Статті в журналах: "Animal populations"

1

Gilpin, Michael. "Minimum animal populations." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 192, no. 1 (October 1995): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(95)90052-7.

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2

Nunney, Leonard. "Minimum animal populations." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 10, no. 3 (March 1995): 134–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(00)89016-3.

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3

Andrew Edwards, Todd. "Monitoring Plant and Animal Populations." Pacific Conservation Biology 8, no. 3 (2002): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc020219.

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ELZINGA et al. have brought together a wealth of experience from their employment in private, governmental, educational and voluntary organizations to produce Monitoring Plant and Animal Populations. This knowledgeable book is intended to assist a range of audiences, from students to experienced wildlife biologists, encouraging them to produce high-quality population monitoring studies, with adaptations for community monitoring.

4

McDonald, Lyman L. "Estimating Animal Abundance: Closed Populations." Ecology 84, no. 9 (September 2003): 2517–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[2517:eaacp]2.0.co;2.

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5

Fewster, Rachel M. "Estimating Animal Abundance: Closed Populations." Journal of the American Statistical Association 99, no. 466 (June 2004): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1198/jasa.2004.s326.

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6

Noon, Barry R. "Radio Tracking and Animal Populations." Auk 119, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 580–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/119.2.580.

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7

Hu, J., and R. D. H. Barrett. "Epigenetics in natural animal populations." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 30, no. 9 (July 20, 2017): 1612–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13130.

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8

van Oirschot, J. T. "Vaccination in food animal populations." Vaccine 12, no. 5 (January 1994): 415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-410x(94)90117-1.

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9

Fisher, David N., and Jonathan N. Pruitt. "Insights from the study of complex systems for the ecology and evolution of animal populations." Current Zoology 66, no. 1 (April 23, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoz016.

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Abstract Populations of animals comprise many individuals, interacting in multiple contexts, and displaying heterogeneous behaviors. The interactions among individuals can often create population dynamics that are fundamentally deterministic yet display unpredictable dynamics. Animal populations can, therefore, be thought of as complex systems. Complex systems display properties such as nonlinearity and uncertainty and show emergent properties that cannot be explained by a simple sum of the interacting components. Any system where entities compete, cooperate, or interfere with one another may possess such qualities, making animal populations similar on many levels to complex systems. Some fields are already embracing elements of complexity to help understand the dynamics of animal populations, but a wider application of complexity science in ecology and evolution has not occurred. We review here how approaches from complexity science could be applied to the study of the interactions and behavior of individuals within animal populations and highlight how this way of thinking can enhance our understanding of population dynamics in animals. We focus on 8 key characteristics of complex systems: hierarchy, heterogeneity, self-organization, openness, adaptation, memory, nonlinearity, and uncertainty. For each topic we discuss how concepts from complexity theory are applicable in animal populations and emphasize the unique insights they provide. We finish by outlining outstanding questions or predictions to be evaluated using behavioral and ecological data. Our goal throughout this article is to familiarize animal ecologists with the basics of each of these concepts and highlight the new perspectives that they could bring to variety of subfields.

10

Bogdanovic, V., R. Djedovic, P. Perisic, and M. M. Petrovic. "Breeding strategy in small and closed livestock populations." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 23, no. 5-6-1 (2007): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0701269b.

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This paper reviews the main characteristics of small and/or closed livestock populations. Although the emphasis during the realization of the genetic improvement in animal breeding is put on commercial breeding programmes, autochthonous breeds, races, strains, even herds of domestic animas, at the same time represent a potentially important segment for achieving the maintenance of the overall livestock production. These programmes are particularly important for the improvement of populations of animal genetic resources, as well as for the improvement of production in rural marginal areas. One of the main parameters for determining the size, and also the potential danger of a population is a so called effective size of the population (Ne). This parameter is determined according to the available number of male and female head of breeding stock in the population or in the herd and it varies under the influence of the sexes, changes in the size of the families, changes in the size of the population during time, as well as overlapping of the generations. Apart from the improvement of the economically important traits, the breeding programmes in small populations first of all must provide the increase of the effective size of the population aiming to limit or decrease the inbreeding, as well as the decrease of the variance in the size of the family. This is mainly achieved with so called "circular breeding plans" the sires being replaced by sons in the reproduction, and dams by daughters. The shortage of the generation interval by the change of the presence of some age categories i.e. larger number of young animals and animals that are at the peak of production comparing to a small number of older animals, can additionally influence on the genetic improvement of the traits.

11

Kaledin, A. P. "Prediction the number of hunting animal populations in the Yaroslavl region based on matrix verified models." Glavnyj zootehnik (Head of Animal Breeding), no. 7 (June 20, 2022): 46–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-03-2207-06.

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Prediction the dynamics of the level and structure of regional hunting resources is relevant from the standpoint of their rational use. Matrix models are widely used to make predictions on the dynamics of hunting animal populations. The algorithm of the modified P. H. Leslie matrix model with a correction matrix is used. The accuracy of predictions on the dynamics of hunting animal populations based on matrix models is improved by their verification. In the proposed study, model verification is considered not only as a method for determining the correspondence of the model to the corresponding modeling object, but also as a tool for clarifying model parameters under conditions of possible uncertainty of information. A retrospective verification of models of the dynamics of prediction the number of hunting animal populations is considered, the results of which are verified by prospective verification. On the basis of retrospective verification under the conditions of incompleteness of the available information, the parameters of the models are clarified. The proposed prediction algorithm works well with a steady increase in the population of hunting animals. In practice, there are regressive and unstable scenarios of the dynamics of the number of hunting animal populations. In a regressive and stable scenario, the proposed algorithm for predicting the number of hunting animal populations works well, but regressive results give predictions for a decrease and even degradation of the population. In this case, the prediction tasks change. For example, for determining the percentage of production of a given type of hunting animals while maintaining the population size or its insignificant growth. As a result of the research, predictions were made on the dynamics of the populations of the main hunting animals in the Yaroslavl region (moose, bear, fox, white hare, grouse and capercaillie) based on verified matrix models.

12

XU, Ling-Ying, Fu-Ping ZHAO, Hang-Xing REN, Jian LU, Li ZHANG, Cai-Hong WEI, and Li-Xin DU. "Animal gene pyramiding in cross populations." Hereditas (Beijing) 34, no. 10 (November 9, 2012): 1328–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1005.2012.01328.

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13

Högstedt, Göran, Tarald Seldal, and Arild Breistøl. "PERIOD LENGTH IN CYCLIC ANIMAL POPULATIONS." Ecology 86, no. 2 (February 2005): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/02-0561.

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14

PULLIAM, H. RONALD, JIANGUO LIU, JOHN B. DUNNING, DAVID J. STEWART, and T. DALE BISHOP. "Modelling animal populations in changing landscapes." Ibis 137 (June 28, 2008): S120—S126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1995.tb08432.x.

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15

McConkey, Kim R., and Georgina O’Farrill. "Cryptic function loss in animal populations." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 30, no. 4 (April 2015): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.01.006.

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16

Anderson, Sean C., Trevor A. Branch, Andrew B. Cooper, and Nicholas K. Dulvy. "Black-swan events in animal populations." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 12 (March 7, 2017): 3252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1611525114.

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17

Grand, James B., Byron K. Williams, James D. Nichols, and Michael J. Conroy. "Analysis and Management of Animal Populations." Journal of Wildlife Management 67, no. 3 (July 2003): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3802722.

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18

Zima, Jan. "H. Remmert [ed.]: Minimum animal populations." Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 30, no. 4 (June 1995): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02803969.

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19

Gorina, Alena Nikolaevna. "Epizootic and Epidemic Hazard of Animal Populations (Digitalization of Evidence- Based Epizootology)." Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 12, SP3 (February 28, 2020): 1424–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v12sp3/20201394.

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20

Shitaye, J. E., W. Tsegaye, and I. Pavlik. "Bovine tuberculosis infection in animal and human populations in Ethiopia: a review." Veterinární Medicína 52, No. 8 (January 7, 2008): 317–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1872-vetmed.

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Ethiopia is one among the nations that possesses the largest number of livestock population in the African continent estimated to be 33 million cattle, 24 million sheep and 18 million goats. In contrast to the huge livestock resource, the livestock productivity is however, found to be very low. The major biological and socio-economical factors attributing to the low productivity includes: the low genetic potential and performance, poor nutrition (in quality and quantity terms), the prevailing of different diseases, traditional way of husbandry systems and inadequate skilled manpower, among others. Ethiopia is one of the African countries where tuberculosis is wide spread in both humans and cattle and the endemic nature of tuberculosis in humans and cattle has long been documented. The disease is considered as one of the major livestock diseases that results in high morbidity and mortality, although the current status on the actual prevalence rate of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) at a national level is yet unknown. Detection of BTB in Ethiopia is carried out most commonly on the basis of tuberculin skin testing, abattoir meat inspection and very rarely on bacteriological techniques. Recently undertaken studies indicated the prevalence rate of BTB with a range of 3.4% (in small holder production system) to 50% (in intensive dairy productions) and a range of 3.5% to 5.2% in slaughterhouses in various places of the country. BTB in cattle remains to be a great concern due to the susceptibility of humans to the disease. The infections mainly take place by drinking raw milk and occur in the extra-pulmonary form, in the cervical lymphadenitis form in particular. The aim of this paper is to review the status of BTB in Ethiopia in relation with the existing animal husbandry systems and abattoir meat inspection surveillances. Control measures, economic impacts and the zoonotic aspect of the disease are also briefly addressed.

21

Hill, W. G., and X. S. Zhang. "Genetic variation within and among animal populations." BSAP Occasional Publication 30 (2004): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00041951.

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AbstractFactors that influence variability between and within populations at levels ranging from the molecular to quantitative traits are reviewed. For quantitative traits, models of how levels of variation are determined and how they change have to be based on simplifying assumptions. At its simplest, variation is maintained by a balance between gain by mutation and loss by sampling due to finite population size. Rates of response in commercial breeding programmes and long-term selection experiments are reviewed. It is seen that rates of progress continue to be high in farmed livestock, but not in race horses, and that continuing responses have been maintained for 100 generations in laboratory experiments. Hence variability can be maintained over long periods despite intense selection in populations of limited size. The potential role of conserved populations is reviewed, and it is suggested that their role is unlikely to be as a useful source of variation in commercial populations but mainly to preserve our culture and to fill particular niches.

22

Viggers, KL, DB Lindenmayer, and DM Spratt. "The Importance of Disease in Reintroduction Programmes." Wildlife Research 20, no. 5 (1993): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9930687.

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Disease may play an important role in the decline or extinction of small, isolated animal populations. Disease also has thwarted attempts to reintroduce some endangered captive-bred species. Despite this, the impacts of disease rarely have been considered in the planning and design of reintroduction programmes. A remnant wild population could be decimated by a disease cointroduced with reintroduced animals. Alternatively, diseases that are endemic in wild animal populations could be fatal for those immunologically naive individuals that are reintroduced. We contend that the planning of reintroduction programmes should include an examination of the potential impacts of disease on extant populations and on animals targeted for release. A number of steps are outlined to reduce disease risk and to minimise the probability of failure of reintroductions because of disease.

23

Marchese, Alyssa, and Alice Hovorka. "Zoonoses Transfer, Factory Farms and Unsustainable Human–Animal Relations." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (October 7, 2022): 12806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912806.

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Infectious diseases are rooted in unsustainable and unjust human–animal relationships. Zoonoses are facilitated by human proximity to animals, epidemiological risk embedded within factory farms, and exploitation of animals and humans in these intensive livestock production systems. The five major categories of epidemiological risk that factory farms propel include: intensification of production for which homogenous populations are congregated, creation of multi-species farms for which different animals are held within the same farm, long and intensive animal transport increases the likelihood of interaction with other wildlife, ecological characteristics of the pathogen lead to altered pathogen dynamics and antibiotic resistance within a human population through the overuse of antibiotics. Layer and broiler operations in the North American context illustrate these linkages. One Health is offered as a concluding conceptual and aspirational frame for pursuing a more sustainable and just world. This article offers two main messages. First, our relationships with animals directly impact the health of human populations through the transmission and creation of Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs). Second, adopting One Health offers a means forward for more just and sustainable human–animal relations and reduction of zoonoses transmission.

24

Mather, Alison E., Louise Matthews, Dominic J. Mellor, Richard Reeve, Matthew J. Denwood, Patrick Boerlin, Richard J. Reid-Smith, et al. "An ecological approach to assessing the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in animal and human populations." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1733 (November 16, 2011): 1630–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1975.

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We examined long-term surveillance data on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 (DT104) isolates from concurrently sampled and sympatric human and animal populations in Scotland. Using novel ecological and epidemiological approaches to examine diversity, and phenotypic and temporal relatedness of the resistance profiles, we assessed the more probable source of resistance of these two populations. The ecological diversity of AMR phenotypes was significantly greater in human isolates than in animal isolates, at the resolution of both sample and population. Of 5200 isolates, there were 65 resistance phenotypes, 13 unique to animals, 30 unique to humans and 22 were common to both. Of these 22, 11 were identified first in the human isolates, whereas only five were identified first in the animal isolates. We conclude that, while ecologically connected, animals and humans have distinguishable DT104 communities, differing in prevalence, linkage and diversity. Furthermore, we infer that the sympatric animal population is unlikely to be the major source of resistance diversity for humans. This suggests that current policy emphasis on restricting antimicrobial use in domestic animals may be overly simplistic. While these conclusions pertain to DT104 in Scotland, this approach could be applied to AMR in other bacteria–host ecosystems.

25

Frauendorf, Therese C., Amanda L. Subalusky, Christopher L. Dutton, Stephen K. Hamilton, Frank O. Masese, Emma J. Rosi, Gabriel A. Singer, and David M. Post. "Animal legacies lost and found in river ecosystems." Environmental Research Letters 16, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 115011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac2cb0.

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Abstract Animals can impact freshwater ecosystem structure and function in ways that persist well beyond the animal’s active presence. These legacy effects can last for months, even decades, and often increase spatial and temporal heterogeneity within a system. Herein, we review examples of structural, biogeochemical, and trophic legacies from animals in stream and river ecosystems with a focus on large vertebrates. We examine how the decline or disappearance of many native animal populations has led to the loss of their legacy effects. We also demonstrate how anthropogenically altered animal populations, such as livestock and invasive species, provide new legacy effects that may partially replace lost animal legacies. However, these new effects often have important functional differences, including stronger, more widespread and homogenizing effects. Understanding the influence of animal legacy effects is particularly important as native animal populations continue to decline and disappear from many ecosystems, because they illustrate the long-term and often unanticipated consequences of biodiversity loss. We encourage the conservation and restoration of native species to ensure that both animal populations and their legacy effects continue to support the structure and function of river ecosystems.

26

Chapelle, Valentine, and Frédéric Silvestre. "Population Epigenetics: The Extent of DNA Methylation Variation in Wild Animal Populations." Epigenomes 6, no. 4 (September 28, 2022): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/epigenomes6040031.

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Population epigenetics explores the extent of epigenetic variation and its dynamics in natural populations encountering changing environmental conditions. In contrast to population genetics, the basic concepts of this field are still in their early stages, especially in animal populations. Epigenetic variation may play a crucial role in phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation as it can be affected by the environment, it is likely to have higher spontaneous mutation rate than nucleotide sequences do, and it may be inherited via non-mendelian processes. In this review, we aim to bring together natural animal population epigenetic studies to generate new insights into ecological epigenetics and its evolutionary implications. We first provide an overview of the extent of DNA methylation variation and its autonomy from genetic variation in wild animal population. Second, we discuss DNA methylation dynamics which create observed epigenetic population structures by including basic population genetics processes. Then, we highlight the relevance of DNA methylation variation as an evolutionary mechanism in the extended evolutionary synthesis. Finally, we suggest new research directions by highlighting gaps in the knowledge of the population epigenetics field. As for our results, DNA methylation diversity was found to reveal parameters that can be used to characterize natural animal populations. Some concepts of population genetics dynamics can be applied to explain the observed epigenetic structure in natural animal populations. The set of recent advancements in ecological epigenetics, especially in transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in wild animal population, might reshape the way ecologists generate predictive models of the capacity of organisms to adapt to changing environments.

27

He, Huawen, and Malwane M. A. Ananda. "Estimation of population size in closed animal populations from mark-resighting surveys." Applied Mathematics and Computation 125, no. 2-3 (January 2002): 387–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0096-3003(00)00145-4.

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28

Sibly, Richard M. "EFFICIENT EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS FOR STUDYING STRESS AND POPULATION DENSITY IN ANIMAL POPULATIONS." Ecological Applications 9, no. 2 (May 1999): 496–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0496:eedfss]2.0.co;2.

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29

Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Eduardo J., Jesús Gil-Morión, and Juan J. Negro. "Feral Animal Populations: Separating Threats from Opportunities." Land 11, no. 8 (August 22, 2022): 1370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11081370.

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Feral animals are those that live in the wild but are descendants of domesticated populations. Although, in many cases, these feral populations imply a demonstrable risk to the ecosystems in which they live and may conflict with local wild species and human activities, there are feral populations that are considered worth preserving and, in some cases, they already enjoy protection by interest groups and even public authorities. In this review, we aim to identify valuable populations using three criteria: (a) Genetic conservation value (for instance, if the wild ancestor is extinct), (b) the niche occupancy criterion and, finally, (c) a cultural criterion. We propose a detailed analysis of feral populations under scrutiny, supporting control measures when necessary, but also allowing for international protection at the same level as wild animals for feral taxa of special concern. Feral taxa, which are already in the focus of conservation efforts, and should be awarded extended recognition and protection, mainly include ancient lineages with relevant genetic or cultural importance.

30

Hassell, M. P. "Detecting Regulation in Patchily Distributed Animal Populations." Journal of Animal Ecology 56, no. 2 (June 1987): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/5078.

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31

Thompson, Steven K., Fred L. Ramsey, and George A. F. Seber. "An Adaptive Procedure for Sampling Animal Populations." Biometrics 48, no. 4 (December 1992): 1195. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2532710.

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32

Matuszek, Sarah. "Animal-Facilitated Therapy in Various Patient Populations." Holistic Nursing Practice 24, no. 4 (July 2010): 187–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hnp.0b013e3181e90197.

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33

ArchMiller, Althea A., Robert M. Dorazio, Katherine St. Clair, and John R. Fieberg. "Time series sightability modeling of animal populations." PLOS ONE 13, no. 1 (January 12, 2018): e0190706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190706.

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34

San-Jose, Luis M., and Alexandre Roulin. "Genomics of coloration in natural animal populations." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1724 (May 22, 2017): 20160337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0337.

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Animal coloration has traditionally been the target of genetic and evolutionary studies. However, until very recently, the study of the genetic basis of animal coloration has been mainly restricted to model species, whereas research on non-model species has been either neglected or mainly based on candidate approaches, and thereby limited by the knowledge obtained in model species. Recent high-throughput sequencing technologies allow us to overcome previous limitations, and open new avenues to study the genetic basis of animal coloration in a broader number of species and colour traits, and to address the general relevance of different genetic structures and their implications for the evolution of colour. In this review, we highlight aspects where genome-wide studies could be of major utility to fill in the gaps in our understanding of the biology and evolution of animal coloration. The new genomic approaches have been promptly adopted to study animal coloration although substantial work is still needed to consider a larger range of species and colour traits, such as those exhibiting continuous variation or based on reflective structures. We argue that a robust advancement in the study of animal coloration will also require large efforts to validate the functional role of the genes and variants discovered using genome-wide tools. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Animal coloration: production, perception, function and application’.

35

Shrestha, J. N. B. "Conserving domestic animal diversity among composite populations." Small Ruminant Research 56, no. 1-3 (January 2005): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2004.06.014.

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36

Thrusfield, M. V. "Ageing in Animal Populations – an Epidemiological Perspective." Journal of Comparative Pathology 142 (January 2010): S22—S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.10.014.

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37

Lotze, Heike K., Marta Coll, Anna M. Magera, Christine Ward-Paige, and Laura Airoldi. "Recovery of marine animal populations and ecosystems." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 26, no. 11 (November 2011): 595–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2011.07.008.

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38

Fayrer-Hosken, R. "Controlling Animal Populations Using Anti-Fertility Vaccines." Reproduction in Domestic Animals 43 (July 2008): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01159.x.

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39

Huai', Qiu, and Leo Jun'. "WATER BUFFALO AND YAK PRODUCTION IN CHINA." Animal Genetic Resources Information 15 (April 1995): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900000456.

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SUMMARYThis article introduces the water buffalo and yak populations of China and their production, it feels in the Chinese animal genetic resources pictures: two articles published in AGRI No. 9 on the Sheep Genetic Resources and the Wenling Humped and Red Cattle of China; the articles on goat breeds in this number of AGRI and the cattle production survey published in World Animal Review No. 3/ 1993. The authors discuss in this article the types, characteristics and distribution of the Chinese water buffalo population (2 220 000 animals); they also present the animals work, meat and milk performances and the crossbreeding experimentation to date with Murrah and Nili-Ravi bulls. The Chinese yak populations are described with an in depth presentation of adaptability and production performance information.

40

Suwono, Beneditta, Tim Eckmanns, Heike Kaspar, Roswitha Merle, Benedikt Zacher, Chris Kollas, Armin A. Weiser, Ines Noll, Marcel Feig, and Bernd-Alois Tenhagen. "Cluster analysis of resistance combinations in Escherichia coli from different human and animal populations in Germany 2014-2017." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): e0244413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244413.

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Recent findings on Antibiotic Resistance (AR) have brought renewed attention to the comparison of data on AR from human and animal sectors. This is however a major challenge since the data is not harmonized. This study performs a comparative analysis of data on resistance combinations in Escherichia coli (E. coli) from different routine surveillance and monitoring systems for human and different animal populations in Germany. Data on E. coli isolates were collected between 2014 and 2017 from human clinical isolates, non-clinical animal isolates from food-producing animals and food, and clinical animal isolates from food-producing and companion animals from national routine surveillance and monitoring for AR in Germany. Sixteen possible resistance combinations to four antibiotics—ampicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin–for these populations were used for hierarchical clustering (Euclidian and average distance). All analyses were performed with the software R 3.5.1 (Rstudio 1.1.442). Data of 333,496 E. coli isolates and forty-one different human and animal populations were included in the cluster analysis. Three main clusters were detected. Within these three clusters, all human populations (intensive care unit (ICU), general ward and outpatient care) showed similar relative frequencies of the resistance combinations and clustered together. They demonstrated similarities with clinical isolates from different animal populations and most isolates from pigs from both non-clinical and clinical isolates. Isolates from healthy poultry demonstrated similarities in relative frequencies of resistance combinations and clustered together. However, they clustered separately from the human isolates. All isolates from different animal populations with low relative frequencies of resistance combinations clustered together. They also clustered separately from the human populations. Cluster analysis has been able to demonstrate the linkage among human isolates and isolates from various animal populations based on the resistance combinations. Further analyses based on these findings might support a better one-health approach for AR in Germany.

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Eckardt Erlanger, Ann C., and Sergei V. Tsytsarev. "The Relationship between Empathy and Personality in Undergraduate Students’ Attitudes toward Nonhuman Animals." Society & Animals 20, no. 1 (2012): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853012x614341.

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Abstract The majority of research investigating beliefs toward nonhuman animals has focused on vivisection or utilized populations with clear views on animal issues (e.g., animal rights activists). Minimal research has been conducted on what personality factors influence a nonclinical or nonadjudicated population’s beliefs about the treatment of animals. The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of empathy and personality traits in attitudes about the treatment of animals in 241 undergraduate students. Results indicated that those with high levels of empathy held more positive attitudes toward animals and more negative beliefs about animal cruelty than those with low levels of empathy. Some differences in participants’ specific attitudes toward animals were found. Limitations and implications for future research are reviewed.

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DiNuzzo, Eleanor R., and Blaine D. Griffen. "The effects of animal personality on the ideal free distribution." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1934 (September 2, 2020): 20201095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1095.

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The ideal free distribution (IFD) has been used to predict the distribution of foraging animals in a wide variety of systems. However, its predictions do not always match observed distributions of foraging animals. Instead, we often observe that there are more consumers than predicted in low-quality patches and fewer consumers than predicted in high-quality patches (i.e. undermatching). We examine the possibility that animal personality is one explanation for this undermatching. We first conducted a literature search to determine how commonly studies document the personality distribution of populations. Second, we created a simple individual-based model to conceptually demonstrate why knowing the distribution of personalities is important for studies of populations of foragers in context of the IFD. Third, we present a specific example where we calculate the added time to reach the IFD for a population of mud crabs that has a considerable number of individuals with relatively inactive personalities. We suggest that animal personality, particularly the prevalence of inactive personality types, may inhibit the ability of a population to track changes in habitat quality, therefore leading to undermatching of the IFD. This may weaken the IFD as a predictive model moving forward.

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Glatston, A. R. "The Control of Zoo Populations with Special Reference to Primates." Animal Welfare 7, no. 3 (August 1998): 269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600020704.

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AbstractModern zoos are increasingly successful in maintaining and breeding exotic species. Many of the animals bred in captivity cannot be housed in their natal zoo nor in other recognized zoos in the region. These ‘surplus ‘ animals create a problem as zoos only have limited space at their disposal. The options open in this situation are to avoid the problem by preventing the animals from breeding (sterilization or contraception) or to dispose of the surplus animals (euthanasia; or transfer either to institutions not recognized by any national zoo federation or to a zoo outside the region, possibly using the services of an animal dealer). The pros and cons of all these options are evaluated in terms of practicality, welfare and ethics. In many cases, the judicious use of a combination of contraception and euthanasia would seem the most acceptable choice from an animal welfare point of view. Nevertheless, it is believed that considerably more research is needed into the methods and welfare aspects of contraception and sterilization.

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Tammisola, Jussi. "Populations in clonal plants." Agricultural and Food Science 58, no. 5 (December 1, 1986): 239–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72237.

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Population phenomena in higher plants are reviewed critically, particularly in relation to clonality. An array of concepts used in the field are discussed. In contrast to animals, higher plants are modular in structure. Plant populations show hierarchy at two levels: ramets and genets. In addition, their demography is far more complicated, since even the direction of development of a ramet may change by rejuvenation. Therefore, formulae concerning animal populations often require modification for plants. Furthermore, at the zygotic stage, higher plants are generally less mobile than animals. Accordingly, their population processes tend to be more local. Most populations of plants have a genetic structure: alleles and genotypes are spatially aggregated. Due to the short-ranged foraging behaviour of pollinators, genetically non-random pollination prevails. A generalized formula for parent-offspring dispersal variance is derived. It is used to analyze the effect of clonality on genetic patchiness in populations. In self-compatible species, an increase in clonality will tend to increase the degree of patchiness, while in self-incompatible species a decrease may result. Examples of population structure studies in different species are presented. A considerable degree of genetic variation appears to be found also in the populations of species with a strong allocation of resources to clonal growth or apomictic seed production. Some consequences of clonality are considered from the point of view of genetic conservation and plant breeding.

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Oogjes, Glenys. "Ethical aspects and dilemmas of fertility control of unwanted wildlife: an animal welfarist’s perspective." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 9, no. 1 (1997): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/r96061.

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Proposals to manipulate the fertility of wild, free-living animals extend the domination humans already exercise over domesticated animals. Current lethal methods for population control include poisoning, trapping, hunting, dogging, shooting, explosives, fumigants, and deliberately introduced disease. Animal welfare interests are based on individual animal suffering, but those interests are often overshadowed by labelling of groups of animals as pests, resource species, national emblem or endangered species. Public concern for animal welfare and acceptance of new population control methods will be influenced by such labels. The animal welfare implications of new population control technology must be balanced against the existing inhumane lethal methods used. It will be difficult to resolve the dilemma of a mechanism for disseminating a fertility control agent that will cause some animal suffering (e.g. a genetically-manipulated myxoma virus for European rabbits), yet may reduce future rabbit populations and therefore the number suffering from lethal methods. An Animal Impact Statement is proposed as a tool to assist debate during development of fertility control methods and for decision making prior to their use. A comprehensive and objective Animal Impact Statement may introduce an ethic that moves the pendulum from attitudes that allow sentient animals to be destroyed by any and all available means, towards a more objective selection of the most effective and humane methods.

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Dorn, C. Richard, and Gay Y. Miller. "Use of Epidemiological and Toxicological Observations in Domestic and Wild Animal Populations for Evaluating Human Health Risks." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 15, no. 2 (December 1987): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119298701500204.

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Domesticated and wild animal populations are important resources in evaluating human health risks. Animals not only share man's environment, but some of them are also part of the human food chain. Three examples of monitoring the health of animal populations and using these data in evaluating human health risk were reviewed. A study of horses, cattle and wildlife in a Missouri lead mining and smelting area revealed that horses were sensitive indicators of environmental lead contamination; they developed clinical signs of lead poisoning and died, while other animal species in the same area did not exhibit signs of illness. Although they did not appear ill, cattle in the same area had liver and kidney lead concentrations that were higher than tolerance levels established in England, Wales and Canada. Wildlife such as bullfrogs, muskrats, and greenbacked herons collected downstream from an old lead mining area had significantly higher lead and cadmium levels than either upstream samples or comparable downstream samples collected at a new lead mining area. Some of these data were used in a court trial which resulted in the lead company buying the farmland so that humans and domestic animals would not be exposed. Another study of municipal sludge application on Ohio farms did not reveal excess illness rates for either livestock or humans living on farms receiving the sludge, as compared with those on control farms. However, cattle were more sensitive than humans as early indicators of low level exposure to toxic heavy metals such as cadmium and lead. Also, calves on sludge-receiving farms accumulated cadmium and lead in their kidneys. The National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS), currently in a pilot stage in eight states, is another example of the use of animal populations to evaluate human health risk. Information from NAHMS about zoonotic infections, use of drugs in food producing animals and diseases common to both animals and man, provide a better understanding of human disease. Population-based animal studies are desirable adjuncts to laboratory animal studies in assessing human health risk due to environmental exposure.

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Ibnelbachyr, M., I. Boujenane, and A. Chikhi. "Morphometric differentiation of Moroccan indigenous Draa goat based on multivariate analysis." Animal Genetic Resources/Ressources génétiques animales/Recursos genéticos animales 57 (October 16, 2015): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2078633615000296.

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SummaryThe Moroccan goat livestock is characterized by the existence of different phenotypes distributed among diverse geographic locations. The objective of this study was to analyse the morphometric traits that differentiate the Draa breed from the other local populations raised in areas close to its cradle zone. Eight morphometric measurements were taken on 287 goats in South-eastern and Southern Morocco. The variance analysis, fitting a model that included the random effect of animal and the fixed effects of population, gender and age of animal, was used. Mahalanobis distances were calculated between identified populations and an Unweighted Pairs Group Method Analysis tree was built. Draa goats had the highest height at withers (61.5 cm), heart girth (74.4 cm), body length (64.6 cm) and live body weight (27.2 kg). These morphometric traits varied significantly among populations as well as the age and the gender of animal. The most discriminating traits between the identified populations were the body length, the heart girth, the hair length, the horn length, the ear length and the live body weight. Draa animals had the largest genetic distances from the other populations and appeared more distinguished from them. This differentiation can contribute in defining the phenotypic standard of the breed and in orienting its genetic improvement programs in the future.

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Jaffré, Malo, and Jean-François Le Galliard. "Population viability analysis of plant and animal populations with stochastic integral projection models." Oecologia 182, no. 4 (September 1, 2016): 1031–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-016-3704-4.

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Lawrence, J. P. "Differential responses to forest edges among populations of Oophaga pumilio (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from Panama." Phyllomedusa: Journal of Herpetology 17, no. 2 (December 18, 2018): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v17i2p247-253.

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Differential responses to forest edges among populations of Oophaga pumilio (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from Panama. As habitat fragmentation increasingly becomes a prevalent feature in tropical systems, investigating how such novel features affect the distribution of species is of vital importance for understanding species’ ecology and conservation concerns. Species that show interpopulation variation in features that may affect their ecology (i.e., coloration) should be of high priority for elucidating the effects fragmentation may have. It is possible that these features unique to certain populations could promote or constrain the population’s ability to adapt to change. I investigated nine populations of the Strawberry Poison Frog (Oophaga pumilio) throughout the Bocas del Toro archipelago in Panama. By running transects from forest edge into interior forest, I assessed both population density and individual distance from forest edge for each population. One population was signifcantly denser than six of the other eight populations. Three populations showed increased numbers farther from forest edges while six populations showed no variation. This research highlights how reactions to habitat fragmentation may be population specifc, possibly linked to physical traits of individuals within the population. This research suggests that high interpopulation variation should be taken into account when examining species’ reactions to environmental perturbations.

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Gentz, Edward J. "Population genetics and the management of wild ungulate populations: two examples." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 29, no. 1-4 (February 1991): 501–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(91)90270-8.

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