Статті в журналах: "Anaerobic Digestor"

1

Moletta, Marina, Nathalie Wery, Jean-Philippe Delgenes, and Jean-Jacques Godon. "Microbial characteristics of biogas." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 4 (March 1, 2008): 595–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.107.

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The microbial diversity of biogas was analyzed in order to examine the aerosolization behavior of microorganisms. Six biogas samples were analyzed: five from mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestors treating different wastes, and one from landfill. Epifluorescent microscopic counts revealed 106 prokarya m−3. To assess the difference occuring in aerosolization, 498 biogas-borne 16S ribosomal DNA were analyzed and compared to published anaerobic digestor microbial diversity. Results show a large microbial diversity and strong discrepancy with digestor microbial diversity. Three different aerosolisation behaviour patterns can be identified: (i) that of non-aerosolized microorganisms, Deltaproteobacteria, Spirochaetes, Thermotogae, Chloroflexi phyla and sulfate-reducing groups, (ii) that of passively aerosolized microorganisms, including Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla and (iii) that of preferentially aerosolized microorganisms, including Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, as well as strictly aerobic and occasionally pathogenic species, presented high levels of aerosolization.

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2

Morel, E., K. Santamaria, M. Perrier, S. R. Guiot, and B. Tartakovsky. "Multi-wavelength fluorometry for anaerobic digestion process monitoring." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 1-2 (July 1, 2005): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0554.

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Applicability of multi-wavelength fluorometry for anaerobic digestion process monitoring was investigated in a 3.5 L upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) lab-scale reactor. Both off-line and on-line monitoring of key process parameters was tested. Off-line emission spectra were measured at an angle of 90° to the excitation beam using a cuvette. On-line measurements were carried out using a fiber optic probe in the external recirculation line of the digester. Fluorescence spectra were correlated to available analytical measurements to obtain partial least square regression models. An independent set of measurements was used to validate the regression models. Model estimations showed reasonable agreement with analytical measurements with multiple determination coefficients (R2) between 0.6 and 0.95. Results showed that off-line fluorescence measurements can be used for fast estimation of anaerobic digestor effluent quality. At the same time, the on-line implementation of multi-wavelength fluorescence measurements can be used for real-time process monitoring and, potentially, for on-line process control.

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3

de Vries, Jacob, Faizan Saleem, Enze Li, Alexander Wing Yip Chan, James Naphtali, Paul Naphtali, Athanasios Paschos, and Herb E. Schellhorn. "Comparative Analysis of Metagenomic (Amplicon and Shotgun) DNA Sequencing to Characterize Microbial Communities in Household On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems." Water 15, no. 2 (January 9, 2023): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15020271.

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The performance of on-site wastewater treatment systems (OWTSs) can be improved by altering digester design and by manipulating environmental variables that affect microbial community composition. Community composition can potentially be assessed using high-throughput DNA sequencing, but the two most common methods of community DNA sequencing (16S and shotgun sequencing) generally yield different taxonomic identification profiles and can perform differently according to the sampled environment. To evaluate the use of these two approaches in monitoring OWTS operation, we conducted a comparative parallel analysis using both 16S rDNA and shotgun sequencing in a controlled field study. Results indicate that when examining microorganisms above 0.1% relative abundance, 16S and shotgun sequencing produced similar results in terms of individual sample species richness and between-sample community similarity. However, shotgun sequencing provided comparatively higher taxonomic richness for the bacterial communities with lower abundance in the OWTSs. In addition, 16S sequencing resolved only 48 out of 188 bacterial communities identified by shotgun sequencing (using a 0.1% abundance cutoff). Three key bacterial genera (Desulfomicrobium, Simplicispira, and Phenylobacterium) in anaerobic digestion processes were differentially abundant for both sequencing methods. These data indicate that both sequencing methods provide similar overall profiles for bacterial communities in anaerobic digestor systems. However, shotgun sequencing provides significantly (p-value < 0.01) higher taxonomic richness overall. Thus, shotgun sequencing provides a more robust taxonomic and functional profile that can be used for the optimization of anaerobic digestor systems.

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4

Rusín, Jiří, Kateřina Chamrádová, and Kateřina Kašáková. "Development of the Laboratory Anaerobic Bioreactor for Wet and Dry Digestion Processes." GeoScience Engineering 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gse-2016-0024.

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Abstract This article presents partial results of the laboratory development of an anaerobic bioreactor designed for the physical modelling of (semi)continuous dry or wet anaerobic digestion processes. A horizontal cylindrical tank reactor of 0.4 m3 total capacity has been developed. The reactor allows the continuous stirring of a liquid batch or the intermittent stirring of a solid batch. The bioreactor has been used as a lab-scale digestor in the research project dealing with high-solids (dry) anaerobic co-digestion organic fraction of mixed municipal solid waste. The first experiment was performed on the mixture of MSW with corn silage (1:1) with the weight of 300 kg.

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5

Vaz, F., A. Torres, and C. Neiva Correia. "Case study: the characteristics of the biodegradable waste for the anaerobic digestion plant in Lisbon area." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 8 (October 1, 2008): 1563–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.499.

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Taking into account the physical-chemical characteristics of the SC-OFMSW processed at Valorsul's anaerobic digestion plant, the influence of seasonal effects was studied. The waste presents a good quality, with a putrescible content of around 90%. In terms of chemical characteristics, the waste composition is similar to the one referred in the literature. The results show that seasonal variations seem not to affect the SC-OFMSW characteristics. The waste is very soluble and for that reason the solids content in the digester is low (TS in the digestor is 2.8%). The production of biogas is higher than the one predicted in the design operational parameters. Consequently, smaller quantities of compost are produced.

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6

Zhang, Kun, Yan-Ling Zhang, Xin Ouyang, Jun-Peng Li, Jun-Jie Liao, Ao You, Xiu Yue, Guang-Jian Xie, Jie-Liang Liang, and Jin-Tian Li. "Genome-Centered Metagenomics Analysis Reveals the Microbial Interactions of a Syntrophic Consortium during Methane Generation in a Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010135.

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The application of anaerobic digestors to decentralized wastewater treatment systems (DWTS) has gained momentum worldwide due to their ease of operation, high efficiency, and ability to recycle wastewater. However, the microbial mechanisms responsible for the high efficiency and ability of DWTS to recycle wastewater are still unclear. In this study, the microbial community structure and function of two different anaerobic bioreactors (a primary sludge digestor, PSD, and anaerobic membrane bioreactor, AnMBR) of a DWTS located in Germany was investigated using 16S rRNA gene amplicon and metagenomic sequencing, respectively. The results showed that the microbial community structure was remarkably different in PSD and AnMBR. Methanobacteriaceae and Syntrophaceae were identified as the families that significantly differed in abundance between these two bioreactors. We also used genome-centered metagenomics to predict the microbial interactions and methane-generating pathway, which yielded 21 near-complete assembled genomes (MAGs) (average completeness of 93.0% and contamination of 2.9%). These MAGs together represented the majority of the microbial community. MAGs affiliated with methanogenic archaea, including Methanobacterium sp., Methanomicrobiales archaea, Methanomassiliicoccales archaea, and Methanosaeta concilii, were recruited, along with other syntrophic bacterial MAGs associated with anaerobic digestion. Key genes encoding enzymes involved in specific carbohydrate-active and methanogenic pathways in MAGs were identified to illustrate the microbial functions and interactions that occur during anaerobic digestion in the wastewater treatment. From the MAG information, it was predicted that bacteria affiliated with Bacteroidetes, Prolixibacteraceae, and Synergistaceae were the key bacteria involved in anaerobic digestion. In the methane production step, Methanobacterium sp. performed hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis, which reduced carbon dioxide to methane with hydrogen as the primary electron donor. Taken together, our findings provide a clear understanding of the methane-generating pathways and highlight the syntrophic interactions that occur during anaerobic digestion in DWTS.

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7

Freemantle, Ryan, Nick Butson, Janet Goodfellow, Julie Konzuk, and James G. Longstaffe. "Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Analysis of Anaerobic Microbial Metabolic Response to Benzalkonium Chloride Disinfectant." Applied Sciences 12, no. 9 (May 4, 2022): 4620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094620.

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Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are disinfection agents used in industrial cleaning processes that are known to interfere with the proper functioning of anaerobic waste digestion directly impacting the quality and quantity of the biogas produced (i.e., CO2 and CH4). While the impact of these contaminants on waste digestors are well known, the impact these compounds have on the metabolic profile of an anaerobic digestor is less understood. This paper describes the use nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy as a non-targeted tool to monitor variations in the metabolic profile of anaerobic bioreactor microcosms simulating the treatment of food production wastewater exposed to benzalkonium chloride (BAC), a key QAC. Using NMR, the variation in the metabolic profile of these wastewater microcosms is compared to variations in the quality and quantity of the biogas produced. A clear development of propionic, isobutyric, isovaleric, and other volatile fatty acids (VFAs) is observed indicating a disruption to the overall ability of the system to convert fatty acids to methane. The ability of NMR to successfully identify the overall metabolic profile, the occurrence of the individual VFAs, and the occurrence of BAC itself in one analysis helps to provide valuable information on the metabolic pathways involved in the disruption of these anaerobic processes.

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8

Chen, T. H., P. Chynoweth, and R. BIljetina. "Anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste in a nonmixed solids concentrating digestor." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 24-25, no. 1 (March 1990): 533–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02920276.

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9

Martínez-García, Ricardo Adolfo, Teodoro Espinosa-Solares, Jorge Flores-Velázquez, Abraham Rojano-Aguilar, Omar Reséndiz-Cantera, and Abraham Jesús Arzeta-Ríos. "Mejoramiento del desempeño hidrodinámico de un digestor anaeróbico de laguna cubierta mediante CFD//Improving the hydrodynamic performance of a covered lagoon anaerobic digester by CFD." Biotecnia 22, no. 1 (October 18, 2019): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18633/biotecnia.v22i1.1125.

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La digestión anaeróbica de residuos de explotacionespecuarias presenta beneficios tales como, la reducción de olores y agentes patógenos, la producción de biogás y biofertilizantes. La producción de metano está influenciada, entre otros factores, por el desempeño hidrodinámico del digestor. El objetivo de esta investigación fue construir y validar un modelo numérico basado en Dinámica de Fluidos Computacional (CFD), a partir de un prototipo de un digestor anaeróbico de laguna cubierta. Las simulaciones del modelo en CFD fueron realizadas a partir de las características del reactor y las propiedades del fluido de trabajo. Para comprobar la concordancia del modelo, los resultados numéricos se relacionaron con datos experimentales generados mediante Velocimetría de Imágenes de Partículas (PIV) en un modelo a escala del digestor original. Con el modelo validado, se simularon cuatro alternativas de diseño. Los resultados mostraron mayor eficiencia del patrón de flujo al incluir recirculación. La reducción de espacio muerto entre configuraciones propuestas con respecto al original osciló entre 12,7-19,2%. La configuración de mejor desempeño hidrodinámico fue con recirculación de 2/3 de la alimentación en la entrada original y el otro tercio la distancia de 12 m y con un ángulo de 90° respecto a la línea de entrada.ABSTRACTAnaerobic digestion of livestock waste has benefits such as reduction of odours and pathogens, production of biogas and biofertilizers. Methane production is influenced, among other factors, by the hydrodynamic performance of the digester. The objective of this research was to construct and validate a numerical model based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), from a prototype of a covered lagoon anaerobic digester. CFD model simulations were performed from reactor characteristics and working fluid properties. To check the agreement of the model, the numerical results were related to experimental data generated by Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV) in a scale model of the original digester. With the validated model, four design alternatives were simulated. The results showed greater efficiency of the flow pattern by including recirculation. The reduction in dead space between proposed configurations with respect to the original, ranged from 12.7-19.2%. The best hydrodynamic performance configuration was with recirculation of 2/3 of the feed at the original inlet and the other third at 12 m and at an angle of 90° to the input line.

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10

Deepanraj, A., S. Vijayalakshmi, and J. Ranjitha. "Production of Bio Gas from Vegetable and Flowers Wastes Using Anaerobic Digestion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 803–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.803.

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The present research paper describes about the anaerobic digestion of vegetable (Banana, Cauliflower, potato, and sweet potato) and flower wastes (Rose, sambangi, gulmohar, marigold, golden shower tree, silk tree mimosa) in a 1L capacity of anaerobic digestor using pig manure as an inoculums. The digester was operated in the ratio of 1:1 of substrate to inoculums at RT. The substrate concentrations are varied such as 5%, 7%, and 10% was used and amount of gas produced was analysed using digital pressure gauge. The results obtained showed that, marigold flower had given higher yield of biogas than vegetable wastes and the digestion period was less. The average biogas production potential of withered flowers was observed as 14.36 g/kg in 5 days, where in case of vegetable wastes it was 10.0234 g/kg in 6 days. The study showed that flowers which are available in abundant in India is thrown away within a day, in the environment. These feedstocks are good feed stock for the production of biogas. The generation of biogas from flowers and vegetable waste upholds the concept of waste to wealth in enhancing sustainability of development. The future research work is mainly focused on the characterization of the main component present in the bio-gas using sophisticated instruments.

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11

Sekiguchi, Y., Y. Uyeno, A. Sunaga, H. Yoshida, and Y. Kamagata. "Sequence-specific cleavage of 16S rRNA for rapid and quantitative detection of particular groups of anaerobes in bioreactors." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 1-2 (July 1, 2005): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0505.

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We developed a rapid and simple method for rRNA-based quantitative detection of a specific group of microorganisms in complex ecosystems. The method relies on the sequence-specific scission of 16S rRNA with ribonuclease H (RNase H) and oligonucleotides that specifically hybridize with targeted rRNA molecules. RNAs from a complex community were first mixed with an oligonucleotide and were subsequently digested with RNase H to achieve sequence-dependent rRNA cleavage at the hybridization site. For the quantitative detection of targeted rRNAs, the resulting RNA fragment patterns were analyzed by gel-electrophoresis, which separated and quantified cleaved and intact rRNA fragments. This method enabled the quantitative detection of microbes in a complex microbial community by a relatively simple and fast experimental procedure. We then applied the cleavage method to actual anaerobic microbial communities such as digested sewage sludge and UASB sludges. The results demonstrated that the present method was fully applicable to anaerobic digestor ecosystems containing complex anaerobic microorganisms.

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12

Tan, Lea Chua, and Piet N. L. Lens. "Addition of granular activated carbon during anaerobic oleate degradation overcomes inhibition and promotes methanogenic activity." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 7, no. 4 (2021): 762–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ew01093f.

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Simply adding granular activated carbon (GAC) in an anaerobic digestor treating lipid-rich wastewater can improve acidogenesis and methanogenesis by more than 10 times compared to the control without GAC.

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13

Tartakovsky, B., E. Morel, J. P. Steyer, and S. R. Guiot. "Variable Structure Model-Based Monitoring of an Anaerobic Digestor." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 37, no. 3 (March 2004): 475–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)32627-7.

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14

Feitz, A. J., J. Guan, and T. D. Waite. "Size and structure effects on centrifugal dewatering of digested sewage sludge." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 2-3 (July 1, 2001): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0798.

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The application of light scattering over small angles for the determination of digested sludge floc size and structure and its relationship with dewaterability is investigated. It appears that improved dewatering corresponds with lower floc fractal dimension (a more open structure) and a smaller proportion of fine particles. The initial increase in fractal dimension with increasing polymer dose for the digested sludge is most likely due to more efficient aggregation of the finer particles and the resulting formation of denser particle aggregates. A large colloidal fractal of the digested sludge (< 10 μm) appears to be less negative than the bulk digested sludge. This suggests that the fine particles will react differently and possibly less aggressively to the cationic polymer than the larger and more negative particles. The higher negative charge associated with the larger particles might be related to greater levels of highly negatively charged extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) adsorbed to the flocs or could result from the association of FeS with the finer fraction. The appearance of much greater levels of fine particles after digestion suggests that the flocs have undergone disintegration. Whether this is due to reduced biological efficiency within the digestor or iron reduction under the anaerobic conditions is not known for certain, although no indication of prolonged stress in the digesters could be found from plant performance data.

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15

Alvarez, J., O. Monroy, and V. Ruiz. "Model and Control Strategies of a Two Stage Anaerobic Digestor." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 25, no. 2 (March 1992): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)50349-3.

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16

Jabari, Linda, Hana Gannoun, Eltaief Khelifi, Jean-Luc Cayol, Jean-Jacques Godon, Moktar Hamdi, and Marie-Laure Fardeau. "Bacterial ecology of abattoir wastewater treated by an anaerobic digestor." Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 47, no. 1 (January 2016): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjm.2015.11.029.

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17

Tran, Hung-Thuan, Young-Joo Park, Mi-Kyeoung Cho, Dong-Jin Kim, and Dae-Hee Ahn. "Anaerobic ammonium oxidation process in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor with granular sludge selected from an anaerobic digestor." Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering 11, no. 3 (June 2006): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02932030.

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18

Guercini, S., G. Castelli, and C. Rumor. "Vacuum evaporation treatment of digestate: full exploitation of cogeneration heat to process the whole digestate production." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 3 (May 28, 2014): 479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.247.

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Vacuum evaporation represents an interesting and innovative solution for managing animal waste surpluses in areas with high livestock density. To reduce operational costs, a key factor is the availability of an inexpensive source of heat, such as that coming from an anaerobic digestion (AD) plant. The aim of this study was to test vacuum evaporation for the treatment of cattle slurry digestate focusing on heat exploitation. Tests were performed with a pilot plant fed with the digestate from a full-scale AD plant. The results were used to evaluate if and how cogeneration heat can support both the AD plant and the subsequent evaporation of the whole daily digestate production in a full-scale plant. The concentrate obtained (12% total solids) represents 40–50% of the influent. The heat requirement is 0.44 kWh/kg condensate. Heat power availability exceeding the needs of the digestor ranges from 325 (in winter) to 585 kW (in summer) versus the 382 kW required for processing the whole digestate production. To by-pass fluctuations, we propose to use the heat coming from the cogenerator directly in the evaporator, tempering the digestor with the latent heat of distillation vapor.

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19

Machado, Letícia Ribeiro, Adriano Henrique Ferrarez, Jader Lugon Junior, and Fernando César Alves. "Biogas production and composition optimization in an anaerobic digestor using cheese whey and swine manure as substrate." Acta Scientiarum. Technology 44 (July 6, 2022): e56923. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v44i1.56923.

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The search for new sources of energy has intensified these days due to the environmental impacts caused by fossil fuels. The tripod composed of energy, food and water is the base of human existence. Food production implies the generation of organic waste and the need to manage it properly. The dairy and pig farming sectors have an essential role in the Brazilian economy, producing a large amount of waste. One energy and environmental alternative to treat this issue is anaerobic digestion. Here we aimed to optimize the production and composition of biogas obtained from cheese whey and swine manure. Batch-scale laboratory tests were performed on bench anaerobic digesters for 65 days with 6 triplicates loaded with different proportions of cheese whey and swine manure. The proportion of 50% cheese whey and 50% swine manure presented the highest biogas production and methane concentration (CH4).

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20

Fahmy, M., E. Heinzle, and O. M. Kut. "Treatment of Bleaching Effluents in Aerobic/Anaerobic Fluidized Biofilm Systems." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 3-4 (August 1, 1991): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0474.

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Biodegradation of chloroorganic compounds in real industrial bleaching effluents (chlorination and extraction), with adapted biofilm in fluidized sand bed reactors, was studied under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The effluents were only diluted and supplied with mineral nutrients. Two reactor combinations were compared with a single stage aerobic digestor (AFB). In the anaerobic-aerobic reactors in series (AAS), the effluents were first treated anaerobically followed by an aerobic reactor in a single pass. In the anaerobic-aerobic recycle reactor (AAR), the reactor content was periodically moving back from aerobic to anaerobic fluidized beds. The reactors were running continuously for one year. The most significant differences observed were between aerobic and anaerobic single reactors. Generally anaerobiosis reduced performance in terms of global parameters (COD, NPOC, AOX). With a residence time of 18 h for each reactor, COD and AOX typically decreased by 15-32 % for each aerobic reactor system (AFB, AAS, AAR), whereas a decrease of typically 4-15 % was observed in the purely anaerobic system. From GC and GC/MS analysis it was evident that in the anaerobic reactors, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol was first converted to 2,4-dichlorophenol. In all three systems 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and dichlorophenols were almost completely removed.

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Prifti, Holta, Tania Floqi, and Mirel Mico. "Potential Energy Production from Biogas Economically and Environmental Profitable. Case Study: Establishing a Batch Digester in “Fogi” Farm." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 5 (July 27, 2021): 70–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2021.6.5.2503.

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Recently the use of biomass for biogas production is very limited in Albania. According to data acquistion from the study, the highest share in the entire structure of urban solid waste is that of organic waste 41-61.2%. A large part of these waste are bio digestible and can used for production or utilized as potential substrate in anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, a renewable source of energy and environment friendly too. Live stocks waste and especially cow manure farms are concerned in this study because there are a high number 11813 of them are spread all over Albania. In addition, the amount of cow manure exceeds 37,693.92 ton/year. In this case study is presented a cow farm located near Tirana, capital city of Albania with 200 cow heads which in the future will become 700 cow heads. The total amount of cow manure produced in this farm is 1825 ton/year, a considerable quantity of manure available for biogas production. This paper presents the type of digester, calculation of the biogas production yield, the optained energy, the pay back period of the initial investment and the net present value of this farm batcher digestor.

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Prifti, Holta, Tania Floqi, and Mirel Mico. "Potential Energy Production from Biogas Economically and Environmental Profitable. Case Study: Establishing a Batch Digester in “Fogi” Farm." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 5 (July 27, 2021): 70–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2021.6.5.2503.

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Recently the use of biomass for biogas production is very limited in Albania. According to data acquistion from the study, the highest share in the entire structure of urban solid waste is that of organic waste 41-61.2%. A large part of these waste are bio digestible and can used for production or utilized as potential substrate in anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, a renewable source of energy and environment friendly too. Live stocks waste and especially cow manure farms are concerned in this study because there are a high number 11813 of them are spread all over Albania. In addition, the amount of cow manure exceeds 37,693.92 ton/year. In this case study is presented a cow farm located near Tirana, capital city of Albania with 200 cow heads which in the future will become 700 cow heads. The total amount of cow manure produced in this farm is 1825 ton/year, a considerable quantity of manure available for biogas production. This paper presents the type of digester, calculation of the biogas production yield, the optained energy, the pay back period of the initial investment and the net present value of this farm batcher digestor.

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23

Di Domenico, Enea Gino, Gianluca Petroni, Daniele Mancini, Alberto Geri, Luca Di Palma, and Fiorentina Ascenzioni. "Development of Electroactive and Anaerobic Ammonium-Oxidizing (Anammox) Biofilms from Digestate in Microbial Fuel Cells." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/351014.

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Microbial Fuel cells (MFCs) have been proposed for nutrient removal and energy recovery from different wastes. In this study the anaerobic digestate was used to feed H-type MFC reactors, one with a graphite anode preconditioned withGeobacter sulfurreducensand the other with an unconditioned graphite anode. The data demonstrate that the digestate acts as a carbon source, and even in the absence of anode preconditioning, electroactive bacteria colonise the anodic chamber, producing a maximum power density of 172.2 mW/m2. The carbon content was also reduced by up to 60%, while anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria, which were found in the anodic compartment of the reactors, contributed to nitrogen removal from the digestate. Overall, these results demonstrate that MFCs can be used to recover anammox bacteria from natural sources, and it may represent a promising bioremediation unit in anaerobic digestor plants for the simultaneous nitrogen removal and electricity generation using digestate as substrate.

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Tartakovsky, B., E. Morel, and S. R. Guiot. "Application of a VSM-Based Process Control to a Bench-Scale Anaerobic Digestor." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 44, no. 1 (January 2005): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie030799y.

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25

Robbins, J. E., S. A. Gerhardt, and T. J. Kappel. "Effects of total ammonia on anaerobic digestion and an example of digestor performance from cattle manure-protein mixtures." Biological Wastes 27, no. 1 (January 1989): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7483(89)90026-8.

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26

Shang, Y., B. R. Johnson, and R. Sieger. "Application of the IWA Anaerobic Digestion Model (ADM1) for simulating full-scale anaerobic sewage sludge digestion." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 1-2 (July 1, 2005): 487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0557.

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A steady-state implementation of the IWA Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1) has been applied to the anaerobic digesters in two wastewater treatment plants. The two plants have a wastewater treatment capacity of 76,000 and 820,000 m3/day, respectively, with approximately 12 and 205 dry metric tons sludge fed to digesters per day. The main purpose of this study is to compare the ADM1 model results with full-scale anaerobic digestion performance. For both plants, the prediction of the steady-state ADM1 implementation using the suggested physico-chemical and biochemical parameter values was able to reflect the results from the actual digester operations to a reasonable degree of accuracy on all parameters. The predicted total solids (TS) and volatile solids (VS) concentration in the digested biosolids, as well as the digester volatile solids destruction (VSD), biogas production and biogas yield are within 10% of the actual digester data. This study demonstrated that the ADM1 is a powerful tool for predicting the steady-state behaviour of anaerobic digesters treating sewage sludges. In addition, it showed that the use of a whole wastewater treatment plant simulator for fractionating the digester influent into the ADM1 input parameters was successful.

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Albuquerque, Sara Mendes de, and Simone de Aviz Cardoso. "Projeto de digestor anaeróbio para produção de biometano auxiliado por computador / Anaerobic digestor project for the production of biomethan assisted by computer." Brazilian Journal of Animal and Environmental Research 3, no. 4 (2020): 3395–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.34188/bjaerv3n4-049.

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M. Narayanan, C. "Production of Phosphate-Rich Biofertiliser Using Vermicompost and Anaerobic Digestor Sludge—A Case Study." Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science 02, no. 02 (2012): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aces.2012.22022.

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Tartakovsky, B., E. Morel, J. P. Steyer, and S. R. Guiot. "Application of a Variable Structure Model in Observation and Control of an Anaerobic Digestor." Biotechnology Progress 18, no. 4 (August 2, 2002): 898–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bp010142c.

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Bibes, G., P. Coirault, R. Ouvrard, and J. P. Steyer. "A methodology for nonlinear system identification using volterra series. application to an anaerobic digestor." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 36, no. 16 (September 2003): 1227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)34927-3.

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Ruiz, Thomas R., Sarah Andrews, and Geoffrey B. Smith. "Identification and characterization of nuclease activities in anaerobic environmental samples." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 46, no. 8 (August 1, 2000): 736–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w00-049.

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DNA-degrading activity from anaerobic samples of bovine ruminal fluid, primary anaerobic digestor wastewater, freshwater sediments, and marine sediments was observed in the presence of 5 mM EDTA. Nuclease activity experiments involved exposing salmon chromosomal DNA to the environmental samples in 50 mM pH 7.2 buffer, incubating at 37°C, and subjecting the products to electrophoresis. The same stock and concentration of EDTA used in these assays (5 mM) completely inhibited commercial grade DNase. Nuclease activity in two of the samples, ruminal fluid and wastewater, was further characterized. DNA degradation in the ruminal sample was significantly reduced when EDTA or citrate concentrations were increased to 50 mM or above. DNA degradation activity in ruminal fluid was associated with material that passed through a 0.22-µm filter, but wastewater activity was associated with material retained by a 3-µm filter. Degradation activity in the wastewater was resistant to heat pretreatment, whereas the rumen activity was heat-labile (70°C, 60 min). These results demonstrated the biochemical complexity of these two environments and that high molecular weight DNA has a short half-life in these anaerobic environments.Key words: nucleic acid degradation, ruminal fluid, wastewater.

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Pereira, Wilfred E., Colleen E. Rostad, David M. Updegraff, and Jon L. Bennett. "Microbial Transformations of Azaarenes in Creosote-Contaminated Soil and Ground Water: Laboratory and Field Studies." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 11-12 (November 1, 1988): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0261.

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Azaarenes or aromatic nitrogen heterocycles are a class of compounds found in wood-preservative wastes containing creosote. The fate and movement of these compounds in contaminated aquifers is not well understood. Water-quality studies in an aquifer contaminated with creosote near Pensacola, Florida, indicated that ground water was contaminated with several azaarenes and their oxygenated and alkylated derivatives, suggesting that these oxygenated compounds may be products of microbial transformation reactions. Accordingly, laboratory studies were designed to investigate the fate of these compounds. Under aerobic conditions, soil pseudomonads isolated from creosote-contaminated soil converted quinoline to 2(lH)quinolinone that subsequently was degraded to unknown products. A methanogenic consortium isolated from an anaerobic sewage digestor, in presence of ground-water and creosote-contaminated soil, converted quinoline, isoquinoline, and 4-methylquinoline to their respective oxygenated analogs. In addition, N-, C-, and O-methylated analogs of oxygenated azaarenes were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in anaerobic cultures. Under the experimental conditions, 2-methylquinoline was biorefractory. Presence of similar biotransformation products in anaerobic cultures and contaminated ground water from the Pensacola site provided further evidence that these compounds indeed were microbial transformation products. Stable isotope labeling studies indicated that the source of the oxygen atom for this hydroxylation reaction under aerobic and anaerobic conditions was water. A mechanism was proposed for this hydroxylation reaction. Whereas parent azaarenes are biodegradable in both anaerobic and aerobic zones, oxygenated and alkylated analogs are more biorefractory and, hence, persistent in anaerobic zones of contaminated aquifers.

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Ramírez-Rivas, Iván D. "Anaerobic digestion modeling: from one to several bacterial populations." TecnoLógicas, no. 31 (November 30, 2011): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.22430/22565337.117.

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Los sistemas de digestión anaeróbica son procesos complejos que desafortunadamente a menudo sufren de inestabilidad. A fin de diseñar, optimizar y operar eficientemente estos sistemas es necesario desarrollar estrategias apropiadas de control. Estas estrategias requieren, en general del desarrollo de modelos matemáticos. El proceso de digestión anaerobia comprende una red compleja de reacciones secuenciales y paralelas de naturaleza bioquímica y fisicoquímica. Generalmente, estas reacciones contienen un paso en particular, denominado reacción-limitante el cual siendo el más lento, limita la tasa de reacción del proceso global. Los primeros intentos del modelado de la digestión anaerobia condujeron a modelos que describen este paso limitante. Sin embargo, en una amplia gama de condiciones de funcionamiento, el paso limitante no siempre es el mismo. Este puede depender de las características de las aguas residuales, de la carga hidráulica, de la temperatura, etc. Es evidente que la "hipótesis del paso limitante" conduce a modelos simples y fácilmente utilizables. Sin embargo, estos modelos no describen muy bien el comportamiento del digestor, especialmente en condiciones transitorias de funcionamiento. Este trabajo revisa el estado del arte en modelización de la digestión anaerobia. Damos una breve descripción de los modelos clave de digestión anaerobia que se han desarrollado hasta el momento para describir sistemas con crecimiento de biomasa, incluyendo el modelo de digestión anaerobia No 1 (ADM1) de la Asociación Internacional del Agua (IWA) e identificamos las áreas que requieren esfuerzos futuros de investigación.

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Beschkov, Venko, Tsvetan Sapundzhiev, and Ivan Angelov. "Modelling of Biogas Production from Glycerol by Anaerobic Process in a Baffled Multi-Stage Digestor." Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment 26, no. 5 (January 2012): 3244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5504/bbeq.2012.0061.

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Godon, J. J., E. Zumstein, P. Dabert, F. Habouzit, and R. Moletta. "Molecular microbial diversity of an anaerobic digestor as determined by small-subunit rDNA sequence analysis." Applied and environmental microbiology 63, no. 7 (1997): 2802–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.63.7.2802-2813.1997.

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36

Delbès, Céline, Jean-Jacques Godon, and René Moletta. "16S rDNA Sequence Diversity of a Culture-accessible Part of an Anaerobic Digestor Bacterial Community." Anaerobe 4, no. 6 (December 1998): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anae.1998.0176.

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Engeli, H., W. Edelmann, J. Fuchs, and K. Rottermann. "Survival of Plant Pathogens and Weed Seeds during Anaerobic Digestion." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 2 (January 1, 1993): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0079.

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The survival of Plasmodiophora brassicae was studied at digestion temperatures of 35 °C and 55 °C in laboratory batch digesters within one and two weeks, respectively. The study showed that digestion at 55 °C almost completely reduced the ability of infecting bait plants. The seeds of Rumex obtusifolius and Lycopersicon lycopersicum (tomatoes) were completely destroyed at 55 °C and a digestion time of 14 days, in laboratory batch digesters. The experiments carried out in a two stage pilot plant (Leach-Bed Solid Phase batch Digester for hydrolysis and a pulsating dynamic anaerobic filter for methanogenesis) showed that hydrolytic conditions are mainly responsible for the killing of weed seeds. Some additional data on the qualities of different digested substrates are presented.

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38

Redhead, Sky, Jeroen Nieuwland, Sandra Esteves, Do-Hoon Lee, Dae-Wi Kim, Jordan Mathias, Chang-Jun Cha, et al. "Fate of antibiotic resistant E. coli and antibiotic resistance genes during full scale conventional and advanced anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): e0237283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237283.

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Antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and their genes (ARGs) have become recognised as significant emerging environmental pollutants. ARB and ARGs in sewage sludge can be transmitted back to humans via the food chain when sludge is recycled to agricultural land, making sludge treatment key to control the release of ARB and ARGs to the environment. This study investigated the fate of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli and a large set of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during full scale anaerobic digestion (AD) of sewage sludge at two U.K. wastewater treatment plants and evaluated the impact of thermal hydrolysis (TH) pre-treatment on their abundance and diversity. Absolute abundance of 13 ARGs and the Class I integron gene intI1 was calculated using single gene quantitative (q) PCR. High through-put qPCR analysis was also used to determine the relative abundance of 370 ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Results revealed that TH reduced the absolute abundance of all ARGs tested and intI1 by 10–12,000 fold. After subsequent AD, a rebound effect was seen in many ARGs. The fate of ARGs during AD without pre-treatment was variable. Relative abundance of most ARGs and MGEs decreased or fluctuated, with the exception of macrolide resistance genes, which were enriched at both plants, and tetracyline and glycopeptide resistance genes which were enriched in the plant employing TH. Diversity of ARGs and MGEs decreased in both plants during sludge treatment. Principal coordinates analysis revealed that ARGs are clearly distinguished according to treatment step, whereas MGEs in digested sludge cluster according to site. This study provides a comprehensive within-digestor analysis of the fate of ARGs, MGEs and antibiotic resistant E. coli and highlights the effectiveness of AD, particularly when TH is used as a pre-treatment, at reducing the abundance of most ARGs and MGEs in sludgeand preventing their release into the environment.

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Mirtsou-Xanthopoulou, Chrysoula, Ioannis V. Skiadas, and Hariklia N. Gavala. "On the Effect of Aqueous Ammonia Soaking Pre-Treatment on Continuous Anaerobic Digestion of Digested Swine Manure Fibers." Molecules 24, no. 13 (July 5, 2019): 2469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24132469.

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(1) Background: The continuously increasing demand for renewable energy sources renders anaerobic digestion as one of the most promising technologies for renewable energy production. Due to the animal production intensification, manure is being used as the primary feedstock for most biogas plants. Their economical profitable operation, however, relies on increasing the methane yield from the solid fraction of manure, which is not so easily degradable. The solid fraction after anaerobic digestion, the so-called digested fibers, consists mainly of hardly biodegradable material and comes at a lower mass per unit volume of manure compared to the solid fraction before anaerobic digestion. Therefore, investigation on how to increase the biodegradability of digested fibers is very relevant. So far, Aqueous Ammonia Soaking (AAS), has been successfully applied on digested fibers separated from the effluent of a manure-fed, full-scale anaerobic digester to enhance their methane productivity in batch experiments. (2) Methods: In the present study, continuous experiments at a mesophilic (38 °C) CSTR-type anaerobic digester fed with swine manure first and a mixture of manure with AAS-treated digested fibers in the sequel, were performed. Anaerobic Digestion Model 1 (ADM1) previously fitted on manure fed digester was used in order to assess the effect of the addition of AAS-pre-treated digested manure fibers on the kinetics of anaerobic digestion process. (3) Results and Conclusions: The methane yield of AAS-treated digested fibers under continuous operation was 49–68% higher than that calculated in batch experiments in the past. It was found that AAS treatment had a profound effect mainly on the disintegration/hydrolysis rate of particulate carbohydrates. Comparison of the data obtained in the present study with the data obtained with AAS-pre-treated raw manure fibers in the past revealed that hydrolysis kinetics after AAS pre-treatment were similar for both types of biomasses.

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Sousa, Francine Aparecida, Alessandro Torres Campos, Pedro Ivo Sodré Amaral, Daiane Cecchin, and Alessandro Vieira Veloso. "PRODUÇÃO DE BIOGÁS PROVENIENTE DE CAMAS SOBREPOSTAS DE SUÍNOS." ENERGIA NA AGRICULTURA 32, no. 3 (December 20, 2017): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.17224/energagric.2017v32n3p229-236.

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Foi avaliada a eficiência do processo de biodigestão anaeróbia e a produção de biogás proveniente de cama sobreposta de suínos em fase de terminação, em biodigestores de bancada. Foram utilizados 12 protótipos de biodigestores laboratoriais de batelada, confeccionados em recipiente plástico e PVC com o volume utilizado de 20 litros. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de dois materiais de cama sobreposta de suínos como substrato, diluídas em água: Tratamento (M+B) - cama de maravalha+bagaço de cana e tratamento (MAR) - cama de maravalha. Para cada tratamento, foi avaliado o potencial poluidor do efluente, por meio de parâmetros físico-químicos (pH, DBOt, DQOt e ST). Foi quantificada a produção de biogás a fim de verificar o potencial energético da cama sobreposta de suínos. Observou-se que, o tratamento (MAR) apresentou maiores valores de redução de ST. A eficiência de remoção de DQOt para a cama (M+B) foi de 66,04%, já para a cama (MAR) obteve-se redução de 30,80%. A produção do biogás proveniente da cama (M+B) foi significativamente superior à cama (MAR). O uso de biodigestores é interessante para promover o pós-tratamento (ou tratamento complementar) do efluente, obtendo-se, ainda, produção de energia na forma de biogás, que pode ser convertida em eletricidade, aumentando a sustentabilidade da granja. As camas sobrepostas de suínos, submetidas à biodigestão anaeróbia, tiveram reduções significativas dos conteúdos dos ST, SVT e DQO. A produção do biogás proveniente da cama sobreposta composta por maravalha+bagaço de cana foi significativamente superior à cama sobreposta composta por maravalha.PALAVRA-CHAVE: biodigestores, biodigestão anaeróbia, carga orgânica, instalações para suínos. PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS ORIGINATED FROM SWINE SUPERIMPOSED BEDSThe objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the anaerobic bio-digestion process and the production of biogas derived from superimposed beds of finishing swine, in tabletop biodigestors. Twelve continuous laboratory bio-digestor prototypes, assembled in plastic and PVC recipients, were used. The treatments constituted of two superimposed bed materials as substrate, diluted in water: Treatment S+B – wood shavings + sugarcane bagasse bed; and treatment SHA – wood shavings bed. For each treatment, the pollutant potential of the effluent was evaluated, by means of physical-chemical parameters (pH, DBOt, DQOt and ST). The production of biogas was quantified in order to verify the energetic potential of the beds. The SHA treatment presented higher ST reduction values. The S+B bed efficiency of DQOt removal was 66.04%, while the SHA bed was of 30.80%. The production of biogas originated from the superimposed bed constituted of sugarcane bagasse + wood shavings was significantly superior to the superimposed bed constituted of wood shavings. With this study, it was possible to conclude that the use of bio-digesters is interesting to promote the post-treatment (or complementary treatment) of the effluent, resulting on bioenergy generation, contributing to the system sustainability. Superimposed pig beds submitted to anaerobic biodigestion had significant reductions in ST, SVT and DQOt contents. The production of biogas from the overlapped bed composed of wood shavings + sugarcane bagasse was significantly superior to the superposed bed composed of wood shavings.KEYWORDS: Modeling bio-digestors, anaerobic bio-digestion, organic charge, facilities for swine

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41

Noike, T., and J. Matsumoto. "Upgrading of Anaerobic Digestion Processes for Night Soil." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 7-8 (July 1, 1986): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0296.

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The upgrading of night soil anaerobic digestion processes was studied by field investigation of the performance of anaerobic digesters in existing night soil treatment plants and by serai-continuous experiments with bench-scale digesters. Both the average monthly amount of collected night soil fed to a digester and the concentration of volatile solids in night soil increased in winter. A good correlation was found to exist between gas production and digestion temperature. The COD removal rate in the first digester was markedly higher than that in the second digester. The stirring period in the first digester in one plant differs from that in the other plant. Stirring the first digester for too long a period reduces the rate of COD removal by the second digester in the two-stage anaerobic digestion process. The first digester should be stirred for more than one hour per day in order to promote gas production. Gas production and CODCr removal rate in the second digester were hardly affected by reductions in retention time ranging from 15 days to 5 days. As night soil contains a large amount of cellulose and other refractory organics, some kind of pretreatment of the night soil fed to the digester may be necessary for the promotion of acidogenesis in the two-phase anaerobic digestion process.

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Ward, Amanda, H. David Stensel, John F. Ferguson, Gregory Ma, and Stan Hummel. "Effect of autothermal treatment on anaerobic digestion in the dual digestion process." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 8-9 (October 1, 1998): 435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0835.

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The performance of two laboratory mesophilic anaerobic digesters was studied to determine if the claims for improved mesophilic anaerobic digestion following autothermal pre-treatment are valid and if the benefits claimed are affected by the mesophilic digester SRT. One digester was fed sludge taken after a full-scale autothermal reactor and the other was fed sludge from the same plant just before the autothermal treatment unit. Autothermal treatment did not significantly increase volatile solids destruction kinetics during subsequent anaerobic digestion. The VS destruction rate was 2.7 to 2.8% per day with or without autothermal treatment. Autothermal pre-treatment did not affect methane production per unit VS destroyed at anaerobic digester SRTs ranging from 6 to 12 days. In the digester fed autothermal sludge, higher alkalinity and lower VFA concentration produced a lower VFA to alkalinity ratio, indicating the autothermal pretreatment has the potential to make anaerobic digester operation more stable compared to anaerobic digestion only. Autothermal pretreatment consistently reduced fecal coliform to below detection limits and fecal coliform remained below detection limits during anaerobic digestion.

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43

Meegoda, Jay, Brian Li, Kush Patel, and Lily Wang. "A Review of the Processes, Parameters, and Optimization of Anaerobic Digestion." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10 (October 11, 2018): 2224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102224.

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Anaerobic digestion is a technology that has been used by humans for centuries. Anaerobic digestion is considered to be a useful tool that can generate renewable energy and significant research interest has arisen recently. The underlying theory of anaerobic digestion has been established for decades; however, a great deal of current research is directed towards the optimization of anaerobic digestion under diverse digestion conditions. This review provides a summary of the processes underlying anaerobic digestion, commonly-utilized measurements of anaerobic sludge, operating parameters of anaerobic digesters, and methods of acceleration and optimization used to improve process efficiency. Recent developments in addition to older research are considered to provide a general but comprehensive summary of accumulated knowledge in the theory of anaerobic digestion, as well as considerations in the efficient operation of digesters. We have determined that the numerous factors pertinent to the design and operation of batch-based anaerobic digesters must each be considered to ensure the maximum efficiency and cost-effectiveness of a digester provided its respective operating conditions.

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44

Petersen, Søren P., and Birgitte K. Ahring. "Acetate oxidation in a thermophilic anaerobic sewage-sludge digestor: the importance of non-aceticlastic methanogenesis from acetate." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 9, no. 2 (December 1991): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1991.tb01747.x.

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45

Petersen, SÃ¸ren P., and Birgitte K. Ahring. "Acetate oxidation in a thermophilic anaerobic sewage-sludge digestor: the importance of non-aceticlastic methanogenesis from acetate." FEMS Microbiology Letters 86, no. 2 (December 1991): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04804.x.

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46

Genovesi, Antoine, Jérôme Harmand, and Jean-Philippe Steyer. "A fuzzy logic based diagnosis system for the on-line supervision of an anaerobic digestor pilot-plant." Biochemical Engineering Journal 3, no. 3 (June 1999): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1369-703x(99)00015-7.

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47

Ejlertsson, Jörgen, Marie-Louise Nilsson, Henrik Kylin, Åke Bergman, Leif Karlson, Mats Öquist, and Bo H. Svensson. "Anaerobic Degradation of Nonylphenol Mono- and Diethoxylates in Digestor Sludge, Landfilled Municipal Solid Waste, and Landfilled Sludge." Environmental Science & Technology 33, no. 2 (January 1999): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es980669u.

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48

Feng, Xianfeng, Bing Tang, Liying Bin, Haoliang Song, Shaosong Huang, Fenglian Fu, Jiewei Ding, Cuiqun Chen, and Chunfei Yu. "Rheological behavior of the sludge in a long-running anaerobic digestor: Essential factors to optimize the operation." Biochemical Engineering Journal 114 (October 2016): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2016.06.022.

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49

Kunte, D. P., T. Y. Yeole, and D. R. Ranade. "Two-stage anaerobic digestion process for complete inactivation of enteric bacterial pathogens in human night soil." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 6 (September 1, 2004): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0365.

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Anaerobic digestion offers a good alternative for human waste treatment. However, the fate of enteric bacterial pathogens present in human night soil (HNS) remains a major concern for hygienic safety of the process. A two-stage anaerobic digestion process, consisting of separate acidogenic and methanogenic digesters, was designed and its efficacy in the inactivation of Salmonella typhi was compared to a single-stage digestion process. In a single-stage digestion, complete pathogen inactivation was achieved only in the digesters with high levels of volatile fatty acids (VFA ≅18,000 mg/l) and acidic pH (≅6.0). These digesters, however, showed drastic reduction in methane yield. In the two-stage digestion process, S. typhi was completely inactivated in the acidogenic digester and the methanogenic digester was free from the pathogen even after receiving a daily dose of the pathogen. The process also achieved complete inactivation of other enteric pathogens, viz., Shigella dysenteriae and Vibrio cholerae. The two-stage process was efficient in biogas generation from HNS. Thus, the two-stage process ensures complete hygienic safety in anaerobic digestion of human night soil.

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50

DelbÃ¨s, CÃ©line, RenÃ© Moletta, and Jean-Jacques Godon. "Bacterial and archaeal 16S rDNA and 16S rRNA dynamics during an acetate crisis in an anaerobic digestor ecosystem." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 35, no. 1 (March 2001): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2001.tb00784.x.

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