgeois values of the time: public decency, moderation, and goodwill towards animals as well as humans were all seen as signs of ‘civilisation’ and ‘progress’. It was claimed that foreign influence, particularly British, was of vital importance in such developments in Italy, including both the thoughts of the anti-vivisectionists and the work and propaganda of the societies for animal protection. This essay also examines the 1913 Law, which was the first important Italian legislation governing animal welfare and protection.

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30

Sutton, Matthew S., Charles M. Burns, Andrea M. Weiler, Alexis J. Balgeman, Andrew Braasch, Gabrielle Lehrer-Brey, Thomas C. Friedrich, and Shelby L. O'Connor. "Vaccination with Live Attenuated Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Protects from Mucosal, but Not Necessarily Intravenous, Challenge with a Minimally Heterologous SIV." Journal of Virology 90, no. 12 (March 9, 2016): 5541–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00192-16.

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ABSTRACTFew studies have evaluated the impact of the viral challenge route on protection against a heterologous simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) challenge. We vaccinated seven macaques with a live attenuated SIV that differed from SIVmac239Δnef by 24 amino acids, called m3KOΔnef. All animals were protected from an intrarectal SIVmac239 challenge, whereas only four animals were protected from subsequent intravenous SIVmac239 challenge. These data suggest that immune responses elicited by vaccination with live attenuated SIV in an individual animal can confer protection from intrarectal challenge while remaining insufficient for protection from intravenous challenge.IMPORTANCEOur study is important because we show that vaccinated animals can be protected from a mucosal challenge with a heterologous SIV, but the same animals are not necessarily protected from intravenous challenge with the same virus. This is unique because in most studies, either vaccinated animals are challenged multiple times by the same route or only a single challenge is performed. An individually vaccinated animal is rarely challenged multiple times by different routes, so protection from different challenge routes cannot be measured in the same animal. Our data imply that vaccine-elicited responses in an individual animal may be insufficient for protection from intravenous challenge but may be suitable for protection from a mucosal challenge that better approximates human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exposure.

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31

Li, Peter J., and Gareth Davey. "Culture, Reform Politics, and Future Directions: A Review of China’s Animal Protection Challenge." Society & Animals 21, no. 1 (2013): 34–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341264.

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Анотація:

Abstract Incidents of animal abuse in China attract worldwide media attention. Is China culturally inclined to animal cruelty, or is the country’s development strategy a better explanation? This article addresses the subject of animal protection in China, a topic that has been ignored for too long by Western China specialists. A review of ancient Chinese thought asks whether China lacks a legacy of compassion for animals. The article then considers how China’s reform politics underlie the animal welfare crisis. Through its discussion of the welfare crisis impacting nonhuman animals in China, this paper sheds light on the enormity of the country’s animal protection challenge. It concludes with an optimistic prediction for the future, despite the obstacles that remain in the way of animal protection policy change.

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32

Sung, S., S. Lim, K. Min, Y. Jung, Y. Cho, M. Kim, N. Kim, and K. Lee. "Radiation exposure during C-arm-guided (fluoroscopy) small animal orthopaedic surgery." Veterinární Medicína 63, No. 11 (November 19, 2018): 527–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/15/2018-vetmed.

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The purpose of the current study was to investigate the radiation exposure level of surgeons performing C-arm guided small animal orthopaedic surgery using thermoluminescent dosimeters located inside and outside personnel shielding devices at major body parts. A prospective study was conducted to measure the radiation exposure dose of individuals in three positions (first assistant, operating surgeon and anaesthesiologist) using thermoluminescent dosimeters placed inside and outside protective devices. The lead equivalent protective devices included panorama mask, thyroid shield, apron and arm shield placed at five anatomic sites (eye, thyroid, breast, gonad and hand). Radiation exposure was measured during 12 surgical procedures with mean kVp of 51 and mean mAs of 1.6. The equivalent doses for thyroid, breast and gonad (outside/inside in mSv) were 1.75/0.58, 2.01/0.13 and 3.03/0.11, respectively, for the first assistant and 1.69/1.46, 4.82/0.35 and 5.25/0.22 for the operating surgeon. The dose of eye, thyroid, breast, gonad and arm for the anaesthesiologist were 0.61/0.51, 0.35/0.3, 0.67/0.34, 0.72/0.29 and 0.62/0.35, respectively. The exposure dose to gonads outside the lead protection showed the highest values in all participants. With lead protection, there was a significant reduction in the exposure dose to the gonads (first assistant, 96%; operating surgeon, 96%; anaesthesiologist, 60%). These results suggest that a radiation shield is essential in veterinary surgery with C-arms, particularly for gonad protection. In addition, these results demonstrate that exposure dose decreases with increasing distance from the C-arm machine.

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33

Listos, Piotr, Magdalena Gryzińska, and Małgorzata Dylewska. "Rys historyczny prawnych aspektów ochrony weterynaryjnej zwierząt w Polsce." Przegląd Prawa i Administracji 108 (June 26, 2017): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1134.108.9.

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HISTORICAL LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE PROTECTION OF ANIMALS VETERINARY IN POLANDTreatment of animals by aman as asphere that requires legislation began to take place in modern history at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Objectives and content of legislation on animal protection, developed according to the needs of man, has been changing in different historical epochs. One of the main trends of animal protection outlined by law is their veterinary protection. It is amultidimensional form of legal protection of animals and it incorporates in each different kind of animal protection, in Poland delineated by the legislature.The first regulations on the veterinary protection were formed in Poland along with the development of local law that was established on the principles of the municipal law of Magdeburg. These regulations have evolved over the years, until modern times.The fact of major importance for the veterinary protection was Polish accession to the European Union. It resulted in the need for implementation of anumber of European regulations into national law. Analysis of regulations of veterinary protection in Poland leads to the conclusion that the fight against infectious diseases occurring among animals was the main form of protection. An example of the impact and effectiveness of the established regulations is combating one of the most dangerous zoonotic diseases — rabies.

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34

Watson, Robert N. "Protestant Animals: Puritan Sects and English Animal-Protection Sentiment, 1550–1650." ELH 81, no. 4 (2014): 1111–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/elh.2014.0042.

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35

GARNER, ROBERT. "Political Animals: A Survey of the Animal Protection Movement in Britain." Parliamentary Affairs 46, no. 3 (July 1993): 333–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pa.a052424.

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36

Weiss, Shay, David Kobiler, Haim Levy, Avi Pass, Yakir Ophir, Nili Rothschild, Arnon Tal, Josef Schlomovitz, and Zeev Altboum. "Antibiotics Cure Anthrax in Animal Models." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 55, no. 4 (January 24, 2011): 1533–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01689-10.

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ABSTRACTRespiratory anthrax, in the absence of early antibiotic treatment, is a fatal disease. This study aimed to test the efficiency of antibiotic therapy in curing infected animals and those sick with anthrax. Postexposure prophylaxis (24 h postinfection [p.i.]) of guinea pigs infected intranasally withBacillus anthracisVollum spores with doxycycline, ofloxacin, imipenem, and gentamicin conferred protection. However, upon termination of treatment, the animals died from respiratory anthrax. Combined treatment with antibiotics and active vaccination with a protective antigen-based vaccine leads to full protection even after cessation of treatment. Delaying the initiation of antibiotic administration to over 24 h p.i. resulted in treatment of animals with anthrax exhibiting various degrees of bacteremia and toxemia. Treatment with doxycycline or ciprofloxacin cured sick guinea pigs and rabbits exhibiting bacteremia levels up to 105CFU/ml. Addition of anti-protective antigen (PA) antibodies augmented the efficiency of protection, allowing the cure of guinea pigs and rabbits with 10- to 20-fold-higher bacteremia levels, up to 7 × 105CFU/ml and 2 × 106CFU/ml, respectively. Treatment with ciprofloxacin and a monoclonal anti-PA antibody rescued rabbits with bacteremia levels up to 4 × 106CFU/ml. During antibiotic administration, all surviving animals developed a protective immune response against development of a fatal disease and subcutaneous challenge with Vollum spores. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that antibiotic treatment can prevent the development of fatal disease in respiratory-anthrax-infected animals and can cure animals after disease establishment. A therapeutic time window of 40 h to 48 h from infection to initiation of efficient antibiotic-mediated cure was observed.

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37

Dufala, Martin, and Lenka Grešová. "Do Animals Have Any Rights in Slovakia?" Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30, no. 3 (September 16, 2021): 47–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.3.47-65.

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This article focuses on assessing whether the current Slovak legal framework provides animals with a sufficient level of protection against cruelty and maltreatment. Past and current Slovak legislation on animal protection was analyzed in light of the major animal welfare challenges that Slovakia faces today. Contrary to what the title of the study suggests, a different approach was chosen to strengthen the protection of animals – not through the concept of animal rights, but the concept of human rights to a favourable environment. In addition, the possibility of using the already existing environmental law legal instruments when the well-being of animal is threatened was discussed.

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McCulloch, Steven. "Brexit and Animal Protection: Legal and Political Context and a Framework to Assess Impacts on Animal Welfare." Animals 8, no. 11 (November 18, 2018): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani8110213.

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The British people voted to leave the European Union (EU) in a 2016 referendum. The United Kingdom (UK) has been a member of the EU since the Maastricht Treaty was signed in 1993 and before that a member of the European Communities (EC) since 1973. EU animal health and welfare regulations and directives have had a major impact on UK animal protection policy. Similarly, the UK has had a substantial impact on EU animal protection. Brexit represents a substantial political upheaval for animal protection policy, with the potential to impact animal welfare in the UK, EU and internationally. Brexit’s impact on farmed animals will determine the overall impact of Brexit on animals. A major threat to animal welfare is from importing lower welfare products. A major opportunity is reform of UK agricultural policy to reward high welfare outside the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). A soft Brexit, in which the UK remains in the single market and/or customs union, mitigates the threat of importing lower welfare products. A harder Brexit means threats to animal welfare are more likely to materialise. Whether threats and opportunities do materialise will depend on political considerations including decisions of key political actors. The Conservative Government delivering Brexit has a problematic relationship with animal protection. Furthermore, Brexit represents a shift to the political right, which is not associated with progressive animal protection. There is significant political support in the Conservative Party for a hard Brexit. Further research is required to investigate whether the various threats and opportunities are likely to materialise.

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39

Smirnov, Evgeniy R., Yana V. Beznosova, Faridun Z. Zavurbekov, and Nikolay V. Ostroumov. "Animals as objects of legal protection in the Republic of India." Vestnik of Kostroma State University 27, no. 2 (June 28, 2021): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2021-27-2-181-186.

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The article analyses the legal acts of the modern Republic of India aimed at protecting animals from human actions that cause physical and mental suffering. It is emphasised that the Indian legislator recognises the presence of feelings, emotions, experiences and consciousness in animals. The authors studied the report of the World Society for the Protection of Animals, which contains information on the state of legislation and judicial practice in this area. The authors drew attention to the position of Indian judges who explicitly recognise the existence of special rights for animals that are subject to legal protection. The article deals with the issues of legal regulation of the protection of wild, agricultural, laboratory, domestic, circus and captive animals. In relation to each of these categories, there are special legal acts that confirm the commitment of the Indian state to the principle of "ahimsa", which has existed in this country since ancient times, i.e., humane treatment of all living beings. India's legislation dealing with animal welfare issues is progressive compared to many states where such issues are not a priority. Noting the unconditional achievements of the Republic of India in the field of animal protection, the authors did not ignore the existing problems of law enforcement practice that require immediate solutions.

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40

Gaál, Balázs. "“Animal Protection” Laws in Ancient Greece." Társadalomkutatás 30, no. 2 (June 2012): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/tarskut.30.2012.2.7.

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41

Fumagalli, Carolina. "A Global Institution on Animal Protection." Derecho Animal. Forum of Animal Law Studies 11, no. 2 (May 13, 2020): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/da.482.

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42

Jones, Dena M. "American Media Coverage of Animal Protection." Anthrozoös 9, no. 2-3 (June 1996): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/089279396787001536.

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43

Letson, David, Noel Gollehon, Catherine Kascak, Vincent Breneman, and Carlyle Mose. "Confined Animal Production and Groundwater Protection." Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 20, no. 2 (October 1998): 348–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1349994.

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44

Lazo, Robert. "The Global Guide to Animal Protection." Journal of Animal Ethics 11, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/janimalethics.11.1.0105.

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45

Garrison, H. H. "Wording Blurs Survey on Animal Protection." Science 291, no. 5506 (February 9, 2001): 986b—987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5506.986b.

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46

Brels, Sabine. "A Global Approach to Animal Protection." Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy 20, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880292.2017.1309866.

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47

Kagan, Connie. "The Philosopher As Animal Protection Advocate." International Journal of Applied Philosophy 4, no. 1 (1988): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ijap19884123.

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48

JOHNSON, JEFF. "Animal protection may delay chemical testing." Chemical & Engineering News 77, no. 44 (November 1999): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v077n044.p007.

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49

Lorenz, W. "West Germany Science and animal protection." Lancet 325, no. 8422 (January 1985): 212–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92040-9.

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50

Hampson, J. E., and S. R. Silcock. "Animal protection and toxicity testing regulations." Food and Chemical Toxicology 23, no. 2 (February 1985): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(85)90013-4.

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