Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Angas Inlet"

In this article the review of ejection coolers’ constructions and operation principles is presented. The ejection cooler’s with diffe-rent separators work efficiency reates’ dependence from confusor inlet opening’s angle and the cooled water’s temperature is exa-mined. Pateikiama ežektorinių aušintuvų konstrukcijų ir veikimo principų apžvalga. Tiriama ežektorinio aušintuvo su skirtingais separatoriais darbo efektyvumo rodiklių priklausomybė nuo konfuzoriaus įėjimo angos kampo ir aušinamo vandens temperatūros.

Foothills Pipe Lines Ltd. is the Canadian sponsor of the Alaska Natural Gas Transportation System (ANGTS), a pipeline project selected in Canada and the United States as the means for transporting Alaskan gas reserves to the lower 48 United States. Currently, certain Prebuild portions of the ANGTS are in operation delivering Canadian gas to U. S. markets. A recent system expansion of the Eastern Leg Prebuild to accommodate increased Canadian gas exports entailed the construction of Decompression/Recompression facilities at Empress, Alberta to enable high-pressure operation of the Foothills pipeline while maintaining gas stripping at existing lowpressure extraction plants. The general process of the Decompression/Recompression facilities involves the expansion of high-pressure pipeline gas to conditions acceptable to the low-pressure extraction plants, then the recompression of the residue gas for return to the pipeline at original pressure. By directing the inlet gas through turbo expanders coupled to brake compressors, a substantial portion of the expansion energy is captured and used in providing the first stage of gas recompression. Including supplemental conventional compression, the Decompression/Recompression facilities are capable of providing approximately 37MW (50,000 HP) for continuous gas recompression. Although power recovery with turbo expanders is relatively common in the gas processing industry, such an application for gas recompression in large gas pipelines is unique. This technical paper describes the Foothills Decompression/Recompression facilities with their utilization of turbo expanders for pipeline recompression service, emphasizing the process design as well as the characteristics of the rotating equipment.

The article deals with a problem of experimental investigation and numerical simulation of gas aerodynamics of a multi-channel spiral cyclone with a tangential inlet. The paper presents an overview of experimental and theoretical works on the cyclones having a particularly complex turbulent flow and focuses on three-dimensional transport differential equations for a non-compressible laminar and turbulent flow inside the cyclone. The equations have been solved applying the numerical finite volume method using the RNG (Re–Normalisation Group) k-ε turbulence model. The numerical simulation of the flow cyclone has been carried out. The height of the cyclone is 0.80 m with 0.33 m in diameter, the height of the spiral–cylindrical part – 0.098 meters and that of the cone – 0.45 m. Inlet dimensions (cylindrical part on the side), in accordance with drawings makes a×b = 28×95 mm. The mathematical model for the air traffic movement cyclone has accounted for Navier-Stokes (Reynolds) three-dimensional differential equations. The simulation results have been obtained with reference to the cyclone of tangential velocity profiles using RNG k-ε turbulence model. The inlet velocity of 5.1 m/s slightly differs from experimental results, thus making an error of 7%. Article in Lithuanian. Santrauka Nagrinėjama dujų aerodinamikos daugiakanaliame spiraliniame ciklone eksperimentinio tyrimo ir skaitinio modeliavimo problema. Apžvelgti eksperimentiniai ir teoriniai ciklonų, kuriuose susidaro ypač sudėtingas sūkurinis srautas, tyrimai. Pateiktos nespūdžiojo laminarinio ir turbulentinio srauto tekėjimo ciklono viduje diferencialinės trimatės pernašos lygtys. Jos skaitiškai spręstos baigtinių tūrių metodu taikant RNG (Re – Normalisation Group) k–ε turbulencijos modelį. Atliktas skaitinis oro srauto judėjimo ciklone modeliavimas. Ciklono aukštis 0,80 m, skersmuo 0,33 m, spiralinės-cilindrinės dalies aukštis 0,098 m, kūginės – 0,45 m, įtekėjimo angos matmenys (cilindrinės dalies šone) pagal brėžinius yra a×b = 28×95 mm. Oro srauto judėjimo ciklone matematinį modelį sudaro Navjė ir Stokso (Reinoldso) trimačių diferencialinių lygčių sistema. Modeliavimo rezultatai, t. y. taikant RNG k–ε turbulencijos modelį (įtekėjimo greitis 5,1 m/s) gauti tangentinio greičio ciklone kitimo duomenys, nežymiai (su 7 % paklaida) skyrėsi nuo eksperimentinių rezultatų.

This paper aims to analyse the problem of the gas–solid particle (SP) flow in the multichannel cyclone (three rings) with tangential inlet (KDG – equipment for separation of solid particles from gaseous fluid flow). It provides a review of experimental and theoretical papers that describe cyclones with a very complex swirling flow. The paper describes the experimental study and numerical modelling of the flow in the multichannel cyclone, the height of which is 0.72 m and the diameter – 0.50 m; with the height of the cylindrical part amounting to 0.29 m, the height of the conical part – 0.43 m, and the inlet area – 0.29×0.034 m2. The multi-functional measuring instrument Testo 400, intended for measuring the flow velocity in the inlet and outlet of the multichannel cyclone was used in experimental studies of the cyclone. Three-dimensional transport differential equations (Reynolds) for incompressible turbulent flow inside a cyclone are solved numerically using finite volume-based numerical method and turbulence models, namely the Standard k-ϵ model, the RNG k-ϵ model. According to results obtained during the experiments with quartz sand and quartz sand dust pollutants, the highest SP treatment efficiency as regards these pollutants, reaching 85.8-90.4%, was obtained. Modelling results obtained from the numerical tests with the inlet velocity of 6.27–10.78 m/s and, the flow rate of 0.111–0.190 m3/s have demonstrated a reasonable agreement with experimental and theoretical results. The average relative error was ± 4.3%. Santrauka Nagrinėjama dujų ir kietųjų dalelių aerodinamika daugiakanaliame (trijų žiedų) išcentriniame ciklone-filtre (keturkanalis dulkių gaudytuvas – KDG). Srauto įtekėjimas tangentinis. Apžvelgti eksperimentiniai ir teoriniai procesų tokiuose ciklonuose, kuriuose susidaro ypač sudėtingas sūkurinis srautas, tyrimo darbai. Atliktas eksperimentinis tyrimas ir skaitinis oro srauto judėjimo KDG ciklone modeliavimas (ciklonas 0,72 m aukščio ir 0,50 m skersmens, cilindrinės dalies aukštis −0,29 m, kūginės (dulkių rinktuvo) −0,43 m, įtekėjimo angos plotas −0,29×0,034 m2). Ciklono eksperimentiniams tyrimams naudota Testo 400 daugiafunkcis matuoklis, skirtas oro srauto greičiui matuoti daugiakanalio ciklono įtekėjimo ir ištekėjimo angose. Pateiktosios pernašos trimatės diferencialinės lygtys (Reinoldso) atvejo, kai turbulentinis srautas ciklono viduje nespūdusis, skaitiškai spręstos baigtinių tūrių metodu, taikant standartinį k-ϵ, ir RNG k-ϵ turbulencijos modelius. Remiantis tyrimų rezultatais, didžiausiasis ciklono su kvarcinio smėlio ir kvarcinio smėlio dulkių teršalais valymo efektyvumas siekė 85,8–90,4%. Modeliavimo rezultatai, kai įtekėjimo greitis 6,27–10,78 m/s ir debitas −0,111–0,190 m3/s, atitinkamai neblogai sutapo su eksperimentų duomenimis. Vidutinė santykinė paklaida siekė ±4,3 proc.

The article presents the results of computational modeling of the development of accidents in the containment of NPP with water-water energy reactor (WWER) using the COCOSYS software. The containment of the Balakovo NPP with WWER-1000/V-320 was selected as the object of study. The results of the calculation of environmental parameters in the containment during a beyond design basis accident with a “large” leak from the primary circuit at the following initial events: break of the main circulation pipeline DN850 with a full cross section at the reactor inlet, with simultaneous failure of all AC sources including diesel generators for a long period, without operating personnel intervention. A comparison of the results of calculations with the results obtained using the ANGAR software certified by Rostekhnadzor is performed. The calculation results are in good agreement: emergency scenarios are similar; the maximum deviation from absolute pressure values is less than 10 %. Thus, it was concluded that the analysis of processes occurring in the NPP containment during an accident can be performed using the COCOSYS code. This software can be used to independent safety assessment of NPP required by the IAEA standards.

This paper aims to analyse the problem of numerical modelling of the airflow in a conical reverse‐flow (CRF) cyclone with tangential inlet (equipment for separation of solid particles from gaseous fluid flow). A review of experimental and theoretical papers that describe cyclones with very complex swirling flow is performed. Three‐dimensional transport differential equations for incompressible turbulent flow inside a cyclone are solved numerically using finite volume‐based turbulence models, namely, the Standard k–ϵ model, the RNG k–ϵ model and the Reynolds stress model (RSM). The paper describes the numerical modelling of the airflow in the CRF cyclone, the height of which is 0.75 m, diameter ‐ 0.17 m, height of cylindrical part ‐ 0.255 m, height of conical part ‐ 0.425 m, inlet area is 0.085×0.032 m2. Mathematical model of airflow in a cyclone consisted of Navier‐Stokes (Reynolds) three‐dimensional differential equation system. Modelling results, obtained from the numerical tests when inlet velocity is 4.64, 9.0 and 14.8 m/s and flow rate is, respectively, 0.0112, 0.0245 and 0.0408 (0.0388) m3/s, have demonstrated a reasonable agreement with other authors’ experimental and theoretical results. The average relative error was ± 7.5%. Santrauka Nagrinejama duju aerodinamikos kūginiame grižtamojo srauto (KGS) ciklone (irenginys kietosioms dalelems atskirti iš oro srauto) su tangentiniu srauto itekejimu skaitinio modeliavimo problema. Trimates nespūdžiojo turbulentinio srauto ciklono viduje pernašos diferencialines lygtys skaitiškai sprestos baigtiniu tūriu metodu taikant standartini k–ϵ, RNG k–ϵ ir Reinoldso itempiu (RIM) turbulencijos modelius. Atliktas skaitinis oro srauto judejimo KGS ciklone modeliavimas. Ciklono aukštis – 0,75 m, skersmuo ‐ 0,17 m, cilindrines dalies aukšti ‐ 0,255 m, kūgines ‐ 0,425 m, itekejimo angos plotas 0,085×0,032 m2. Oro srauto judejimo ciklone matematinis modelis – Navje ir Stokso (Reinoldso) trimačiu diferencialiniu lygčiu sistema. Modeliavimo rezultatai, kai itekejimo greitis 4,64, 9,0 bei 14,8 m/s ir debitas – 0,0112, 0,0245 ir 0,0408 (0,0388) m3/s, neblogai sutapo su kitu autoriu eksperimentiniais rezultatais. Vidutine santykine paklaida ‐ ± 8 proc. Резюме Анализируется проблема аэродинамики газового потока в коническом возвратного потока (КВП) циклоне (оборудование для отделения твердых частиц от газового потока) с тангенциальной подачей газа. Произведен обзор экспериментальных и теоретических работ в циклонах такого типа, в которых образуется сложное вихревое течение потока. Для моделирования использованы трехмерные дифференциальные уравнения переноса, численно решаемые методом конечных объемов с использованием следующих моделей: стaндартной k–e, RNG k–e и рейнольдсовой модели турбулентности напряжений. Произведено численное моделирование движения потока воздуха в циклоне КВП, высота которого 0,75 м, диаметр – 0,17 м, высота цилиндрической части – 0,255 м, конической части – 0,425 м, площадь входного отверстия – 0,085×0,032 м 2 . Математическую модель движения потока воздуха в циклоне составила система трехмерных дифференциальных уравнений Навье-Стокса и Рейнольдса. Анализ результатов, произведенный при скоростях втекания в циклон 4,64, 9,0 и 14,8 м/с (дебит – 0,0112, 0,0245 и 0,0408 м 3 /c) и для модели рейнольдсовых напряжений, показал приемлемую согласованность с результатами других исследователей – со средней относительной погрешностью ± 7,5 проц.

Foothills Pipe Lines Ltd. is the Canadian sponsor of the Alaska Natural Gas Transportation System (ANGTS), a pipeline project selected in Canada and the United States as the means for transporting Alaskan gas reserves to the lower 48 United States. Currently, certain Prebuild portions of the ANCTS are in operation delivering Canadian gas to U.S. markets. Recent system expansion of the Eastern Leg Prebuild to accommodate increased Canadian gas exports entailed the construction of Decompression/Recompression facilities at Empress, Alberta to enable high pressure operation of the Foothills pipeline while maintaining gas stripping at existing low pressure extraction plants. The general process of the Decompression/Recompression facilities involves the expansion of high pressure pipeline gas to conditions acceptable to the low pressure extraction plants, then the recompression of the residue gas for return to the pipeline at original pressure. By directing the inlet gas through turbo expanders coupled to brake compressors, a substantial portion of the expansion energy is captured and used in providing the first stage of gas recompression. Including supplemental conventional compression, the Decompression/Recompression facilities are capable of providing approximately 37 MW (50 000 HP) for continuous gas recompression. Although power recovery with turbo expanders is relatively common in the gas processing industry, such application for gas recompression in large gas pipelines is unique. This technical paper describes the Foothills Decompression/Recompression facilities with their utilization of turbo expanders for pipeline recompression service, emphasizing the process design as well as the characteristics of the rotating equipment.