Статті в журналах: "And natural enemy"

1

Letourneau, D. K., and D. A. Andow. "Natural-Enemy Food Webs." Ecological Applications 9, no. 2 (May 1999): 363–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0363:nefw]2.0.co;2.

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2

Ode, Paul J. "PLANT CHEMISTRY AND NATURAL ENEMY FITNESS: Effects on Herbivore and Natural Enemy Interactions." Annual Review of Entomology 51, no. 1 (January 2006): 163–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151110.

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3

Vafaie, Erfan K., H. Brent Pemberton, Mengmeng Gu, David Kerns, Micky D. Eubanks, and Kevin M. Heinz. "Adding a Natural Enemy to Respond to Pest Immigration and Delayed Natural Enemy Releases in Augmentative Biological Control." Environmental Entomology 50, no. 3 (April 2, 2021): 561–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvab007.

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Abstract Whether increased natural enemy density or adding a second natural enemy species will provide superior pest suppression in greenhouse augmentative biological control is unknown for many commercially available natural enemy species. In this study, we use sweetpotato whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), on poinsettias, Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch (Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae), to determine whether adding Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to Eretmocerus eremicus Rose and Zolnerowich (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) is better for B. tabaci suppression compared with either natural enemy alone, both with and without challenges with whitefly immigration or delayed natural enemy releases. The number of whiteflies on caged poinsettias treated with different natural enemy release rates (single or double rate), natural enemy species (one or two species), natural enemy delayed release (weeks 4 and 8), and whitefly immigration treatments (introduced at week 4 or week 8) was censused biweekly for 16 wk. Both species used in combination provided similar or better suppression of whiteflies compared with either natural enemy alone. Both species combined also provided superior suppression of whiteflies when challenged with whitefly immigration or delays in natural enemy releases compared with E. eremicus alone. Whitefly immigration or delays in E. eremicus releases did not increase whitefly populations, suggesting that suppression of whiteflies by E. eremicus alone is relatively robust. This study found no evidence for negative interactions between E. eremicus and A. swirskii for suppressing B. tabaci.

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4

Kumar, Vijay, Joydip Dhar, and Harbax Singh Bhatti. "Bifurcation in Plant-Pest-Natural Enemy Interaction Dynamics with Gestation Delay for Both Pest and Natural Enemy." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 29, no. 13 (December 10, 2019): 1950178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127419501785.

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During this analysis, as per natural control approach in pest management, a plant-pest dynamics with biological control is proposed, here assuming that the pest and natural enemy are having different levels of gestation delay and harvesting rate of pests by natural enemy follows Holling type-III response function. Boundedness and positivity of the system are studied. Equilibria and stability analysis is carried out for possible equilibrium points. The existence of Hopf bifurcation at interior equilibrium is presented. The sensitivity analysis of the system at interior equilibrium point for model parameters has been explored. Numerical simulations are performed to support our analytic findings.

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5

Kumar, Vijay, Joydip Dhar, and Harbax Singh Bhatti. "Stage-structured plant-pest-natural enemy interaction dynamics incorporating gestation delay for both pest and natural enemy." Modeling Earth Systems and Environment 5, no. 1 (September 27, 2018): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40808-018-0518-x.

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6

Lv, Xu Ying, Tian Wen Yao, and Ding Jiang Wang. "The Model of the Integrated Control of Plant Pests with Natural Enemy." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 2522–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.2522.

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This paper mainly indicates the pest-control problem by using the biological control and the pesticide control. Firstly, it analyzed the continuous changing population of the three species-plants, plant pest and natural enemy-and the pesticides’ effects to establish a three-species model of the pests’ integrated control. Secondly, the pest equilibrium points with the natural enemy and that without natural enemy were obtained. We discussed the stability of the equilibrium points by the Hurwitz theorem and the first approximation method of stability and got the sufficient conditions for asymptotic stability. Finally, numerical simulations were performed by Matlab to analyze and verify the integrated control of plant pests in the situations with some natural enemies and without enemy. Moreover, the effects of spraying pesticides which have different killing rates on enemy and plant pest were analyzed.

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7

Comita, Liza S., and Simon M. Stump. "Natural Enemies and the Maintenance of Tropical Tree Diversity: Recent Insights and Implications for the Future of Biodiversity in a Changing World." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 105, no. 3 (September 22, 2020): 377–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3417/2020591.

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Over the past five decades, many studies have examined the Janzen-Connell hypothesis, which posits that host-specific natural enemies, such as insect herbivores and fungal pathogens, promote plant species coexistence by providing a recruitment advantage to rare plant species. Recently, researchers have been exploring new and exciting angles on plant-enemy interactions that have yielded novel insights into this long-standing hypothesis. Here, we highlight some empirical advances in our understanding of plant-enemy interactions in tropical forests, including improved understanding of variation in plant species’ susceptibility to enemy effects, as well as insect and pathogen host ranges. We then review recent advances in related ecological theory. These theoretical studies have confirmed that specialist natural enemies can promote tree diversity. However, they have also shown that the impact of natural enemies may be weakened, or that natural enemies could even cause species exclusion, depending on enemy host range, the spatial extent of enemy effects, and variation among plant species in seed dispersal or enemy susceptibility. Finally, we end by discussing how human impacts on tropical forests, such as fragmentation, hunting, and climate change, may alter the plant-enemy interactions that contribute to tropical forest diversity.

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8

Thompson, Morgan N., Raul F. Medina, Anjel M. Helms, and Julio S. Bernal. "Improving Natural Enemy Selection in Biological Control through Greater Attention to Chemical Ecology and Host-Associated Differentiation of Target Arthropod Pests." Insects 13, no. 2 (February 2, 2022): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13020160.

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Host-associated differentiation (HAD) refers to cases in which genetically distinct populations of a species (e.g., herbivores or natural enemies) preferentially reproduce or feed on different host species. In agroecosystems, HAD often results in unique strains or biotypes of pest species, each attacking different species of crops. However, HAD is not restricted to pest populations, and may cascade to the third trophic level, affecting host selection by natural enemies, and ultimately leading to HAD within natural enemy species. Natural enemy HAD may affect the outcomes of biological control efforts, whether classical, conservation, or augmentative. Here, we explore the potential effects of pest and natural enemy HAD on biological control in agroecosystems, with emphases on current knowledge gaps and implications of HAD for selection of biological control agents. Additionally, given the importance of semiochemicals in mediating interactions between trophic levels, we emphasize the role of chemical ecology in interactions between pests and natural enemies, and suggest areas of consideration for biological control. Overall, we aim to jump-start a conversation concerning the relevance of HAD in biological control by reviewing currently available information on natural enemy HAD, identifying challenges to incorporating HAD considerations into biological control efforts, and proposing future research directions on natural enemy selection and HAD.

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9

Ungar, S. "Natural Enemy, Natural Ally: Toward an Environmental History of Warfare." Journal of American History 92, no. 4 (March 1, 2006): 1407. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4485902.

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10

Raffel, Thomas R., Lynn B. Martin, and Jason R. Rohr. "Parasites as predators: unifying natural enemy ecology." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 23, no. 11 (November 2008): 610–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.06.015.

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11

Bellows, T. S. "Restoring Population Balance through Natural Enemy Introductions." Biological Control 21, no. 3 (July 2001): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bcon.2001.0936.

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12

Mlynarek, Julia J., Chandra E. Moffat, Sara Edwards, Anthony L. Einfeldt, Allyson Heustis, Rob Johns, Mallory MacDonnell, et al. "Enemy escape: A general phenomenon in a fragmented literature?" FACETS 2, no. 2 (September 1, 2017): 1015–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2017-0041.

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Many populations are thought to be regulated, in part, by their natural enemies. If so, disruption of this regulation should allow rapid population growth. Such “enemy escape” may occur in a variety of circumstances, including invasion, natural range expansion, range edges, suppression of enemy populations, host shifting, phenological changes, and defensive innovation. Periods of relaxed enemy pressure also occur in, and may drive, population oscillations and outbreaks. We draw attention to similarities among circumstances of enemy escape and build a general conceptual framework for the phenomenon. Although these circumstances share common mechanisms and depend on common assumptions, enemy escape can involve dynamics operating on very different temporal and spatial scales. In particular, the duration of enemy escape is rarely considered but will likely vary among circumstances. Enemy escape can have important evolutionary consequences including increasing competitive ability, spurring diversification, or triggering enemy counteradaptation. These evolutionary consequences have been considered for plant–herbivore interactions and invasions but largely neglected for other circumstances of enemy escape. We aim to unite the fragmented literature, which we argue has impeded progress in building a broader understanding of the eco-evolutionary dynamics of enemy escape.

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13

Stack, Philio A., and Francis A. Drummond. "641 PB 375 CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTING A BIOINTENSIVE IPM PROGRAM IN DIVERSE-CROP GREENHOUSES." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 524e—524. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.524e.

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A biointensive IPM program began in 1991 in UM's 12,000 ft2 research/teaching greenhouses. Efficacy, economics and practicality of multiple natural enemy releases to control greenhouse arthropod pests in diverse-crop ranges were assessed in 1991-93. Both UM lab-reared and commercial insectary-produced natural enemies were used. Environmental constraints, natural enemy quality, daylength and short crop cycles limited biocontrol. Predators and parasites were most effective when compatible environmental parameters, cultural practices and biorational pesticides were used. Informing greenhouse users about natural enemy recognition and conservation were also important considerations. Rearing and release techniques and compatible systems are discussed.

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14

Trianto, Manap, Fajri Marisa, and Moh Dahri Kisman. "Diversity, Abundance, and Distribution Patterns of Natural Enemy Insects on Chili (Capsicum annum L.) in Bincau Village, Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan." Biota 13, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/jb.v13i2.304.

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Chili is a widely cultivated plant by the community because of its profit. Currently, in maintaining the quality of chili, people commonly use a lot of pesticides. In contrast, naturally, there are biological agents in the shape of natural enemy insects, more effective, and environmentally friendly. This study aims to determine the diversity, abundance, and distribution patterns of natural enemy insects in chili plantation (Capsicum annum L.) at Bincau Village, Martapura District, Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan. The sample is collected by pitfall trap, yellow pan trap, and sweep net method. Obtained data are analyzed by Shannon Wienner index (H'), Meyer abundance index, Morisita index (Id), and PCA method for environmental parameter analysis. The results showed the diversity of natural enemy insects on chili plants was moderate (H' = 2.396). Furthermore, the highest abundance in research is demonstrated on Hymenoptera order, which consisted of 9 families, 16 species, and 1,009 individuals. The distribution pattern of natural enemy insects in chili plantations is clustered (Id > 1). Based on the PCA analysis method, the temperature has the most impact on natural enemy insects' presence in this study.

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15

MANDAL, DIBYENDU SEKHAR, SUDIP SAMANTA, ABDULLAH KHAMES ALZAHRANI, and JOYDEV CHATTOPADHYAY. "STUDY OF A PREDATOR–PREY MODEL WITH PEST MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE." Journal of Biological Systems 27, no. 03 (September 2019): 309–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021833901950013x.

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Recently, pest control has become a very interesting research topic because it is closely associated with agricultural and economic loss. Empirical evidence shows that pest insects are responsible for lower crop production and many other adverse effects on the farming sector. There are several biological, physical and chemical control mechanisms. However, the biological control of pest populations by using natural enemies is one of the most important ecosystem services adopted in agriculture around the world. In the present study, we consider an ecological model consisting of prey (pest) and its natural enemy as the predator. Different system equilibria are obtained, their stability is analyzed, and Hopf bifurcation of the system around the interior equilibrium is discussed. The sufficient permanence criteria of the system are also derived. Moreover, we perform bifurcation analysis to explore the existence of limit cycle. We also investigate the stability property of the positive periodic solution when the interior equilibrium loses its stability. Our analytical results are further verified through numerical simulations. Our findings suggest that, in the absence of a super predator, pest and natural enemy show stable coexistence. However, in the presence of super predator, if the natural enemy is killed at a lower rate, both pest and natural enemy coexist. Finally, above a threshold value, the natural enemy is eradicated from the system and pest outbreak occurs.

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16

Gurton‐Wachter, Lily. "“An Enemy, I suppose, that Nature has made”: Charlotte Smith and the natural enemy." European Romantic Review 20, no. 2 (April 2009): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10509580902840475.

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17

Angevine, Robert G. "Natural Enemy, Natural Ally: Toward an Environmental History of War (review)." Technology and Culture 46, no. 3 (2005): 657–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2005.0108.

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18

Dyer, Lee A., and Grant Gentry. "PREDICTING NATURAL-ENEMY RESPONSES TO HERBIVORES IN NATURAL AND MANAGED SYSTEMS." Ecological Applications 9, no. 2 (May 1999): 402–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0402:pnerth]2.0.co;2.

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19

Gupta, Rakesh K., Kuldeep Srivastava, and Kamlesh Bali. "An entomophage park to promote natural enemy diversity." Biocontrol Science and Technology 22, no. 12 (December 2012): 1442–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2012.731685.

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20

Hunt, Judith E. "The Invisible Enemy: A Natural History of Viruses." Human Pathology 32, no. 8 (August 2001): 892–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0046-8177(01)70012-3.

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21

Jonsson, Mattias, Riikka Kaartinen, and Cory S. Straub. "Relationships between natural enemy diversity and biological control." Current Opinion in Insect Science 20 (April 2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2017.01.001.

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22

Ahmad, Imad A. "Enemy Aliens." American Journal of Islam and Society 21, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v21i3.1774.

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David Cole, a professor at the Georgetown University Law Center, is a brilliantconstitutional attorney and an outstanding advocate of civil liberty. InEnemy Aliens, he articulates the case that Attorney General John Ashcroft’sabridgements of the civil liberties of non-citizens and alleged “enemy combatants”in the name of the war on terrorism is at once part of an old strategyof establishing such constitutionally questionable actions against thosepeople least politically able to defend themselves and, at the same time, thefirst step to expanding such incursions against civil rights into the populationat large.Cole writes with the meticulous care appropriate to a legal mind ofthe first caliber and with a graceful and literate rhetorical style. “The linebetween citizen and foreigner, so natural during wartime,” he writes (p.5), “is not only easy to exploit when restrictive measures are introduced,but also easy to breach when the government later finds it convenient todo so.” Cole writes with authority on facts of which too many Americansare completely ignorant: selective detention and deportation based onreligion or national origin, secret trials (or no trials), prolonged interrogation“under highly coercive, incommunicado conditions ... and withoutaccess to lawyers,” and “indefinite detention on the attorney general’ssay-so” (p. 5).Cole presents the historical precedents that justify his thesis. In 1988,President Ronald Reagan signed a bill apologizing for the appalling detentionof Japanese-Americans during World War II. However, that internmentwas an extension of the Enemy Alien Act of 1798, “driven by nativist fearsof radical French and Irish immigrants” (p.7), but still on the books. The“Palmer Raids” of the early twentieth century, wherein thousands of for ...

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23

Tooker, John F., Matthew E. O'Neal, and Cesar Rodriguez-Saona. "Balancing Disturbance and Conservation in Agroecosystems to Improve Biological Control." Annual Review of Entomology 65, no. 1 (January 7, 2020): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025143.

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Disturbances associated with agricultural intensification reduce our ability to achieve sustainable crop production. These disturbances stem from crop-management tactics and can leave crop fields more vulnerable to insect outbreaks, in part because natural-enemy communities often tend to be more susceptible to disturbance than herbivorous pests. Recent research has explored practices that conserve natural-enemy communities and reduce pest outbreaks, revealing that different components of agroecosystems can influence natural-enemy populations. In this review, we consider a range of disturbances that influence pest control provided by natural enemies and how conservation practices can mitigate or counteract disturbance. We use four case studies to illustrate how conservation and disturbance mitigation increase the potential for biological control and provide co-benefits for the broader agroecosystem. To facilitate the adoption of conservation practices that improve top-down control across significant areas of the landscape, these practices will need to provide multifunctional benefits, but should be implemented with natural enemies explicitly in mind.

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24

Roberts, William Clare. "All Natural Right Is Changeable: Aristotelian Natural Right, Prudence, and the Specter of Exceptionalism." Review of Politics 74, no. 2 (2012): 261–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670512000289.

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In his recent book on Strauss, Steven B. Smith has called attention to “a curiously neglected passage from the very center of Natural Right and History,” a passage in which Strauss “acknowledges the way political decisions grow out of concrete situations and cannot be deduced from a priori rules.” The passage reads: Let us call an extreme situation a situation in which the very existence or independence of a society is at stake. In extreme situations there may be conflicts between what the self-preservation of society requires and the requirements of commutative and distributive justice. In such situations, and only in such situations, it can justly be said that the public safety is the highest law. A decent society will not go to war except for a just cause. But what it will do during a war will depend to a certain extent on what the enemy—possibly an absolutely unscrupulous and savage enemy—forces it to do. There are no limits which can be defined in advance, there are no assignable limits to what might become just reprisals.

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25

Mejbel, M. M. Ahmed Humaid, and M. M. Ahmed Rashid Mejbel. "The most important physical and natural manifestations in Shintoism religion." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 224, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v224i2.272.

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The cosmic manifestations characterized by beauty and great scenery cause a catalyst to move the religious feeling when you follow some religions, Vantage his admiration for these appearances, which move in the Doakhlhm delinquency toward enjoy it and thanks and praise it and then it developed thereafter until they thought that these manifestations of the lives and hearts of analogy to them spirits and souls of these spirits and enemy forces lurking behind the appearances by a hand that gives them these appearances that liked it Vtqrbwa worship and offerings and enemy goddess or expressing these gods.

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26

Liu, Bing, Ling Xu, and Baolin Kang. "Dynamics of a Stage Structured Pest Control Model in a Polluted Environment with Pulse Pollution Input." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/678762.

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By using pollution model and impulsive delay differential equation, we formulate a pest control model with stage structure for natural enemy in a polluted environment by introducing a constant periodic pollutant input and killing pest at different fixed moments and investigate the dynamics of such a system. We assume only that the natural enemies are affected by pollution, and we choose the method to kill the pest without harming natural enemies. Sufficient conditions for global attractivity of the natural enemy-extinction periodic solution and permanence of the system are obtained. Numerical simulations are presented to confirm our theoretical results.

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27

Lima, Reinanda, Diego Moure Oliveira, and Carlos Alberto Garófalo. "Interaction Network and Niche Analysis of Natural Enemy Communities and their Host Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in fragments of Cerrado and Atlantic Forest." Sociobiology 65, no. 4 (October 11, 2018): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v65i4.3386.

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Natural enemies are important components of solitary bee communities that nest in preexisting cavities because they act as a relevant mortality factor and can regulate population growth. Despite this, the natural enemy-host interaction remains poorly investigated. This research aimed to determine the composition of the community, the structure of the interaction network, and niche overlap and breadth of natural enemy species in areas of Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) and Semideciduous seasonal forest (Atlantic Forest) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Trap-nests made of black cardboard and bamboo canes were provided in the field and inspected monthly in each area, from August 2001 to July 2003 at Cerrado and from June 2006 to May 2008 at the Semideciduous seasonal forest. A modular structure in the interaction network was observed for both areas with the populations of natural enemies showing high degrees of specialization. This structure confers higher stability against disturbances than less specialized webs since these adversities must spread more slowly through the network. The niche analysis showed low degrees of overlap for both, trophic and temporal, among the natural enemy populations.

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Fu, Zhen, Michael S. Crossley, Brendan Epstein, Cassandra Bates, David W. Crowder, Axel A. Elling, Paul A. Hohenlohe, Randa Jabbour, Ricardo A. Ramirez, and William E. Snyder. "Using fine-scale relatedness to infer natural enemy movement." Biological Control 160 (September 2021): 104662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2021.104662.

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29

Alryyes, Ala. "Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe: “Maps,” Natural Law, and the Enemy." Eighteenth-Century Life 44, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 51–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00982601-8718655.

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Although it may appear that geography is distinguished by an objective, neutral subject, a genealogy of geographical knowledge reveals that seventeenth- and eighteenth-century European polemics over the demarcations and legal representations of space were imbued with polemos itself, war and conflict. In this article, I examine the polemical nature of Robinson Crusoe’s spatial experience and constructions, maritime and insular. Most readers know Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe for the shipwreck and the island. This sells short the novel’s formal spatial design, which contrasts its hero’s early mobility with his subsequent settlement(s), while concurrently encoding ideas about law, enmity, and sovereignty into geographic constructions. In Defoe’s space, theory and practice of empire are intermeshed. As I shall argue, Defoe’s representations of his hero’s achievements—both Crusoe’s astute seafaring and his later claims to sovereignty and possession of “his” island—build on extraliterary systems of knowledge in which war offers blueprints for grasping colonial encounters and global space. Defoe exploits two related imperial geographical discourses, natural law (and its derivative the Law of Nations, forerunner of today’s International Law and Law of War), and cartography, drawing on them for both verisimilar and fantastical representations in his novel.

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30

Holst, Niels, and Patrick Ruggle. "A physiologically based model of pest–natural enemy interactions." Experimental and Applied Acarology 21, no. 6/7 (1997): 325–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1018415509349.

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31

Kuramitsu, Kazumu, and Yooichi Kainoh. "Recent Topics on Fundamental Research Supporting Natural Enemy Use." Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology 62, no. 1 (February 25, 2018): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1303/jjaez.2018.13.

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32

Hackett-Jones, Emily, Andrew White, and Christina A. Cobbold. "The evolution of developmental timing in natural enemy systems." Journal of Theoretical Biology 275, no. 1 (April 2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.12.040.

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33

Brown, Grayson C. "Simple Models of Natural Enemy Action and Economic Thresholds." American Entomologist 43, no. 2 (1997): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ae/43.2.117.

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34

Dale, Adam G., and Steven D. Frank. "Urban warming trumps natural enemy regulation of herbivorous pests." Ecological Applications 24, no. 7 (October 2014): 1596–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1961.1.

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35

Rohani, P., H. J. Wearing, T. Cameron, and S. M. Sait. "Natural enemy specialization and the period of population cycles." Ecology Letters 6, no. 5 (April 14, 2003): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00437.x.

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36

Alhadidi, Sanaa N., John N. Griffin, and Mike S. Fowler. "Natural enemy composition rather than richness determines pest suppression." BioControl 63, no. 4 (February 19, 2018): 575–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10526-018-9870-z.

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37

Gómez-Cabezas, Miguel, María-José Romero, and Julia K. Prado. "KEY GENERAL ASPECTS TO BE CONSIDERED IN HABITAT MANAGEMENT: A REVIEW." International Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Research 08, no. 06 (2022): 723–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.51193/ijaer.2022.8602.

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The aim of this work is to analyse the most important components that involve habitat management considerations to understand how it could be an alternative to reduce pest pressure in crops to avoid the use of pesticides in agricultural ecosystems. To accomplish this objective, a literature review of several research papers related to the topic was done. It was found that a high percentage of studies showed favourable results for natural enemy populations and pest pressure. However, these practices show more positive results for natural enemy populations than for pest suppression. The success of habitat management practices to reduce pest pressure depends mainly on the selection of non-crop plant species at crop field scale, landscape complexity and the targeted natural enemy species. Nevertheless, among these factors, the landscape complexity in the surrounding semi natural habitat is the most important aspect, since it could determine the abundance of natural enemies in the crop. Understanding the complexity of semi natural habitats could help farmers to take better coordinated decisions to manage semi natural areas and improve the biological control service in their farms. Finally, the adoption of habitat management measures is not broadly accepted by farmers and more research is needed to show them the benefits of these practices.

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38

Chailleux, Anais, Aurélien Stirnemann, Jimmy Leyes, and Emilie Deletre. "Manipulating natural enemy behavior to improve biological control: attractants and repellents of a weaver ant." Entomologia Generalis 38, no. 3 (March 22, 2019): 191–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2019/0665.

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39

Douglas, Margaret R., and John F. Tooker. "Meta-analysis reveals that seed-applied neonicotinoids and pyrethroids have similar negative effects on abundance of arthropod natural enemies." PeerJ 4 (December 7, 2016): e2776. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2776.

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BackgroundSeed-applied neonicotinoids are widely used in agriculture, yet their effects on non-target species remain incompletely understood. One important group of non-target species is arthropod natural enemies (predators and parasitoids), which contribute considerably to suppression of crop pests. We hypothesized that seed-applied neonicotinoids reduce natural-enemy abundance, but not as strongly as alternative insecticide options such as soil- and foliar-applied pyrethroids. Furthermore we hypothesized that seed-applied neonicotinoids affect natural enemies through a combination of toxin exposure and prey scarcity.MethodsTo test our hypotheses, we compiled datasets comprising observations from randomized field studies in North America and Europe that compared natural-enemy abundance in plots that were planted with seed-applied neonicotinoids to control plots that were either (1) managed without insecticides (20 studies, 56 site-years, 607 observations) or (2) managed with pyrethroid insecticides (eight studies, 15 site-years, 384 observations). Using the effect size Hedge’sdas the response variable, we used meta-regression to estimate the overall effect of seed-applied neonicotinoids on natural-enemy abundance and to test the influence of potential moderating factors.ResultsSeed-applied neonicotinoids reduced the abundance of arthropod natural enemies compared to untreated controls (d= −0.30 ± 0.10 [95% confidence interval]), and as predicted under toxin exposure this effect was stronger for insect than for non-insect taxa (QM= 8.70, df = 1,P= 0.003). Moreover, seed-applied neonicotinoids affected the abundance of arthropod natural enemies similarly to soil- or foliar-applied pyrethroids (d= 0.16 ± 0.42 or −0.02 ± 0.12; with or without one outlying study). Effect sizes were surprisingly consistent across both datasets (I2 = 2.7% for no-insecticide controls;I2 = 0% for pyrethroid controls), suggesting little moderating influence of crop species, neonicotinoid active ingredients, or methodological choices.DiscussionOur meta-analysis of nearly 1,000 observations from North American and European field studies revealed that seed-applied neonicotinoids reduced the abundance of arthropod natural enemies similarly to broadcast applications of pyrethroid insecticides. These findings suggest that substituting pyrethroids for seed-applied neonicotinoids, or vice versa, will have little net affect on natural enemy abundance. Consistent with previous lab work, our results also suggest that seed-applied neonicotinoids are less toxic to spiders and mites, which can contribute substantially to biological control in many agricultural systems. Finally, our ability to interpret the negative effect of neonicotinoids on natural enemies is constrained by difficulty relating natural-enemy abundance to biological control function; this is an important area for future study.

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Salamanca, Jordano, Brígida Souza, Vera Kyryczenko-Roth, and Cesar Rodriguez-Saona. "Methyl Salicylate Increases Attraction and Function of Beneficial Arthropods in Cranberries." Insects 10, no. 12 (November 25, 2019): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10120423.

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Methyl salicylate (MeSA) is an herbivore-induced plant volatile (HIPV) known to attract the natural enemies of herbivores in agro-ecosystems; however, whether this attraction leads to an increase in natural enemy functioning, i.e., predation, remains largely unknown. Here, we monitored for 2 years (2011–2012) the response of herbivores and natural enemies to MeSA lures (PredaLure) by using sticky and pitfall traps in cranberry bogs. In addition, European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, egg masses were used to determine whether natural enemy attraction to MeSA leads to higher predation. In both years, MeSA increased adult hoverfly captures on sticky traps and augmented predation of O. nubilalis eggs. However, MeSA also attracted more phytophagous thrips and, in 2012, more plant bugs (Miridae) to sticky traps. Furthermore, we used surveillance cameras to record the identity of natural enemies attracted to MeSA and measure their predation rate. Video recordings showed that MeSA lures increase visitation by adult lady beetles, adult hoverflies, and predatory mites to sentinel eggs, and predation of these eggs doubled compared to no-lure controls. Our data indicate that MeSA lures increase predator attraction, resulting in increased predation; thus, we provide evidence that attraction to HIPVs can increase natural enemy functioning in an agro-ecosystem.

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Yang, Lijun, Qingsheng Zhu, Jinlong Huang, Dongdong Cheng, and Cheng Zhang. "Natural Neighbor Reduction Algorithm for Instance-based Learning." International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence 10, no. 4 (October 2016): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcini.2016100103.

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Instance reduction is aimed at reducing prohibitive computational costs and the storage space for instance-based learning. The most frequently used methods include the condensation and edition approaches. Condensation method removes the patterns far from the decision boundary and do not contribute to better classification accuracy, while edition method removes noisy patterns to improve the classification accuracy. In this paper, a new hybrid algorithm called instance reduction algorithm based on natural neighbor and nearest enemy is presented. At first, an edition algorithm is proposed to filter noisy patterns and smooth the class boundaries by using natural neighbor. The main advantage of the algorithm is that it does not require any user-defined parameters. Then, using a new condensation method based on nearest enemy to reduce instances far from decision line. Through this algorithm, interior instances are discarded. Experiments show that the hybrid approach effectively reduces the number of instances while achieves higher classification accuracy along with competitive algorithms.

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Keerthi, M. C., R. K. Sharma, Sachin S. Suroshe, and S. R. Sinha. "Ecological engineering in cauliflower for aphid management." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 7 (October 6, 2020): 1356–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i7.105621.

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Because of high-value, the crops like Brassica have very low pest-damage thresholds, natural enemies alone are unlikely to replace use of high cost insecticides. However, conservation of natural enemy population is possible by avoiding or applying insecticides at reduced rates and use of habitat manipulation techniques such as ecological engineering, used in the present research work. The selected flower crops apart from hosting natural enemy it is also an alternate source of income to farmers. Among the intercrops, cineraria flower crop reported with less number of aphids and even attracted more number of syrphids as well as coccinellids can be exploited to use as intercrop.

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Razavi, Nooshin, and Kamal Ahmadi. "Compatibility assessment between four ethanolic plant extracts with a bug predator Orius horvathi (Reuter) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) used for controlling the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)." Journal of Plant Protection Research 56, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2016-0015.

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AbstractThe western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) attacks a large number of crop plants. The current insecticides have caused resistance in insects and have caused outbreaks of thrips. In many instances, alternative methods of insect management and natural products, offer adequate pest control and pose fewer hazards. Several species of minute pirate bugs of the genus Orius play a significant role in the biological control of a large number of thrips species, such as F. occidentalis. In this study, the insecticidal activity of four ethanolic plant extracts (Cercis siliquastrum L., Calendula officinalis L., Peganum harmala L., Melia azedarach L.) in integration with Orius horvathi (Reuter) were evaluated for controlling F. occidentalis. The present research aimed to find plant extracts with a good impact on F. occidentalis but which have fewer side effects on O. horvathi. The results showed that P. harmala extract can be considered compatible with the natural enemy for controlling thrips. When the predatory bugs O. horvathi, were released three days after P. harmala extract spraying, the integration was more effective. While the P. harmala plant extract plays an important role in thrips control, it is necessary to consider the specified time interval between the application of the P. harmala plant extract and the release of the O. horvathi predatory bugs. The ethanolic extract of M. azedarach caused a balance between the pest population and the natural enemy. This result is very important in an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program because this ethanolic extract of M. azedarach had lower side effects on the natural enemy. This means that an integration of plant derived chemicals and the natural enemy, O. horvathi, can effectively control thrips.

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LU, Wen-Yan, Xue-Feng QIN, and Kai-Shu DU. "Dynamics of pest and natural enemy community in wheat field." Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture 18, no. 1 (January 19, 2010): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1011.2010.00111.

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45

Sujii, Edison Ryoiti, Maria Alice Garcia, Eliana Maria Gouveia Fontes, and Robert James O'Neil. "Pachycondyla obscuricornis as natural enemy of the spittlebug Deois flavopicta." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 39, no. 6 (June 2004): 607–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2004000600014.

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The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential control of the ant Pachycondyla obscuricornis Emery (Hymenoptera Formicidae) on populations of nymphs of the spittlebug, Deois flavopicta Stal (Hemiptera Cercopidae). Foraging behavior and prey consumption rate of P. obscuricornis were evaluated. Field data revealed that P. obscuricornis does not show aggressive behavior against individuals of the same species, when they are not carrying a prey; they can patrol distances larger than 10 m searching for prey, and they can build their nest as close as 1 m from each other. The ant has a solitary patrolling habit, there is no recruitment behavior, and individuals dislocate fast, browsing on soil and vegetation for prey. Predation rate on spittlebug nymphs increased relative to the spittlebug abundance, reaching 93.8% of captured prey. Pachycondyla obscuricornis is a voracious predator and may control the population of spittlebugs in cultivated pastures.

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Hall, Richard J. "Intraguild predation in the presence of a shared natural enemy." Ecology 92, no. 2 (February 2011): 352–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/09-2314.1.

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Martin, E. A., B. Reineking, B. Seo, and I. Steffan-Dewenter. "Natural enemy interactions constrain pest control in complex agricultural landscapes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, no. 14 (March 19, 2013): 5534–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1215725110.

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Haddad, Nizar J., Stefan Fuchs, Jehad Haddaden, and Jens-Peter Kopelke. "Record ofSphecophaga vesparumCurtis, a natural enemy ofVespa orientalisin northern Jordan." Zoology in the Middle East 35, no. 1 (January 2005): 114–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09397140.2005.10638117.

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Casagrande, R. A., G. Balme, and B. Blossey. "Rhizedra lutosa, a natural enemy ofPhragmites australis in North America." Estuaries 26, no. 2 (April 2003): 602–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02823735.

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Kaser, Joe M., and Paul J. Ode. "Hidden risks and benefits of natural enemy-mediated indirect effects." Current Opinion in Insect Science 14 (April 2016): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2016.02.004.

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