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1
Monforte, Sergio. "Modalitate-markatzaileak: partikula modalak ote dira euskarazko partikula modalak? [Marcadores de modalidad: ¿son realmente las partículas modales del vasco partículas modales?]." Fontes Linguae Vasconum, no. 132 (December 17, 2021): 515–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35462/flv132.9.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This work critically analyses the particles that are usually considered modal in Bascolo-gy, considering their separate behaviour in comparison to the elements that typological-ly have received the same denomination. For this, two morphosyntactic properties have been analysed: a) if they must merge with another component and b) if they can appear in embedded contexts. As for Basque, I have concluded that traditional modal particles (ahal, bide, ei, omen and ote) behave as enclitic modal markers. However, others func-tion in a similar way to the prototypical modal particles, specifically morphologically independent speech act operators: bada, baina, berriz, gero, ordea and eastern ote. Lan honetan euskalaritzan partikula modaltzat hartu ohi direnak modu kritikoan az-tertu dira tipologikoki izendapen bera duten elementuen ondoan aldea ikusita. Bi pro-pietate morfosintaktikori erreparatu zaie: a) ea beste osagai bati atxiki behar dioten eta b) ea mendeko testuinguruetan ager daitezkeen. Euskarari begira, tradizioko partikula modalek (ahal, bide, ei, omen eta ote) markatzaile modal enklitikoen moduan jokatzen dutela ondorioztatu dut. Hala ere, beste batzuek partikula modal prototipikoen antze-ko jokabidea dute; hau da, hizketa-ekintzaren operatzaile morfologikoki beregainak dira: bada, baina, berriz, gero, ordea eta ekialdeko ote hain zuzen.
2
Freedman, Richard, and Maire Egan-Buffet. "Les Chansons de Claude Goudimel: Analyses modales et stylistiques." Notes 51, no. 1 (September 1994): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/899189.
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3
Campiglio, Carlo, Gérard Frot, Claude Marion, and Michel Vannier. "Mise en évidence par microsonde électronique d'erreurs dans les analyses modales classiques de roches hypohyalines." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22, no. 4 (April 1, 1985): 619–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e85-061.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the optical analysis for partly glassy volcanic rocks the proportion of glass is underestimated and that of the minerals overestimated. An alternative method by microprobe analysis is suggested to overcome this problem.
4
Álvarez-Gil, Francisco J. "Las formas modales 'must' y 'should' en el discurso académico inglés de los posgraduados españoles." Language Value 16, no. 2 (December 28, 2023): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/languagev.7304.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents a corpus linguistic study investigating the use and functions of the modal verbs, must and should, in academic discourse. The study analyses a corpus of doctoral dissertations within two distinct fields of knowledge, written in English and submitted to Spanish universities between 2011 and 2021. By employing corpus linguistics, we could interrogate this compilation to obtain concordances that could be analysed from a horizontal perspective, ensuring that each sample was appraised appropriately within its context of occurrence. The frequency and distribution of these modals in various contexts were examined. The findings revealed that must and should are utilised with differing frequencies and in diverse ways, depending on the academic discipline and the rhetorical purpose of the discourse. The paper contends that the use of modality, particularly deontic modality, is a vital aspect of academic writing, as it signals the writer's stance and the level of necessity, recommendation or obligation in their argumentation.
5
Rabatel, Alain. "REVIEW OF THE DEFINITION, THE SYNTACTIC-ENUNCIATIVE AND MODAL MARKS OF THE NARRATIVIZED REPRESENTED DISCOURSE." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 13(81) (May 26, 2022): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2022-13(81)-96-103.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article reviews the analysis of narrativized discourse (ND) – starting from a corpus of contemporary detective novels written by the author Dominique Manotti –, according to the theoretical framework of represented discourses which is based on the speaker/enunciator disjunction and on the consideration of the textual and (inter)actional dimensions of enunciative phenomena. The ND is redefined as narrativized represented discourse (NRD) because the discourse, attributed to a second enunciator, is synthetically reformulated by the representative speaker, focusing on the speech act and, possibly, its object. As a result, its enunciative marks are based on an embedding of modalities – the point of view (POV) of the second enunciator being under the scope of the POV of the representative speaker/enunciator – and on the contrast between NRD and narration or other forms of represented discourse (in particular the indirect represented discourse). Furthermore, the article distinguishes between locutionary narrativized discourse and narrativized discourse expressing inner speech more fleetingly than in inner monologues, due to the necessity of action. Finally, the paper concludes by relativizing Genette’s 1972 and 1983 analyses, starting from the enhancement of the role of the modalities assumed by the enunciators of NRDs, with dialogical traces of partially mimetic subjectivity which are particularly numerous and diverse in the NRDs expressing thoughts.
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Lauridsen, Karen M. "The Meaning and Use of the Modals CAN and MAY in English Contract Law Texts." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 5, no. 9 (July 29, 2015): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v5i9.21505.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents the results of an analysis of the English modals CAN and MAY in four text types covering the domain of Contract Law. These results show a distinct difference between the two modals, which is interesting because the meaning and use of CAN and MAY is generally taken to be more blurred than it is the case here. The meaning and use of the modals is analysed and compared on the basis of logico-semantic and pragmatic parameters briefly introduced in the paper. The analysis is part of a major contrastive analysis of the meaning and use of the Danish and English modals.
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Xu, Guang Hua. "Analysis of Carburetor Modal Based on ANSYS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 639–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.639.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The choice of the element type of finite element is different and the division of elaborate degree of meshing is different, so the results of analysis on different modals are different. Combined with the use of ANSYS, specific practice analysis of modals, experimental result, various methods of modal analysis, this article states about the specific methods of modals analysis on carburetor.
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Wei, De Min, Di Li, and Ya Qing Liu. "Dominant Modals of Wind-Induced Vibration Response for Spherical Kiewitt Cable Dome." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 1156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.1156.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Correlation coefficients of mode shape between higher frequency modes and lower frequency modes are given. Then 17 high modes were initially selected as the dominant high modes in the analysis of wind-induced response, and cumulative mode correlation was used to judge the rationality of the method of selecting dominant high modals, so dominant modals of wind-induced response analysis are constructed. Based on these, the wind-induced vibration response of spherical Kiewitt cable dome was analyzed in frequency domain using CQC method. Through analyses of computational results, it is found that the selecting method of dominant modals by using the mode correlation coefficient can be applied in frequency domain analysis for wind-induced vibration response of cable dome structures. If the first 100 modals are considered into the analysis, the computational results obtained will be high precision.
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Oktavianti, Ikmi Nur. "Necessity and Obligation Modals in English Academic Discourse: A Corpus-Based Analysis." IJELTAL (Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics) 4, no. 1 (November 15, 2019): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21093/ijeltal.v4i1.312.
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Modals are linguistic units that seem to be ubiquitous in nearly all genres and text categories. However, there are some tendencies in which some modals are more likely to occur in a particular text category than the others. It is said that modals are less frequent in academic texts compared to fiction and news. This paper then aims at describing the modals, focusing to those expressing necessity/obligation, by using corpus-based analysis. This study uses a general reference corpus, Corpus of Contemporary American English, and compiled the data from the academic subcorpus. The results show that statistically the usage frequency of necessity and obligation modals is negligible; however, no matter how small it is, it still purports to mark something. Among the modals in the same category there are some tendencies, e.g. modal should is the most frequent of all, followed by must, have to, shall, be supposed to, and have got to. The collocate analysis focuses on should and must and found out that the most frequent verb type following these two modals belong to thinking verbs (e.g., consider, learn, understand). However the most frequent modal constructions are should have and must have enabling a slightly different interpretation. Besides, due to the nature of language in an academic setting, it is thus predictable that the use of the core modals (e.g., should, must) is more frequent than the quasi-modals (e.g., have to).
10
Szymański, Leszek. "The Furdalian concept of ‘open linguistics’ exemplified with an investigation into the semantic field of English possibility modals." Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Językoznawczego LXXVIII, no. 78 (December 31, 2022): 237–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of the paper is to present its author’s view on the Furdalian (1977) concept of open linguistics and exemplify it with an investigation into linguistic modality. The author applies concepts and research tools from philosophy and logic in order to explain phenomena pertaining to the semantics of English modals: can, could, may and might. The described study uses the model of the semantic field of modal expressions (Kratzer 1991) and authentic samples of language use excerpted from The Corpus of Con temporary American English. The analysis establishes the conversational backgrounds that underlie the modal readings of the studied verbs and confirms the interactions of possibility modals with the imper- fective and the perfect, which yield the epistemic flavor. It also reports on the interaction of possibility modals with negation, which leads to changes in the modal force. Furdalowska koncepcja “językoznawstwa otwartego” na przykładzie badania pola semantycznego angielskich modalnych czasowników możliwości Streszczen i e Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie poglądu autora na furdalowską koncepcję językoznawstwa otwarte go oraz zegzemplifikowanie go za pomocą badania modalności językowej. Autor wykorzystuje pojęcia oraz narzędzia badawcze z filozofii i logiki w celu wyjaśnienia zjawisk odnoszących się do semantyki angielskich czasowników modalnych: can, could, may i might. Opisane badanie wykorzystuje model pola semantycznego czasowników modalnych (the semantic field of modal expressions (Kratzer 1991)) oraz próbki autentycznych danych językowych wyekscerpowanych z korpusu współczesnej amerykań- skiej odmiany języka angielskiego The Corpus of Contemporary American English. Badanie ustaliło tła konwersacyjne leżące u podstaw znaczeń modalnych analizowanych czasowników oraz potwierdziło interakcje modalnych czasowników możliwości z aspektem niedokonanym oraz aspektem perfect, któ- rych wynikiem są znaczenia epistemiczne. Badanie wykazało także interakcję modalnych czasowników możliwości z negacją, która prowadzi do zmian w wyrażanej sile modalnej.
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Van linden, An. "Comparative modals." Functions of Language 22, no. 2 (September 10, 2015): 192–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.22.2.02lin.
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This article examines modal expressions with the comparative adverbs better, rather and sooner in American English, and assesses to what extent they have grammaticalized. The corpus data offer evidence that the three comparative modal groups exhibit considerable phonetic reduction in the 1810–2009 period studied. Analysis of several aspects of the constructions, such as subject types, temporal reference and comparative meaning, reveals which conditions promoted this erosion. However, the data also indicate that the three groups are semantically and constructionally quite heterogeneous. In fact, this article proposes a grammaticalization scenario for the rather and sooner structures that is different from the one posited for the better structures.
12
Catoto, Jerson. "A Forensic Linguistic Analysis of Modality on Prosecutors’ Resolutions." International Journal of Language and Literary Studies 4, no. 2 (June 4, 2022): 112–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v4i2.933.
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Prosecutors are individuals assigned to resolve cases filed on courts. Their abilities to make keenly decisions provided a wide spectrum on the world of forensic linguistics. This study aimed at identifying the types of modals used and their functions in the prosecutors’ resolutions of different cases. Further, this forensic linguistic analysis determined the frequency of overused and misused modals. Anchored on the premise of Palmer (2001) on the types and functions of modals, this study found that the common speculative modality is -may. Deductive modality included modals such as -shall, -must, -would, -may, and -could. As appeared, modal -could was categorized under the reported modality. Permissives were -can, -cannot, -will, -would, and -must. Modals were used to predict, give the possibility, capability, and permission, necessity, requirement, and prescription. The modal -would appeared 14 times among the prosecutors’ resolutions. Implications for legal parlance and educational milieu were presented.
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Nakayasu, Minako. "Modals, Speech Acts and (Im)Politeness: Interactions in Shakespeare’s Plays." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 48, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 5–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/stap-2013-0012.
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ABSTRACT This paper accounts for how modals are interrelated with speech acts and (im)politeness, to offer a new perspective to the interactions in Shakespeare’s plays. A variety of strategies to save or attack the hearer’s positive or negative face are taken into account within the frameworks of Brown & Levinson (1987) and Culpeper (1996), and the interplay between these strategies is observed in relation to the modals. Furthermore, this study analyses how speech acts performed with the aid of modals are associated with (im)politeness strategies, based on the inventory of speech acts proposed by Nakayasu (2009). It has been shown that there are more strategies to save or attack the hearer’s positive face in Shakespeare which are employed with the use of modals. The analysis reinforces the proposal by Kopytko (1993, 1995) that social interactions in Shakespeare’s time were positive politenessoriented, going further to extend the analysis to impoliteness, and suggests the interrelated nature of modality, speech acts and (im)politeness.
14
Maquieira Rodríguez, Marina A. "Correlación modal español-latín en los "Modi Loquendi Latino & Hispano Sermone" de Pedro de Madariaga." Estudios Humanísticos. Filología, no. 10 (December 1, 1988): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/ehf.v0i10.4346.
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<p>Los Modi Loquendi Latino & Hispano sermone constituyen, en el panorama de las ideas lingüísticas del siglo XVI, un tratado catalogable hoy de investigación en el terreno de la Lingüística Aplicada. Preocupado por los problemas que el proceso de la traducción -directa e inversa- entre el latín y el español suscitaba en la época, Madariaga va analizando, en esta obra, uno a uno los desajustes modales existentes entre ambas lenguas. Su exposición se convierte, así, en una aportación a la práctica de la traducción, con una clara finalidad didáctica, formulada expresamente por el autor. A la hora de enfrentarse a tal proyecto, Madariaga ha de optar por una de las dos posibilidades que se le ofrecían: por la de enfocar el proceso a partir del latín, considerando a éste como lengua original, o la de hacerlo a partir del castellano. El vizcaíno optará por la segunda, convencido como está de la innegable importancia de la lengua nativa, de asimilación inconsciente, como vehículo para la enseñanza lingüística. Los Modi se constituyen, de esta forma, en un tratado sobre la práctica de la traducción, construido desde la perspectiva de un defensor de la dignidad del romance.</p><p>The Modi Loquendi Latino & Hispano sermone, as far as the world of linguistic ideas in the 16th century is concerned, constitute a field of research within which we consider Applied Linguistics to be today.</p><p>Interested in the topic of the problems poned by the process of translation -both from and finto the native tongue- between Latin and Spanish at the time, Madariaga analyses in this work, the modal mismatches between both tongues. The exposition is, in this sense, a contribution to the praxis of translation, with a clear didactic aim, openly expressed as such by the author. When facing the task of developing that project, Madariaga has to choose between: either approaching the process from the Latin, taking this as the source language, or doing it from the Spanish. The Biscayan decides on the second, as he is convinced of the undeniable importance of the native tongue, of unconscious assimilation, as vehicle for the teaching of language. The Modi are, in this sense, a treatise on the praxis of translation, built from the point of view of a defender of the dignity of the vernacular.</p>
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Oktavianti, Ikmi Nur. "The Use of Phonetically Reduced Modals in Present-day English: A Corpus-Based Analysis." English Language Teaching Educational Journal 1, no. 3 (July 13, 2019): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/eltej.v1i3.749.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper examines the usage frequency of phonetically reduced modals (i.e. gonna, wanna, gotta) in Present-day English. It is assumed that in distinct sociolinguistic and discourse contexts, the use of reduced modals is dynamic. To collect the data, there are two corpora used in this study, Corpus of Contemporary American English and Global Web-Based English as the representatives of Present-day English. The analysis focuses on usage frequency of phonetically reduced modals over period of time, in different regions, different medium of language use, and different text types. The frequencies were further interpreted based on sociolinguistics and text genre perspective to reveal the factors triggering the dynamic of use. The results of this study show the use of reduced modals is dramatically escalating in the last decades. According to regional observation, the use of reduced modals is more frequent in the United States than in other English-speaking countries. In relation to medium of language use, reduced modals are more commonly used in spoken language than in written language. As for text type, the usage frequency of reduced modal in fiction texts is the highest compared to academic texts and news texts. Academic texts seem to avoid these linguistic units since this sort of text must obey the use of standard language in which reduced forms are less standard and more colloquial. This phonetic reduction is plausible to occur since language system and language use apply economy principle. The use of phonetically reduced modals, however, varies in different context, varies in different context, influenced by colloquialization: the more colloquial the context is, the more frequent they are. In general, language use is phonetically simplified and sociolinguistically colloquialized.
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Szymański, Leszek. "Predicate structure and the semantics of the English modal 'should'." Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Językoznawczego LXXVI, no. 76 (December 31, 2020): 373–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6662.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of the study described in this paper is to verify whether the structure of a modal predicate influences the type of modality expressed by the English modal verb should. The study uses language samples excerpted from The Corpus of Contemporary American English. It has adopted the model of the semantic field of modal expressions proposed by Angelika Kratzer. Additionally, this framework has been used to determine types of modality in this study. The analysis focuses on the interaction within the semantic field of the modal should with various forms of the main verb within the modal predicate structure. Struktura orzeczenia a semantyka angielskiego czasownika modalnego should. Streszczenie. Celem badania zreferowanego w tekście było ustalenie czy struktura orzeczenia modalnego wywiera wpływ na typ modalności wyrażanej przez angielski czasownik modalny should. Przedmiotowe badanie wykonano z wykorzystaniem próbek języka zebranych z Korpusu współczesnej amerykańskiej odmiany języka angielskiego (The Corpus of Contemporary American English). W celu jego przeprowadzenia zaadaptowano model pola semantycznego wyrażeń modalnych (the semantic field of modal expressions) zaproponowany przez Angelikę Kratzer. Model ten posłużył także do określenia typów modalności w badaniu. Analizie poddano interakcję w polu semantycznym czasownika should z różnymi formami czasownika głównego w obrębie struktury orzeczenia modalnego. Słowa kluczowe: modalność, orzeczenie modalne, znaczenie modalne, struktura orzeczenia
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Javier, Niña Lilia R. "Analysis on Modals of Filipino as a Category of Adverb." International Journal of Languages, Literature and Linguistics 4, no. 2 (June 2018): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijlll.2018.4.2.164.
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Tarish, Abbas Hussein, Munthir M. Mohammed, Saad Al Hasani, and Lamia A. Al Ani. "An Analysis of British and American English Modals and Semi-modals Usage over Time." International Journal of Communication and Linguistic Studies 20, no. 2 (2022): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2327-7882/cgp/v20i02/11-26.
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Cheng, Le, and Xin Wang. "Modals and Modality in Legal Discourse." International Journal of Semiotics and Visual Rhetoric 1, no. 1 (January 2017): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsvr.2017010103.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this study, parallel corpora of the Civil and Commercial Laws and the English translation of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter P. R. C.) are built. Modal verbs in the legal texts are examined from the perspective of genre analysis and semantics. Moreover, a comparative study on different variations of legal genre is adopted. This study further explores the findings from a sociosemiotic perspective in terms of the distinctions on modal verbs and modality between different variations of legal genre. The authors have noticed the disparity of modal verbs in different situations depends on distinct functions of situations. Although linguistic and textual analyses are significant in exploring issues of legal texts, it is not enough to linger within these domains.
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Almakrob, Ahmed Yahya, Wejdan Abdullah Altamimi, and Reema Sliman Altaweel. "A Pragmatic and Semantic Analysis of EFL Learners’ Use of Modal Verbs: A Perception Study." World Journal of English Language 13, no. 5 (April 13, 2023): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v13n5p365.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The current study, which employed a new analysis approach -an explicit and implicit data collection method-, investigates the perception of the English modal verbs by forty-six Saudi EFL undergraduate learners. Findings revealed that Saudi EFL students struggled with the semantic functions of English modals more than the pragmatic ones. Deontic possibility modal verbs like can and might were the most challenging forms for the EFL learners. Functional complexity, input frequency, students’ L1 influence, and cultural variation were thought to cause students’ misunderstanding of these modals. Students, on the other hand, appeared to perceive the pragmatic functions with ease, reinforcing the role of the input frequency in the acquisition of English modality because modals of Request, Suggestion and Offer are frequently introduced to students in the classroom. Furthermore, findings revealed that students’ performance in the perception test was better than the explicit one, which could be attributed to the lack of explicit instruction of the English modals. Some pedagogical implications were suggested.
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Ahmad, Muhammad, Muhammad Asim Mahmood, and Ammara Farukh. "Use of Modals as Stance Markers: A Corpus-Based Study on Pakistani English Newspaper Editorials." Asia Pacific Media Educator 30, no. 1 (June 2020): 108–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1326365x20945424.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study analyses the use of modals as stance markers in newspaper editorials. Corpora of the study comprised of 500 editorials published in Pakistani English newspapers, that is, The Daily Dawn and The Daily News (250 editorials from each newspaper) which were analysed with the help of AntConc 3.4.4.0. Results show Pakistani editorial writers use all types of modals (i.e., prediction, possibility, necessity, modal adverbs, reporting verbs, knowledge verbs and generic phrases). The editorial writers use these modals to mark personal stance while commenting, reporting or informing about the state of affairs. Among these modals the use of prediction markers is the most frequent which indicates that prediction is a characteristic feature as well as function in the said newspaper editorials. Results also reveal that there is a difference in the use of modal adverbs in the editorials of both newspapers. In addition, the results reveal that the editorial writers of The Daily Dawn make less use of prediction markers as compared to the editorial writers of The Daily News. The study creates awareness of the stance of editorial writers’ and how it might affect readers’ opinions.
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Riadil, Ikrar Genidal. "AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH MODALS IN MODAL VERB PHRASE STRUCTURES IN EDUCATIONAL ESSAYS OF ‘SHERRY JOHNSON’ AND ‘TAMJID MUJTABA’." Social Sciences, Humanities and Education Journal (SHE Journal) 1, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25273/she.v1i3.7567.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research aimed to present the findings of English modals in modal verb phrase structures in educational essays of ‘Sherry Johnson’ and ‘Tamjid Mujtaba’, which to increase the learners’ awareness of modals when they hesitate in the foreign language, which is the very common in writing. This research used qualitative research to analyze the modal verb phrase in educational essays of ‘Sherry Johnson’ and ‘Tamjid Mujtaba’. This research has found that the most frequent modal verbs in these essays are can, may, will, should, would, and must. The researchers found 23 different modal verbs in ‘Sherry Johnson’ and ‘Tamjid Mujtaba’ academic essays documents that indicate actions, states and conditions associated with education. The most used modals were in ‘Tamjid Mujtaba’ essay, it produced 12 modals. These results correspond with the definition of these documents. The findings are proofing of how language expresses the characteristics of an academic text type in a professional and academic way domain.
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Laliberté, Catherine. "A Diachronic Study of Modals and Semi-modals in Indian English Newspapers." Journal of English Linguistics 50, no. 2 (June 2022): 142–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00754242221087244.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Although Indian English is the best-documented South Asian English, its diachronic development has not been described to a great extent. The present study begins to address this gap by offering a real-time perspective on the evolution of modals and semi-modals in Indian English. It sketches the changes in the frequency of modals and semi-modals in three corpora of Indian newspaper texts from 1939, 1968, and the early 2000s. Changes in the frequency of eleven modals and eleven semi-modals are found to be similar to the trends previously observed for written American and British English: semi-modals, as well as the modals can, could, and would, rise greatly in frequency. An analysis of the types of modality expressed by individual modal verbs provides in-depth insights into shifts in Indian English during the period. The study’s findings raise methodological and theoretical considerations for the diachronic study of modality in corpora in English generally: the increasing amount of direct quotation in news reportage partly accounts for a rise in modal frequency in this subgenre, which constitutes a confounding aspect seldom articulated in the study of newspaper language. Individual modal verbs exhibit different directions and speeds of change that are not reflected in the trajectory of modals as a category, demonstrating that an aggregate measure is not a suitable point of comparison between varieties to determine their degree of similarity or difference in terms of modal verb usage.
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Chiu, Liching Livy. "The Interaction Between Modals and SFPs in Mandarin Chinese: A Cartographic Approach." Studies in Chinese Linguistics 42, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 183–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scl-2021-0006.
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Abstract Both sentential final particles (SFPs) and high modals commonly convey the speakers’ knowledge of the world, their judgments, intentions, and subjective attitudes. This paper aims to explore the correlations between high modals and sentence-final particles in Mandarin Chinese (MC). Specifically, two high modals of MC show the behavior of being unable to precede the subject and eliminating their epistemic reading in the presence of SFPs. The phenomenon discussed in this paper is specifically exemplified with yinggai ‘should’ and keneng ‘be likely to’ in MC. We give an analysis about which modals and SFPs are interlaced in terms of their scope positions, so as to explain the phenomena.
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Wang, Zi Lei. "Finite Element Analysis of Modals Intermixture of Ultrasonic Motor and Separation Technique." Applied Mechanics and Materials 372 (August 2013): 392–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.372.392.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In order to reveal the Intermixture of Different Modals of Ultrasonic motor, a complete analysis about the modal types and excitation responses were analyzed by finite element analysis. The intermixture of different modals of the stator and its performance under shock excitation are found while doing modal analysis. Through the sensitivity analysis of modal frequency to structural parameters, the separation technique of stator modes is found, which can solve the intermixture problem and provide basis for accessing the structural design
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El-Farahaty, Hanem, and Abdelhamid Elewa. "A Corpus-Based Analysis of Deontic Modality of Obligation and Prohibition in Arabic/English Constitutions." Estudios de Traducción 10 (December 1, 2020): 107–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/estr.68334.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It is argued that legal language should be formal, precise and clear to avoid ambiguity and/or misunderstanding. As rights and duties are communicated through modals, clarity and precision in drafting and translating them is crucial. Otherwise, there is a possibility of conveying loose messages in the source text or different and/or inconsistent messages in the target text. However, the drafting of Arabic modal expressions does not follow clear guidelines, and their translation differs from one translator to another. This paper investigates how deontic modality of obligation and prohibition is used in The Leeds Annotated Parallel Corpus of Arabic-English Constitutions in comparison to The Leeds Monolingual Corpus of English Constitutions. More specifically, the paper presents a classification of these modal expressions and investigates the different lexical variants expressed in a Corpus of Arabic Constitutions. The paper uses corpus-based tools to analyse the different lexical forms used for deontic modality of obligation and prohibition in Arabic and how they are rendered into English. Results of such analysis are compared to a non-translated Corpus of English Constitutions to find out whether the deontic meaning of the modals is comparable to the set of deontic modals used in the constitutions originally drafted in English. The corpus-based analysis gave a detailed classification of a variety of modal expressions used in the Arabic Corpus. It also showed that the translation of deontic modals of obligation and prohibition from Arabic into English is influenced by the source text lexical variations; however, the corpus techniques employed in the study managed to capture some comparable modals in both corpora.
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Faroldi, Federico L. G. "Deontic modals and hyperintensionality." Logic Journal of the IGPL 27, no. 4 (May 28, 2019): 387–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jigpal/jzz011.
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Abstract In this paper I argue that deontic modals are hyperintensional, i.e. logically equivalent contents cannot be substituted in their scope. I give two arguments, one deductive and the other abductive. First, I show that the contrary thesis (that deontic modals are not hyperintensional) leads to falsity; second, I argue that a hyperintensional theory of deontic modals fares better than its rivals in terms of elegance, theoretical simplicity and explanatory power (e.g. Ross’s paradox, the Gentle Murderer, The Good Samaritan, Free Choice Permission and the Miners’ Paradox disappear). I then propose a philosophical analysis of this thesis and outline some consequences. In Section 1 I introduce and define deontic modality and hyperintensionality. In Section 2 I give a reductio for the hyperintensionality of deontic modals. If the argument is sound, a useful corollary is that deontic modals are also non-intensional, and therefore possible-world semantics accounts are illfitted for them. I then show how the main result can be strengthened or weakened by varying the definition of logical validity. In Section 3 I give an abductive argument for the hyperintensionality of deontic modals, arguing that with a single move we are able to solve many paradoxes and puzzles traditionally troubling deontic logic. I present a version of a hyperintensional deontic logic in an appendix, which I prove is sound and complete with respect to a version of truthmaker semantics.
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Zhang, Yue, You Hong Xiao, Jun Weng, and Wan You Li. "Vibration Analysis of a Screw Pump Unit." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 1727–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.1727.
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In this paper, the vibration of a three screw pump was studied. Firstly the vibration response of the pump was tested. Then the FE model of the pump was constructed and the modals of it were calculated. The exactness of the result was confirmed by the testing modals and the reasonable of the FE model was verified at the same time. Finally, the force acted on rotors due to pressure was calculated by the mathematical method of surface integral. The force was loaded on the FE model and the force response was predicted, which represented the basic vibration of the screw pump. Based on the work above, the vibration spectrum of the screw pump was analyzed.
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Sicard, J., P. Bacot, and A. Neveu. "Analyse modale des échanges thermiques dans le bâtiment." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 28, no. 1 (January 1985): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310(85)90013-4.
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Meisterernst, Barbara. "Possibility and necessity and the scope of negation in Early Middle Chinese." International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 7, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.19013.mei.
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Abstract This paper provides a classification of modal verbs of possibility and necessity in Late Archaic and Early Middle Chinese based on an analysis of their scopal features with respect to negation. It shows that circumstantial readings and deontic readings are interpreted in two different syntactic positions which can be determined by the scope of negation following the cartographic approach proposed in Tsai (2008, 2015) and the proposal of Cormack and Smith (2002) of a Polarity Head, which constitutes a syntactic divide of the domain of necessity modals from the domain of circumstantial modals. Our analysis of the scope of negation demonstrates that the deontic interpretation of possibility modals requires their upward movement from the lexical to the functional domain as part of the grammaticalization process from pre-modal lexical verbs to modal auxiliaries of different functions in Modern Mandarin. In Early Middle Chinese, negated modal verbs of possibility start to replace the synthetic modal negators of Archaic Chinese as part of the general process of analyticization of Chinese. We also show that the only true necessity modals in Late Archaic Chinese belong to the category of circumstantial modals due to their scopal features when they are negated.
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Imran, Muhammad. "The Syntactic Variations in Verb Phrase – Double Modals in Pakistani English (PakE) and Malaysian English (MyE): A Comparative and Corpus-Based Study." World Journal of English Language 13, no. 5 (March 30, 2023): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v13n5p241.
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This study aims to detect the variations and compare the use of Verb Phrase – Double Modals in PakE and MyE. For this study, two recently released corpora – GlowbE-PK and GlowbE-MY were utilized. Twenty Verb phrases with double Modals in PakE and MyE were selected from thousands of concordance lines and a large amount of text. This study utilized mixed method research and also kept in view the Sociolinguistic Variation and World Englishes conventions of research by utilizing corpora.The Frequency of each token (phrase), and then the accumulative and average frequencies of both Englishes were given separately. A comparative analysis of both varieties of English was done. It was an interesting fact to know that MyE displays comparatively more use of VP-Double Modals than PakE. The frequency of VP - Double Modals in MyE is 1.88, which is 0.41 more than the frequency of VP – Double Modals in PakE.The results and discussion indicated a noticeable variation in the use of VP with Double Modals of PakE and MyE from Standard British English (BrE). This research also indicates a linguistic pattern in the different dialects of English. The PakE and MyE have different phases of development, and contact languages with English in both varieties are also different. However, they both display the use of Double Modals.
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Tarish, Abbas Hussein. "A Corpus Analysis of Changes in the Use of British and American English Modals and Semi-Modals." International Journal of English and Cultural Studies 1, no. 1 (February 23, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijecs.v1i1.3049.
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This research has two main purposes. The first one is to test the modal replacement hypothesis proposed by Smith (2003) and discussed by Leech (2003), on the basis of data from the Hansard Corpus (THC- 1.6 billion words, 1800-2000) and the Corpus of Historical American English (COHA - 400 million words, 1810-2000). The second purpose of the study was to draw upon time series models to generate insights about how modal and semi-modal frequencies have changed over time. Cumulatively, these two forms of analysis addressed an acknowledged gap in the current literature on modal and semi-modal frequency change, namely the question of whether modals are being replaced by semi-modals.
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Balasubramanian, T., and S. Zion Chella Ruth. "Hahn Sequence Space of Modals." International Scholarly Research Notices 2014 (November 9, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/974934.
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The history of modal intervals goes back to the very first publications on the topic of interval calculus. The modal interval analysis is used in Computer graphics and Computer Aided Design (CAD), namely, the computation of narrow bounds on Bezier and B-Spline curves. Since modal intervals are used in many fields, we introduce a new sequence space h(gI) called the Hahn sequence space of modal intervals. We have given some new definitions and theorems. Some inclusion relation and some topological properties of this space are investigated. Also dual spaces of this space are computed.
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Samaniego Galindo, Víctor, Iván Palacios Serrano, José Placencia León, Milton Muñoz Calle, Santiago González Martínez, and Juan Jiménez Pacheco. "Análisis de métodos OMA para la extracción de parámetros modales sobre edificios existentes." Revista Tecnológica - ESPOL 33, no. 2 (November 26, 2021): 75–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37815/rte.v33n2.832.
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En este artículo se presenta la aplicación de métodos de análisis modal operacional (OMA, Operational Modal Analysis) con el objetivo de caracterizar los parámetros modales (v.g. frecuencias y modos de vibración) de una edificación. El estudio se realiza sobre un escenario real consistente en un edificio esencial. En concreto se emplea: el método de descomposición en el dominio de la frecuencia (FDD, Frequency Domain Decomposition) y su versión mejorada (EFDD, Enhanced-FDD). En una primera etapa, se lleva a cabo una evaluación estructural preliminar del edificio (empleando el método de inspección visual rápida, RVS), un levantamiento de dimensiones y ensayos en campo para la caracterización mecánica de sus componentes, todo ello con el propósito de conseguir un análisis modal convencional lo más fiable posible en términos de sus parámetros modales. Con base en este análisis modal, se diseña un plan de instrumentación con acelerómetros triaxiales de sistemas microelectromecánicos (MEMS); el proceso de instrumentación abarca tres etapas: la adquisición, el control y el almacenamiento de información. La principal contribución de este trabajo consiste en la evaluación de la aplicación de los métodos FDD y EFDD sobre un edificio esencial, con la particularidad del uso de vibraciones de microsismicidad para la identificación de parámetros modales. El análisis de los resultados obtenidos determina una frecuencia fundamental del edificio de 1.43 Hz, y evidencia un comportamiento modal no recomendado.
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Najim, Sangar. "A Semantic Analysis of Quasi-Modals in VESAL 10:." Polytechnic Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 2 (December 9, 2022): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25156/ptjhss.v3n2y2022.pp211-219.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
English modal verbs (both central and quasi-modals) have more than one interrelated meanings. This flexibility in meanings belongs to the polysemous phenomenon, in which it exposes the diversity of meanings within the same lexeme. Due to the importance of using modals in academic writing, this paper aims at analysing fourteen quasi-modals (henceforth QM) in (VESAL 10)[1], in the shed of the polysemous view. In its conference proceedings book, twenty-one academic papers have been published. QMs have their own importance in the academic atmosphere. They indicate the author's attitude towards any statement within the text. The researcher verifies the hypothesis by presenting the results of the analysis. The current paper aims at identifying the most frequent polysemy of QMs, examining the meanings and the functions of QMs, and presenting a frequency range of QMs in (VESAL 10). The paper ends up with findings that are inferred from the results of the study, where the (be to, need, need to, want to, and have to) are the most frequent QMs, while the (have got to, be supposed to, be bound to etc.) are the least common, since they have recorded zero frequency. Nevertheless, the most frequent meanings of QMs are (necessity, logical necessity, temporal meanings and obligation).
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Leclercq, Benoît. "From modals to modal constructions." Constructions and Frames 14, no. 2 (December 22, 2022): 226–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.21001.lec.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The goal of this paper is to present the results of a corpus analysis aimed at identifying n-grams (i.e., lexical sequences) with the modals can, could and be able to. While details about the functional profile of these verbs are still being discussed (e.g., Leclercq & Depraetere 2022), it is surprising that relatively scarce attention is given to the lexico-grammatical patterns in which they are found and which come with their own semantic and pragmatic features. Using the methodology developed in Cappelle and Depraetere (2016b), a total of 1,640 n-grams were extracted from COCA (Davies 2008-). A number of these patterns are discussed and, in keeping with the approach developed in Construction Grammar (Hilpert 2019), it is shown that an enhanced understanding of these verbs can be achieved when viewed as part of more complex networks of constructions.
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Li, Rui Ge, and Yao Ting Zhang. "Frequencies and Modals Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beam by ANSYS." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 769–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.769.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nonlinear properties of materials will be automatically ignored while structural dynamic analysis in ANSYS. And the energy method principle is used to analyze. So it can not be used to calculate the frequencies and modals of prestressed concrete structures directly. Accordingly, prestressing force applied to beam with initial strain method in ANSYS calculate in this paper. The perstressing force influence of the beam is changed to the impact of element materials elastic modulus. Analyze the frequencies and modals of prestressed concrete beams with ANSYS computational procedure by modified ANSYS model. The calculated natural frequencies at all levels prestessing force fit close with the experimental results. It shows that modified ANSYS finite element analysis model is feasible.
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Riadil, Ikrar Genidal. "AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH MODALS IN MODAL VERB PHRASE STRUCTURES IN EDUCATIONAL ESSAYS OF ‘SHERRY JOHNSON’ AND ‘TAMJID MUJTABA’." Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa 9, no. 1 (June 27, 2020): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.31571/bahasa.v9i1.1722.
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<p align="center"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p><em>This research aimed to present the findings of English modals in modal verb phrase structures in educational essays of </em><em>‘Sherry Johnson’ and ‘Tamjid Mujtaba’</em><em>, </em><em>which </em><em>to increase the learners’ awareness of modals when they hesitate in the foreign language, which is the very common in writing</em><em>. This research used qualitative research to analyze the modal verb phrase in educational essays of ‘Sherry Johnson’ and ‘Tamjid Mujtaba’. This research has found that the most frequent modal verbs in these essays are can, may, will, should, would, and must. The researchers found 23 different modal verbs in ‘Sherry Johnson’ and ‘Tamjid Mujtaba’ academic essays documents that indicate actions, states and conditions associated with education. </em><em>The most used modals were in </em><em>‘</em><em>Tamjid Mujtaba’ </em><em>essay, it produced 12 modals. </em><em>These results correspond with the definition of these documents. The findings are proofing of how language expresses the characteristics of an academic text type in a professional and academic way domain. </em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: modals, modal verb phrase, educational essay, corpus analysis</em><em></em></p><p> </p>
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Lassiter, Daniel. "Quantificational and modal interveners in degree constructions." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 22 (September 3, 2012): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v22i0.2649.
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Heim (2001) points out that the relational semantics for degrees predicts ambiguities in sentences with comparatives and quantifiers such as _every girl_ that are not observed. She also notes that the same ambiguities do appear with strong modals such as _must_ and _have to_, but not with weaker modals such as _should_, _ought_, and _want_. The problem is to explain why these classes of expressions would behave differently, given that they are all standardly treated as universal quantifiers. I present several counter-examples to Heim's account of this data and then argue that the puzzle involving universal DPs is the same as the puzzle of weak islands in amount wh-expressions, and that it yields to the analysis of weak islands due to Szabolcsi & Zwarts (1993), who argue that degree expressions are restricted in their interaction with the semantic operations meet. This accounts for universal DPs but leaves to be explained the possibility of modal intervention with strong modals. I argue that the split between universal DPs and strong modals supports recent work proposing that modals are not quantifiers over worlds but scalar expressions. An independently motivated scalar semantics for strong modals generates the ambiguity in a way that is compatible with Szabolcsi & Zwarts' theory, and that the predicted truth-conditions are correct for both readings with strong modals. The corresponding account of mid-strength modals explains their lack of ambiguity as merely apparent, due to the fact that the truth-conditions of the two readings are virtually indistinguishable, and neither embodies the missing reading that the quantificational theory leads us to look for. These results support both the scalar semantics for modality and Szabolcsi & Zwarts' semantic approach to intervention constraints.
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Hausser, Armelle, Guillaume Drevon, Alexis Gumy, and Vincent Kaufmann. "Analyse des relations entre les comportements spatio-temporels quotidiens et les pratiques modales." disP - The Planning Review 56, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02513625.2020.1756623.
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Coats, Steven. "A database of North American double modals and self-repairs from YouTube." Psychology of Language and Communication 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 273–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/plc-2022-13.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Sequences of two modal verbs in spoken English can represent use of a nonstandard syntactic feature (double modal) or a corrected utterance in which a speaker begins with one modal auxiliary, but switches to another (self-repair). This article presents the Double Modals and Self-Repairs (DMSR) database, a table of naturalistic double modals and self-repairs in videos from local government entities in North America, created from the Corpus of North American Spoken English (CoNASE). The paper describes the procedures used for the database’s creation, discusses potential uses, and presents an exploratory analysis in which a logistic regression classifier is trained with CoNASE data to distinguish authentic double modals from self-repair sequences on the basis of local discourse context. The analysis demonstrates how large corpora of speech can be used to investigate the links between syntactic and pragmatic phenomena and shows specifically that double modals are an interactive device, while two-modal sequences as self-repairs may be the result of high cognitive load. The paper concludes with a discussion of multimodal corpus creation from YouTube for the study of lexical, syntactic, and interactional phenomena in speech as well as for the analysis of complex, multilevel computer-mediated communication (CMC) phenomena.
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Thomas, M., H. Nguyen, L. Hamidi, M. Massoud, and J. B. Piaud. "DÉTECTION DE FISSURES DE ROTORS PAR ANALYSE MODALE EXPÉRIMENTALE." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 19, no. 2 (June 1995): 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-1995-0008.
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Joulin, O. "Analyse modale numérique d'un système de frein à disque." Mécanique & Industries 4, no. 2 (April 2003): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1296-2139(03)00009-5.
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Matthewson, Lisa, Henry Davis, and Hotze Rullmann. "Evidentials as epistemic modals: Evidence from St'át'imcets." Linguistic Variation Yearbook 2007 7 (December 31, 2007): 201–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/livy.7.07mat.
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This paper argues that evidential clitics in St’át’imcets (a.k.a. Lillooet; Northern Interior Salish) must be analyzed as epistemic modals.We apply a range of tests which distinguish the modal analysis from the main alternative contender (an illocutionary operator analysis, as in Faller 2002), and show that the St’át’imcets evidentials obey the predictions of a modal analysis. Our results support the growing body of evidence that the functions of encoding information source and epistemic modality are not necessarily distinct. The St’át’imcets data further provide a novel argument against the claim that evidentiality and epistemic modality are separate categories. Many authors argue that evidentials differ from modals in that the former do not encode speaker certainty (see, e.g., de Haan 1999; Aikhenvald 2004).We argue that modals are also not required to encode speaker certainty; we provide evidence from St’át’imcets that marking quantificational strength is not an intrinsic property of modal elements.
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Nakayasu, Minako. "Wilt Thou Be Lord of all the World? Modals and Persuasion in Shakespeare." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 49, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/stap-2014-0001.
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ABSTRACTPersuasion is defined as human communication designed to influence the judgements and actions of others (Simons & Jones 2011). The purpose of this research is to analyse the discourse of persuasion in Shakespeare from the perspective of historical pragmatics (Jucker & Taavitsainen 2010), with particular attention to modals employed as part of the strategies. The modals under investigation are proximal and distal central modals, SHALL/SHOULD, WILL/WOULD, CAN/COULD, MAY/MIGHT, MUST, and the contracted form ’LL. The data for the present study is drawn from The Riverside Shakespeare (Evans 1997) and the concordance by Spevack (1968-1980). The corpus includes both cases where the persuasion attempt is successful and unsuccessful.After defining persuasion in comparison to speech acts, quantitative analysis reveals how frequently the persuader and the persuadee employ a modal regarding each type of modality and speech act. Further analysis shows in what manner the persuader and the persuadee interact with each other in discourse resorting to the following strategies: modality, proximal and distal meanings of the modal, speech act of each utterance including a modal, and use of the same modal or switching modals in interaction.This research thus clarifies how effectively speakers attempted to persuade others in interactions, shedding light on communication mechanisms in the past.
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Lenardič, Jakob, and Kristina Pahor de Maiti. "Grammatical and Pragmatic Aspects of Slovenian Modality in Socially Unacceptable Facebook Comments." Slovenščina 2.0: empirical applied and interdisciplinary research 11, no. 1 (September 12, 2023): 33–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/slo2.0.2023.1.33-68.
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This paper investigates the grammatical and pragmatic uses of epistemic and deontic modal expressions in a corpus of Slovenian socially acceptable and unacceptable Facebook comments. We propose a set of modals that do not interpretatively vary in their modality type in order to enable robust corpus searches and reliable quantification of the results. We show that deontic, but not epistemic, modals are significantly more frequent in socially unacceptable comments, and specifically that they favour violent discourse. We complement the quantitative findings with a qualitative analysis of the discursive roles played by the modals. We explore how pragmatic communicative strategies such as hedging, boosting, and face-saving arise from the underlying syntactic and semantic properties of the modal expressions, such as the modal force and clausal syntax.
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Yadav, Shrikant K., Dr S. B. Wadkar Dr. S. B. Wadkar, and S. J. Patil S. J. Patil. "Modal Analysis of Compressor Crankshaft." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 7 (June 1, 2012): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/july2013/53.
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Tieming, Xiang, Zhou Shuiting, and Yi Liao. "Free Modal Analysis for Spiral Bevel Gear Wheel Based on the Lanczos Method." Open Mechanical Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (September 16, 2015): 637–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874155x01509010637.
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In order to obtain the spiral bevel gear wheel natural frequencies and mode shapes in the unconstrained state for the purpose of dynamic characteristics study, the spiral bevel gear wheel three-dimensional solid model of a mini-bus main reducer is established in this paper. The finite element model of spiral bevel gear wheel which consists of 32351 nodes, 18436 solid187 tetrahedrons finite element method elements is established by using free grid meshing method in this paper. Extract the first 6 orders modals parameters such as natural frequencies and main vibration mode shapes by using the Lanczos method. The new 1st to 4th orders modals are formed by comparing and merging 2 orders repeated modals. In order to verify the effectiveness of the finite element analysis results, the experiment modal test based on the impulse force hammer percussion transient single-point excitation and multi-point response analysis method has been done. The maximum difference value of natural frequency between experimental modal test result and finite element modal analysis results is 29.86 Hz, the maximum error rate is 0.41%, which confirmed the result of finite element method is effective and reliable. The conclusions reflect the vibration response characteristics of spiral bevel gear wheel, and provide theoretical basis for dynamic response, structure design and optimization of spiral bevel gear wheel.
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NYKIEL, JOANNA, and JACOB THAISEN. "English comparative modals and their complements." English Language and Linguistics 28, no. 1 (March 2024): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674323000485.
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English comparative modals are combinations of the adverbs rather, sooner and better with an auxiliary. There is recent consensus that the comparative modals rather and sooner have over time developed a different syntax and semantics than better. However, potential differences in the syntax of rather and sooner with respect to patterns of complementation haven’t been explored. This article reports the results of a corpus study of these two modals and finds that rather patterns like object-raising verbs, allowing a range of complements that are unavailable for sooner. Our analysis of these patterns draws on recent work in the Construction Grammar framework, with forays into its formal implementation, Sign-Based Construction Grammar, and we propose that rather differs from sooner in that it constitutes a micro-construction whose features are licensed by both the Modal Construction and the Object-Raising Construction, the latter a subtype of the Transitive Construction.
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Aguerrebere, Jorge Enrique, Víctor Solórzano, and Oscar De Santiago. "Análisis de turbina de vapor para estimación de características dinámicas de cojinete de gas." Científica 23, no. 2 (December 2019): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.46842/ipn.cien.v23n2a08.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Las tendencias actuales en el diseño moderno de turbomaquinaria apuntan a una operación libre de aceite, haciendo uso de tecnologías verdes. Una de estas tecnologías son los cojinetes de gas de grafito poroso. El presente trabajo describe el desarrollo de un modelo rotodinámico de un rotor de turbina de vapor capaz de predecir las formas modales libres hasta la segunda forma modal a 181 Hz (10 kcpm). Este análisis se complementa con un estudio de las características dinámicas de rigidez y amortiguamiento que deben poseer los cojinetes de gas de grafito poroso para que el sistema rotor-cojinetes sea considerado como críticamente amortiguado de acuerdo a la norma API 684 (sistema con factor de amplificación menor a 2.5). Se propone una rigidez de 31000 lbf/plg y un amortiguamiento de 32 lb-s/ plg. Los resultados de este trabajo son promisorios para el buen comportamiento dinámico de la máquina en operación y son útiles para el diseño de turbomaquinaria que funciona con cojinetes de gas de grafito poroso.