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Статті в журналах з теми "Analysis of organic-inorganic systems by APT"
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Pandey, Bharat Chandra, and Dr Sangita Gupta. "Effectiveness of Algae in Wastewater Treatment Systems." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): 520–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46241.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) play important role in determining the quality of wastewater. Hence it is necessary to calculate COD and BOD of water before setting up of wastewater treatment plant. Algae has been used for decades for various purposes. It is one of the important characteristics is to nitrogen, phosphorus etc., which are harmful for drinking and other purposes but they act as food for algae. Thus in this study COD and BOD analysis is done for sterilized and non-sterilized wastewater after and before treating it with algae in inverse fluidization under aerobic condition, for different time interval and found that percentage reduction in COD and BOD for sterilized wastewater gives greater value than non-sterilized water the reason for this difference being the decrease in the competition between algae and other micro-organism which are present in raw wastewater and COD % reduction is 65-70 % and BOD % reduction is 68.75- 70.5%.Organic and inorganic substances which are released into the environment as a result of domestic, agricultural and industrial water activities lead to pollution.
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Vu, Diep, Shaokai Gao, Tyler Berte, Mary Kacarab, Qi Yao, Kambiz Vafai, and Akua Asa-Awuku. "External and internal cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) mixtures: controlled laboratory studies of varying mixing states." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 8 (August 8, 2019): 4277–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4277-2019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Changes in aerosol chemical mixtures modify cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity. Previous studies have developed CCN models and validated changes in external and internal mixing state with ambient field data. Here, we develop an experimental method to test and validate the CCN activation of known aerosol chemical composition with multicomponent mixtures and varying mixing states. CCN activation curves consisting of one or more activation points are presented. Specifically, simplified two-component systems of varying hygroscopicity were generated under internal, external, and transitional mixing conditions. κ-Köhler theory predictions were calculated for different organic and inorganic mixtures and compared to experimentally derived kappa values and respective mixing states. This work employs novel experimental methods to provide information on the shifts in CCN activation data due to external to internal particle mixing from controlled laboratory sources. Results show that activation curves consisting of single and double activation points are consistent with internal and external mixtures, respectively. In addition, the height of the plateau at the activation points is reflective of the externally mixed concentration in the mixture. The presence of a plateau indicates that CCN activation curves consisting of multiple inflection points are externally mixed aerosols of varying water-uptake properties. The plateau disappears when mixing is promoted in the flow tube. At the end of the flow tube experiment, the aerosols are internally mixed and the CCN activated fraction data can be fit with a single-sigmoid curve. The technique to mimic externally to internally mixed aerosol is applied to non-hygroscopic carbonaceous aerosol with organic and inorganic components. To our knowledge, this work is the first to show controlled CCN activation of mixed non-hygroscopic soot with hygroscopic material as the aerosol population transitions from externally to internally mixed states in laboratory conditions. Results confirm that CCN activation analysis methods used here and in ambient data sets are robust and may be used to infer the mixing state of complex aerosol compositions of unknown origin.
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Calsolaro, Federica, Katia Martina, Elisa Borfecchia, Fernando Chávez-Rivas, Giancarlo Cravotto та Gloria Berlier. "β-Cyclodextrin-Silica Hybrid: A Spatially Controllable Anchoring Strategy for Cu(II)/Cu(I) Complex Immobilization". Catalysts 10, № 10 (27 вересня 2020): 1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10101118.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The development of new strategies for spatially controllable immobilization has encouraged the preparation of novel catalysts based on the organic-inorganic hybrid concept. In the present paper, a Cu-based multi-structured silica catalyst has been prepared and fully characterized. The inclusion of Cu(II) in β-cyclodextrins has been exploited with the double aim to stabilize the metal and to act as a source of Cu(I) catalytic sites. Multi-technique characterization by infrared, UV-visible, electron microscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopies of the fresh and exhaust catalysts provided information on the local structure, redox properties and stability of the investigated hybrid systems. The catalytic system showed that copper nanospecies were dispersed on the support and hardly affected by the catalytic tests, confirming the stabilizing effect of β-CD, and likely of the N1-(3-Trimethoxysilylpropyl) diethylenetriamine spacer, as deduced by X-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis. Overall, we demonstrate a feasible approach to efficiently anchor Cu(II) species and to obtain a reusable single-site hybrid catalyst well suited for Cu(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition.
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Andriulo, Fabrizio, Rodorico Giorgi, Calin Constantin Steindal, Hartmut Kutzke, Susan Braovac, and Piero Baglioni. "Hybrid nanocomposites made of diol-modified silanes and nanostructured calcium hydroxide. Applications to Alum-treated wood." Pure and Applied Chemistry 89, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2016-1014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe alum-treated Viking Age archaeological wooden objects from the Oseberg find have undergone extensive chemical deterioration due to the original conservation treatment, based on alum salts (KAl(SO4)2·12H2O), done in the early 1900s. Today, the artifacts are highly acidic (pH≤2) and fragile; in some cases wood has almost completely lost its structural integrity. Research on conservation methods for these finds is currently underway. In the present study, organic/inorganic multi-functional ‘hybrid systems’ – using propylene glycol modified TEOS and alkaline nanoparticles (Ca(OH)2) – have been engineered to deacidify and consolidate alum-treated wood in a single step. The advantage of using silicon monomer and nano-materials as a starting point resides in their ease of penetration into the wood structure, where silicon monomers subsequently undergo polymerization. Treated samples were investigated using thermal analysis (DTG), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), SEM/EDX and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). Results suggest that in addition to consolidating the wood, alkoxysilanes could act as a bridging agent between remaining lignin and calcium hydroxide nanoparticles.
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Shi, Qingya, Fen Pei, Gary A. Silverman, Stephen C. Pak, David H. Perlmutter, Bing Liu, and Ivet Bahar. "Mechanisms of Action of Autophagy Modulators Dissected by Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Analysis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 8 (April 19, 2020): 2855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21082855.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Autophagy plays an essential role in cell survival/death and functioning. Modulation of autophagy has been recognized as a promising therapeutic strategy against diseases/disorders associated with uncontrolled growth or accumulation of biomolecular aggregates, organelles, or cells including those caused by cancer, aging, neurodegeneration, and liver diseases such as α1-antitrypsin deficiency. Numerous pharmacological agents that enhance or suppress autophagy have been discovered. However, their molecular mechanisms of action are far from clear. Here, we collected a set of 225 autophagy modulators and carried out a comprehensive quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) analysis of their targets using both existing databases and predictions made by our machine learning algorithm. Autophagy modulators include several highly promiscuous drugs (e.g., artenimol and olanzapine acting as activators, fostamatinib as an inhibitor, or melatonin as a dual-modulator) as well as selected drugs that uniquely target specific proteins (~30% of modulators). They are mediated by three layers of regulation: (i) pathways involving core autophagy-related (ATG) proteins such as mTOR, AKT, and AMPK; (ii) upstream signaling events that regulate the activity of ATG pathways such as calcium-, cAMP-, and MAPK-signaling pathways; and (iii) transcription factors regulating the expression of ATG proteins such as TFEB, TFE3, HIF-1, FoxO, and NF-κB. Our results suggest that PKA serves as a linker, bridging various signal transduction events and autophagy. These new insights contribute to a better assessment of the mechanism of action of autophagy modulators as well as their side effects, development of novel polypharmacological strategies, and identification of drug repurposing opportunities.
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Niedek, Christopher R., Fan Mei, Maria A. Zawadowicz, Zihua Zhu, Beat Schmid, and Qi Zhang. "Quantitative chemical assay of nanogram-level particulate matter using aerosol mass spectrometry: characterization of particles collected from uncrewed atmospheric measurement platforms." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 16, no. 4 (February 23, 2023): 955–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-955-2023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Aerosol generation techniques have expanded the utility of aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) for offline chemical analysis of airborne particles and droplets. However, standard aerosolization techniques require relatively large liquid volumes (e.g., several milliliters) and high sample masses that limit their utility. Here we report the development and characterization of a micronebulization AMS (MN-AMS) technique that requires as low as 10 µL of sample and can provide the quantification of the nanogram level of organic and inorganic substances via the usage of an isotopically labeled internal standard (34SO42-). Using standard solutions, the detection limits for this technique were determined at 0.19, 0.75, and 2.2 ng for sulfate, nitrate, and organics, respectively. The analytical recoveries for these species are 104 %, 87 %, and 94 %, respectively. This MN-AMS technique was applied successfully to analyze filter and impactor samples collected using miniature particulate matter (PM) samplers deployable on uncrewed atmospheric measurement platforms, such as uncrewed aerial systems (UASs) and tethered balloon systems (TBSs). Chemical composition of PM samples collected from a UAS field campaign conducted at the Department of Energy's (DOE) Southern Great Plains (SGP) observatory was characterized. The offline MN-AMS data compared well with the in situ PM composition measured by a co-located aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM). In addition, the MN-AMS and ion chromatography (IC) agreed well for measurements of sulfate and nitrate concentrations in the PM extracts. This study demonstrates the utility of combining MN-AMS with uncrewed measurement platforms to provide quantitative measurements of ambient PM composition.
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Bai, Naling, Hanlin Zhang, Shuangxi Li, Xianqing Zheng, Juanqin Zhang, Haiyun Zhang, Sheng Zhou, Huifeng Sun, and Weiguang Lv. "Long-term effects of straw and straw-derived biochar on soil aggregation and fungal community in a rice–wheat rotation system." PeerJ 6 (January 4, 2019): e6171. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6171.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background Soil aggregation is fundamental for soil functioning and agricultural productivity. Aggregate formation depends on microbial activity influencing the production of exudates and hyphae, which in turn act as binding materials. Fungi are also important for improving soil quality and promoting plant growth in a symbiotic manner. There is a scarcity of findings comparing the long-term impacts of different yearly double-crop straw return modes (e.g., straw return to the field and straw-derived biochar return to the field) on soil aggregation and fungal community structure in rice–wheat rotation systems. Methods The effects of 6-year continuous straw and straw-derived biochar amendment on soil physicochemical properties and the fungal community were evaluated in an intensively managed crop rotation system (rice–wheat). Soil samples of different aggregates (macroaggregates, microaggregates, and silt clay) from four different fertilization regimes (control, CK; traditional inorganic fertilization, CF; straw returned to field, CS; straw-derived biochar addition, CB) were obtained, and Illumina MiSeq sequencing analysis of the fungal internal transcribed spacer gene was performed. Results Compared to CF, CS and CB enhanced soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and aggregation in 0–20 and 20–40 cm soil, with CB exhibiting a stronger effect. Additionally, agrowaste addition increased the mean weight diameter and the geometric diameter and decreased the fractal dimension (p < 0.05). Principal coordinates analysis indicated that fertilization management affected fungal community structure and aggregation distribution. In addition, CS increased fungal community richness and diversity, compared to CK, CB decreased these aspects. Ascomycota, unclassified_k_Fungi, and Basidiomycota were the dominant phyla in all soil samples. At the genus level, CB clearly increased fungi decomposing biosolids (Articulospora in macroaggregates in 0–20 cm soil and Neurospora in macroaggregates in 20–40 cm soil); decreased pathogenic fungi (Monographella in macroaggregates and Gibberella in microaggregates in 0–20 cm soil) and CO2-emission-related fungi (Pyrenochaetopsis in microaggregates and silt clay in 0–40 cm soil) (p < 0.05). Straw and biochar with inorganic fertilizer counteracted some of the adverse effects of the inorganic fertilizer with biochar showing better effects than straw.
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Gutowski, Łukasz, Kaja Gutowska, Maria Pioruńska-Stolzmann, Piotr Formanowicz, and Dorota Formanowicz. "Systems Approach to Study Associations between OxLDL and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 16 (August 11, 2019): 3909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20163909.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Although abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a common vascular disease and is associated with high mortality, the full pathogenesis of AAA remains unknown to researchers. Abdominal aortic aneurysms and atherosclerosis are strongly related. Currently, it is more often suggested that development of AAA is not a result of atherosclerosis, however, individual factors can act independently or synergistically with atherosclerosis. One of such factors is low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and its oxidized form (oxLDL). It is known that oxLDL plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, thus, we decided to examine oxLDL impact on the development of AAA by creating two models using Petri-nets. The first, full model, contains subprocess of LDL oxidation and all subprocesses in which it participates, while the second, reduced model, does not contain them. The analysis of such models can be based on t-invariants. They correspond to subprocesses which do not change the state of the modeled system. Moreover, the knockout analysis has been used to estimate how crucial a selected transition (representing elementary subprocess) is, based on the number of excluded subprocesses as a result of its knockout. The results of the analysis of our models show that oxLDL affects 55.84% of subprocesses related to AAA development, but the analysis of the nets based on knockouts and simulation has shown that the influence of oxLDL on enlargement and rupture of AAA is negligible.
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Vilella-Figuerola, Alba, Alex Gallinat, Rafael Escate, Sònia Mirabet, Teresa Padró, and Lina Badimon. "Systems Biology in Chronic Heart Failure—Identification of Potential miRNA Regulators." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23 (December 3, 2022): 15226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315226.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Heart failure (HF) is a complex disease entity with high clinical impact, poorly understood pathophysiology and scantly known miRNA-mediated epigenetic regulation. We have analysed miRNA patterns in patients with chronic HF (cHF) and a sex- and age-matched reference group and pursued an in silico system biology analysis to discern pathways involved in cHF pathophysiology. Twenty-eight miRNAs were identified in cHF that were up-regulated in the reference group, and eight of them were validated by RT-qPCR. In silico analysis of predicted targets by STRING protein-protein interaction networks revealed eight cluster networks (involving seven of the identified miRNAs) enriched in pathways related to cell cycle, Ras, chemokine, PI3K-AKT and TGF-β signaling. By ROC curve analysis, combined probabilities of these seven miRNAs (let-7a-5p, miR-107, miR-125a-5p, miR-139-5p, miR-150-5p, miR-30b-5p and miR-342-3p; clusters 1–4 [C:1–4]), discriminated between HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and ischaemic and non-ischaemic aetiology. A combination of miR-107, miR-139-5p and miR-150-5p, involved in clusters 5 and 7 (C:5+7), discriminated HFpEF from HFrEF. Pathway enrichment analysis of miRNAs present in C:1–4 (let-7a-5p, miR-125a-5p, miR-30b-5p and miR-342-3p) revealed pathways related to HF pathogenesis. In conclusion, we have identified a differential signature of down-regulated miRNAs in the plasma of HF patients and propose novel cellular mechanisms involved in cHF pathogenesis.
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Mamedov, R. A., M. A. Allanazarova, R. R. Sagdeev, and T. N. Suyunbaev. "Formation conditions and evolution of the oil and gas strata of the prospective East Siberian oil and gas province." Proceedings of higher educational establishments. Geology and Exploration, no. 1 (June 22, 2022): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-1-38-49.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction. East Siberian Sea shelf refers to the Novosibirsk-Chukotka prospective oil and gas province. The definition of the East Siberian shelf as a prospective oil and gas province and its division into areas is based, along with the structural and geological prerequisites, on the identification of numerous bitumen occurrences in the Paleozoic, Triassic and Jurassic sediments of the Novosibirsk Islands.Aim. To construct spatio-temporal digital models of sedimentary basins and hydrocarbon systems for the main horizons of source rocks, as well as to carry out their detailed analysis based on the available information about the oil and gas content, the gas-chemical composition of sediments, the characteristics of the component composition and evolution of source rocks within the studied prospective oil and gas province. The conducted research made it possible to study regional trends in oil and gas content, features of the sedimentary cover formation and the development of hydrocarbon systems in the area under study.Materials and methods. The materials of production reports obtained for individual large objects in the water area were the source of information. A basin analysis was based on a model developed by the Equinor specialists (Somme et al., 2018) [8, 9], which covered the time period from the Triassic to Paleogene inclusive and took into account the plate-tectonic reconstructions performed by Dor’e et al. in 2015. The resulting model included four main sedimentary complexes: pre-Aptian, Apt-Upper Cretaceous, Paleogene, and Neogene-Quaternary.Results. The calculation of numerical models was carried out in two versions with different types of kerogen of oil and gas source strata corresponding to humic and sapropel organic matter. The key factor in controlling the development of hydrocarbon systems was found to be the sinking rate of the basins and the thickness of the formed overburden complexes.Conclusion. The conducted analysis allowed the most promising research objects to be identified. The main foci of hydrocarbon generation in the Aptian-Late Cretaceous and Paleogene complexes were identified, along with the area of their most probable accumulation. Significant hydrocarbon potential is expected in the Paleogene clinoforms of the Eastern Arctic. This complex is currently underestimated, thus requiring further resource assessment study. A detailed mapping of its interior structure should be carried out.
Дисертації з теми "Analysis of organic-inorganic systems by APT"
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DIALAMEH, MASOUD. "Fabrication and characterization of reference nano and micro structures for 3D chemical analysis." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2742524.
Повний текст джерела
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Maloney, Andrew Gerrard Patrick. "PIXEL analysis of interactions in organic and inorganic systems." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10478.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The PIXEL method has been used for several years to analyse intermolecular interactions in organic crystals. The simplicity and speed of the calculations, along with the breakdown of intermolecular energies into physical contributing terms, mean that it has had a massive influence on the way organic crystal structures are interpreted. In the work done to date, the parameters required to perform a PIXEL calculation have been established for 1st, 2nd and 3rd row transition metals. Using these parameters, lattice energies of several transition metal complexes containing various chemical environments have been calculated and compared to experimental sublimation enthalpies. Straight line parameters for these results have been comparable to work by Gavezzotti, the author of the program, in testing the method for organic crystal structures. In addition to lattice energies, PIXEL gives dimer interaction energies of molecules in a crystal structure. The values of these interactions have been compared to single point DFT energy calculations. PIXEL has shown good agreement with a range of different intermolecular interactions, along with a significant saving in computer time over the higher level calculations. Aside from four empirical parameters, PIXEL requires only fundamental atomic properties such as ionisation potentials, electronegativities and van der Waals radii. For the most part, these values are obtained from standard reference tables and texts with the exception of atomic polarizabilities. This parameter is of great importance as it is used during the calculation of the dispersion term, an interaction which has a major influence on crystal packing. In previous work, atomic polarizabilities have been calculated using either the Slater-Kirkwood approximation or the Clausius-Mossotti relation. Both of these methods are rather simple, and do not account for possible changes in atomic polarizability resulting from differences in chemical environment. The Atoms in Molecules (AIM) approach has been used to attempt to obtain a range of polarizability values for atoms common to organic chemistry. It is observed that in the series of straight chained primary monoamines, Cn-H2n+3N, an alternation in melting points occurs between odd and even values of n. This alternation could be traced to differences in hydrogen-bonding and chain-packing that occur between odd and even-membered amines. Molecular interaction energy calculations were carried out using the PIXEL method, enabling quantitative energetic analysis of the packing differences. In this work, the crystal structures of the primary amines from ethylamine to decylamine were solved for the first time. All of these compounds are liquids at room temperature, so crystals were grown in situ by laser-assisted zone refinement at 10 K below their melting points. Diffraction data were then collected at 150 K. From propylamine to decylamine, all crystal structures are orthorhombic (or pseudo-orthorhomic) with the unit cell dimensions ~5 Ǻ x ~7 Ǻ x c Ǻ, where c increases with chain length. In the case of ethylamine, a phase characterised by single crystal diffraction at 180 K underwent a transition to a different phase on cooling to 150 K. The low-temperature phase was investigated using powder methods.
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Pavan, Giovanni Maria. "Energetic and structural analysis of organic and inorganic systems- the molecular modeling potentiality." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/3444.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
2008/2009The notable progresses achieved in the medical biotechnology research allowed to identify the common genetic origin of many different pathologies. Genes that, for unknown reasons, mutate during the lifetime of the patient synthesize proteins and receptors that lose the control by grow factors. These aberrant proteins are consequently always active and give rise to a series of cascade signals that result in an uncontrolled proliferation of tumor cells. In this framework, the use of small inhibitor molecules to deactivate these proteins, and consequently to block the diseases, constitutes a revolutionary concept that is the base of the “target therapy”. However, during the treatment, patients develop almost unavoidably resistance toward these kind of drugs that is caused by mutations that interest the amino acidic chains of determined tyrosine kinases (i.e. KIT, PDGFRα, etc.). In this thesis we used molecular modelling techniques to gain an insight in the binding between proteins and inhibitors. In particular, we were able to obtain unique information about the interactions that stabilize the complexation, and consequently about the destabilizing effect induced by mutations in the protein and receptor structures. Our data show that different drugs penetrate differently inside the binding site of kinases during the inhibition. Consequently, the efficiency of each inhibitor molecule is strongly dependent on the situation (mutations) presented by each patient. It becomes thus necessary to create a benchmark of responses related to all the most common mutations treated with different drugs. In this direction, molecular simulation can really support clinical scientists in the comprehension of drug resistance phenomena – a virtual microscope, able to provide unique details to cancer research.
I notevoli progressi compiuti dalla ricerca nelle biotecnologie mediche ha permesso di identificare la comune origine genetica di diverse patologie. Geni che, per cause ancora sconosciute, mutano durante la vita del paziente, sintetizzano proteine e recettori che perdono il controllo da parte dei fattori di crescita. Queste proteine aberranti sono di conseguenza sempre attive e generano una serie di segnali “a cascata” che risultano in una proliferazione incontrollata delle cellule tumorali. In questo ambito, l’uso di piccole molecole inibitrici per deattivare queste proteine, bloccando di conseguenza la progressione delle malattie, costituisce il concetto rivoluzionario che sta alla base della terapia a “bersaglio molecolare” (target therapy). Durante il trattamento tuttavia i pazienti sviluppano quasi inevitabilmente una sorta di resistenza nei confronti dei questo tipo di farmaci che è causato dalla comparsa di mutazioni che interessano la catena aminoacidica di determinate chinasi (KIT, PDGFRα, ecc.). In questa tesi sono state utilizzate tecniche di modellistica molecolare per ottenere un’analisi dettagliata del binding tra proteine e inibitori. In particolare, è stato possibile ottenere importanti informazioni sulle interazioni che stabilizzano la complessazione, e di conseguenza sull’effetto destabilizzante generato da mutazioni che compaiono sulla struttura di proteine e recettori. I nostri risultati mostrano che farmaci diversi penetrano differentemente all’interno del sito di binding delle chinasi durante l’inibizione. L’efficienza di ciascun inibitore risulta quindi essere fortemente dipendente dalla situazione (mutazioni) del singolo paziente. Diviene dunque necessaria la creazione di un benchmark contenente i responsi di tutte le più comuni mutazioni trattate con diversi farmaci. In questa direzione, la simulazione molecolare può fornire un supporto reale alla clinica nella comprensione dei fenomeni di resistenza ai farmaci: un microscopio virtuale, capace di fornire dettagli unici alla ricerca sul cancro.
XXII Ciclo
1981
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Gass, Heather Jean. "Analysis of products of the interaction between lime and hydrogen sulfide gas, and analysis of diethylenetriamine in simulated mineral flotation systems." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21553.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis is comprised of two analytical projects: (1) The results of an examination of the blue product formed during the interaction of wet lime with hydrogen sulfide gas are presented. Spectroscopic studies (FT-IR, FT-Raman, visible Raman, ESR, XPS and UV) indicate that the blue color is not due to a detectable impurity in the lime but is most probably a consequence of the formation of various polysulfide species, including S4 2- and S52-, although not the S3- radical. The use of the blue product as a precipitation agent for nickel and zinc in the treatment of acid mine drainage has been explored in a preliminary manner. (2) Diethylenetriamine is employed in the mining industry as a metal complexing agent in mineral flotation. A new analytical method for the determination of the concentration of diethylenetriamine (DETA) in aqueous mineral flotation solutions has been developed which is especially useful for plant situations.
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Matencio, Lloberas Sonia. "An STM/FM-AFM investigation of selected organic and inorganic 2D systems on metallic surfaces." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/347213.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Organic/inorganic interfaces play a key role in organic electronic devices such as organic light emitting diodes (OLED), organic field effect transistors (OFET) and organic solar cells (OSC). In these interfaces crucial processes such as charge injection or extraction take place. Improving the performance of these devices has the potential to result in more efficient sources of lighting, printable electronics, and highly scalable solar energy harvesting. With this aim, a solid understanding at atomic level of the structural and electronic properties of organic/inorganic interfaces is needed.
The research presented in this thesis is based on scanning probe microscopies which are powerful techniques to probe and manipulate the electronic and structure at atomic scale. The structural and electronic properties of selected organic and inorganic 2D systems on metallic surfaces have been investigated by a combined scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and frequency modulation atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM) in ultra-high vacuum conditions and at room temperature. The combination of these local probe techniques permits elucidating the interface structure at atomic level and disentangle electronic from topographic information. Particular attention has been dedicated to the measure and interpretation of the local work function.
Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) is an intrinsic p-type semiconductor. Copper oxide ultrathin films have been suggested to be candidates as low resistance electrodes, catalysts, sensing materials and semiconductor materials for solar cell transformation. However the properties of ultrathin film may differ from those of the bulk material. With the aim of increasing the actual knowledge, an atomic thin film of copper oxide has been grown on Cu(111) by air-enriched argon sputtering plus annealing. Several structures have been found and the local work function has been evaluated by contact potential difference and distance spectroscopies. Its structural and electronic properties are presented in Chapters 5 and 6.
Several organic molecules have been investigated on different surfaces: perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic anhydride (PTCDA), diindenoperylene (DIP) and chloroaluminum phthalocyanine (ClAlPc).
All of them are small pi-conjugated molecules that have been grown by molecular beam deposition and are served as model systems for a basic understanding of organic/inorganic interfaces. The choice of the selected molecules has been motivated by the distinct chemical and physical properties: PTCDA is a perylene derivate molecule with two anhydride end groups that has an electrical quadrupole moment and forms ordered films by hydrogen bonding, ClAlPc is a phthalocyanine that has a dipole moment perpendicular to the pi-plane of the molecule and DIP is another perylene derivate that is composed only by carbon and hydrogen atoms and forms films only by van der Waals interaction. The structural and electronic properties of a monolayer of PTCDA on Si(111)7x7 and AgSi(111) have been studied and are presented in Chapter 7. A monolayer of DIP on the Cu(111) surface and a monolayer and bilayer of ClAlPc on Au(111) are shown in Chapter 8 and Chapter 9, respectively. The final structure of these molecules on the surfaces is a competition between intermolecular and molecule-substrate forces.
In the organic/metal interface many complex processes can occur such as charge transfer, charge rearrangement and push back effect, affecting the work function in a non trivial way what has been evaluated in all the mentioned systems.En los dispositivos basados en semiconductores, las interfases entre material metálico y material semiconductor juegan un papel importante en el funcionamiento final de dichos dispositivos. Algunos ejemplos de dispositivos son las celdas solares, los diodos emisores de luz y los transistores de efecto campo. En las interfases metal/semiconductor se producen muchos de los procesos fundamentales para el correcto funcionamiento de éstos, como la inyección de carga o la separación de excitones. La optimización de dichos procesos requiere un sólido conocimiento a nivel atómico de las interfases desde un punto de vista estructural y electrónico. Por consiguiente, en esta tesis se han estudiado una serie de sistemas bidimensionales orgánicos e inorgánicos crecidos sobre diferentes superficies metálicas mediante microscopía de sonda próxima, una de las técnicas más potentes en el campo de la nanotecnología. Concretamente se ha utilizado un microscopio combinado de efecto túnel (STM) y de fuerzas atómicas (AFM), en condiciones de ultra alto vacío y a temperatura ambiente. Capas delgadas de óxido de cobre (Cu2O) han sido ampliamente utilizadas por sus óptimas propiedades en catálisis y como material semiconductor en celdas solares. Con el fin de estudiar las propiedades estructurales y electrónicas, se han crecido capas ultra delgadas (un átomo de grosor) de Cu2O sobre una superficie de cobre (111). Diferentes técnicas han sido utilizadas para su caracterización estructural y electrónica. Por otro lado, otro de los materiales semiconductores utilizados en el desarrollo de futuras celdas solares son capas finas formadas por moléculas orgánicas semiconductoras. A pesar de que se podrían utilizar muchas moléculas para la fabricación de dispositivos orgánicos, las moléculas pequeñas conjugadas son especialmente interesantes debido al bajo peso molecular, su estabilidad ante la polimerización y ante la descomposición térmica. Dichas moléculas pueden ser sublimadas en condiciones de ultra alto vacío mediante crecimiento epitaxial por haces de moléculas orgánicas. En el transcurso de esta tesis, varias moléculas orgánicas han sido crecidas sobre diferentes superficies metálicas: perileno tetracarboxílico dianhídrido (PTCDA), diindenoperileno (DIP) y ftalocianina de cloro y aluminio (ClAlPc). Su caracterización estructural y la medida e interpretación de la función de trabajo local se han presentado en esta tesis.
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Geron, Liduvino S. "Action research as a framework for systemic and organic change /." View thesis, 1992. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20031201.091619/index.html.
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Thesis (M. Sc.) (Research) Systems Agriculture-- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1992."Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of : Master of Science (Research) Systems Agriculture (1992)" Bibliography: leaves 135-140.
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El, Bakouri El Farri Ouissam. "Electronic structure, chemical bonding, and electronic delocalization of organic and inorganic systems with three-dimensional or excited state aromaticity." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/565444.
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Aromaticity is a key concept in chemistry, used by chemists to explain the structure, stability, and reactivity of many compounds. Aromatic compounds are present in industrial processes as well as in living systems. Initially, the realm of aromatic molecules was limited to cyclic benzenoid systems. Over the years, this concept has been expanded to heterosystems, metal clusters, fullerenes, and more exotic molecules. In this thesis, the analysis of electronic structure, chemical bonding, and electronic delocalization of organic and inorganic systems that possess three-dimensional or excited state aromaticity is studied in detail using state-of-the-art computational tools. We mainly focus our attention on the study of the aromaticity of different polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbons, fullerenes and small inorganic clusters. Yet, we also analyze the chemical bonding of different inorganic clustersL'aromaticitat és un concepte clau en química, utilitzat pels químics per explicar l'estructura, l'estabilitat i la reactivitat de molts compostos. Els compostos aromàtics estan presents tant en els processos industrials com en sistemes vius. Al principi, l’àmbit de les molècules aromàtiques estava limitat a sistemes benzenoids cíclics. Amb el pas del temps, aquest concepte s'ha ampliat a sistemes heterocíclics, clústers metàl·lics, ful·lerens i altres molècules més exòtiques. En aquesta tesi, l'anàlisi de l'estructura electrònica, l'enllaç químic i la deslocalització electrònica de sistemes orgànics i inorgànics que posseeixen aromaticitat tridimensional o en estat excitat són estudiats amb detall utilitzant eines computacionals d'última generació. Ens centrem principalment en l’estudi de l'aromaticitat de diferents hidrocarburs policíclics conjugats, ful·lerens i petits clústers inorgànics. Tanmateix, també analitzem l'enllaç químic dels diferents clústers inorgànics
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Smith, James V. S. "Inorganic hydrogeochemistry, hydrogeology and geology the Stuarts Point aquifer system : a process analysis of the natural occurrences of enriched As(III) and AS(V) in an Australian coastal groundwater system /." 2005. http://www.library.unsw.edu.au/~thesis/adt-NUN/public/adt-NUN20051206.142811/index.html.
Повний текст джерелаКниги з теми "Analysis of organic-inorganic systems by APT"
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Casas, Arturo. Procesos da historiografía literaria galega Para un debate crítico. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-530-8.
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Galician literary historiography shows links and ruptures that refer to the cultural history of Galicia itself and to the sequence of historical events that have delineated the social, economic and political development of the country since the nineteenth century. These coordinates comprise a series of processes, including the elaboration and propagation of ideologies aimed at achieving a way out of political subalternity and oriented towards the horizon of national emancipation. Those events and these processes also marked the connection of Galicia with modernity and the dynamics of historical change. As a result of the above, this book analyses critically the institutionalization processes of the history of Galician literature – with special emphasis on historiographic models such as that of Said Armesto, Carvalho Calero, Méndez Ferrín and others – and indicates the need to undertake a productive methodological innovation of the discipline in heuristic, organic and discursive terms. It further argues that this update should pay attention to substantive theoretical debates, not exclusively of specific cultural coordinates, such as Galician ones or any others that could be considered. Among these, the cooperation between history and sociology, the intellection of literary facts as historical facts, the review of the link between literary history and nation, the public uses of literary history, and the inquiry of discursive choices that promote a less self-indulgent and predictable historiography. This essentially involved a challenge, that of permanent dialogue with some of the most powerful critical reinterpretations of the Galician historiographic tradition and with alternative models constituted from feminist thought, postcolonial theories, the sociology of the literary field or the systemic theories of culture, as well as with the contributions made from a post-national understanding of the literary phenomenon.
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Physics and Chemistry of Finite Systems: From Clusters to Crystals. Springer, 2013.
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Husain, Faisal H. Rivers of the Sultan. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197547274.001.0001.
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Rivers of the Sultan offers a history of the Ottoman Empire’s management of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the early modern period. During the early sixteenth century, a radical political realignment in West Asia placed the reins of the Tigris and Euphrates in the hands of Istanbul. The political unification of the longest rivers in West Asia allowed the Ottoman state to rebalance the natural resource disparity along its eastern frontier. It regularly organized the shipment of grain, metal, and timber from upstream areas of surplus in Anatolia and the Jazira to downstream areas of need in Iraq. This imperial system of waterborne communication, the book argues, created heavily militarized fortresses that anchored the Ottoman presence in Iraq, enabling Istanbul to hold in check foreign and domestic challenges to its authority and to exploit the organic wealth of the Tigris-Euphrates alluvium. From the end of the seventeenth century, the convergence of natural and human disasters transformed the Ottoman Empire’s relationship with its twin rivers. A trend toward provincial autonomy ensued that would localize the Ottoman management of the Tigris and Euphrates and shift its command post from Istanbul to the provinces. By placing a river system at the center of analysis, this book reveals intimate bonds between valley and mountain, water and power in the early modern world.
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Prakash Rai, Dibya, ed. Advanced Materials and Nano Systems: Theory and Experiment (Part-1). BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97898150507451220101.
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The discovery of new materials and the manipulation of their exotic properties for device fabrication is crucial for advancing technology. Nanoscience and the creation of nanomaterials have taken materials science and electronics to new heights for the benefit of mankind. Advanced Materials and Nanosystems: Theory and Experiment cover several topics of nanoscience research. The compiled chapters aim to update students, teachers, and scientists by highlighting modern developments in materials science theory and experiments. The significant role of new materials in future technology is also demonstrated. The book serves as a reference for curriculum development in technical institutions and research programs in the field of physics, chemistry, and applied areas of science like materials science, chemical engineering, and electronics. This part covers 12 topics in these areas: - Carbon and boron nitride nanostructures for hydrogen storage applications - Nanomaterials for retinal implants - Materials for rechargeable battery electrodes - Cost-effective catalysts for ammonia production - The role of nanocomposites in environmental remediation - Optical analysis of organic and inorganic components - Metal-oxide nanoparticles - Mechanical analysis of orthopedic implants - Advanced materials and nanosystems for catalysis, sensing, and wastewater treatment - Topological Nanostructures - Hollow nanostructures
Частини книг з теми "Analysis of organic-inorganic systems by APT"
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Tamura, Norie. "The Third Way of Seed Governance: The Potential of the Seed Commoning in Japan." In Seeds for Diversity and Inclusion, 175–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89405-4_12.
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AbstractAs both material entities and “packages” of genetic information, seeds are a common—a co-managed natural resource—in communities and regions all over the world. In this analysis of Japan’s national potential for a commons approach to seed sovereignty, Norie Tamura looks through the lens of institutional change. In 2017, the revocation of the Main Crop Seeds Act, a law upholding the state-run seed system, triggered a major backlash in Japanese civil society. Many in the movement called for a revival of state control without fully recognizing the part it plays, for instance, in agricultural industrialization. Yet simultaneously, a range of seed commons exist in Japan at the village and prefectural level, as well as through the network maintained by the Japan Organic Agriculture Organization. For seed commoning to spread and consolidate in Japan, Tamura asserts a need for reintegrating the producer–user divide and fostering open communication between seed and civil sectors.
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Johnson, Benjamin. "Advances in Organic Chemistry, Catalysis, and the Chemical Industry." In Making Ammonia, 29–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85532-1_3.
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AbstractAs we saw in the last section, the modern understanding of chemistry began in the second half of the eighteenth century with the advances of Antoine Lavoisier and others, and further contributions from John Dalton and Jöns Jacob Berzelius in the early 1800s. This period saw the emergence of organic chemistry, which, with the help of new conceptual and experimental tools, established itself as a discipline separate from inorganic chemistry over the next half century. The researchers of this period encountered considerable confusion due to the complexities and behavior of organic structures. Aided by increasingly accurate elementary analysis, they nevertheless made significant advances based on the empirical studies of structure chemistry. While these developments, along with other factors, helped the chemical and dye industries make large strides in chemical synthesis, the conceptual and experimental tools did not supply sufficient understanding of chemical systems to enable ammonia synthesis from the elements. Here we will focus on two developments that illustrate the experimentally-based approach to organic chemistry in the 1800s in order to frame the conceptual leap in physical chemistry toward the end of the century that led to Fritz Haber’s breakthrough.
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Morrow, Gary W. "Organic Synthesis in the Laboratory." In Bioorganic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199860531.003.0011.
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The German chemist Friedrich Wöhler is generally credited with the first laboratory synthesis of a known organic compound (urea) from inorganic materials. He accomplished this by the simple heating of an inorganic salt, ammonium cyanate (NH4OCN). “I must tell you,” he wrote to his mentor Jöns Jakob Berzelius in 1828, “that I can prepare urea without requiring a kidney of an animal, either man or dog.” While this report may seem relatively minor given the structural simplicity of urea, its impact was revolutionary. For the first time, the preparation and isolation of an organic compound had been achieved in the absence of the elemental “vital force” of living systems previously believed to be required for the construction of all such compounds. This milestone of 19th century organic chemistry was later followed by many others, including Kolbe’s synthesis of acetic acid in 1847 and Fischer’s synthesis of glucose in 1890. With the support of evolving methods for compound separation, purification, and spectroscopic analysis, rapid advances in the sophistication of organic synthesis followed throughout the 20th century, developing in tandem with an ever-deepening understanding of the underlying organic processes associated with living systems. While it is certainly true that syntheses of many structurally complex unnatural compounds of theoretical interest are also among the most remarkable achievements in synthetic strategy, tactical execution, and perseverance, the realm of natural products remains the dominant source for the most challenging and potentially beneficial targets available for such synthetic efforts. Figure 8.1 shows a small selection of some natural (and unnatural) products which have been produced via synthesis over the years, from Wöhler’s time to the present. Note the increasing levels of structural sophistication and stereochemical complexity that have eventually been mastered by practitioners of organic synthesis. In our own time, the traditional boundaries between organic and biological chemistry are disappearing in ways that are likely to transform the design and synthesis of organic molecules, from the construction of synthetic biologicals designed to act as biomarkers, biosensors, or drug delivery agents, to the development of molecular motors, self-replicating macromolecular systems, and even synthetic life forms.
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Salam, Menaka, and Namdol Nilza. "Hazardous Components of Landfill Leachates and Its Bioremediation." In Soil Contamination [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94890.
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Landfill leachates contain both dissolved and suspended material and may pose a threat to the environment because of the toxic substances that it carries and contaminates surface water and groundwater. They are composed of several different categories of components out of which many of them are recalcitrant and highly toxic. Major components of landfill leachates are dissolved organic compounds, inorganic macro compounds, heavy metals such as copper, lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel etc. and xenobiotic compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls. Complex organic compounds which are released from industrial effluents like perfluorooctanoic acid and benzothiazole are also common in many of the landfill leachates. Biological treatment is a low cost effective method for the treatment of landfill leachates which can act as an accelerator for further treatment by either chemical or physical method. Improved strategies have been developed in the biological treatment of leachates which shows the efficiency of the system. But, as leachate characteristics vary depending on the rainfall and other environmental factors, it is important to first thoroughly analyze the physical and chemical properties of the landfill under study. A combined effort involving proper analysis of the leachate components, monitoring leachate flow, risk assessment, and treatment of the leachate before its release is required to efficiently control its impact to the environment.
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Raspertova, Ilona, and Rostyslav Lampeka. "NITRONE AS LIGANDS: STRUCTURE, PROPERTIES AND FUNCTIONALITY." In Development of scientific, technological and innovation space in Ukraine and EU countries. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-151-0-36.
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This paper aims to analyze and systematize aspects of coordination chemistry of nitrones and the field of application of coordination compounds based of nitrones. Nitrones as a class of organic compounds have been known for a long time. They are used in organic synthesis as starting materials for acyclic compounds and as «spin trapping agents» for studying various processes in biological systems. A significant amount of nitrone derivatives has pharmacological activity and is a part of some drugs. The high electron density on the oxygen atom of the nitronе group promotes the formation of coordination compounds. This property of nitrones is widely used to influence their reactivity. Nitrones can also be potential corrosion inhibitors due to their ability to form stable complexes. But the coordination chemistry of this class of compounds remains poorly studied. The literature describes coordination compounds of metals with aliphatic, six-membered aromatic and some heterocyclic compounds. Analysis of the literature showed that nitronе-based coordination compounds attract considerable attention with their useful properties, in particular: they can affect the passage of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions, act as catalysts in Heck, Kumada and ketone hydrogenation reactions, show antitumor activity against HepG2 cells. The wide range of applications of coordination compounds of nitrones and their small number indicate the ability to generate a significant number of new compounds with new properties.
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"(22) NILSSON, C. (1982). Dust investigations in pig houses. Swedish Uni versity of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Farm Buildings, Di-vison of Farm Building Constructions, Lund. Rapport 25, pp 93. (23) HILLIGER, H.G. (1966). Gravimetrische Staubmessungen in Stallen. Zbl. Vet. Med. B, 13, 698-708. (24) PALOHEIMO, L.T1969). Weender Analyse. In: W. LEMKEIT, K. BREIREM and E. GRASSMANN (Hrsg.). Handbuch der Tierernahrung, Bd. 1, S.164-171, Verlag Parey, Berlin, Hamburg. (25) HELEN, M. (1984). Einige Ursachen fUr die Variationen der Staubkon-zentration im Mastschweinestal1. In: Symposium der Internationalen Gesellschaft fUr Tierhygiene, Hrsg.: Deutsche Veterinarmedizinische GeselIschaft, 28-30. (26) NAKAUE, H.S., J.K. KOELLIKER, D.R. BUHLER and G.H. ARSCOTT (1981). Distribution of inorganic elements in poultry house dust. Poultry Sci. 60, 1386-1391. (27) CERMAK, J.P. and P.A. ROSS (1978). Airborne dust concentrations as sociated with animal housing tasks. Farm Buildg. Progr. 5J_, 11-15. (28) BUNDY, D.S. and E.T. HAZEN (1975). Dust levels in swine confinement systems associated with different feeding methods. Trans. Amer. Soc. Agric. Eng. J8, 137-139. (29) SCHAEFER, J., J.M.H. BEMELMANS and M.C. Ten NOEVER DE BRAUW (1974). Onderzoek naar de voor de stank van varkensmesterijen verantwoordi-lijke componenten. Landbouwkund. Tijdschr., pt 86-9, 228-232. (30) HAMMOND, E.G., C. FEDLER and G. JUNK (1979). Identification of dust-borne odors in swine confinement facilities. Trans. ASAE 22, No. 5, 1186-1189 & 1192. (31) TRAVIS, T.A. and L.F. ELLIOTT (1977). Quantitation of indole and scatole in a housed swine unit. J. Environ. Qual. 6 (34) HARTUNG, J. (1985). Gas chromatographic investigations of swine house dust on odorous compounds. Environmental Technology Letters 6, 21-30. (35) SPOELSTRA, S.F. (1978). Microbial aspects of the formation of malo dorous compounds in anaerobically stored piggery wastes. Wageningen, Landbouwhogeschool, Diss., pp. 91. (36) SCHAEFER, J. (1977). Sampling, characterization and analysis of mal-odours. Agric. Environm. 3, 121-127. (37) HARTUNG, J. and E. R0KICK.T (1984). Zum Vorkommen phenol art iger Ver-bindungen im Staub von Schweine- und HUhnerstall. Zbl. Bakt. Hyg., I. Abt. Orig. B, J_79, 431-439. (38) LOGTENBERG, M.Th. and B. STORK (1976). Het ontwikkelen van meetme-thoden voor het bepalen van de stank van ventilatielucht van mest-varkensstallen.Rapport de Centraal Technisch Instituut TNO, Zeist/ Holland. Ref.no: 76-06 054, Dossier: 01-4-40130. (39) WILLSON, G.B. (1971). Control of odours from poultry houses. ASAE Symp. Livestock Waste Management, Columbus/Ohio, 19.-22.4.1971. (40) HAMMOND, E.G., C. FEDLER and R.J. SMITH (1981). Analysis of particle -borne swine house odours. Agric. and Environment 6, 395-399. (41) OWEN, J.E. (1982b). Dust - Filtration solutions an? their cost. Farm Building Progress 68, 19-23." In Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming, 340. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-134.
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Cohn, Margit. "Legislation-Generated Fuzziness." In A Theory of the Executive Branch, 198–222. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821984.003.0008.
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Under classic accounts, a single, overarching and all-inclusive legislative mandate or organic statute grants executive agencies the authority to act in a specified field of action, and delineates the contours of their action by setting limits and conditions. However, as any practitioner can attest, the legislative mandate, when it exists, is never the sole source of executive authority, and is always supported by other legal rules. There will usually be other legal rules that have no direct link to the legislative mandate, when it exists: other statutes, executive orders, and other unilateral measures, and, in a Federal system, state law, when and as far as it pertains to any aspect of a Federal arrangement. The chapter analyses two patterns of patchwork legislation, piling-up and dispersion. Using examples from the UK and the US in the fields of emergency and air pollution law, the chapter claims that the existence of multiple rules fuzzies-up the law. Varying in intensity and form, patchwork law commonly features in these four examples of domestic authorizations to act under, and beyond, formal law.
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Shivhare, Ruchi, Kishor Danao, Deweshri Nandurkar, Vijayshri Rokde, Ashwini Ingole, Amol Warokar, and Ujwala Mahajan. "Schiff Base as Multifaceted Bioactive Core." In Schiff Base in Organic, Inorganic and Physical Chemistry [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108387.
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Schiff bases are the condensation products of primary amines and carbonyl compounds, which are becoming more and more significant. Schiff bases are imine or azomethine (–C=N–) functional group containing compounds that are produced through a nucleophile addition process. Excellent chelators called Schiff bases have a place in both qualitative and quantitative analysis of metals in aqueous media. Schiff bases were discovered to be auxiliary scaffolds and adaptable pharmacophore for the creation and production of numerous bioactive leads compounds, and this special quality made them accessible for a wide range of biological applications. Schiff bases exhibit significant biological properties including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticonvulsant, anti-tubercular, anticancer, antioxidant, anthelmintic antiglycation, and antidepressant activities. In situ cross-linked hydrogel systems are created using the Schiff bases, which are frequently utilized in coordination, organometallic chemistry, and tissue engineering applications. The role of Schiff bases to the design and creation of new lead with potential biological functions is highlighted in this chapter. Researchers’ interest in obtaining the most conclusive and suggestive information on the numerous Schiff bases that have been important for therapeutic purposes over the last few decades and their use in coordination complexes has been maintained by this bioactive core.
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Doraiswamy, L. K. "Electroorganic Synthesis Engineering." In Organic Synthesis Engineering. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195096897.003.0030.
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Historically, electrochemical processes have been limited to the production of inorganic compounds, and commercial processes based on electroorganic synthesis have found only limited application. It appeared to be an “odious truth” (Fry, 1972) that electrochemical techniques were ignored in organic synthesis. But the past 25 years have witnessed the introduction of a fairly large number of new electroorganic processes with attendant advances in electrochemical process analysis. The most remarkable has been Monsanto’s highly successful electrochemical route for the production of adiponitrile. A particularly notable advance is the electrosynthesis of fine chemicals and natural products. Combinations of electrosynthesis with other strategies of rate or selectivity enhancement such as catalysis by PTC and by enzymes (Chapters 19 and 20) are also adding exciting possibilities to organic synthesis. Simultaneously, fundamental understanding of the principles of organic electrochemistry, electrode kinetics, and transport processes in electrochemical systems has grown rapidly in the last decade. A number of books and reviews have appeared on electroorganic chemistry during this period, for example, Eberson and Schafer (1971), Fry (1972), Beck (1974), Perry and Chilton (1976), Rifi and Covitz (1975, 1980), Weinberg (1974, 1990), Swann and Alkire (1980), Kyriacou (1981), Fletcher (1982), Baizer and Lund (1983), Baizer (1973, 1984), Shono (1984), Fletcher and Walsh (1990), Little and Weinberg (1991), Bowden (1997), Bockris (1998), Hamann (1998). This period also saw the emergence of electrochemical reaction engineering as a distinct discipline of chemical reaction engineering, as evidenced by a number of books and reviews on the subject, for example, Picket (1979), Udupa (1979), Danly (1980, 1984), Alkire and Beck (1981), Weinberg et al. (1982), Alkire and Chin (1983), Fahidy (1985), Mine (1985), Goodridge et al. (1986), Rousar et al. (1986), Heitz and Krysa (1986), Ismail (1989), Scott (1991), Prentice (1991), Goodridge and Scott (1995). Electroorganic synthesis offers opportunities for performing many of the conventional organic reactions at controlled rates and greater product selectivities without the addition of any catalyst. The processes almost always employ milder conditions and are characterized by greatly reduced air and water pollution. Further, there are a number of syntheses that can only be carried out electrochemically, such as the Kolbe synthesis and electrochemical perfluorination.
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Sándor, Lénárd. "Fundamental Rights Adjudication in the Central European Region." In Comparative Constitutionalism in Central Europe : Analysis on Certain Central and Eastern European Countries, 385–400. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.lcslt.ccice_20.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The protection and adjudication of fundamental rights have been playing an increasingly important role in the legal systems of Western countries since the end of World War II. However, the early origins of fundamental rights go back well over two millennia. The theories of fundamental rights first appeared in the legal system of the ancient empires. The Code of Hammurabi in the ancient Babylon articulated the first requirement for fair trial as it provided that unfair judges be fined and removed from their positions. The Torah first revealed by Moses (c.1304–1237 bce) also contained provisions on the prohibition of false witnesses. The first human rights document has been claimed to be the Charter of Cyrus from 539 bce because the word ‘rights’ specifically appears therein. However, the modern concept of human rights that the state is for the people and not the other way around began to take root at the end of the eighteenth century. After their first appearances, the historical development of fundamental rights has taken place either through an organic and gradual process or as a result of independence or revolutionary movements. Different phases of this development can be distinguished, which involved the rights of the noble, limitation of the power of absolute monarchies, and individual and collective rights. The development in England is an example of the former where the power of monarchs were bound by law and rights as early as the adoption of the Magna Charta Libertatum in 1215. The subsequently created Petition of Right (1628), Habeas Corpus Act (1679) and Bill of Rights (1689) are gradual fulfillment of the historic path of rights. In the CEE region, Hungary underwent similar organic development with the adoption of the ‘Aranybulla’ in 1222, which set constitutional limits on the power of the monarch and granted rights to the Hungarian nobility. In contrast to this type of gradual expansion, in other countries, the recognition and codification of fundamental rights were the result of cataclysmic events such as an independence movement or revolutionary war, e.g. in France or in the United States. It must also be mentioned that while national constitutions served as the cradle of the modern conception of fundamental rights, they began to enjoy the protection of international law with the adoption of the UN Charter (1945) along with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). This so-called ‘normative revolution’ marked a major turning point in the development of both human rights law and international public law. However, the universality of human rights, instead of standardising rights, would allow – and also require from – states to implement these rights according to the national, historical, cultural and religious traditions of their respective communities. Consequently, the primary places of nurturing and protecting fundamental rights remain within the states and local communities. Accordingly, not only individual rights in the abstract but also the institutions and control mechanisms that serve to protect them are embedded and shaped by the various histories, traditions and legal cultures of the states. In numerous countries – such as the United States of America, Australia, Japan or the Scandinavian countries in Europe – ordinary courts are empowered to conduct a ‘judicial review’ to protect rights enshrined in the constitution. This type of ‘judicial review’ was first applied by the Supreme Court of the United States of America in the famous case of Marbury v. Madison in 1803 as part of the system of checks and balances, whereby the judicial branch serves as a check on the legislative as well as on the executive. In other countries – such as those in continental Europe – a separate and centralised institution – the Constitutional Court – is responsible for conducting fundamental rights adjudication. This chapter aims to provide a comparative analysis on the historical path, major institutions and mechanisms of fundamental rights adjudication in countries of the CEE region. To this end, it first outlines the concept, function, characteristics as well as the institutions of fundamental rights adjudication along with the aspects of limitation of fundamental rights (Section II). Then, it turns to the countries of the Central European region. This chapter aspires to provide a comparative overview about the unique characteristics of the systems of each country’s fundamental rights’ adjudication and concludes with a short assessment (Section III).
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Analysis of organic-inorganic systems by APT"
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Hussain, Shahraan, Balwinder Raj, and Sandeep Singh Gill. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FOURTH GENERATION SOLAR CELL WITH COMBINATION OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC MATERIALS." In 2022 International Conference on Augmented Intelligence and Sustainable Systems (ICAISS). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaiss55157.2022.10011004.
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Gong, Changrui, Lucia Rodriguez, Brian Coffey, and Casey Donohue. "Integrated Inorganic and Organic Geochemistry Approach in the Petroleum Systems Analysis of Permian Shale Plays." In Unconventional Resources Technology Conference. Tulsa, OK, USA: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15530/urtec-2018-2901944.
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Liu, Changwei, Tieyu Gao, Jiangnan Zhu, and Jiamin Xu. "Performance Optimization and Economic Analysis of Geothermal Power Generation by Subcritical and Supercritical Organic Rankine Cycles." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-56821.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In a sustainability context, using renewable energy sources to hedge against increasing consumption of fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emissions becomes increasingly important. The geothermal resource has a great application prospect due to its rich reserves and convenient utilization, and Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is a effective method to convert the low-grade geothermal to electricity. To improve the performance of geothermal ORC system, working fluid selection, system parameter optimization and the cycle design are the main approaches. Zeotropic mixtures may show superiority as ORC working fluids due to the temperature glides during the phase transitions, which leads to better temperature matches between the working fluid and the heat source/sink. Moreover, owing to the changing temperature during the transition from liquid to vapor in the vapor generator, supercritical ORC provides a great potential in geothermal utilization and irreversibility reduction. This paper displays an investigation on the performance optimization and economic analysis of various working fluids under subcritical and supercritical conditions. To avoid the silica oversaturation, the geothermal water reinjection temperature should not be less than 70 °C. Turbine inlet temperature, condenser outlet temperature as well as turbine inlet pressure (for supercritical ORC) are optimized to maximize the net power output. Moreover, economic analysis is conducted by taking heat exchanger area per unit power output (APR) and the specific investment cost (SIC) as indicators under the optimal net power output condition. The results shows that working fluid with a medium critical temperature yields greater net power output in supercritical ORC and mixture produces larger net power output compared with its pure components in subcritical ORC. Compared with isobutane (R600a) under subcritical condition, isobutane/isopentane (R600a/R601a) and isobutane/pentane (R600a/R601) under subcritical condition, R134a and R1234ze(E) under supercritical condition yield 3.9%, 3.8%, 8.5% and 8.8% more net power outputs, respectively. In addition, R600a/R601a and R600a/R601 under subcritical condition own higher APR and SIC while R134a and R1234ze(E) under supercritical condition possess lower APR and SIC.
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Mariam Paul, Nivya, and Variampally Sankar Harikumar. "Effects of biochar on soil microbial community composition using PLFA profiling- A review." In 7th GoGreen Summit 2021. Technoarete, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36647/978-93-92106-02-6.5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Biochar is a charcoal like substance produced from organic biomass after pyrolysis. Biochar act as a good soil conditioner by increasing microbial activities, soil nutrition and soil structure. Soil microorganisms are involved in litter decomposition and soil nutrient mineralization which is important in the sustainable development of plants and trees. The functioning of an ecosystem is controlled by biogeochemical cycles driven by microorganisms. The cell membrane of all microorganisms is composed of phospholipids that are easily metabolized after the cell death. Hence, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis of microorganisms can be used for the characterization of living microbial communities. PLFA analysis is a lipid based, culture independent biochemical technique. Therefore, PLFAs can be used for the characterization of soil microbial community structure that are not able to cultivated by the conventional methods. This profiling act as a biological register of soil health, and as an indicator of soil response to different field management systems like biochar.
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Novotny, Vaclav, Michal Kolovratnik, Monika Vitvarova, and Jana P. Jakobsen. "Analysis and Design of Novel Absorption Power Cycle Plants." In ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2016 Power Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2016-59272.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Absorption Power Cycles (APCs) provide an interesting field within power cycles. The multicomponent mixture with variable temperature across boiling is employed as a working fluid. This has a potential for decreasing exergy loss associated with heat transfer during phase change processes (boiling and condensation). Absorption process has also an effect of lowering exhaust pressure of a turbine. The APCs hold a potential for heat recovery applications at very low temperatures, where constant temperature of boiling and condensation largely limits performance and economic effectiveness of Organic Rankine cycles (ORCs). Theoretical calculations show superiority of APC over extensive range of considered ORC working fluid. The advantage of APC further increases when air cooled condenser needs to be used instead of wet cooling tower. With the same boundary conditions for all cycles the APC provides higher utilization efficiency and power output at source temperatures below approximately 120 °C, for temperatures as low as 60 °C the net power output can be surpassed even more than three times. The proposed APC employs aqueous solution of salts considered generally for absorption cooling (Lithium Bromide, Lithium Chloride, Calcium Chloride) as a working fluid. Unlike ammonia used in mixture with water in Kalina APC or often ORC working fluids, used salts are non-toxic, environmentally friendly and pure water in expander simplifies its design. After summary of theoretical research from thermodynamics point of view are discussed principles, aspects and issues for design of single components of the cycle. Results of sizing are presented on two examples with 100 °C heat source. First one is 20 kWe unit using hot air as a heat source and air cooled condenser, second one is 500 kWe unit with heat source being pressurized water and using wet cooling tower heat rejection. Results show possibility of building relatively efficient system for even small power output with turbine isentropic efficiency nearly 80 % for the 20 kWe unit, but relatively large heat exchangers.
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Ozza, T. "Prediction of Hydrocarbon Sources in The Walio Area, Salawati Basin, West Papua, Indonesia." In Digital Technical Conference. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa20-g-207.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Substantial seismic and well data have been gathered and used for the exploration and exploitation of the Salawati Basin since the 1970s. The interpretation of these data and implementation of findings resulted into several discoveries and producing fields associated with the Tertiary petroleum system of Klasafet-Kais, particularly in the Walio Area. The presence of pre-Tertiary petroleum systems remain speculative to date although numerous pre-Tertiary structural and stratigraphic traps can be defined, and hypothetical sourcing can be inferred to origin from shales of the Permo-Triassic Aifam Group and the Late Jurassic – Late Cretaceous Kembelangan Formation. Yet the actual hydrocarbon charging of those traps has not been proven. Surface geochemical surveys were conducted in the Walio Area with the objective to characterize the origin of hydrocarbons of the area and possibly uncover the presence of a pre-Tertiary source. Pre-Tertiary sediments are encountered in three exploration wells of the Walio Area and pre-Tertiary traps were defined by the interpretation of 3D seismic. Surface geochemical surveys were conducted in the Walio Area to map the distribution of oil and gas microseeps and try to determine their source. Whole oil chromatography and isotope & biomarker analysis were also performed on Kais reservoired oil samples to determine source rock lithology, depositional environment, and age. Hydrocarbon analysis of one-meter-deep soil samples revealed the distribution of volatile and liquid hydrocarbon microseeps in the survey area. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis measurement was carried out to outcrop samples of the Klasafet Fm., Kembelangan Fm., Tipuma Fm., and Aifat Fm. The outcrop samples resulted in lean TOC, and produced very low S2 values to which the Tmax cannot be estimated. Hydrocarbon microseeps were found occurring over and off existing fields and pre-Tertiary traps. Both light oil microseeps (35° API) and heavy oil microseeps (14° API) were identified over fresh and biodegraded crude oil Kais reservoirs, respectively in the Walio Area. Microseeps with lighter hydrocarbon compositions (e.g. C5/C17 ratio) may reflect leakage from deeper pre-Tertiary sources.
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Zheleva, Darina, Margarita Koleva, Desislava Angelova, Desislava Grabcheva, and Petar Todorov. "Methods for Modification of Cotton Fabrics with Gelatin – Glutaraldehyde and ZnO Nanoparticles." In The 9th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2022.ii.29.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cotton fabrics have good water absorption properties, air permeability, non-toxicity, but microorganisms easily damage them. Collagen is a commonly used biomaterial that has properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, but with poor mechanical properties. Glutaraldehyde is the main cross-linking agent for collagen and characterized by antimicrobial properties. ZnO nanoparticles exhibiting antibacterial, antifungal, anticorrosive and protective properties against UV, is widely applicable in medicine. The combination of all these components in one biocomposite with potential antimicrobial properties and healing effect can find application in medical practice. In this study, an attempt was made to improve the properties of cotton fabric by impregnating it with gelatin hydrogel cross-linked with glutaraldehyde and containing ZnO nanoparticles. Three methods of modification were applied, varying the mixing regimes of the components and the conditions. The composite materials were investigated by means of SEM, FTIR, and fluorescence analysis. The morphological analyzes of the samples modified by different methods show that the spherical particles of ZnO have changed into a flower-like structures; the particles are covered by the collagen film; and dispersed and agglomerated in certain places. FTIR analyzes prove interactions between the organic and inorganic components. This is also confirmed by the observed fluorescent properties, which are of different intensity. All these observations suggest good antibacterial properties that will be the subject of future research.
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Levin, V. A., and et al. "FINITE DEFORMATION ANALYSIS OF A PRESTRESSED ELASTIC BEAM AFTER THE LAYER ADDITION." In International Workshop "Multiscale Biomechanics and Tribology of Inorganic and Organic Systems" ; Mezhdunarodnaja konferencija "Perspektivnye materialy s ierarhicheskoj strukturoj dlja novyh tehnologij i nadezhnyh konstrukcij" ; VIII Vserossijskaja nauchno-prakticheskaja konferencija s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem, posvjashhennaja 50-letiju osnovanija Instituta himii nefti "Dobycha, podgotovka, transport nefti i gaza". Tomsk State University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/9785946218412/158.
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Balogh, Lajos P., and Mohamed K. Khan. "Biodistribution of Dendrimer Nanocomposites for Nano-Radiation Therapy of Cancer." In ASME 2006 Multifunctional Nanocomposites International Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mn2006-17025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Multifunctional nanocomposites have an enormous scientific and practical future in medicine, especially in biomedical imaging and targeted delivery. Multifunctional composite nanodevices (CND) possess chemical and physical properties of all components, while interactions with the environment of the nanoparticle are dominated by the contact surface of the host molecule. Thus, if the surface is dominated by the organic component of a nano-sized organic-inorganic composite particle, an inorganic particle property can be manipulated in a biologic environment as if it belonged to an organic macromolecule. Composition, charge, and size of are critical in determining nanoparticle trafficking and uptake by organs, and therefore this knowledge is crucial for the development of cancer imaging and therapies. Specific biokinetics and biodistribution then can be influenced by correctly selecting size, and modifying surface characteristics, such as covalently attaching various targeting moieties to the surface forming biohybrids, regulating the surface charge, etc. Dendrimer nanocomposites are recently developed nearly monodisperse hybrid nanoparticles composed of macromolecular hosts and very small, uniformly dispersed inorganic guest domains combining desirable properties of the components. The surface groups control the interaction of these nanodevices with the biological environment. As a result of various synthetic options, the interior and/or the exterior of the host can be cationic, anionic, or non-ionic, depending on their termini and interior functionalities and the pH, and may involve multiple targeting moieties. We have synthesized gold/dendrimer nanocomposites to carry payload radiation and/or diagnostic moiety to specific targets. We examined the biodistribution of the templates and the corresponding gold/dendrimer nanocomposites. We employed the same dendrimer template and systematically varied the size, the surface charge and the composition. Biodistribution of {Au} gold/dendrimer nanodevices of various size (5, 12 and 22 nm) and surface charge (positive, negative) was investigated in mice models (B16 melanoma and DU145 human prostate cancer). Isotope neutron activation analysis (INAA) was used to measure the presence of Au(0) in the tissue sample. All {Au} gold/dendrimer-nanocomposites were assayed for their quantitative short-term (1hr), intermediate (1 day) and long-term (4 days) biodistribution throughout organs for clinical toxicity. Delivery of radiation dose was achieved by radioactive {198Au} composites in a mice model. We have shown that modulating surface charge and composition will greatly change the biodistribution characteristics of the nanodevices. Rigorous testing of the principles that govern nanoparticle interactions with the complex environment of biological systems will be critical for an understanding of how these nanodevices will behave in vivo.
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Eremin, M. O. "NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF FRACTURE INITIATION AND PROPAGATION IN WEAK POROUS SANDSTONES UNDER MULTIAXIAL COMPRESSION." In International Workshop "Multiscale Biomechanics and Tribology of Inorganic and Organic Systems" ; Mezhdunarodnaja konferencija "Perspektivnye materialy s ierarhicheskoj strukturoj dlja novyh tehnologij i nadezhnyh konstrukcij" ; VIII Vserossijskaja nauchno-prakticheskaja konferencija s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem, posvjashhennaja 50-letiju osnovanija Instituta himii nefti "Dobycha, podgotovka, transport nefti i gaza". Tomsk State University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/9785946218412/144.
Повний текст джерелаЗвіти організацій з теми "Analysis of organic-inorganic systems by APT"
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Salavisa, Isabel, Mark Soares, and Sofia Bizarro. A Critical Assessment of Organic Agriculture in Portugal: A reflection on the agro-food system transition. DINÂMIA'CET-Iscte, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/dinamiacet-iul.wp.2021.05.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Over the last few decades, the organic agriculture sector has experienced sustained growth. Globally, as well as in the European Union and Portugal, organic production accounts for just under 10% of total Utilised Agricultural Area (UAA) (FiBL, 2019; Eurostat, 2019; DGADR, 2019; INE, 2019; GPP, 2019). This growth has been seen in terms of production, number of producers, amount of retail sales, imports and exports. This article attempts to build on the multi-level perspective (MLP) of the socio-technical (ST) transitions theory by employing a whole systems analysis (Geels, 2018) of organic agriculture in Portugal, which defends an integrated vision of the systems, where multiple interactions occur within and among the niche, the regime and the landscape levels. This approach has been employed in order to develop a critical analysis of the current state of the Portuguese organic agriculture sector, stressing the multiplicity of elements that are contributing to the agro-food system´s transformation into a more sustainable one. In fact, the agro-food system is related with climate change but also has connections with other domains such as public health, water management, land use and biodiversity. Therefore, it is affected by shifts in these areas. This analysis considers developments in increasing domestic organic production, number of producers, amount of retail sales, imports, exports, market innovations, and the sector´s reconfiguration. The organic sector´s increase has been attributed to European regulation, institutionalization, standardization, farmer certification, external (government) subsidy support programs, incremental market improvements (visibility and product access), the emergence of new retailers, the rise of supporting consumers and a shift away from conventional agriculture (Truninger, 2010; DGADR, 2019; Pe´er et al, 2019). However, together with positive incentives, this sector also faces numerous barriers that are hindering a faster transformation. Difficulties for the sector to date have included: product placement; a disconnect between production, distribution and marketing systems; high transport costs; competition from imports; European subsidies focused on extensive crops (pastures, olive groves, and arable crops), entailing a substantial growth in the area of pasture to the detriment of other crops; the fact that the products that are in demand (fresh vegetables and fruit) are being neglected by Portuguese producers; expensive certification procedures; lack of adequate support and market expertise for national producers; the hybrid configuration of the sector; and price. Organic agriculture as a niche-innovation is still not greatly contributing to overall agricultural production. The low supply of organic products, despite its ever-increasing demand, suggests that a transition to increased organic production requires a deeper and faster food system reconfiguration, where an array of distinct policies are mobilized and a diversity of actions take place at different levels (Geels, 2018; Pe´er et al, 2019). This paper will attempt to contribute an overall critical assessment of the organic sector´s features and evolution and will identify some of the main obstacles to be overcome, in order to boost the sustainability transition of the agro-food system in Portugal.
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Page, Martin, Bruce MacAllister, Marissa Campobasso, Angela Urban, Catherine Thomas, Clinton Cender, Clint Arnett, et al. Optimizing the Harmful Algal Bloom Interception, Treatment, and Transformation System (HABITATS). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42223.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) continue to affect lakes and waterways across the nation, often resulting in environmental and economic damage at regional scales. The US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) and collaborators have continued research on the Harmful Algal Bloom Interception, Treatment, and Transformation System (HABITATS) project to develop a rapidly deployable and scalable system for mitigating large HABs. The second year of the project focused on optimization research, including (1) development of a new organic flocculant formulation for neutralization and flotation of algal cells; (2) testing and initial optimization of a new, high-throughput biomass dewatering system with low power requirements; (3) development, design, assembly, and initial testing of the first shipboard HABITATS prototype; (4) execution of two field pilot studies of interception and treatment systems in coordination with the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and New York State Department of Environmental Conservation; (5) conversion of algal biomass into biocrude fuel at pilot scale with a 33% increase in yield compared to the previous bench scale continuous-flow reactor studies; and (6) refinement of a scalability analysis and optimization model to guide the future development of full-scale prototypes.
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Upadhyaya, Shrini K., Abraham Shaviv, Abraham Katzir, Itzhak Shmulevich, and David S. Slaughter. Development of A Real-Time, In-Situ Nitrate Sensor. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7586537.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Although nitrate fertilizers are critical for enhancing crop production, excess application of nitrate fertilizer can result in ground water contamination leading to the so called "nitrate problem". Health and environmental problems related to this "nitrate problem" have led to serious concerns in many parts of the world including the United States and Israel. These concerns have resulted in legislation limiting the amount of nitrate N in drinking water to 10mg/g. Development of a fast, reliable, nitrate sensor for in-situ application can be extremely useful in dynamic monitoring of environmentally sensitive locations and applying site-specific amounts of nitrate fertilizer in a precision farming system. The long range objective of this study is to develop a fast, reliable, real-time nitrate sensor. The specific objective of this one year feasibility study was to explore the possible use of nitrate sensor based on mid-IR spectroscopy developed at UCD along with the silver halide fiber ATR (i.e. attenuated total internal reflection) sensor developed at TAU to detect nitrate content in solution and soil paste in the presence of interfering compounds. Experiments conducted at Technion and UCD clearly demonstrate the feasibility of detecting nitrate content in solutions as well as soil pastes using mid-IR spectroscopy and an ATR technique. When interfering compounds such as carbonates, bicarbonates, organic matter etc. are present special data analysis technique such as singular value decomposition (SYD) or cross correlation was necessary to detect nitrate concentrations successfully. Experiments conducted in Israel show that silver halide ATR fiber based FEWS, particularly flat FEWS, resulted in low standard error and high coefficient of determination (i.e. R² values) indicating the potential of the flat Fiberoptic Evanescent Wave Spectroscopy (FEWS) for direct determinations of nitrate. Moreover, they found that it was possible to detect nitrate and other anion concentrations using anion exchange membranes and M1R spectroscopy. The combination of the ion-exchange membranes with fiberoptices offers one more option to direct determination of nitrate in environmental systems.
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Gurtowski, Luke, Joshua LeMonte, Jay Bennett, Brandon Lafferty, and Matthew Middleton. Qualification of Hanna Instruments HI9829 for the Environmental Toolkit for Expeditionary Operations. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45520.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A new, commercially available, field-portable water sensor was evaluated for efficacy during operation and compatibility with current Environmental Toolkit for Expeditionary Operations (ETEO) software. The ETEO provides sensors to Soldiers to rapidly identify and quantify environmental contamination in soil, air, and water at potential new base sites during initial reconnaissance to ensure safety and minimize unnecessary remediation efforts by the Army. In addition to streamlined environmental baseline survey (EBS) reporting, the ETEO can provide rapid analysis of potential environmental contamination to support various Military applications. The Hanna Instruments HI9829 multiparameter water meter was selected following a survey of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) technologies and analyzed by researchers from the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) for inclusion in the ETEO design since it can rapidly and accurately measure 14 different properties. Usability tests were conducted with researchers unfamiliar with the technology, and a set of standard operating procedures (SOPs) were developed to operate the device. The software for the tool was successfully integrated into the ETEO system for rapid data analysis. The HI9829 has been demonstrated in various scenarios at ERDC and other locations; including Ft. Leonard Wood, MO, at which several visitors reviewed the operation of the equipment and other ETEO technologies. The Thermo Scientific Gemini, another sensor, which can detect organic constituents in various matrices via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy was also investigated but eliminated from the ETEO design as it could not adequately detect a Military-relevant compound in an environmental matrix. Regardless, the addition of the HI9829 provides water quality monitoring to the ETEO design and greatly improves its capability to address various applications.
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Amir, Rachel, David J. Oliver, Gad Galili, and Jacline V. Shanks. The Role of Cysteine Partitioning into Glutathione and Methionine Synthesis During Normal and Stress Conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699850.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objective of this research is to study the nature of the competition for cysteine (Cys), the first organic sulfur-containing compound, between its two main metabolites, glutathione (GSH) and methionine (Met). GSH plays a central role in protecting plants during various stresses, while Met, an essential amino acid, regulates essential processes and metabolites in plant cells through its metabolite S-adenosyl-Met. Our results, which are based on flux analysis and measurements of Met- metabolites, show that the flux towards Met synthesis is high during non-stress conditions, however the flux is significantly reduced under stress conditions, when there is high synthesis of GSH. Under oxidative stress the expression level of the regulatory enzyme of Met synthesis, cystathionine g-synthase (CGS) was reduced. By using three different systems, we have found that that GSH down regulates the expression level of CGS, thus reducing Met synthesis. We have found that this regulation occurs at the post-transcriptional level, and further studies have shown that it occurs at post-translationaly. To reveal how oxidative stress affects the flux towards Met and GSH, flux analysis was performed. We have found that the level of Met is significantly reduced, while the level of glutathione significantly increases during stress. Under stress conditions most of the glutathione is converted from GSH to GSSG (the oxidised form of glutathione). These results suggest that under normal growth conditions, Cys is channelled towards both pathways to support GSH accumulation and the synthesis of growth-essential Met metabolites. However, during oxidative stress, when a high level of GSH is required to protect the plants, the levels of GSH increase while those of CGS are reduced. This reduction leaves more Cys available for GSH synthesis under stress conditions. In addition we have also studied the effects of high GSH level on the transcriptome profile. The analysis revealed that GSH affects the expression level of many major genes coding to enzymes or proteins associated with photosynthesis, starch degradation, hormone metabolism (especially genes associated with jasmonate), biotic stress (especially genes associated with PR-proteins), cytochrome P450 genes, regulation of transcription and signaling (especially genes associated with receptor kinases and calcium). These results suggest that indeed GSH levels affect different pathways and metabolites in plants.
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Chefetz, Benny, and Jon Chorover. Sorption and Mobility of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Soils Irrigated with Treated Wastewater. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7592117.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Research into the fate of pharmaceutical compounds (PCs) in the environment has focused on aspects of removal efficiency during sewage treatment, degradation in surface water and accumulation in soils and sediments. However, very little information is available on the binding interactions of pharmaceuticals with dissolved organic matter (DOM) originating from wastewater treatment. Such interactions can significantly affect the transport potential of PCs in soils by altering compound affinity for soil particle surfaces. Our primary hypothesis is that the transport potential of PCs in soils is strongly impacted by the type and strength of interaction with DOM and the stability of resulting DOM-PC complexes. The overarching goal of the proposed work is to develop a better understanding of the risk associated with introduction of PCs into the environment with treated wastewater. This goal has been achieved by elucidating the mechanisms of the interaction of selected pharmaceuticals (that have shown to be widespread wastewater contaminants) with DOM constituents; by determining the stability and fate of DOM-PC complexes introduced to soils and soil constituents; and by evaluating the potential uptake of these compounds by plants. Based on the results obtained in this study (column and batch sorption-desorption experiments), we suggest that PCs can be classified as slow-mobile compounds in SOM-rich soil layers. When these compounds pass this layer and/or are introduced into SOM-poor soils, their mobility increases significantly. Our data suggest that in semiarid soils (consisting of low SOM), PCs can potentially be transported to the groundwater in fields irrigated with reclaimed wastewater. Moreover, the higher mobility of the acid PCs (i.e., naproxen and diclofenac) in freshwater column systems suggests that their residues in soils irrigated with reclaimed wastewater can leach from the root zone and be transported to the groundwater after rain events. Our data obtained from the binding experiments of PCs with DOM demonstrate that the hydrophobic DOM fractions were more efficient at sorbing PCs than the more polar hydrophilic fractions at a pH near the pKa of the analytes. At the pH of natural semiarid water and soil systems, including that of reclaimed wastewater and biosolids, the role of the hydrophobic fractions as sorption domains is less important than the contribution of the hydrophilic fractions. We also hypothesize that the DOM fractions interact with each other at the molecular level and do not act as independent sorption domains. In summary, our data collected in the BARD project demonstrate that the sorption abilities of the DOM fractions can also significantly affect the mobility of pharmaceutical compounds in soils influenced by intensive irrigation with treated wastewater or amended with biosolids.
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Chefetz, Benny, and Jon Chorover. Sorption and Mobility of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Soils Irrigated with Treated Wastewater. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7709883.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Research into the fate of pharmaceutical compounds (PCs) in the environment has focused on aspects of removal efficiency during sewage treatment, degradation in surface water and accumulation in soils and sediments. However, very little information is available on the binding interactions of pharmaceuticals with dissolved organic matter (DOM) originating from wastewater treatment. Such interactions can significantly affect the transport potential of PCs in soils by altering compound affinity for soil particle surfaces. Our primary hypothesis is that the transport potential of PCs in soils is strongly impacted by the type and strength of interaction with DOM and the stability of resulting DOM-PC complexes. The overarching goal of the proposed work is to develop a better understanding of the risk associated with introduction of PCs into the environment with treated wastewater. This goal has been achieved by elucidating the mechanisms of the interaction of selected pharmaceuticals (that have shown to be widespread wastewater contaminants) with DOM constituents; by determining the stability and fate of DOM-PC complexes introduced to soils and soil constituents; and by evaluating the potential uptake of these compounds by plants. Based on the results obtained in this study (column and batch sorption-desorption experiments), we suggest that PCs can be classified as slow-mobile compounds in SOM-rich soil layers. When these compounds pass this layer and/or are introduced into SOM-poor soils, their mobility increases significantly. Our data suggest that in semiarid soils (consisting of low SOM), PCs can potentially be transported to the groundwater in fields irrigated with reclaimed wastewater. Moreover, the higher mobility of the acid PCs (i.e., naproxen and diclofenac) in freshwater column systems suggests that their residues in soils irrigated with reclaimed wastewater can leach from the root zone and be transported to the groundwater after rain events. Our data obtained from the binding experiments of PCs with DOM demonstrate that the hydrophobic DOM fractions were more efficient at sorbing PCs than the more polar hydrophilic fractions at a pH near the pKa of the analytes. At the pH of natural semiarid water and soil systems, including that of reclaimed wastewater and biosolids, the role of the hydrophobic fractions as sorption domains is less important than the contribution of the hydrophilic fractions. We also hypothesize that the DOM fractions interact with each other at the molecular level and do not act as independent sorption domains. In summary, our data collected in the BARD project demonstrate that the sorption abilities of the DOM fractions can also significantly affect the mobility of pharmaceutical compounds in soils influenced by intensive irrigation with treated wastewater or amended with biosolids.
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Borch, Thomas, Yitzhak Hadar, and Tamara Polubesova. Environmental fate of antiepileptic drugs and their metabolites: Biodegradation, complexation, and photodegradation. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597927.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Many pharmaceutical compounds are active at very low doses, and a portion of them regularly enters municipal sewage systems and wastewater-treatment plants following use, where they often do not fully degrade. Two such compounds, CBZ and LTG, have been detected in wastewater effluents, surface waters, drinking water, and irrigation water, where they pose a risk to the environment and the food supply. These compounds are expected to interact with organic matter in the environment, but little is known about the effect of such interactions on their environmental fate and transport. The original objectives of our research, as defined in the approved proposal, were to: Determine the rates, mechanisms and products of photodegradation of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites in waters exposed to near UV light, and the influence of DOM type and binding processes on photodegradation. Determine the potential and pathways for biodegradation of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites using a white rot fungus (Pleurotusostreatus) and ADP, and reveal the effect of DOM complexation on these processes. Reveal the major mechanisms of binding of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites to DOM and soil in the presence of DOM, and evaluate the effect of this binding on their photodegradation and/or biodegradation. We determined that LTG undergoes relatively slow photodegradation when exposed to UV light, and that pH affects each of LTG’s ability to absorb UV light, the efficiency of the resulting reaction, and the identities of LTG’sphotoproducts (t½ = 230 to 500 h during summer at latitude 40 °N). We observed that LTG’sphotodegradation is enhanced in the presence of DOM, and hypothesized that LTG undergoes direct reactions with DOM components through nucleophilic substitution reactions. In combination, these data suggest that LTG’s fate and transport in surface waters are controlled by environmental conditions that vary with time and location, potentially affecting the environment and irrigation waters. We determined that P. ostreatusgrows faster in a rich liquid medium (glucose peptone) than on a natural lignocellulosic substrate (cotton stalks) under SSF conditions, but that the overall CBZ removal rate was similar in both media. Different and more varied transformation products formed in the solid state culture, and we hypothesized that CBZ degradation would proceed further when P. ostreatusand the ᵉⁿᶻʸᵐᵃᵗⁱᶜ ᵖʳᵒᶠⁱˡᵉ ʷᵉʳᵉ ᵗᵘⁿᵉᵈ ᵗᵒ ˡⁱᵍⁿⁱⁿ ᵈᵉᵍʳᵃᵈᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ. ᵂᵉ ᵒᵇˢᵉʳᵛᵉᵈ ¹⁴C⁻Cᴼ2 ʳᵉˡᵉᵃˢᵉ ʷʰᵉⁿ ¹⁴C⁻ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿʸˡ⁻ labeled CBZ was used as the substrate in the solid state culture (17.4% of the initial radioactivity after 63 days of incubation), but could not conclude that mineralization had occurred. In comparison, we determined that LTG does not degrade in agricultural soils irrigated with treated wastewater, but that P. ostreatusremoves up to 70% of LTG in a glucose peptone medium. We detected various metabolites, including N-oxides and glycosides, but are still working to determine the degradation pathway. In combination, these data suggest that P. ostreatuscould be an innovative and effective tool for CBZ and LTG remediation in the environment and in wastewater used for irrigation. In batch experiments, we determined that the sorption of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites to agricultural soils was governed mainly by SOM levels. In lysimeter experiments, we also observed LTG and CBZ accumulation in top soil layers enriched with organic matter. However, we detected CBZ and one of its metabolites in rain-fed wheat previously irrigated with treated wastewater, suggesting that their sorption was reversible, and indicating the potential for plant uptake and leaching. Finally, we used macroscale analyses (including adsorption/desorption trials and resin-based separations) with molecular- level characterization by FT-ICR MS to demonstrate the adsorptive fractionation of DOM from composted biosolids by mineral soil. This suggests that changes in soil and organic matter types will influence the extent of LTG and CBZ sorption to agricultural soils, as well as the potential for plant uptake and leaching.
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Minz, Dror, Stefan J. Green, Noa Sela, Yitzhak Hadar, Janet Jansson, and Steven Lindow. Soil and rhizosphere microbiome response to treated waste water irrigation. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598153.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Research objectives : Identify genetic potential and community structure of soil and rhizosphere microbial community structure as affected by treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation. This objective was achieved through the examination soil and rhizosphere microbial communities of plants irrigated with fresh water (FW) and TWW. Genomic DNA extracted from soil and rhizosphere samples (Minz laboratory) was processed for DNA-based shotgun metagenome sequencing (Green laboratory). High-throughput bioinformatics was performed to compare both taxonomic and functional gene (and pathway) differences between sample types (treatment and location). Identify metabolic pathways induced or repressed by TWW irrigation. To accomplish this objective, shotgun metatranscriptome (RNA-based) sequencing was performed. Expressed genes and pathways were compared to identify significantly differentially expressed features between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW. Identify microbial gene functions and pathways affected by TWW irrigation*. To accomplish this objective, we will perform a metaproteome comparison between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW and selected soil microbial activities. Integration and evaluation of microbial community function in relation to its structure and genetic potential, and to infer the in situ physiology and function of microbial communities in soil and rhizospere under FW and TWW irrigation regimes. This objective is ongoing due to the need for extensive bioinformatics analysis. As a result of the capabilities of the new PI, we have also been characterizing the transcriptome of the plant roots as affected by the TWW irrigation and comparing the function of the plants to that of the microbiome. *This original objective was not achieved in the course of this study due to technical issues, especially the need to replace the American PIs during the project. However, the fact we were able to analyze more than one plant system as a result of the abilities of the new American PI strengthened the power of the conclusions derived from studies for the 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ objectives. Background: As the world population grows, more urban waste is discharged to the environment, and fresh water sources are being polluted. Developing and industrial countries are increasing the use of wastewater and treated wastewater (TWW) for agriculture practice, thus turning the waste product into a valuable resource. Wastewater supplies a year- round reliable source of nutrient-rich water. Despite continuing enhancements in TWW quality, TWW irrigation can still result in unexplained and undesirable effects on crops. In part, these undesirable effects may be attributed to, among other factors, to the effects of TWW on the plant microbiome. Previous studies, including our own, have presented the TWW effect on soil microbial activity and community composition. To the best of our knowledge, however, no comprehensive study yet has been conducted on the microbial population associated BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 2 of 16 BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 3 of 16 with plant roots irrigated with TWW – a critical information gap. In this work, we characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on root-associated microbial community structure and function by using the most innovative tools available in analyzing bacterial community- a combination of microbial marker gene amplicon sequencing, microbial shotunmetagenomics (DNA-based total community and gene content characterization), microbial metatranscriptomics (RNA-based total community and gene content characterization), and plant host transcriptome response. At the core of this research, a mesocosm experiment was conducted to study and characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on tomato and lettuce plants. A focus of this study was on the plant roots, their associated microbial communities, and on the functional activities of plant root-associated microbial communities. We have found that TWW irrigation changes both the soil and root microbial community composition, and that the shift in the plant root microbiome associated with different irrigation was as significant as the changes caused by the plant host or soil type. The change in microbial community structure was accompanied by changes in the microbial community-wide functional potential (i.e., gene content of the entire microbial community, as determined through shotgun metagenome sequencing). The relative abundance of many genes was significantly different in TWW irrigated root microbiome relative to FW-irrigated root microbial communities. For example, the relative abundance of genes encoding for transporters increased in TWW-irrigated roots increased relative to FW-irrigated roots. Similarly, the relative abundance of genes linked to potassium efflux, respiratory systems and nitrogen metabolism were elevated in TWW irrigated roots when compared to FW-irrigated roots. The increased relative abundance of denitrifying genes in TWW systems relative FW systems, suggests that TWW-irrigated roots are more anaerobic compare to FW irrigated root. These gene functional data are consistent with geochemical measurements made from these systems. Specifically, the TWW irrigated soils had higher pH, total organic compound (TOC), sodium, potassium and electric conductivity values in comparison to FW soils. Thus, the root microbiome genetic functional potential can be correlated with pH, TOC and EC values and these factors must take part in the shaping the root microbiome. The expressed functions, as found by the metatranscriptome analysis, revealed many genes that increase in TWW-irrigated plant root microbial population relative to those in the FW-irrigated plants. The most substantial (and significant) were sodium-proton antiporters and Na(+)-translocatingNADH-quinoneoxidoreductase (NQR). The latter protein uses the cell respiratory machinery to harness redox force and convert the energy for efflux of sodium. As the roots and their microbiomes are exposed to the same environmental conditions, it was previously hypothesized that understanding the soil and rhizospheremicrobiome response will shed light on natural processes in these niches. This study demonstrate how newly available tools can better define complex processes and their downstream consequences, such as irrigation with water from different qualities, and to identify primary cues sensed by the plant host irrigated with TWW. From an agricultural perspective, many common practices are complicated processes with many ‘moving parts’, and are hard to characterize and predict. Multiple edaphic and microbial factors are involved, and these can react to many environmental cues. These complex systems are in turn affected by plant growth and exudation, and associated features such as irrigation, fertilization and use of pesticides. However, the combination of shotgun metagenomics, microbial shotgun metatranscriptomics, plant transcriptomics, and physical measurement of soil characteristics provides a mechanism for integrating data from highly complex agricultural systems to eventually provide for plant physiological response prediction and monitoring. BARD Report
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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings: Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age. Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v Landscapes and regions: Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change? Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial. Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth. Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs. Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully. Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people. The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world