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Статті в журналах з теми "Anas Platyrhynchos"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 20 лютого 2023

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1

Zhang, Yong, Pengfei Wang, Liuqing Yang, Yanbin Liu, Yuping Lu, and Xiaokang Zhu. "Novel Swarm Intelligence Algorithm for Global Optimization and Multi-UAVs Cooperative Path Planning: Anas Platyrhynchos Optimizer." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (July 14, 2020): 4821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144821.

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In this study, a novel type of swarm intelligence algorithm referred as the anas platyrhynchos optimizer is proposed by simulating the cluster action of the anas platyrhynchos. Starting from the core of swarm intelligence algorithm, on the premise of the use of few parameters and ease in implementation, the mathematical model and algorithm flow of the anas platyrhynchos optimizer are given, and the balance between global search and local development in the algorithm is ensured. The algorithm was applied to a benchmark function and a cooperative path planning solution for multi-UAVs as a means of testing the performance of the algorithm. The optimization results showed that the anas platyrhynchos optimizer is more superior in solving optimization problems compared with the mainstream intelligent algorithm. This study provides a new idea for solving more engineering problems.

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2

Tu, Yong Gang, and Yan Zhao. "Determination of Multi-Element in Egg of Poyang Lake Anas platyrhynchos by ICP-AES." Advanced Materials Research 605-607 (December 2012): 882–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.605-607.882.

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The contents of inorganic elements such as Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, P, Pb, Zn, Se and Sr in egg of Poyang Lake anas platyrhynchos were determined by using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The recoveries obtained by the standard addition method ranged between 84.4%-113.7%, and RSDs were lower than 8.02%. The measuring method provided better accuracy and precision. The determination results showed that the egg of Poyang lake anas platyrhynchos was rich in essential inorganic elements, and the contents of most of the inorganic elements in yolk were higher than protein. The contents of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in edible part of anas platyrhynchos egg were higher than Sheldrake, while the contents of Ca, P and Mg were less than Sheldrake. The contents of Ca, P, and Mg in anas platyrhynchos eggshell were less than Sheldrake

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3

Faragó, Sándor, Ferenc Jánoska, Péter Pál Hajas, and Gyula Kovács. "TŐKÉS RÉCE (Anas platyrhynchos) FAJKEZELÉSI TERVE MAGYARORSZÁGON = MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR MALLARD (Anas platyrhynchos) IN HUNGARY." Magyar Vízivad Közlemények 28 (2016): 115–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17242/mvvk_28.04.

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4

Oguntunji, A. O., AC Adeola, A. Makram, W. PB Putra, and L. O. Oriye. "Phenotypic characterization of the Nigerian Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos)." Indian Journal of Poultry Science 55, no. 3 (2020): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8180.2020.00031.8.

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5

Grosselet, Manuel, and John M. Focey. "Registro de Carpodacus cassini y Anas platyrhynchos diazi en Oaxaca, México." Huitzil Revista Mexicana de Ornitología 3, no. 1 (October 7, 2022): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.28947/hrmo.2002.3.1.10.

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Se reportan los registros de Carpodacus cassinii y Anas platyrhynchos diazi para Oaxaca, México. Los días 9 y 10 de enero de 2001 se observaron 28 individuos de Carpodacus cassinii en la comunidad de Cuajimoloyas, Sierra Norte de Oaxaca (3100 msnm). Por otra parte, del 30 de marzo al 25 de abril de 2001 se observó un individuo de Anas platyrhynchos diazi en la presa Piedra Azul, Teotitlán del Valle (1700 msnm).

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6

Wereha, Tyler J., and L. James Shapiro. "Examining the preferences of broods of mallard ducklings, Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos." Animal Behaviour 78, no. 4 (October 2009): 865–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.07.008.

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7

Burgess, Elizabeth C. "EXPERIMENTAL INOCULATION OF MALLARD DUCKS (ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS PLATYRHYNCHOS)WITH BORRELIA BURGDORFERI." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 25, no. 1 (January 1989): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-25.1.99.

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8

Li, H. F., W. Q. Zhu, W. T. Song, J. T. Shu, W. Han, and K. W. Chen. "Molecular genetic diversity and origin of Chinese domestic duck breeds." Archives Animal Breeding 53, no. 5 (October 10, 2010): 609–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-53-609-2010.

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Abstract. The 667 bp control region of mitochondrial DNA from 8 representative domestic duck breeds in China, which were all native preserved duck breeds, and a mallard (6 Anas zonorhyncha individuals) were sequenced. The genetic polymorphism and the origin of the 8 domestic ducks were analysed. The result showed that the haplotype diversity (Hd) and average nucleotide diversity (Pi) were 0.67136 and 0.19 %, respectively. Hd and Pi of Youxian Sheldrake were the highest in the 8 domestic duck breeds. Kimura-2 parameter genetic distance between the breeds ranged from 0.00056 to 0.00414. The NJ phylogenetic tree and reduced median-joining network chart were constructed by the total 38 haplotypes and 96 sequences, which included 12 sequences of Anas platyrhynchos from GenBank, 6 sequences of Anas zonorhyncha from GenBank and 78 sequences of this study (72 domestic ducks and 6 Anas zonorhyncha). The maternal origin of the 8 domestic ducks all originated from Anas platyrhynchos.

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9

Weidmann, Uli. "Verhaltensstudien an der Stockente (Anas platyrhynchos L.)." Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 13, no. 2 (April 26, 2010): 208–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1956.tb01672.x.

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10

Weidmann, Uli. "Verhaltensstudien an der Stodkente (Anas platyrhynchos L.)." Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 15, no. 3 (April 26, 2010): 277–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1958.tb00567.x.

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11

Aysun ÇEVİK ; HAZIROĞLU, DEMİRKAN. "Ördekte (Anas platyrhynchos) patella’nın makro-anatomik yapısı." Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 50, no. 1 (2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1501/vetfak_0000000308.

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12

Sterner, Mauritz C., and Larry Stackhouse. "Parasitic Ulcerative Ventriculitis in Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 23, no. 4 (October 1987): 680–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-23.4.680.

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13

Rexstad, Eric A., and David R. Anderson. "Heterogeneous survival rates of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 10 (October 1, 1992): 1878–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-256.

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Анотація:

We analyzed data of adult mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) banded throughout North America during the past 30 years, using a model developed to estimate heterogeneity in survival rates of marked individuals. The model incorporating heterogeneity in survival rates was often the most parsimonious model for the data sets analyzed, thus constituting an advancement over previous band-recovery models. Likelihood-ratio tests indicated that significant amounts of heterogeneity existed in the data sets analyzed. We were unable to detect significant differences in heterogeneity between sexes or between birds banded prior to the hunting season (July–September) and after the hunting season (January–February) in the same areas. Heterogeneity varied widely among banding areas. Changes in reporting rates confound the estimation of heterogeneity. Adjustment of estimates of heterogeneity for differences in recovery rates in the first year after banding and subsequent years results in lower estimates of heterogeneity for mallards. Coefficients of variation of survival rates for adult mallards, adjusted for variation in recovery rates, varied from 18 to 25%.

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14

Ganorkar, A. G., and N. V. Kurkure. "Bilateral seminoma in a duck(Anas platyrhynchos)." Avian Pathology 27, no. 6 (December 1998): 644–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079459808419397.

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15

Higgins, D. A. "Precipitating antibodies of the duck (Anas platyrhynchos)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 93, no. 1 (January 1989): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(89)90227-7.

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16

Lindgren, Cory John, Angie Lombardi, Terry J. Buss, and L. James Shapiro. "Effects of multiple experimenters on attachment behavior of mallard ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos)." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 26, no. 3 (September 1988): 273–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03337309.

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17

Firdous, A. D. "Caecal Development in Kuttanad Duck (Anas Platyrhynchos Domesticus)." IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science 1, no. 2 (2012): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2380-0121316.

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18

Wójcik, Ewa, and Elżbieta Smalec. "Description of the Mallard Duck (Anas platyrhynchos) Karyotype." Folia Biologica 55, no. 3 (June 29, 2007): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3409/173491607781492588.

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19

Schott, Renée. "Surgical Repair of Ankyloblepharon in Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)." Wildlife Rehabilitation Bulletin 26, no. 2 (December 31, 2008): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.53607/wrb.v26.151.

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Анотація:

Congenital and acquired ankyloblepharon (complete fusion of the upper and lower eyelids) have been documented in birds (Buyukmihci et al 1990; Pinard et al 2006). Surgical repair of ankyloblepharon in cockatiels (Nymphicus spp.) has been reported as unsuccessful in four cases of presumed congenital origin and successful in one case of acquired ankyloblepharon (Buyukmihci et al 1990; Pinard et al 2006). Two mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) with ankyloblepharon were treated with surgical reconstruction of the eyelids to restore bilateral vision. The first mallard presented as a one–week old orphan. Physical exam findings were normal except for a small amount of mucopurulent discharge from the left eye. Surgical reconstruction of the eyelids was performed successfully, with signs of wound contracture two weeks post–operatively, but no further closure at the three–week recheck. A full thickness corneal scar, anterior synechia, and small cataract were noted during surgery that suggest trauma as a cause for the ankyloblepharon. The second mallard presented with ankyloblepharon of unknown etiology. The first surgical reconstruction was unsuccessful, however a second attempt, using a more rigorous surgical eyelid excision, was successful with no further closure of the palpebral fissure at follow–up two months later. Moderate pododermatitis was successfully treated using systemic antibiotics and Collasate (PRN Pharmacal, Pensacola, FL) regimen.

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20

Yamashita, Runa, Yumiko Kagawa, and Koji Nishifuji. "Malignant Melanoma in a Duck (Anas platyrhynchos domestica)." Japanese Journal of Veterinary Dermatology 16, no. 2 (2010): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2736/jjvd.16.67.

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21

Greenwood, Hamilton, Robert G. Clark, and Patrick J. Weatherhead. "Condition bias of hunter-shot mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 3 (March 1, 1986): 599–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-088.

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We tested the hypothesis that hunters using decoys disproportionately shot ducks in poor condition. We compared weights of 316 hunter-shot mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) with those of 156 mallards we collected by jump or pass shooting at a roost. Data were subdivided by age, sex, and sampling period. In support of the hypothesis, in 11 of 12 comparisons, hunter-shot ducks weighed less than ducks collected at the roost and those differences were significant for five of the seven largest samples. Also consistent with the hypothesis, weights of hunter-shot birds were less variable than weights of birds collected at the roost in 9 of 12 comparisons. Through the fall collection period, the mean weight of ducks shot by hunters remained constant, while the weight of ducks sampled at the roost increased by 5.4%. Our results support the argument that caution must be exercised when using data from hunter-shot waterfowl for management programs based on band-recovery analysis or for any other purpose for which a condition bias could influence the interpretation of those data.

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22

Arnold, Todd W., James H. Devries, and David W. Howerter. "Factors That Affect Renesting in Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)." Auk 127, no. 1 (January 2010): 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/auk.2009.09028.

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23

Buteler, David G., and John X. Wilson. "Cardiovascular function in adrenalectomized pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 81, no. 2 (January 1985): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(85)90147-1.

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24

Pigozzi, M. I., and L. del Priore. "Meiotic recombination analysis in female ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)." Genetica 144, no. 3 (April 26, 2016): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10709-016-9899-9.

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25

Denk, Angelika G., and Bart Kempenaers. "Testosterone and testes size in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)." Journal of Ornithology 147, no. 3 (December 3, 2005): 436–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-005-0031-7.

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26

Journal, Baghdad Science. "The pathological changes of the digestive system for Anas platyrhychos in Baghdad and Kut in Iraq which infectel with platyhelminthes and nematodes." Baghdad Science Journal 1, no. 2 (June 6, 2004): 190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.1.2.190-194.

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A total of 247 Mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos L.) from Baghdad and Kut were examined for the Cestodes Diorchis stefanskii Sobolevicanthes gracilis; Hymenolepis mastigopraditae and the Nematode Amidostomum acutum in the first time in Iraq . Among these , 151 birds were found infected by these helminthes It has been found small nodules on the external surface of the intestine , Ulceration of mucosa inflammatory infiltrate , Oedemats changes and hyperplasia in the section of infected intestine were noticed.

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27

Hemnani, Mahima, David Rodrigues, Nuno Santos, Sergio Santos-Silva, Maria Ester Figueiredo, Pedro Henriques, Joana Ferreira-e-Silva, et al. "Molecular Detection and Characterization of Coronaviruses in Migratory Ducks from Portugal Show the Circulation of Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus." Animals 12, no. 23 (November 25, 2022): 3283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12233283.

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Coronaviruses (CoVs) are part of the Coronaviridae family, and the genera Gamma (γ) and Delta (δ) are found mostly in birds. Migratory birds have an enormous potential for dispersing pathogenic microorganisms. Ducks (order Anseriformes) can host CoVs from birds, with pathogenic expression and high economic impact. This study aimed to identify and characterize the diversity of CoVs in migratory ducks from Portugal. Duck stool samples were collected using cloacal swabs from 72 individuals (Anas platyrhynchos, Anas acuta, and Anas crecca). Among the 72 samples tested, 24 showed amplicons of the expected size. Twenty-three were characterized as Gammacoronavirus and one as Deltacoronavirus (accession numbers ON368935-ON368954; ON721380-ON721383). The Gammacoronaviruses sequences showed greater similarities to those obtained in ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) from Finland and Poland, Anas crecca duck from the USA, and mute swans from Poland. Birds can occupy many habitats and therefore play diverse ecological roles in various ecosystems, especially given their ability to migrate exceptional distances, facilitating the dispersal of microorganisms with animal and/or human impact. There are a considerable number of studies that have detected CoVs in ducks, but none in Portugal. The present study assessed the circulation of CoVs in wild ducks from Portugal, being the first description of CoVs for these animals in Portugal.

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28

Krementz, David G., Daniel B. Stotts, Grey W. Pendleton, James E. Hines, and Vernon Stotts. "Comparative productivity of American black ducks and mallards nesting on Chesapeake Bay islands." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 2 (February 1, 1992): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-035.

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We estimated laying dates, clutch sizes, and nest success rates of sympatrically breeding populations of American black ducks (Anas rubripes) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) on Chesapeake Bay islands between 1986 and 1989. Neither average laying date nor clutch size differed between black ducks and mallards. Nest success rates were higher for mallards in 2 of 4 years, but were area dependent.

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29

Kopij, Grzegorz. "Distribution and numbers of waterbird species breeding in the city of Wrocław." Acta Musei Silesiae, Scientiae Naturales 69, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cszma-2020-0013.

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Abstract During the years 2003-2010, the numbers of pairs of waterbird species breeding in the city of Wrocław (293 km2) were assessed. The city is situated in Odra valley, where four smaller rivers join it. The city abandons in oxbows, gravel and sand, and clay pits and other water bodies. In total, 20 waterbird species were recorded as breeding in Wrocław. The most common were Anas platyrhynchos (145-212 pairs), and Fulica atra (70-104 pairs). Relatively common were also the Gallinula chloropus (28-37 pairs), Rallus aquaticus (9-25 pairs) and Cygnus olor (9-11 pairs). For each remaining species less than 10 pairs were recorded. Among rare species, the following were recorded as breeding in Wrocław: Grus grus, Mergus merganser, and Porzana porzana. In the few recent decades, the increase in the number of breeding pairs was recorded for Anas platyrhynchos and Cygnus olor; while a parallel decrease was recorded for Fulica atra, Gallunula chloropus, Chroicocephalus ridibudnus, and Tachybaptus ruficollis. Species such as the Aythya fuligula, Aythya ferrina, grebes, gulls and terns avoid the city. Some of them even ceased to breed (Anas quarquedula, Anas clypeata and Botaurus stellaris). The city plays an important role in protecting water bird species such as Grus grus, Cygnus olor, Porzana porzana and Alcedo atthis.

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30

Evans, Erika E., Michael P. Jones, Amanda J. Crews, and Kim Newkirk. "Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis in a Mallard Duck (Anas platyrhynchos)." Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 26, no. 1 (March 2012): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1647/2010-045.1.

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31

Henry-Guyot, Eugénie, Isabelle Langlois, Isabelle Lanthier, and Dipl ACVP. "Tracheal Collapse in a Pekin Duck (Anas platyrhynchos domestica)." Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 30, no. 4 (December 2016): 364–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1647/2015-124.

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32

., Debra L. Miller, Josh Hatkin ., Zaher A. Radi ., and Michael J. Mauel . "An Escherichia Coli Epizootic in Captive Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)." International Journal of Poultry Science 3, no. 3 (February 15, 2004): 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2004.206.210.

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33

KLINT, THORSTEN. "WING MOULT AND BREEDING OF FEMALE MALLARD ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS." Ibis 124, no. 3 (April 3, 2008): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1982.tb03779.x.

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34

Homer, B. L., and M. W. Riggs. "Cranial Teratomas in Two Domestic Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus)." Avian Diseases 35, no. 4 (October 1991): 994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1591642.

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35

BRUSH, ALAN H. "STRUCTURAL ASPECTS OF THE SPECULUM OF MALLARD ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS." Ibis 120, no. 4 (June 28, 2008): 523–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1978.tb06818.x.

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36

Huang, Y. H., N. Li, D. W. Burt, and F. Wu. "Genomic research and applications in the duck (Anas platyrhynchos)." World's Poultry Science Journal 64, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 329–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004393390800007x.

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37

Palmieri, C., M. Romanucci, P. Loi, and L. Della Salda. "Abdominal Teratoma in a Domestic Duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus)." Journal of Comparative Pathology 146, no. 1 (January 2012): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.11.160.

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38

Ding, Fang, Qing-qing Li, Le Li, Chao Gan, Xin Yuan, Hua Gou, Hua He, Chun-chun Han, and Ji-wen Wang. "Isolation, culture and differentiation of duck (Anas platyrhynchos) preadipocytes." Cytotechnology 67, no. 5 (April 3, 2014): 773–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10616-014-9715-2.

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39

Wooten, Kimberly J., Bryson E. Finch, and Philip N. Smith. "Embryotoxicity of Corexit 9500 in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)." Ecotoxicology 21, no. 3 (November 22, 2011): 662–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10646-011-0822-y.

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40

Aysun ÇEVİK ; HAZIROĞLU, DEMİRKAN. "Air sacs (Sacci pneumatici) in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)." Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 50, no. 1 (2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1501/vetfak_0000000067.

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41

Wojcinski, Zbigniew W., Helen S. J. Wojcinski, Ian K. Barker, and Norval W. King. "Cutaneous Herpesvirus Infection in a Mallard Duck (Anas platyrhynchos)." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 27, no. 1 (January 1991): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-27.1.129.

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42

Evans, Christopher S., and Stephen J. Gaioni. "Perception of Distress Calls in Mallard Ducklings (Anas Platyrhynchos)." Behaviour 99, no. 3-4 (1986): 250–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853986x00577.

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AbstractThree experiments examined mallard ducklings' perception of conspecific distress calls, as measured by their tendency to alternate their own vocalizations with tape-recorded test calls. This alternation response involved a duckling inhibiting its own calls during the tape-recorded stimuli, and then calling during the interstimulus intervals. 1. In Experiments 1 and 2, when ducklings were tested with calls having note periods that were substantially shorter or longer than the normal note period for distress calls, they showed a significant decrement in their call alternation response. The effects of shortening and lengthening note period, however, were not symmetrical: shortening note period by a given amount had a greater effect on responding than lengthening note period by that same amount. This response asymmetry may be due to a selection pressure operating to enable ducklings to discriminate between distress calls and another conspecific vocalization, contentment calls, which have shorter note periods than distress calls. 2. Experiment 3 examined the effect on ducklings of simultaneously manipulating two acoustic features known to be important for duckling recognition of distress calls: the temporal patterning of the notes within the call, and the frequency sweep found at the end of each distress note. Ducklings tested with a call having both a shortened note period, and the terminal frequency sweep removed from each note, displayed a significantly worse alternation response than ducklings tested with calls having either shortened note periods, or deleted frequency sweeps, but not both. The ducklings in the latter two treatments, in turn, had a significantly worse alternation response than ducklings tested with a normal call. Thus, the effects of manipulating these two acoustic features summated. 3. These results are consistent with a model of auditory perception in mallard ducklings in which recognition of a species-typical call depends on the summation of outputs from a set of perceptual filters each tuned to a specific acoustic feature of the call. Experiments are currently in progress to examine whether this model can be applied to mallard duckling perception of a second species-typical vocalization, the duckling contentment call.

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43

Weidmann, Uli. "Plumage Quality and Mate Choice in Mallards (Anas Platyrhynchos)." Behaviour 115, no. 1-2 (1990): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853990x00329.

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AbstractThe suspected relevance of plumage quality of drakes for the choice of mates by ducks has been confirmed in a series of experiments. Drakes were ranked according to the extent of naturally occurring blemishes (deviations from the plumage of an ideal drake) and introduced, two at a time, to a resident group of female "adjudicators", who would choose drakes by following one of them and/or by performing aggressive acts against one or both. We could predict the outcome in almost every case. In other experiments we could influence female choice by making attractive drakes ugly or unattractive ones more beautiful by means of staining and bleaching. The success in these experiments of isolating the effects of plumage quality from the many other factors which usually influence mate choice in females was a consequence of the drakes' apparent lack of interest in the females to whose pen they were introduced for a short time only. When several females chose the same good looking male, intense rivalry and aggressive behaviour occurred among the females. The possible effect of such rivalry on female mate choice was briefly examined; it appeared to be unimportant in our experiments.

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44

Tirelli, E., N. Maestrini, S. Govoni, E. Catelli, and R. Serra. "Lead Contamination in the Mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos ) in Italy." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 56, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): 729–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001289900107.

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45

Martin, Graham R. "Total panoramic vision in the mallard duck,Anas platyrhynchos." Vision Research 26, no. 8 (January 1986): 1303–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(86)90112-4.

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46

Rees, A., S. Harvey, and J. G. Phillips. "Transitory corticosterone responses of ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) to exercise." General and Comparative Endocrinology 59, no. 1 (July 1985): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-6480(85)90423-x.

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47

Kooloos, J. G. M., and G. A. Zweers. "Mechanics of drinking in the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos, anatidae)." Journal of Morphology 199, no. 3 (March 1989): 327–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051990308.

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48

Shirafuji, Hiroaki, Katsushi Kanehira, Masanori Kubo, Tomoyuki Shibahara, and Tsugihiko Kamio. "Experimental West Nile Virus Infection in Aigamo Ducks, a Cross Between Wild Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) and Domestic Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos var. domesticus)." Avian Diseases 53, no. 2 (June 2009): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/8504-102708-reg.1.

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49

Shirafuji, Hiroaki, Katsushi Kanehira, Masanori Kubo, Tomoyuki Shibahara, and Tsugihiko Kamio. "Experimental West Nile Virus Infection in Aigamo Ducks, A Cross between Wild Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) and Domestic Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos var. domesticus)." Avian Diseases Digest 4, no. 2 (June 2009): e11-e12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/8863.1.

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50

Rattner, Barnett A., W. James Fleming, and Christine M. Bunck. "COMPARATIVE TOXICITY OF LEAD SHOT IN BLACK DUCKS (ANAS RUBRIPES) AND MALLARDS (ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS)." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 25, no. 2 (April 1989): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-25.2.175.

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