Дисертації з теми "Amphibolite geochemistry"

On retrouve localement des amphibolites fortement foliées dans le mélange ophiolitique sous les massifs ophiolitiques de la Zone de Suture du Yarlung Zangbo (ZSYZ). Ces blocs représentent la partie supérieure d’une semelle métamorphique démembrée. La géochimie des amphibolites (La/Yb = 0.65-0.97, Ta/Th = 0.33-0.65) est similaire à celle des roches mafiques provenant de l’ophiolite, suggérant une origine dans le même bassin d’arrière-arc. Le métamorphisme de haut grade (P=14 kbars, T= 800°C) subit par les amphibolites suggère un enfouissement pendant la naissance d’une subduction. Les âges voisins des amphibolites et de la croûte ophiolitique (121-130 vs 120±10 et 126 Ma, respectivement) suggèrent que la naissance de la subduction s’est déroulée dans le bassin arrière-arc Néo-Téthysien. Un tel événement n’avait pas encore été rapporté. La présence de dikes et le métasomatisme tardif responsable de la cristallisation de préhnite pourraient indiquer la subduction d’un centre magmatique. La composition en isotopes stables du fluide responsable confirmerait une telle hypothèse.
Blocks of highly foliated amphibolites are locally found within the serpentinite matrix mélange underlying the Yarlung Zangbo ophiolites near Bainang and Buma, Xigaze area, Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone (YZSZ), Tibet. The mélange is thought to be the result of the tectonic dismemberment of the base of the ophiolitic napes during its obduction over the Indian passive margin, circa 50 Ma. Prior to dismemberment, amphibolites were probably parts of a coherent dynamothermal sole, as observed at the base of many ophiolites. Sampled amphibolites can be subdivided in three groups: garnet, banded and common amphibolites. Medium-grained garnet amphibolites contain the assemblage A) Hb+CPX+Gt+Pl±Rt and B) Gt+Hb+Pl (corona assemblage). Fine to medium-grained banded amphibolites contain the assemblage C) Hb+CPX+Pl+Ep±Sp+Qtz+Ap. Fine-grained common amphibolites contain facies D) Hb+Pl±Ep+Ap+Sp. In all assemblages, plagioclase is pseudomorphosed by an albite-prehnite simplectite. Retrograde cataclastic veins contain the assemblage E) Ab+Pr±Ch+Ep. The geochemistry of the garnet, banded and common amphibolites is very similar to the geochemistry of other mafic blocks in the mélange and of mafic igneous rocks within the ophiolitic massifs. When compared to MORBs, light depletion of LREE (La/Yb = 0.65-0.97) and mild HFSE depletion (Ta/Th = 0.33-0.65) would suggest a mixing between the IAT and MORB sources, as seen in back-arc basins and nascent intra-oceanic arcs. The amphibolites were buried at the inception of a subduction within the back-arc to peak metamorphism conditions of 11-14 kbars and ~800 °C. Ar/Ar analysis of amphiboles revealed a metamorphic age of 121-130 Ma, which is synchronous with ages obtained from the overlying ophiolites. Overlapping in ophiolite-sole age relationship reveals inception of the subduction near or at the spreading center from which originated the ophiolite. Subduction of a buoyant body could explain heterogeneous coronitization of pyrope-rich (up to 35 %) garnet by Al-Tschermakites (Al2O3 up to 21 wt %) at high-pressures. After exhumation, amphibolites were injected by very fine-grained diabasic dykes and were subject to percolation of a prehnite-precipitating fluid. Oxygen stable isotopes suggest that a magmatic fluid is responsible for prehnite precipitation. The magmatic and metamorphic history of the dynamothermal sole and field relationships with adjacent units seem to indicate that most of Neo-Tethys oceanic domain was subducted along this new Late Cretaceous subduction zone.

Le massif de l’Edough représente le massif cristallin le plus oriental de la chaîne des Maghrébides. Ce massif, peu étudié, est cependant particulièrement intéressant car il permet de faire le lien avec les autres segments de la chaîne Alpine Péri-Méditerranéenne. Il se présente sous la forme d’un dôme métamorphique principalement constitué de gneiss et migmatites contenant en son cœur des amphibolites à grenat et des métapéridotites (péridotites de Sidi Mohamed). Au Nord, il est chevauché par l’unité de Kef Lakhal composée d’amphibolites massives, qui sont séparées du dôme par une unité de mélange contenant des lithologies de nature très variée. Trois de ces unités ont été étudiées: les péridotites de Sidi Mohamed, l’unité de mélange, et l'unité de Kef Lakhal. Les objectifs de ce doctorat consistent à: i) caractériser ces différentes unités en terme de source, processus enregistrés et évolution, ii) contraindre l'âge de ces unités et, éventuellement, l'âge du/des métamorphisme(s) enregistré(s), iii) replacer ces différentes unités dans un contexte global de la géodynamique du bassin Méditerranéen au cours du Cénozoïque. Ainsi une approche combinée couplant pétrologie, géochimie et géochronologie a été réalisée sur un échantillonnage prélevé en 2012, et principalement focalisé sur les lithologies basiques et ultra-basiques ainsi que sur les zones de contact entre ces trois unités. La méthodologie mise en oeuvre consiste, à la fois, en des analyses in situ (éléments majeurs et traces, géochronologie U-Pb, isotopes Hf) et des mesures sur roches totale et fractions minérales (éléments majeur et traces, géochronologie Ar-Ar et isotopes Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf). Dans la zone de Sidi Mohamed, les amphibolites à grenat proviennent d’un manteau similaire à celui des témoins retrouvés au niveau du bloc d’Alboran et enregistrent un évènement métamorphique à c. 18 Ma. Les roches ultramafiques situées au cœur du dôme possèdent des signatures isotopiques de type manteau sous-continental avec une influence de processus de subduction et une empreinte géochimique plus tardive liée aux processus d’exhumation. L’unité de mélange est interprétée comme une marge passive Permo-Carbonifère. Les amphibolites proviennent d’un manteau modifié par une ancienne subduction. Cette unité de mélange contient des reliques métamorphisées sous conditions d’Ultra-Haute Pression marquées notamment, par la présence de diamants inclus dans un méga-cristal de grenat dont le protolithe est de type N-MORB. Le stade prograde de l'évènement UHP a été daté à c. 32 Ma et l'exhumation puis le charriage sur le socle de l’Edough se produisent à c. 21 Ma. L’unité amphibolitique de Kef Lakhal présente des signatures de type croute océanique N-MORB et représenterait un vestige de la Téthys entré en subduction puis exhumé à c. 21 Ma. Nous proposons que le massif de l’Edough représente la marge passive Nord-Africaine d’âge Permo-Carbonifère sur laquelle un fragment de croûte océanique Téthysienne a été charriée au cours du Miocène. L’exhumation du massif se produit en deux stades dont le premier à ~21 Ma est suivi par la formation d’un Metamorphic Core Complex à partir de 18 Ma. Nous relions ces processus rapides à des mouvements de la fosse de subduction et du panneau plongeant
The Edough massif is the Easternmost crystalline massif of the Maghrebide belt. This area presents strong similarities with the internal zones of the Peri-Mediterranean Alpine belt but its evolution stillremains poorly constrained. Edough can be approximated as a metamorphic dome of gneisses and migmatites containing garnet amphibolite and metaperidotites of Sidi Mohamed in its core. In the North, the dome is overlain by a nappe stack constituted by a “melange” unit composed of various lithologies and, upward, by the Kef Lakhal massive amphibolites of oceanic origin. This work is focused on three units containing mafic and ultramafic lithologies i.e. the Sidi Mohamed peridotites, the “melange” unit and the Kef Lakhal amphibolites. The aim of this Ph.D. work is to characterize all three units, to determine their relationships and establish the timing of the main events identified. We chose a combined geochronological-geochemical approach using in situ analyses (major and trace elements, U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotopes on accessory minerals) and bulk analyses on whole rock/mineral fraction (major and trace elements, Ar-Ar geochronology and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopes). We show that the Sidi Mohamed mafic rocks display an affinity with the Alboran mantle. The mantle rocks from Sidi Mohamed display affinities with a subcontinental mantle influenced by subduction processes and late metamorphism at crustal levels. The melange unit is interpreted as a Permo-Carboniferous passive margin. The amphibolite lenses in the mélange unit originate from a mantle modified by subduction processes. This unit contains relics of Ultra-High Pressure rocks as evidenced by the occurrence of diamonds in a megacrystal of garnet showing oceanic affinities. These ultra-high pressure rocks document a prograde stage at ~32 Ma and exhumation to lower crustal levels at ~21 Ma. The Kef Lakhal unit displays oceanic crust-like signatures and characteristics of fluid induced signatures. We interpret the Kef Lakhal amphibolites as a shallow subducted Tethys fragment, which was exhumed at 21 Ma. We propose that the Edough massif represents the Permo-carboniferous passive margin of Africa basement onto which a fragment of the Tethys Ocean was thrusted. The whole massif was finally exhumed as a metamorphic core complex at 18 Ma and experienced fast cooling until ~16 Ma. We relate this fast processes to the interplay between trench and slab movements

The effects of composition, pressure and oxygen fugacity on partition coefficients between amphibole and hydrous basaltic melt were studied at 1.5 to 2.5 GPa and 1000 to 1130°C. Partition coefficients (D i = concentration of element i in amphibole/concentration of i in melt) of large-ion-lithophile elements (LILE: Rb, Sr, Ba), high-field-strength elements (HFSE: Y, Zr, Nb, Ta, Hf), and rare-earth elements (REE: La to Lu) were determined between amphiboles and coexisting quenched melts created by partial crystallization of seven different starting compositions in a piston-cylinder high-pressure apparatus. Trace elements were analyzed by laser-ablation, microprobe inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (LAM-ICP-MS). The effects of premium, temperature and oxygen fugacity on the partition coefficients are minor, but statistically measurable. Amphibole composition affects partitioning of these trace elements by a maximum factor of 3.5 in the range of pressures and temperatures studied with an oxygen fugacity range of 2 orders of magnitude above and below nickel-nickel oxide buffer. Experiments specifically investigating the role of Ti demonstrate that a positive correlation exists between amphibole VITi 4+ content and DBa, D Sr, DTa, D Zr, DLa, DCe, DPr, and DNd. Increasing pressure from 1.5 GPa, to 2.2 or 2.5 GPa (depending upon composition) increases DLILE, but decreases DHFSE and DREE. Raising the oxygen fugacity at 1.5 or 2.5 GPa by 3 orders of magnitude increases DRb, DBa, DLa, and D Nd, whereas DTi, D Hf, and DZr decrease; however, the maximum difference between partition coefficients measured at low and high oxygen fugacities is only a factor of 1.7. All of the effects of composition, pressure, and oxygen fugacity reflect the control of crystal chemistry on the partitioning of trace elements between amphibole and basaltic melt. No effects of melt composition were discerned in this study. The measured partition coefficients were used to investigate tr

ABSTRACT The Central Blue Ridge sub-province of the southern Appalachian Mountains preserves an unique and complex geologic history. The Cartoogechaye terrane is the westernmost terrane of the Central Blue Ridge sub-province, and is characterized by extensive olistostromal sequences, including mafic-ultramafic massifs, isolated mafic units, and block-in-matrix structures of varying scales. This study investigates the genetic and tectonic relationships, and regional chemical and metamorphic trends of the amphibolitic rocks entrained within units of the Cartoogechaye and nearby terranes, toward constraining the origins of these regional sequences, and examining the rationale for the current Blue Ridge terrane designations. A distinct compositional variation exists between the northern and southern portions of the Cartoogechaye terrane, evident in the mafic rocks of the terrane. The amphibolite blocks and mega-blocks of the Willets-Addie mafic unit, in the northeastern portion of the Cartoogechaye terrane, indicate igneous rock protoliths of a calc-alkaline composition that are different from the mafic-origin amphibolitic massifs of the southwestern Cartoogechaye terrane (Ryan et al., 2005). Amphibolitic blocks of the Tathams Creek/Sylva area, immediately southwest of the Willets-Addie study site, show rare earth element systematics indistinguishable from the more mafic rocks in the Willets-Addie area, albeit with some chemical variation related most likely to variable migmatization of the rocks regionally. Mafic rocks in the adjoining Mars Hill terrane to the northwest show similar chemical trends, even though the Mars Hill terrane is recognized as different from the Cartoogechaye terrane, based on dating results from enclosing granitiods and migmatitic segregations. In the southwestern Cartoogechaye terrane, the Carroll Knob mafic complex preserves chemical signatures suggestive of ocean crustal origins, similar to the Buck Creek mafic-ultramafic suite (Berger et al. 2001, Peterson et al., 2009). However, the amphibolites in the Carroll Knob complex indicate pyroxene-rich cumulate and gabbroic protoliths consistent with an active oceanic magma system undergoing continuous magmatic replenishment and crystallization. West of the Carroll Knob complex, the Kimsey Bald mafic body includes amphibolites with protoliths comparable to the MORB-like, high-Ti amphibolites of the Buck Creek suite. The few amphibolite samples from the Lake Chatuge complex examined in this study also shows ocean crustal affinities, similar to those in the Buck Creek, Kimsey Bald, and Carroll Knob complexes. The chemical distinctions among these amphibolite suites, and the differences in the inferred crustal ages among their enclosing crustal units point to a possible boundary between the northern and southern regions of the Cartoogechaye terrane, one related either to likely crustal protoliths, or to a change in tectonic environment. The varied types of blocks comprising the Tathams Creek and associated Cartoogechaye units may indicate a transitional zone between the upper plate-derived accretionary sequences observed to the northeast and dominantly lower oceanic plate lithologies exposed in the southwestern extent of the terrane.

On retrouve localement des amphibolites fortement foliées dans le mélange ophiolitique sous les massifs ophiolitiques de la Zone de Suture du Yarlung Zangbo (ZSYZ). Ces blocs représentent la partie supérieure d’une semelle métamorphique démembrée. La géochimie des amphibolites (La/Yb = 0.65-0.97, Ta/Th = 0.33-0.65) est similaire à celle des roches mafiques provenant de l’ophiolite, suggérant une origine dans le même bassin d’arrière-arc. Le métamorphisme de haut grade (P=14 kbars, T= 800°C) subit par les amphibolites suggère un enfouissement pendant la naissance d’une subduction. Les âges voisins des amphibolites et de la croûte ophiolitique (121-130 vs 120±10 et 126 Ma, respectivement) suggèrent que la naissance de la subduction s’est déroulée dans le bassin arrière-arc Néo-Téthysien. Un tel événement n’avait pas encore été rapporté. La présence de dikes et le métasomatisme tardif responsable de la cristallisation de préhnite pourraient indiquer la subduction d’un centre magmatique. La composition en isotopes stables du fluide responsable confirmerait une telle hypothèse.
Blocks of highly foliated amphibolites are locally found within the serpentinite matrix mélange underlying the Yarlung Zangbo ophiolites near Bainang and Buma, Xigaze area, Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone (YZSZ), Tibet. The mélange is thought to be the result of the tectonic dismemberment of the base of the ophiolitic napes during its obduction over the Indian passive margin, circa 50 Ma. Prior to dismemberment, amphibolites were probably parts of a coherent dynamothermal sole, as observed at the base of many ophiolites. Sampled amphibolites can be subdivided in three groups: garnet, banded and common amphibolites. Medium-grained garnet amphibolites contain the assemblage A) Hb+CPX+Gt+Pl±Rt and B) Gt+Hb+Pl (corona assemblage). Fine to medium-grained banded amphibolites contain the assemblage C) Hb+CPX+Pl+Ep±Sp+Qtz+Ap. Fine-grained common amphibolites contain facies D) Hb+Pl±Ep+Ap+Sp. In all assemblages, plagioclase is pseudomorphosed by an albite-prehnite simplectite. Retrograde cataclastic veins contain the assemblage E) Ab+Pr±Ch+Ep. The geochemistry of the garnet, banded and common amphibolites is very similar to the geochemistry of other mafic blocks in the mélange and of mafic igneous rocks within the ophiolitic massifs. When compared to MORBs, light depletion of LREE (La/Yb = 0.65-0.97) and mild HFSE depletion (Ta/Th = 0.33-0.65) would suggest a mixing between the IAT and MORB sources, as seen in back-arc basins and nascent intra-oceanic arcs. The amphibolites were buried at the inception of a subduction within the back-arc to peak metamorphism conditions of 11-14 kbars and ~800 °C. Ar/Ar analysis of amphiboles revealed a metamorphic age of 121-130 Ma, which is synchronous with ages obtained from the overlying ophiolites. Overlapping in ophiolite-sole age relationship reveals inception of the subduction near or at the spreading center from which originated the ophiolite. Subduction of a buoyant body could explain heterogeneous coronitization of pyrope-rich (up to 35 %) garnet by Al-Tschermakites (Al2O3 up to 21 wt %) at high-pressures. After exhumation, amphibolites were injected by very fine-grained diabasic dykes and were subject to percolation of a prehnite-precipitating fluid. Oxygen stable isotopes suggest that a magmatic fluid is responsible for prehnite precipitation. The magmatic and metamorphic history of the dynamothermal sole and field relationships with adjacent units seem to indicate that most of Neo-Tethys oceanic domain was subducted along this new Late Cretaceous subduction zone.

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The Olary Domain, Curnamona Province has significant economic importance as a target for base metal and gold exploration. A veneer of Cainozoic or younger regolith occurs over large areas of the Olary Domain, which complicates mineral exploration. The study area is located within a small catchment at the old Luxemburg Cu/Au mining site in the mid North of South Australia in the Southern area of the Olary Domain. This investigation focuses on relating physical and chemical weathering processes present between basement amphibolite, granites and gneisses and a local waterway, including parameters such as bedrock geochemistry, regolith profile interpretation, channel morphology, and landscape evolution. Mapping the extent and character of the regolith in the Luxemburg area in a detailed Regolith Landform Map was also a large feature of this study. Results from the Regolith Landform Map allow inferences on the present day surface dispersion pathways. Geochemical investigations of the regolith profile within the catchment indicate a considerable fingerprint from the underlying amphibolite, specifically shown by Fe, Ti, Ni, Cr, V and Sc values. The elemental signature of the surface regolith reflects the underlying parent regolith units. Geochemical patterns within the ephemeral channel can be related to source geology, streambed morphology and landscape position. Harker plots and grain size analysis indicate that the channel sediment is chemically immature and La/Sc plots against Ti, Zr and Th illustrate that the amphibolite body primarily controls its elemental signature. The geochemistry of the underlying moderately weathered bedrock can be seen and deciphered in an area of iron rich, relatively thin regolith. Bedrock signatures are also evident within the chemistry of bulk samples from the local ephemeral channel deposits. Recent mining activity within the area does not seem to have influenced the results of this study.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2002

A Cl stable isotope fractionation factor between amphibole and fluid has been determined at 700 °C and 0.2 GPa. Rates of isotope exchange between pargasite and water at 600-800 °C were slow; therefore synthesis of amphibole in the presence of a fluid was necessary to facilitate the incorporation of Cl into amphibole. Hastingsite was synthesized from an oxide mixture and reacted with a NaCl-bearing supercritical fluid for periods of 3 to 14 days, approximately at the wüstite-magnetite buffer. Based on these synthesis-reaction experiments, the fractionation between hastingsite and a NaCl-bearing solution (~20000 ppm Cl) at 700 °C is 103lnαamphibole-fluid = 0.19‰ ± 0.23‰. These data display near zero fractionation at 700 °C, but suggest that amphibole is slightly enriched in 37Cl relative to the fluid, in agreement with empirical and theoretical results.
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Mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems are known to extend to deep levels of the oceanic crust, including the plutonic section, but little is known about the timing and nature of fluid-rock interactions at these levels. To investigate the temporal and spatial characteristics of hydrothermal alteration in the lower crust, this study investigates a suite of hydrothermally altered (<5 to >20% hydrous alteration) gabbroic rocks recovered from the Hess Deep Rift, where 1.2 Ma fast-spreading East Pacific Rise crust is well-exposed. These samples were altered to amphibole-dominated assemblages with chlorite-rich samples occurring in a restricted region of the field area. Hornfels, indicative of reheated, previously altered rocks, are clustered in the central part of the field area. The entire sample suite has elevated 87Sr/86Sr (mean: 0.70257±0.00007 (2σ), n=16) with respect to fresh rock (0.7024). Bulk rock 87Sr/86Sr is strongly correlated with percentage of hydrous alteration and weakly correlated with bulk rock Sr content. The distribution of Sr in igneous and metamorphic minerals suggests that greenshist-facies alteration assemblages (chlorite, actinolitic amphibole, albitic plagioclase) lose Sr to the fluid while amphibolite-facies secondary assemblages (secondary hornblende, anorthitic plagioclase) take up Sr. The temperature-dependent mobilization of Sr in hydrothermal systems has implications for the 87Sr/86Sr and ultimately fluid/rock ratio calculations based on the assessed 87Sr/86Sr systematics. Considering Sr behaviour, minimum fluid/rock ratios of ~1 were calculated for the plutonic section. Due to the large uncertainty regarding fluid Sr composition at depth and the sensitivity of fluid/rock ratio calculations on this parameter, a model combining the sheeted dike complex and the plutonic section to one hydrothermal system is introduced, yielding a fluid/rock ratio of 0.5. This value may be more realistic since the fluid composition entering and exiting the sheeted dike complex is better constrained. The regional distribution of hornfelsed material with elevated 87Sr/86Sr suggests that fluid ingress into the upper plutonics at Hess Deep occurred on-axis in a dynamic interface of a vertically migrating axial magma chamber (AMC) and the base of the hydrothermal system.
Graduate

Exposed on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, the Jurassic Bonanza arc is believed to represent the southerly continuation of the Talkeetna arc. Small bodies of mafic and ultramafic cumulates within deeper plutonic levels of the arc constrain the fractionation pathways leading from high-MgO basalt to andesite-dacite compositions. The removal of amphibole from the most primitive non-cumulate compositions controls the compositions of mafic plutons and volcanics until the onset of plagioclase crystallization. This removal is accomplished by the intercumulus crystallization of large amphibole oikocrysts in primitive olivine hornblendite cumulates. Experimental hornblende compositions that crystallize from high-MgO basalts similar to primitive basalts from the Bonanza arc show a good correlation between octahedral Al in hornblende and pressure, and provide a means of estimating crystallization pressures during differentiation of primitive arc basalt. Application of an empirical barometer derived from experimental amphibole data (P = Al(6)/0.056 – 0.143; r2 = 0.923) to natural hornblendes from this study suggests that crystallization of primitive basalts took place at 470-880 MPa. Two-pyroxene thermometry gives a result of 1058 +/- 91 ºC for the only olivine hornblendite sample with both pyroxenes. Lever rule calculations require the removal of 30-45 % hornblende from the most primitive basalt compositions to generate basaltic andesite, and a further 48% crystallization of hornblende gabbro to generate dacitic compositions. Hornblende removal is more efficient at generating intermediate compositions than anhydrous gabbroic fractionating assemblages, which require up to 70% crystallization to reach basaltic andesite from similar starting compositions. There are no magmatic analogues to bulk continental crust in the Bonanza arc; no amount of delamination of ultramafic cumulates will push the bulk arc composition to high-Mg# andesite. Garnet removal appears to be a key factor in producing bulk continental crust.