Статті в журналах з теми "Amphibiens – Effets du sel"

La côte Atlantique française a été frappée par la tempête Xynthia en février 2010, ce qui a probablement affecté les espèces côtières. Des relevés de salinité associés à des relevés d’espèces (amphibiens), présentés dans l’étude de Lorrain-Soligon et al. (2021), ont été réalisés sur deux réserves côtières en Charente-Maritime (les réserves naturelles nationales de Moëze-Oléron et du marais d’Yves), afin d’étudier les effets de la submersion et de l’augmentation de la salinité résultante. Ces relevés ont permis de mettre en évidence les caractéristiques topographiques des sites pouvant limiter l’impact des submersions marines sur la faune côtière.

Le glyphosate est un herbicide total foliaire systémique dont le principe actif est rarement utilisé seul mais le plus souvent mélangé à des formulants. Afin de faire la lumière sur ses effets toxicologiques sur les écosystèmes aquatiques, un travail de synthèse documentaire nous a permis d’établir sa toxicité sur les poissons, les invertébrés aquatiques et les amphibiens. Ainsi les CL50-96 h (Concentrations létales médianes sur 96 h) sur les poissons varient de 0,03 mg/L (Ictalurus punctatus) à 975 mg/L (Phalloceros caudimaculatus). Les effets chroniques recensés sur les poissons sont, entre autres, l’altération de la mémoire, la réduction de la mobilité, les dommages sur les paramètres hématologiques et plusieurs lésions histopathologiques sur les branchies, le tube digestif, le foie et le rein. Chez les invertébrés, les CL50 varient de 3-100 mg m.a/L (Daphnia magna) à 147 mg m.a/L (Ceriodaphnia dubia) avec, entre autres, comme effets chroniques les perturbations de la reproduction et du développement, les perturbations des fonctions cardiaques et des paramètres du stress oxydatif. Les CL50 varient chez les amphibiens de 78 mg m.a/L (Crinia insignifera) à 138,9 mg m.a/L (Rana clamitans). Au total, les effets toxiques sont induits par de fortes concentrations du polluant et ainsi le glyphosate est considéré par la majorité des auteurs, peu toxique à la faune aquatique. English title: Toxic effects of glyphosate-based herbicides on fish and other aquatic animals: bibliographic approach Glyphosate is a total foliar systemic herbicide, whose active ingredient is rarely used alone but more often mixed with formulants. In order to shed light on its toxicological effects on aquatic ecosystems, documentary synthesis has enabled us to establish its toxicity on fish, aquatic invertebrates and amphibians.Thus, LC50-96 h (Median Lethal Concentrations over 96 h) on fish vary from 0.03 mg / L (Ictalurus punctatus) to 975 mg / L (Phalloceros caudimaculatus). Recurrent chronic effects in fish include impaired memory, reduced mobility, damage to haematological parameters and several histopathological lesions on the gills, digestive tract, liver and kidney. In invertebrates, LC50s vary from 3-100 mg ai / L (Daphnia magna) to 147 mg ai / L (Ceriodaphnia dubia) with, among other chronic effects, disturbances of reproduction and development, disturbances of cardiac functions and parameters of oxidative stress. LC50s vary in amphibians from 78 mg a.i / L (Crinia insignifera) to 138.9 mg a.i / L (Rana clamitans). In conclusion, the toxic effects are induced by high concentrations of the pollutant, consequently, glyphosate is considered by the majority of authors to be of low toxicity to aquatic fauna.

Bien que plus difficiles à quantifier, les effets indirects des routes sur la faune devraient être considérés au même titre que la mortalité routière, car certaines espèces évitent les abords des routes au moins durant une partie de l’année, ce qui peut mener à une fragmentation plus ou moins permanente de leurs populations. D’autre part, on observe chez plusieurs espèces un effet de bordure suivant lequel les abords des routes constituent un habitat de qualité marginale en raison du bruit, des substances et particules projetées par le passage des véhicules, des substances utilisées pour l’entretien routier (p. ex. sels de déglaçage) ou d’autres facteurs. Les oiseaux forestiers étudiés s’avèrent sensibles à la présence de routes à circulation intense, probablement en raison de la pollution sonore, alors qu’une espèce étudiée s’est avérée relativement tolérante à la construction d’une route de gravier. Quant aux amphibiens, les juvéniles en dispersion de 3 des 5 espèces étudiées semblaient éviter la traversée de routes pavées. Les gestionnaires de l’environnement devraient planifier l’aménagement des réseaux routiers dans la perspective du paysage afin d’éviter de dégrader ou de fragmenter les habitats critiques et de créer des barrières pour les mouvements saisonniers des espèces sensibles.

The development of a novel amphibian walking robot prototype is proposed according to the need of duty under bad circumstance. It can be used as the carrier of the reconnaissance equipment, the weapon system and the communication system, and complete many kinds of missions in the place near the sea and tideland which a man can not complete. Some new dynamics questions is introduced because of multi-leg structure features and functionality of the amphibious. The integrated approach of series parallel is proposed to solve the characteristic that swing and supporting phase are appeared respectively during walking. Hydrodynamic effect is also considered in our dynamics equation. At last, the least distribution model of driving moment and driving energy of robot are set up in this paper. These conclusions have very important effects to the control of robots.

We examine, for the first time, biogeographic patterns in a series of tropical montane coastal systems in northern South America. We use amphibians and reptiles, which constitute the most critical communities based upon the prevalence of endemic taxa, to assess the region’s biodiversity. The montane coastal system spans an east-west distance of 925 km. It includes peaks ranging from 549 m to 2765 m above sea level and encompasses the montane complexes of northern Venezuela (including Isla de Margarita), an outlier at Santa Marta (Colombia), and ranges on the islands Trinidad and Tobago. The area supports 14 family level amphibian clades and 23 family level reptile clades. Fieldwork, museum specimen surveys, and a literature review suggest that biodiversity decreases at higher elevations. Here we examine the biogeographic patterns in the region to assess the role of the montane systems as possible refugia. We also look at the possible island and sky island effects using data from altitudes >200 m. At lower elevations, we tabulated 294 species, comprising 112 amphibians and 182 reptiles. About 45% of these taxa are endemic or exclusive to different sub-regions. At mid-elevation montane cloud forests, we find a much-reduced biodiversity with a total of 125 species (66 amphibians and 59 reptiles) exclusive or restricted to the region, and few species shared between systems. We find that biogeographical patterns follow a natural topographic disposition above 200 m in elevations. At the lower elevation cut off, there are 118 species (26 amphibians and 92 reptiles) shared among two or more of the studied mountain systems, suggesting a common origin and dispersal events, despite what seem to be topographic barriers. Biogeographical relationships support a topographic disposition of the region with close associations between the islands of Trinidad and Tobago, the Paria Range and the Turimiquire Massif, and close associations between the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the Sierra de San Luis. Overall, the biogeographic relationships between amphibians and reptiles are similar. Species diversity in the eastern Caribbean region is less rich than in the west. This study includes the first herpetological surveys at the two easternmost mountains (Cerro La Cerbatana and Campeare) belonging to the Paria Range biogeographic unit, and aims to contribute to a better understanding of the rich biodiversity of the region.

Abstract Many amphibians depend on wetland ecosystems for reproduction and survival, and coastal wetlands are not the exception. Recent advances on climate change research predict a reduction in land cover of coastal wetlands due to sea-level rise in response to global warming. Although this scenario will contribute to further amphibian population declines worldwide the impacts of sea-level rise and its related salt water intrusion on anuran assemblages in coastal wetlands remain largely unknown. I documented patterns of abundance of the native Caribbean white-lipped frog (Leptodactylus albilabris) and the introduced marine toad (Bufo marinus) along an inland-to-coastal salinity gradient in Puerto Rico. In addition, I investigated the effects of increasing salinity on larval growth and survival to metamorphosis in L. albilabris and B. marinus in laboratory experiments. In the field, relative abundance of adults of L. albilabris decreased with increasing salinity, while B. marinus showed the opposite pattern. Laboratory experiments with L. albilabris and B. marinus revealed that percentage of larvae surviving to metamorphosis in both species was greatly reduced in 22-25% seawater (8 ppt), which is within salinity levels found in their natural distribution. In this salinity level, the native L. albilabris showed ∼100% metamorphosis failure while the introduced B. marinus showed ∼60% metamorphosis failure. The reduction in metamorphosis was due to high mortality in L. albilabris and was accompanied with morphological abnormalities in B. marinus. Tadpoles of only L. albilabris reared for four weeks showed significant weight loss at 8 ppt, but showed no difference in length. These results suggest that anuran tadpoles may be living near their physiological limit for salinity in the studied wetland. Conservation implications are profound, however, as salt water intrusion and urban encroaching inland may result in anuran population replacement, from native species to introduced species in this wetland.

Cette recherche vise à explorer les effets d’un programme fondé sur le Social and Emotional Learing (Collaborative for Academic Social and Emotional Learning, 2020) connu en français sous le terme apprentissage socio-émotionnel (ASÉ) sur le développement des compétences socio-émotionnelles d’un groupe d’élèves fréquentant une école francophone en milieu minoritaire. L’échantillon est composé de 40 élèves âgés entre 10 et 12 ans. Tous ont été évalués à l’aide de la version en français du questionnaire Social Skills Improvement System - Social Emotional Learning (SSIS-SEL) (Gresham et al., 2017) à deux reprises (avant et après le programme) et 30 d’entre eux ont participé au programme. Ce programme est composé des cinq domaines de compétences du Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (2020) à savoir : 1) la conscience de soi, 2) l’autogestion, 3) la conscience sociale, 4) les compétences relationnelles et 5) la prise de décision responsable. Les résultats indiquent que la première hypothèse est partiellement confirmée car contrairement aux élèves de 6e année du groupe expérimental ceux du groupe expérimental de 5e année n’ont pas améliorer de façon significative trois de cinq compétences de base de l’ASÉ soit 3) la conscience sociale, 4) les compétences relationnelles et 5) la prise de décision responsable. De même, les résultats de la deuxième hypothèse sont également partiellement confirmés. On observe dans ce cas, plus de résultats significatifs aux échelles du questionnaire SSIS-SEL chez les élèves de 5e année du groupe expérimental que chez ceux de 6e année du groupe expérimental et ce, comparativement aux élèves de 6e année du groupe témoin. Les résultats montrent par ailleurs que l’ASÉ peut entraîner de façon général l’amélioration des compétences socio-émotionnelles des élèves des deux groupes expérimentaux.

Our previous paper described methodological problems and a generally acceptable pooling method for metamorphosis experiments and application of that method to the results of multicentre experiments performed over the course of two decades (1990 - 2010) on highland amphibians (Rana temporaria) treated with a homeopathically prepared high dilution of thyroxine (“30x”). Differences between treatment groups thus calculated were in line with those obtained with other pooling methods: Thyroxine 30x does slow down metamorphosis in highland amphibians. This follow up paper provides a broader background on metamorphosis physiology and describes application of the pooling method to experiments with Rana temporaria from lowland biotopes both with a moderate dilution of thyroxine (“8x”) and with 30x. Analogously prepared water was used for control (water 8x or 30x). Development was, again as above, monitored by documenting the number of animals that had entered the 4-legged stage. Experiments were carried out between 1990 and 2000 by different researchers independently and in blind. As it is well known, metamorphosis can be speeded up by thyroxine 10-8 mol/l; interestingly, thyroxine 8x may produce a reverse, i.e. inhibiting effect (p < 0.01). In contrast to the inhibiting effect of thyroxine 30x on highland larvae (see above), 2-legged lowland larvae did not react to thyroxine 30x (p > 0.05). However, an inhibiting effect on lowland larvae was found when animals were treated from the spawn stage on (p < 0.01).

Due to their low topography and flat terrain, Semarang's northern coastal areas are vulnerable to tidal flooding. This paper explains the concept of Green Waterfront City for northern coastal areas of Semarang. The concepts include: the design of mangrove forest areas on Semarang's North Coast as a natural, eco-friendly barrier that withstands sea abrasion; the concept of an artificial embankment made of natural materials that collects sediment and turns into a dike to reduce sea abrasion; and amphibious housing, which is a versatile, light-colored, eco-friendly residential area. Should the concept be put into practice, it would create advantages in some aspects such as: a) Socially, people affected by the tidal floods on the north coast of Semarang will be provided with appropriate housing and permitted to go back to where they previously lived; b) Economy: Communities affected by tidal floods on Semarang's north coast will see an increase in their economic worth in the fishing and tourism industries through the introduction of Silvofishery; c) Environment: The development of Green Waterfront City for northern coastal areas of Semarang can mitigate the negative environmental effects of tidal flooding and sea abrasion.

Le delta du Rhône, comme tous les deltas du monde, est sur la ligne de front des changements climatiques. À la suite de son endiguement consécutif à des inondations majeures à la fin de XIX e siècle, cette vaste plaine deltaïque a été le siège d’un extraordinaire récit de conquête et de maîtrise : digues, pompes et réseaux hydrauliques ont permis de dompter ce pays rétif, de s’affranchir des principales contraintes – inondations, sel, submersions marines – pour enfin « mettre en valeur » ce territoire, y développer une agriculture productive, sécuriser ses habitants. Pourtant cette période de stabilité touche probablement à son terme. Sous les effets puissants du changement climatique, ce territoire rappelle aux humains que la richesse d’un delta vient précisément de sa dynamique, des flux qui le traversent. Flux d’eau douce et de sédiments, flux d’eau salée, flux biologiques, flux humains… Il nous rappelle sa nature profonde : un territoire mouvant, mobile par essence, siège de l’impermanence des choses. Et si la Camargue était un parfait laboratoire pour inventer un nouveau récit, celui de l’adaptation et de la résilience ?

Abstract Neoichnology, the study of the traces of extant organisms, provides a vital tool for better understanding trace fossils. We conducted neoichnological experiments to test hypotheses regarding producers and the effects of substrate conditions on trace fossils produced by aquatic to amphibious arthropods. Our experiments comprised two protocols: subaerial and subaqueous substrates; and we utilized five arthropods: fully aquatic ostracods (Ostracoda indet.), to amphibious horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus), shore crabs (Carcinus maenas), and scarlet hermit crabs (Paguristes cadenati), and the largely terrestrial sea slaters (Ligia oceanica). The different arthropods were observed performing locomotory, resting/stationary, and feeding behaviors, which all resulted in different traces influenced by the substrate conditions and their preference for living in and out of water. In general, trace depth increased with arthropod mass and, for each individual arthropod except the scarlet hermit crab, trace depth was also greater in subaerial compared to subaqueous substrates. In the majority of cases, comparisons with selected trace fossils supported previous hypotheses as to their producers. The traces of horseshoe crabs, shore crabs, sea slaters, and ostracods resembled the ichnotaxa Kouphichnium, Laterigradus, Pterichnus, and Mermia, respectively. Other experimental work has shown hermit crabs produce traces similar to Coenobichnus and our results further increase the range of trace morphologies that can be attributed to hermit crabs. The results of this research have bearing on debates in ichnology where the interpretation of producers and substrate conditions at the time of trace formation are critical, such as the trace fossil evidence for the colonization of land.

To elucidate effects of fragmentation and degradation of tropical rainforest on Negros Island (Philippines) on tropical herpetofauna, nine tropical rainforest fragments (eight limestone and one non-limestone), ranging in area from five to 122 ha (total area = 352 ha) in south-western Negros were surveyed using cruising and quadrat sampling methods, between December 2001 and October 2002. A 14-ha limestone plantation forest served as a reference site. Ten to fifteen of the total 61 species (16.4–24.6%) expected in the nine forest fragments (taken as a whole) had been lost in the previous 50 years. These species are known to occur in the tropical rainforest on Cuernos de Negros and environs in south-eastern Negros Island at altitudes <500 m above sea level. The factors responsible for the loss of these species appear to be (1) removal of large trees, which decreases canopy cover causing physical changes; and (2) forest fragmentation, which increases the edge areas. However, it is not possible to separate the effects of each of these two factors. The main factor that was correlated with the number of species in the limestone forest fragments appeared to be area. Two species of frogs appeared to be represented by relatively moderate population densities: the Negros cave frog (Platymantis spelaeus) and the common forest frog (Platymantis dorsalis). The burrowing skink (Brachymeles boulengeri taylori) also exhibited a relatively higher density than the other burrowing species of skinks. The other herpetofaunal species exhibited low population densities.

The tadpoles of four amphibian species, namely the Marsh Frog (Pelophylax ridibundus), the Iranian Long-Legged Frog (Rana macrocnemis), the Caucasian Parsley Frog (Pelodytes caucasicus) and the Variable Green Toad (Bufotes variabilis), were exposed to acute concentrations (0 to 500 mg/L) of ammonium nitrate to assess the lethal effects (larval growth, abnormalities, mortality, and LC50 values). Eggs of each species were obtained from clean and polluted habitats in the same region and the tadpoles for experiments were provided from those eggs in the laboratory conditions. Although there was some variability between different populations of the same species or between different species in the observed effects, acute levels of ammonium nitrate caused decreased growth rate and increased abnormalities and mortality in general. Among the 4 amphibian species, the Variable Green Toad was the most damaged one in terms of growth reduction (on average 77-83%), and abnormality rates, and the most damaged one in terms of mortality rates was the Marsh Frog (on average 61-72%). Additionally, the species with the lowest concentration of ammonium nitrate, which killed half of its population, was the Marsh Frog. LC50 values for two populations of Marsh Frog were 37 and 59 mg/L. As a result of our research, it was determined that the acute fertilizer levels caused by agricultural activities in the region had very important harmful effects for all the species we examined. In this context, it can be said that very important environmental and biodiversity problems may occur if certain precautions are not taken regarding the use of the fertilizers and if the awareness of the farmers using these fertilizers cannot be raised.

Harbor seal Sprouts (Phoca vitulina) spent 31 years contributing to a wide variety of scientific studies, supporting educational opportunities for students of all ages, and training generations of future scientists, veterinarians, animal care specialists, and teachers. He participated in research projects on associative learning, sensory biology, communication, and physiology, but was perhaps best known for his contributions to marine mammal acoustics. His good-natured cooperation advanced knowledge of sound production and ontogeny, revealed the true amphibious hearing capabilities of seals, and improved our ability to predict the harmful effects of human-generated noise. Sprouts contributed to 34 empirical publications (thus far), many reviews of marine mammal cognition, communication, and sensory biology, and national policy guidelines for marine mammals. Sprouts taught us many things, but perhaps the most important lesson is about the value of individual subjects. While science and conservation often happen at the level of populations, species, and ecosystems, Sprouts showed us that one individual matters and can have a significant impact. He reminds us to find delight and discovery in this complicated, extraordinary life in science.

La dégradation du sol est un phénomène complexe, dans lequel interviennent plusieurs facteurs qui contribuent à la perte de la fertilité. Parmi ces facteurs, la salinisation des terres rizicoles est devenue une préoccupation pour les producteurs de la commune d’Enampore. L’objectif de cette étude est de contribuer à une connaissance des problèmes environnementaux induite par la salinité. Plus spécifiquement, il s’agit d’identifier les différentes stratégies d’adaptation des producteurs. La méthodologie utilisée s’appuie sur l’exploitation d’un questionnaire adressé à 237 ménages sur un total de 579 ménages répartis dans 5 villages. Les résultats ont montré les effets complexes de l’empreinte climatique à Enampore. Les principaux facteurs évoqués par les riziculteurs sont la baisse de la pluviométrie (46,6%) et l’avancée de la langue salée (47,2%). D’ailleurs, la présence du sel affecte directement les rizières (96,7%). Par ailleurs, la présence de chenille et d’insectes (49,8%) et l’acidification (41,4%) représentent aussi un problème central. La principale conséquence du sel sur l’environnement est la formation d’une croûte saline en surface (54,4%). Cette dernière se manifeste sur le riz par une chlorose (47,1%) et conduit à leur mortalité (48,2%). Face à ces problèmes, les riziculteurs mettent en place différentes stratégies d’adaptations durables. Il s’agit entre autres d’une mise en place de digue anti-sel et d’utilisation de fertilisants organiques contribuant ainsi à l’amélioration des rendements. Ainsi pour une meilleure gestion des contraintes identifiées, il serait intéressant de mener des expérimentations locales avec l’utilisation d’amendements organiques (biochar et compost d’anacarde) afin de proposer des pratiques plus durables. Soil degradation is a complex phenomenon, involving several factors that contribute to the loss of fertility. Among these factors, the salinization of rice-growing land has become a concern for producers in the commune of Enampore. The objective of this study is to contribute to a knowledge of the environmental problems induced by salinity. More specifically, it is to identify the different adaptation strategies of producers. The methodology used is based on a questionnaire sent to 237 households out of a total of 579 households in 5 villages. The results showed the complex effects of the climate footprint in Enampore. The main factors cited by farmers were declining rainfall (46.6%) and the advance of the salt tongue (47.2%). Moreover, the presence of salt directly affects the rice fields (96.7%). In addition, the presence of caterpillars and insects (49.8%) and acidification (41.4%) are also a central problem. The main environmental consequence of salt is the formation of a salt crust on the surface (54.4%). This manifests itself on the rice by chlorosis (47.1%) and leads to their mortality (48.2%). In response to these problems, rice farmers are implementing various sustainable adaptation strategies. These include the installation of anti-salt dams and the use of organic fertilizers to improve yields. Thus, for a better management of the identified constraints, it would be interesting to conduct local experiments with the use of organic amendments (biochar and cashew compost) in order to propose more sustainable practices.

Within the scope of this research, the chronic effects of ammonium nitrate, which is the most widely used fertilizer worldwide, on the tadpoles of Marsh Frog (Pelophylax ridibundus), the Iranian Long-Legged Frog (Rana macrocnemis), the Caucasian Parsley Frog (Pelodytes caucasicus) and the Variable Green Toad (Bufotes variabilis) were examined. To assess the chronic effects of the fertilizer, the tadpoles of all the species were exposed to 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 mg/L concentrations in same conditions. The chronic concentrations were applied from the 25th developmental stage to the 42nd developmental stage. It was defined at the end of the experiments that although there were some variability between different populations of the same species or between different species in the observed effects, chronic levels of ammonium nitrate caused decreased growth rate, prolonging in time to complete metamorphosis, increased abnormalities, and mortality in general. Among the 4 amphibian species, the Variable Green Toad was the most damaged one in terms of growth reduction (on average 31-41 %), abnormality rates (on average 50-75 %), prolonged time to complete metamorphose (14-21 days on average) and mortality rates (%54-100). The most adaptive species and the least damaged one was an Iranian long-legged frog for growth reduction (on average 0-15 %), prolonged time to complete metamorphose (7-9 days on average), and mortality rates (%9-15). All the harmful effects of chronic fertilizer levels caused by agricultural activities in the region had very important for examined species in our researches and it can be said that important environmental and biodiversity problems may occur if certain precautions are not taken regarding the use of the fertilizers and if the attitudes of the farmers on this issue cannot be changed.

Venom from mammals, amphibians, snakes, arachnids, sea anemones and insects provides diverse sources of peptides with different potential medical applications. Several of these peptides have already been converted into drugs and some are still in the clinical phase. Diabetes type 2 is one of the diseases with the highest mortality rate worldwide, requiring specific attention. Diverse drugs are available (e.g., Sulfonylureas) for effective treatment, but with several adverse secondary effects, most of them related to the low specificity of these compounds to the target. In this context, the search for specific and high-affinity compounds for the management of this metabolic disease is growing. Toxins isolated from animal venom have high specificity and affinity for different molecular targets, of which the most important are ion channels. This review will present an overview about the electrical activity of the ion channels present in pancreatic β cells that are involved in the insulin secretion process, in addition to the diversity of peptides that can interact and modulate the electrical activity of pancreatic β cells. The importance of prospecting bioactive peptides for therapeutic use is also reinforced.

Israel's biological diversity has been praised as being particularly rich in relation to its size; however this assumption was never tested when taking into account the empirical form of the species-area relationship. Here we compared the species richness of different countries to see if the Israeli diversity is exceptionally rich when area is accurately accounted for. We compared richness of amphibians, birds, mammals, reptiles, flowering plants, conifers and cycads, and ferns in all the world's countries. We further tested the effects of mean latitude, altitude span, and insularity on species richness both for all world countries and just for Mediterranean countries. For all taxa and in all tests, Israel lies within the prediction intervals of the models. Out of 42 tests, Israel's residuals lie in the upper decile of positive residuals once: for reptiles, when compared to all world countries, taking all predicting factors into account. Using only countries larger than 1000 km2, Israel was placed as top residual when compared to other Mediterranean countries for mammals and reptiles. We therefore conclude that Israel's species richness does not significantly exceed the expected values for a country its size. This is true when comparing it to either world or just Mediterranean countries. Adding more predicting factors does not change this fact.

Urban development in coastal areas has become increasingly important due to the climate crisis and its effects on sea level rise and extreme events, which increased the vulnerability of coastal zones. Therefore, it is important to analyze possible sustainable development techniques in urban planning and residential housing construction based on low-carbon footprint materials such as timber. These techniques should be capable of mitigating the effects of flooding and uncontrolled rises in coastal areas, as well as identifying normative and economic differences in their application in the Chilean context. For this purpose, a bibliometric analysis of 3882 articles selected from the Web of Science database between 1987 and 2022 was conducted, allowing us to identify a range of possible solutions to be developed in the study area. This includes evaluating their potential for normative application and a cost analysis of these solutions. In this regard, housing solutions such as amphibious houses and houses on stilts are two types of flood-resistant homes that are gaining popularity worldwide. Following the technical–economic analysis, it was observed that the solution on stilts can be up to 50% more cost-effective to implement in Chile. However, both options offer a promising solution to minimize the risks of coastal flooding and should be taken into account in the urban planning of coastal areas.

Objectifs : Le stress salin constitue un des stress environnementaux majeurs qui agit négativement sur la croissance des plantes. L’effet positif d’une application exogène de calcium et de potassium a été déterminé sur la croissance des plants de tomate soumis à la salinité. Méthodologie et résultats : Les plants de trois cultivars de tomate ont été exposés à six traitements comprenant le témoin sans NaCl ; 120 mM de NaCl et une combinaison entre 120 mM de NaCl et un apport de 40 mM de CaSO4 ; CaCl2 ; KNO3 ou K2SO4. La croissance des plantes a été déterminée après quinze jours d’exposition. L’application exogène de potassium n’a pas amélioré la croissance des plants stressés tandis que celle du calcium a atténué significativement les effets du NaCl sur les plantes du cultivar sensible Akikon. Aucun effet améliorateur n’a été observé chez les cultivars Tounvi et F1 Mongal. Conclusion et applications des résultats : Seule l’application exogène des deux formes de calcium a atténué les effets de la salinité sur la croissance des plantes du cultivar sensible Akikon. Le CaSO4 s’est révélé comme le meilleur composé pouvant atténuer les effets néfastes du sel chez la tomate, suivi par le CaCl2 notamment au niveau de la partie aérienne alors qu’au niveau de la partie racinaire, le CaCl2 a été plus efficace. Ainsi la réponse des plants de tomate cultivés sous stress salin à une application exogène de composés dépend non seulement du cultivar, de l’organe pris en compte mais aussi de la nature des composés apportés. Des études complémentaires sont nécessaires pour déterminer les mécanismes physiologiques impliqués dans l’effet améliorateur du calcium. Le CaSO4 et CaCl2 seront utiles pour la gestion de la salinité dans les zones de production de tomate Akikon. Mots clés : tolérance à la salinité, tomate, potassium, calcium, biomasse fraîche, biomasse sèche. Henry et al., J. Appl. Biosci. 2021 Réponse des plantes de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivées sous stress salin a une application exogène de calcium et de potassium 16364 Response of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum mill.) plants cultivated under salt stress to exogenous application of calcium and potassium ABSTRACT Aims: Salt stress is one of the major environmental stresses that have a negative effect on plant growth. The ameliorative effect of exogenous application of calcium and potassium was determined on the growth of tomato plants subjected to salinity. Methodology and results: Plants of three tomato cultivars were exposed to six treatments including the control without NaCl; 120 mM NaCl and a combination of 120 mM NaCl and an input of 40 mM CaSO4; CaCl2; KNO3 or K2SO4. Plant growth was determined after 15 days of exposure. The exogenous application of potassium did not improve the growth of stressed plants while that of calcium significantly attenuated the effects of NaCl on plants of the susceptible cultivar Akikon. No ameliorative effect was observed in cultivars Tounvi and F1 Mongal. Conclusions and applications of the results: Only exogenous application of both forms of calcium attenuated the effects of salinity on plant growth of the susceptible cultivar Akikon. CaSO4 has proven to be the best compound that can mitigate the harmful effects of salt in tomatoes, followed by CaCl2 especially in the aerial part, while in the root part, CaCl2 has been more effective. Thus, the response of tomato plants grown under salt stress to an exogenous application of compounds depends not only on the cultivar and the organ taken into account, but also on the nature of the compounds used. Further studies are needed to determine the physiological mechanisms involved in the ameliorative effect of calcium. CaSO4 and CaCl2 will be useful for the management of salinity in Akikon tomato production areas. Keywords: tolerance to salinity, tomato, potassium, calcium, fresh biomass, dry biomass.

Objectifs : Le stress salin constitue un des stress environnementaux majeurs qui agit négativement sur la croissance des plantes. L’effet positif d’une application exogène de calcium et de potassium a été déterminé sur la croissance des plants de tomate soumis à la salinité. Méthodologie et résultats : Les plants de trois cultivars de tomate ont été exposés à six traitements comprenant le témoin sans NaCl ; 120 mM de NaCl et une combinaison entre 120 mM de NaCl et un apport de 40 mM de CaSO4 ; CaCl2 ; KNO3 ou K2SO4. La croissance des plantes a été déterminée après quinze jours d’exposition. L’application exogène de potassium n’a pas amélioré la croissance des plants stressés tandis que celle du calcium a atténué significativement les effets du NaCl sur les plantes du cultivar sensible Akikon. Aucun effet améliorateur n’a été observé chez les cultivars Tounvi et F1 Mongal. Conclusion et applications des résultats : Seule l’application exogène des deux formes de calcium a atténué les effets de la salinité sur la croissance des plantes du cultivar sensible Akikon. Le CaSO4 s’est révélé comme le meilleur composé pouvant atténuer les effets néfastes du sel chez la tomate, suivi par le CaCl2 notamment au niveau de la partie aérienne alors qu’au niveau de la partie racinaire, le CaCl2 a été plus efficace. Ainsi la réponse des plants de tomate cultivés sous stress salin à une application exogène de composés dépend non seulement du cultivar, de l’organe pris en compte mais aussi de la nature des composés apportés. Des études complémentaires sont nécessaires pour déterminer les mécanismes physiologiques impliqués dans l’effet améliorateur du calcium. Le CaSO4 et CaCl2 seront utiles pour la gestion de la salinité dans les zones de production de tomate Akikon. Mots clés : tolérance à la salinité, tomate, potassium, calcium, biomasse fraîche, biomasse sèche. Henry et al., J. Appl. Biosci. 2021 Réponse des plantes de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivées sous stress salin a une application exogène de calcium et de potassium 16364 Response of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum mill.) plants cultivated under salt stress to exogenous application of calcium and potassium ABSTRACT Aims: Salt stress is one of the major environmental stresses that have a negative effect on plant growth. The ameliorative effect of exogenous application of calcium and potassium was determined on the growth of tomato plants subjected to salinity. Methodology and results: Plants of three tomato cultivars were exposed to six treatments including the control without NaCl; 120 mM NaCl and a combination of 120 mM NaCl and an input of 40 mM CaSO4; CaCl2; KNO3 or K2SO4. Plant growth was determined after 15 days of exposure. The exogenous application of potassium did not improve the growth of stressed plants while that of calcium significantly attenuated the effects of NaCl on plants of the susceptible cultivar Akikon. No ameliorative effect was observed in cultivars Tounvi and F1 Mongal. Conclusions and applications of the results: Only exogenous application of both forms of calcium attenuated the effects of salinity on plant growth of the susceptible cultivar Akikon. CaSO4 has proven to be the best compound that can mitigate the harmful effects of salt in tomatoes, followed by CaCl2 especially in the aerial part, while in the root part, CaCl2 has been more effective. Thus, the response of tomato plants grown under salt stress to an exogenous application of compounds depends not only on the cultivar and the organ taken into account, but also on the nature of the compounds used. Further studies are needed to determine the physiological mechanisms involved in the ameliorative effect of calcium. CaSO4 and CaCl2 will be useful for the management of salinity in Akikon tomato production areas. Keywords: tolerance to salinity, tomato, potassium, calcium, fresh biomass, dry biomass.

The Hong Kong Whipping Frog (Polypedates megacephalus) is widespread on Hainan Island and yet nothing is known about its history. To investigate this, we use sequences of a partial fragment of mitochondrial ND1 and its flanking region from 248 individuals taken from 30 localities. Analyses reveal low genetic diversity and commonly shared haplotypes. Montane areas exhibit a significantly greater genetic diversity than lowland areas (P 0.01). The origin of P. megacephalus on Hainan Island dates to 1.06 Ma in the Pleistocene. Population expansion events were associated with the transition from the last interglacial period to the last glacial maximum. The matrilineal history indicates dispersal from the montane to the lowland. Bidirectional dispersion occurs between northeastern and southwestern parts of the island. Low FCT values for the northeastern and the southwestern areas associate with rivers, whereas the highest values occur among two geographical groups. Thus, mountains and rivers appear to have effected dispersal. Pleistocene climatic cooling and the creation of a landbridge with mainland China owing to lowered sea levels best explains the occurrence of P. megacephalus on Hainan Island. The analyses provide insights into the effects of Pleistocene climatic fluctuations on an amphibian on Hainan Island.

The voltage-dependent action of several scorpion alpha-toxins on Na channels was studied in toad myelinated nerve under voltage clamp. These toxins slow the declining phase of macroscopic Na current, apparently by inhibiting an irreversible channel inactivation step and thus permitting channels to reopen from a closed state in depolarized membranes. In this article, we describe the rapid reversal of alpha-toxin action by membrane depolarizations more positive than +20 mV, an effect not achieved by extensive washing. Depolarizations that were increasingly positive and of longer duration caused the toxin to dissociate faster and more completely, but only up to a limiting extent. Repetitive pulses had a cumulative effect equal to that of a single pulse lasting as long as their combined duration. When the membrane of a nonperfused fiber was repolarized, the effects of the toxin returned completely, but if the fiber was perfused during the conditioning procedure, recovery was incomplete and occurred more slowly, as it did at lower applied toxin concentrations. Other alpha-type toxins, from the scorpion Centruroides sculpturatus (IVa) and the sea anemone Anemonia sulcata (ATXII), exhibited similar voltage-dependent binding, though each had its own voltage range and dissociation rate. We suggest that the dissociation of the toxin molecule from the Na channel is coupled to the inactivation process. An equivalent valence for inactivation gating, of less than 1 e per channel, is calculated from the voltage-dependent change in toxin affinity.

Crenea Aubl. (Lythraceae) is a ditypic genus of subshrubs occurring in mangrove vegetation on the coasts of northern South America. Phylogenetic analyses based on morphology have offered unresolved and conflicting phylogenetic positions for the genus in the family. This study presents the first molecular sequences for Crenea, from nrITS, rbcL, trnL, trnL-F, and matK regions. Molecular phylogenetic analyses find full support for Crenea within Ammannia L., a relationship not previously recognized. Ammannia is a globally distributed genus of terrestrial to amphibious herbs mostly occurring in freshwater marshes and wetlands. It was recently reconfigured based on phylogenetic evidence to include the genera Nesaea Comm. ex Kunth and Hionanthera A. Fern. & Diniz. The transfer of Crenea to Ammannia further extends the morphological, ecological, and biogeographical diversity of Ammannia and provides the final evidence defining Ammannia as a monophyletic lineage of the Lythraceae. A revised circumscription of Ammannia s.l. adds several new morphological character states and the first species in the genus restricted to mangrove vegetation. Two changes in taxonomic status are made: Ammannia maritima (Aubl.) S. A. Graham, P. W. Inglis, & T. B. Cavalc., comb. nov., and Ammannia patentinervius (Koehne) S. A. Graham, P. W. Inglis, & T. B. Cavalc., comb. nov. The new combinations are described, a list of exsiccatae examined is provided, and the effects of the reconfiguration to the morphology and biogeography of the genus are detailed.

An investigation was made of the effects of bathing media low in divalent cations on rapid axonal transport in the sciatic nerve of the amphibian Xenopus laevis. The anterograde transport of a pulse of [35S]methionine proteins was observed using a multiple proportional counter as the detector. Organelles undergoing anterograde and retrograde transport were detected by light microscopy. The structure of nerve fibres was examined by light and electron microscopy. There was no significant difference in the anterograde transport of proteins in nerves bathed in normal medium (NM) containing millimolar Ca2+ and Mg2+ and in those bathed in calcium-free medium (CaFM) containing Mg2+. The anterograde transport of labelled proteins continued at a normal velocity in nerves bathed in divalent cation free medium (DCFM) for at least 14 h. DCFM did cause some alterations in protein transport: the ratio of the plateau (following pulse passage) to the peak radioactivity was increased, the pulse amplitude decreased more rapidly, and the label continued to arrive at the distal end of the nerve for >16 h. Anterograde and retrograde organelle transport continued normally for periods of [Formula: see text] in fibres bathed in DCFM. All myelinated fibres became distorted within 4 h in DCFM. Similar distortion was rare in fibres bathed in CaFM. The results indicate that axonal transport in Xenopus is largely independent of lowered concentrations of divalent cations in the bathing medium. Those alterations in axonal transport that were produced by DCFM may have been secondary to morphological changes in the nerve fibres.

Introduction.The main environmental risks posed by roads are population depletion (deaths on roads) and barrier effects (habitat fragmentation). Barrier effects - animals avoid crossing roads, which leads to a decrease in the size and quality of habitat, optimal population size, reduced ability to find food and partner, increased genetic structuring and local extinction (Forman et al. 2003; Andrews et al. 2015; van der Ree et al. 2015). These risks against the background of other stressors, in particular the presence of invasive species, pollution, pesticide use, climate change, plant and animal diseases, may threaten the survival of populations.This issue is especially relevant for herpetofauna due to their biological characteristics. In particular, reptiles and amphibians move slowly, are too small (for drivers to see), do not avoid roads, and in cold periods roads attract amphibians (thermoregulation) because the coating absorbs and retains heat (Case and Fisher 2001; Jochimsen et al. 2004).The principle of ensuring ecological continuity is to identify priority efforts to mitigate environmental risks for animals and reduce the negative impact of the transport complex as a spatial barrier and source of pollution by introducing a number of technical means (eco-crossings, screens, embankments, landscaping). As it is not possible to change the environmental risks on all roads and for all species at present, it is necessary to identify the most vulnerable species, assess the risks to populations and the need for mitigation based on analysis of road density and traffic intensity.Problem Statement. With the advent of land transport there was a progressive environmental problem - the transformation of landscapes, it first appeared in countries with developed road infrastructure in Western Europe and the United States, and quickly spread around the globe (Ellenberg, et al., 1981; Fetisov, 1999; Zagorodnyuk, 2006, Ilyukh, Khokhlov, 2012). Numerous publications by both foreign and domestic authors are devoted to the study of the impact of transport infrastructure. Special attention of European authors is paid to the study of the phenomenon of fragmentation of natural ecosystems. In Europe, there is a network of experts and institutions of IENE, which is studying the possibility of implementing preventive measures for landscape fragmentation, promotes the development of transport infrastructure in accordance with environmental requirements, by creating a safe, environmentally sustainable European transport infrastructure.The ecological trail of the road network significantly exceeds its length (Vozniuk, 2014). This is due to the effects of, in particular, mortality on the roads of mammals, reptiles, reptiles (Forman et al. 2003), landscape fragmentation (roads divide the area into isolated areas, with low populations (sometimes below the minimum), so such populations lose genetic diversity and may become extinct locally), the loss of habitats of species and a decrease in the level of connectivity. In addition to these obvious effects, noise and vibration pollution are added, which inhibit the ability of reptiles, birds and mammals to detect prey or avoid predators (Forman et al. 2003), disturbed light regime (Rich and Longcore 2006). Roads contribute to the development of soil erosion processes, the spread of invasive and introduced species (300-800 seeds/m2 per year are transported to roadside ecotones by vehicles (Von der Lippe and Kowarik 2007), which contributes to the formation of local pseudo-populations), create obstacles and sources. (Forman et al. 2003).Purpose. Substantiation of the principle of ecological continuity regarding the negative impact of transport infrastructure on natural ecosystems and search for possible ways to minimize and prevent such impact.Materials and methods. The main research methods are the application of theoretical general scientific approaches to study: analysis and synthesis of international and domestic scientific and theoretical works, EU documentation (charters, design requirements), Ukrainian legal framework, literature sources; collection and analysis of statistical data to identify the dangers of the impact of road infrastructure on biodiversity and determine the value of the natural landscape.Results. The result is an analysis of the scientific literature on the negative impact of transport infrastructure on animals, systematization of the main impacts for the preparation of methodological documents for organizations planning and designing transport infrastructure in Ukraine to reduce the negative impact.Conclusions. The principle of ensuring ecological continuity is to minimize the negative consequences for the environment. In particular, by leveling the spatial barrier of the public highway. When laying a road through natural ecosystems, it is necessary to build transitions and passages for animals. In this case, their density and type must correspond to the natural rank of the territory. The construction of crossings for animals should be mandatory for all types of roads that cross ecological corridors. This is especially true for smaller roads, completely devoid of any transitions for animals, noise shields (on such roads are more likely to hit animals). An important point is the need to plan preventive methods at the planning stage of road construction. The analysis of the European experience shows that the negative impact of transport infrastructure on biota can be solved by consolidating the efforts of road transport specialists and specialists in the field of nature protection.Keywords:motor road,wildlife crossing, biodiversity, road infrastructure, ecological continuity

Crop residues are potential supplementary feed of small ruminants in Nigeria. However, arbitrary feeding of crop residues without due consideration to proportions and nutritive values could result in poor performance. Information on the proportions of mixed ration of different roughage sources for sheep is limited. Therefore, the effect of mixed ration of crop residues on the rumen fermentation and blood profiles of West African dwarf (WAD) sheep was investigated. Sixteen female WAD sheep with an average live weight of 8.10 ± 0.16kg were used in a completely randomised design with four animals per treatment. Experimental diets (1 to 4) constitutes 53% each of corn cob, cassava peel, groundnut haulm and cowpea husk respectively, with 30% palm kernel sludge, 12% soya bean hull, 4.5% Gliricidiasepium, and 0.5% salt across each diet. The results revealed non-significant (p>0.05) effects of experimental diets on rumen pH and volatile fatty acids. Rumen ammonia nitrogen differed significantly (p<0.05), with the highest (10.17 mg/100mL) and lowest (8.51 mg/100mL) values in sheep fed dietary treatments 4 and 2, respectively. Bacteria counts were highest (1.75 cfu/mLx105) in sheep fed diet 4 and lowest (1.28 x105cfu/mL) in sheep fed diet 3. Rumen fungi and protozoa counts were similar (p>0.05) among treatment groups. Packed cell volume, haemoglobin, and red blood cell counts were highest (52.00 %, 16.95 g/dL and 14.25 x106/µL) for sheep fed diet 4 and lowest (33.00 %, 10.65 g/dL and 11.79 x106/µL) in sheep fed diet 1.While the white blood cell was significantly (p<0.05) highest (8.43 x 103/µl) in sheep fed diet 2, lymphocytes and neutrophils counts were similar (p>0.05) among treatments. Serum biochemical components were significantly different (p<0.05) among the treatments, except aspartate aminotransferase and creatinine. In conclusion, utilization of mixed ration of crop residues as feed did not compromise ruminal activities and the health of WAD sheep. Les résidus de récolte sont des aliments complémentaires potentiels pour les petits ruminants au Nigeria. Cependant, une alimentation arbitraire des résidus de culture sans tenir dûment compte des proportions et des valeurs nutritives pourrait entraîner de mauvaises performances. Les informations sur les proportions de ration mixte de différentes sources de fourrage pour les moutons sont limitées. Par conséquent, l'effet d'une ration mixte de résidus de récolte sur la fermentation du rumen et les profils sanguins de moutons West African Dwarf (WAD) a été étudié. Seize moutons WAD femelles d'un poids vif moyen de 8,10 ± 0,16 kg ont été utilisés dans une conception complètement randomisée avec quatre animaux par traitement. Les régimes expérimentaux (1 à 4) contiennent respectivement 53 % de rafle de maïs, d'écorce de manioc, de fane d'arachide et de cosse de niébé, avec 30 % de boue de palmiste, 12 % de coque de soja, 4,5 % de Gliricidiasepium et 0,5 % de sel dans chaque régime. . Les résultats ont révélé des effets non significatifs (p>0,05) des régimes expérimentaux sur le pH du rumen et les acides gras volatils. L'azote ammoniacal du rumen différait significativement (p<0,05), avec les valeurs les plus élevées (10,17 mg/100 ml) et les plus faibles (8,51 mg/100 ml) chez les moutons nourris avec les traitements diététiques 4 et 2, respectivement. Le nombre de bactéries était le plus élevé (1,75 cfu/mL x 105) dans le régime 4 des moutons et le plus bas (1,28 x 105 cfu/mL) dans le régime 3. Le nombre de champignons et de protozoaires du rumen était similaire (p> 0,05) parmi les groupes de traitement. L'hématocrite, l'hémoglobine et le nombre de globules rouges étaient les plus élevés (52,00 %, 16,95 g/dL et 14,25 x106/µL) pour les moutons nourris avec le régime 4 et les plus bas (33,00 %, 10,65 g/dL et 11,79 x106/µL) chez les moutons régime alimentaire 1.Alors que le nombre de globules blancs était significativement (p<0,05) le plus élevé (8,43 x 103/µl) chez les moutons nourris avec le régime 2, le nombre de lymphocytes et de neutrophiles était similaire (p>0,05) parmi les traitements. Les composants biochimiques du sérum étaient significativement différents (p<0,05) parmi les traitements, à l'exception de l'aspartateaminotransférase et de la créatinine. En conclusion, l'utilisation d'une ration mixte de résidus de culture comme aliment n'a pas compromis les activités ruminales et la santé des moutons WAD.

Tout au long de l&#8217;histoire de la Chine, les confuc&#233;ens se sont oppos&#233;s au contr&#244;le rigoureux du gouvernement l&#233;giste et ont mis en garde contre les effets n&#233;gatifs de l&#8217;intervention de l&#8217;&#201;tat dans l&#8217;&#233;conomie. Cela ne s&#8217;est toutefois pas traduit par l&#8217;approbation d&#8217;un r&#233;gime de droits de propri&#233;t&#233; priv&#233;e sans entraves. Du point de vue confuc&#233;en, l&#8217;&#201;tat a l&#8217;obligation de garantir les conditions du bien-&#234;tre mat&#233;riel de base de la population et celle-ci est prioritaire sur la promotion du march&#233; libre, ce qui devrait inspirer un r&#233;gime justifiable de droits de propri&#233;t&#233;. Historiquement, les confuc&#233;ens ont plaid&#233; pour l&#8217;abolition des monopoles d&#8217;&#201;tat sur le sel et sur le fer sous la dynastie Han, tandis que le syst&#232;me du &#171;&#160;champ de captage&#160;&#187; chez Mencius a permis &#224; l&#8217;&#201;tat d&#8217;attribuer des terres sur des fondements &#233;galitaires. Ces exemples montrent que l&#8217;objectif principal des penseurs confuc&#233;ens n&#8217;est ni un contr&#244;le absolu de l&#8217;&#201;tat sur l&#8217;&#233;conomie, ni une forme de march&#233; libre, mais plut&#244;t un mixte pour le bien-&#234;tre de la population. De nos jours, une attention particuli&#232;re est accord&#233;e aux valeurs confuc&#233;ennes dans les r&#233;gimes de droits de propri&#233;t&#233; en Asie de l&#8217;Est et elle semble inciter les &#201;tats &#224; redistribuer les ressources de fa&#231;on &#233;galitaire, par exemple sous la forme d&#8217;une portion importante de logements sociaux, &#224; Singapour et &#224; Hong Kong ou, dans le secteur agricole en Chine, de la renaissance moderne du syst&#232;me du &#171;&#160;champ de captage&#160;&#187; de Mencius sous Deng Xiaoping. Dans ces exemples, l&#8217;acc&#232;s de la population &#224; la terre et au logement sont les garanties de son bien-&#234;tre mat&#233;riel basique&#160;: c&#8217;est ce qui a &#233;t&#233; privil&#233;gi&#233; sur un march&#233; immobilier libre (voire libertarien). Une valeur centrale pour la garantie du bien-&#234;tre mat&#233;riel de base &#233;tait le fait Mencius et Confucius, qui consid&#232;rent la survie du peuple comme condition pr&#233;alable n&#233;cessaire au bon fonctionnement de tout ordre &#233;tatique. Alors que l&#8217;id&#233;e selon laquelle le confucianisme s&#8217;oppose en fait aux droits de propri&#233;t&#233; priv&#233;e est largement r&#233;pandue, cet essai sugg&#232;re que le confucianisme propose plut&#244;t sa propre th&#233;orie de la propri&#233;t&#233;. Au lieu de contester les droits de propri&#233;t&#233; en tant que tels, il remet en question les conceptualisations europ&#233;ennes et am&#233;ricaines de ces droits. Fondamentalement, la th&#233;orie confuc&#233;enne de la propri&#233;t&#233; consid&#232;re que les droits de propri&#233;t&#233; sont &#171;&#160;particularistes&#160;&#187; et relatifs &#224; d&#8217;autres consid&#233;rations sociales. Par cons&#233;quent, ces droits peuvent primer sur les droits individuels, si besoin est. Cette notion confuc&#233;enne de la propri&#233;t&#233; peut non seulement &#234;tre consid&#233;r&#233;e comme une alternative &#224; la conception lib&#233;rale occidentale de la propri&#233;t&#233;, mais elle peut &#233;galement offrir un point de d&#233;part viable pour examiner une multitude de notions de droit fa&#231;onn&#233;es dans un contexte international. S&#8217;&#233;loigner d&#8217;une notion centr&#233;e sur l&#8217;Occident et prendre en compte d&#8217;autres th&#233;ories, comme le confucianisme, peut s&#8217;av&#233;rer crucial non seulement pour l&#8217;&#201;tat chinois dans l&#8217;&#233;laboration de ses lois et de ses r&#232;glements, mais aussi pour la communaut&#233; internationale lors de la r&#233;daction d&#8217;accords v&#233;ritablement internationaux. Cet essai montre comment les droits de propri&#233;t&#233; de type confuc&#233;en ont influenc&#233; le fonctionnement des pays d&#8217;Asie de l&#8217;Est d&#8217;h&#233;ritage confuc&#233;en et continuent de le faire. Classification JEL &#160;: P14

This paper is meant to study the apocalyptic scenario of the at the perspectives of the Great Acceleration. the apocalyptic scenario is not a pure imagination of the literature works. Instead, scientific evidences are in favour of dramatic change in the climatic conditions related to the climax of Man actions. the modelling of the future climate leads to horrible situations including intolerable temperatures, dryness, tornadoes, and noticeable sear level rise evading coastal regions. Going far from these scientific claims, Homo Sapiens Sapiens extended his imagination through the Climate-Fiction (cli-fi) to propose a dramatic end. Climate Fiction is developed into a recording machine containing every kind of fictions that depict environmental condition events and has consequently lost its true significance. Introduction The Great Acceleration may be considered as the Late Anthropocene in which Man actions reached their climax to lead to dramatic climatic changes paving the way for a possible apocalyptic scenario threatening the existence of the humanity. So, the apocalyptic scenario is not a pure imagination of the literature works. Instead, many scientific arguments especially related to climate change are in favour of the apocalypse1. As a matter of fact, the modelling of the future climate leads to horrible situations including intolerable temperatures (In 06/07/2021, Kuwait recorded the highest temperature of 53.2 °C), dryness, tornadoes, and noticeable sear level rise evading coastal regions. These conditions taking place during the Great Acceleration would have direct repercussions on the human species. Considering that the apocalyptic extinction had really caused the disappearance of many stronger species including dinosaurs, Homo Sapiens Sapiens extended his imagination though the Climate-Fiction (cli-fi) to propose a dramatic end due to severe climate conditions intolerable by the humankind. The mass extinction of animal species has occurred several times over the geological ages. Researchers have a poor understanding of the causes and processes of these major crises1. Nonetheless, whatever the cause of extinction, the apocalyptic scenario has always been present in the geological history. For example, dinosaurs extinction either by asteroids impact or climate changes could by no means denies the apocalyptic aspect2.At the same time as them, many animal and plant species became extinct, from marine or flying reptiles to marine plankton. This biological crisis of sixty-five million years ago is not the only one that the biosphere has suffered. It was preceded and followed by other crises which caused the extinction or the rarefaction of animal species. So, it is undeniable that many animal groups have disappeared. It is even on the changes of fauna that the geologists of the last century have based themselves to establish the scale of geological times, scale which is still used. But it is no less certain that the extinction processes, extremely complex, are far from being understood. We must first agree on the meaning of the word "extinction", namely on the apocalyptic aspect of the concept. It is quite understood that, without disappearances, the evolution of species could not have followed its course. Being aware that the apocalyptic extinction had massacred stronger species that had dominated the planet, Homo Sapiens Sapiens has been aware that the possibility of apocalyptic end at the perspective of the Anthropocene (i.e., Great Acceleration) could not be excluded. This conviction is motivated by the progressive defaunation in some regions3and the appearance of alien species in others related to change of mineralogy and geochemistry4 leading to a climate change during the Anthropocene. These scientific claims fed the vast imagination about climate change to set the so-called cli-fi. The concept of the Anthropocene is the new geological era which begins when the Man actions have reached a sufficient power to modify the geological processes and climatic cycles of the planet5. The Anthropocene by no means excludes the possibility of an apocalyptic horizon, namely in the perspectives of the Great Acceleration. On the contrary, two scenarios do indeed seem to dispute the future of the Anthropocene, with a dramatic cross-charge. The stories of the end of the world are as old as it is, as the world is the origin of these stories. However, these stories of the apocalypse have evolved over time and, since the beginning of the 19th century, they have been nourished particularly by science and its advances. These fictions have sometimes tried to pass themselves off as science. This is the current vogue, called collapsology6. This end is more than likely cli-fi driven7and it may cause the extinction of the many species including the Homo Sapiens Sapiens. In this vein, Anthropocene defaunation has become an ultimate reality8. More than one in eight birds, more than one in five mammals, more than one in four coniferous species, one in three amphibians are threatened. The hypothesis of a hierarchy within the living is induced by the error of believing that evolution goes from the simplest to the most sophisticated, from the inevitably stupid inferior to the superior endowed with an intelligence giving prerogative to all powers. Evolution goes in all directions and pursues no goal except the extension of life on Earth. Evolution certainly does not lead from bacteria to humans, preferably male and white. Our species is only a carrier of the DNA that precedes us and that will survive us. Until we show a deep respect for the biosphere particularly, and our planet in general, we will not become much, we will remain a predator among other predators, the fiercest of predators, the almighty craftsman of the Anthropocene. To be in the depths of our humanity, somehow giving back to the biosphere what we have taken from it seems obvious. To stop the sixth extinction of species, we must condemn our anthropocentrism and the anthropization of the territories that goes with it. The other forms of life also need to keep their ecological niches. According to the first, humanity seems at first to withdraw from the limits of the planet and ultimately succumb to them, with a loss of dramatic meaning. According to the second, from collapse to collapse, it is perhaps another humanity, having overcome its demons, that could come. Climate fiction is a literary sub-genre dealing with the theme of climate change, including global warming. The term appears to have been first used in 2008 by blogger and writer Dan Bloom. In October 2013, Angela Evancie, in a review of the novel Odds against Tomorrow, by Nathaniel Rich, wonders if climate change has created a new literary genre. Scientific basis of the apocalyptic scenario in the perspective of the Anthropocene Global warming All temperature indices are in favour of a global warming (Fig.1). According to the different scenarios of the IPCC9, the temperatures of the globe could increase by 2 °C to 5 °C by 2100. But some scientists warn about a possible runaway of the warming which can reach more than 3 °C. Thus, the average temperature on the surface of the globe has already increased by more than 1.1 °C since the pre-industrial era. The rise in average temperatures at the surface of the globe is the first expected and observed consequence of massive greenhouse gas emissions. However, meteorological surveys record positive temperature anomalies which are confirmed from year to year compared to the temperatures recorded since the middle of the 19th century. Climatologists point out that the past 30 years have seen the highest temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere for over 1,400 years. Several climatic centres around the world record, synthesize and follow the evolution of temperatures on Earth. Since the beginning of the 20th century (1906-2005), the average temperature at the surface of the globe has increased by 0.74 °C, but this progression has not been continuous since 1976, the increase has clearly accelerated, reaching 0.19 °C per decade according to model predictions. Despite the decline in solar activity, the period 1997-2006 is marked by an average positive anomaly of 0.53 °C in the northern hemisphere and 0.27 °C in the southern hemisphere, still compared to the normal calculated for 1961-1990. The ten hottest years on record are all after 1997. Worse, 14 of the 15 hottest years are in the 21st century, which has barely started. Thus, 2016 is the hottest year, followed closely by 2015, 2014 and 2010. The temperature of tropical waters increased by 1.2 °C during the 20th century (compared to 0.5 °C on average for the oceans), causing coral reefs to bleach in 1997. In 1998, the period of Fort El Niño, the prolonged warming of the water has destroyed half of the coral reefs of the Indian Ocean. In addition, the temperature in the tropics of the five ocean basins, where cyclones form, increased by 0.5 °C from 1970 to 2004, and powerful cyclones appeared in the North Atlantic in 2005, while they were more numerous in other parts of the world. Recently, mountains of studies focused on the possible scenario of climate change and the potential worldwide repercussions including hell temperatures and apocalyptic extreme events10 , 11, 12. Melting of continental glaciers As a direct result of the global warming, melting of continental glaciers has been recently noticed13. There are approximately 198,000 mountain glaciers in the world; they cover an area of approximately 726,000 km2. If they all melted, the sea level would rise by about 40 cm. Since the late 1960s, global snow cover has declined by around 10 to 15%. Winter cold spells in much of the northern half of the northern hemisphere are two weeks shorter than 100 years ago. Glaciers of mountains have been declining all over the world by an average of 50 m per decade for 150 years. However, they are also subject to strong multi-temporal variations which make forecasts on this point difficult according to some specialists. In the Alps, glaciers have been losing 1 meter per year for 30 years. Polar glaciers like those of Spitsbergen (about a hundred km from the North Pole) have been retreating since 1880, releasing large quantities of water. The Arctic has lost about 10% of its permanent ice cover every ten years since 1980. In this region, average temperatures have increased at twice the rate of elsewhere in the world in recent decades. The melting of the Arctic Sea ice has resulted in a loss of 15% of its surface area and 40% of its thickness since 1979. The record for melting arctic sea ice was set in 2017. All models predict the disappearance of the Arctic Sea ice in summer within a few decades, which will not be without consequences for the climate in Europe. The summer melting of arctic sea ice accelerated far beyond climate model predictions. Added to its direct repercussions of coastal regions flooding, melting of continental ice leads to radical climatic modifications in favour of the apocalyptic scenario. Fig.1 Evolution of temperature anomaly from 1880 to 2020: the apocalyptic scenario Sea level rise As a direct result of the melting of continental glaciers, sea level rise has been worldwide recorded14 ,15. The average level of the oceans has risen by 22 cm since 1880 and 2 cm since the year 2000 because of the melting of the glaciers but also with the thermal expansion of the water. In the 20th century, the sea level rose by around 2 mm per year. From 1990 to 2017, it reached the relatively constant rate of just over 3mm per year. Several sources contributed to sea level increase including thermal expansion of water (42%), melting of continental glaciers (21%), melting Greenland glaciers (15%) and melting Antarctic glaciers (8%). Since 2003, there has always been a rapid rise (around 3.3 mm / year) in sea level, but the contribution of thermal expansion has decreased (0.4 mm / year) while the melting of the polar caps and continental glaciers accelerates. Since most of the world’s population is living on coastal regions, sea level rise represents a real threat for the humanity, not excluding the apocalyptic scenario. Multiplication of extreme phenomena and climatic anomalies On a human scale, an average of 200 million people is affected by natural disasters each year and approximately 70,000 perish from them. Indeed, as evidenced by the annual reviews of disasters and climatic anomalies, we are witnessing significant warning signs. It is worth noting that these observations are dependent on meteorological survey systems that exist only in a limited number of countries with statistics that rarely go back beyond a century or a century and a half. In addition, scientists are struggling to represent the climatic variations of the last two thousand years which could serve as a reference in the projections. Therefore, the exceptional nature of this information must be qualified a little. Indeed, it is still difficult to know the return periods of climatic disasters in each region. But over the last century, the climate system has gone wild. Indeed, everything suggests that the climate is racing. Indeed, extreme events and disasters have become more frequent. For instance, less than 50 significant events were recorded per year over the period 1970-1985, while there have been around 120 events recorded since 1995. Drought has long been one of the most worrying environmental issues. But while African countries have been the main affected so far, the whole world is now facing increasingly frequent and prolonged droughts. Chile, India, Australia, United States, France and even Russia are all regions of the world suffering from the acceleration of the global drought. Droughts are slowly evolving natural hazards that can last from a few months to several decades and affect larger or smaller areas, whether they are small watersheds or areas of hundreds of thousands of square kilometres. In addition to their direct effects on water resources, agriculture and ecosystems, droughts can cause fires or heat waves. They also promote the proliferation of invasive species, creating environments with multiple risks, worsening the consequences on ecosystems and societies, and increasing their vulnerability. Although these are natural phenomena, there is a growing understanding of how humans have amplified the severity and impacts of droughts, both on the environment and on people. We influence meteorological droughts through our action on climate change, and we influence hydrological droughts through our management of water circulation and water processes at the local scale, for example by diverting rivers or modifying land use. During the Anthropocene (the present period when humans exert a dominant influence on climate and environment), droughts are closely linked to human activities, cultures, and responses. From this scientific overview, it may be concluded apocalyptic scenario is not only a literature genre inspired from the pure imagination. Instead, many scientific arguments are in favour of this dramatic destiny of Homo Sapiens Sapiens. Fig.2. Sea level rise from 1880 to 2020: a possible apocalyptic scenario (www.globalchange.gov, 2021) Apocalyptic genre in recent writing As the original landmark of apocalyptic writing, we must place the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem in 587 BC and the Exile in Babylon. Occasion of a religious and cultural crossing with imprescriptible effects, the Exile brought about a true rebirth, characterized by the maintenance of the essential ethical, even cultural, of a national religion, that of Moses, kept as pure as possible on a foreign land and by the reinterpretation of this fundamental heritage by the archaic return of what was very old, both national traditions and neighbouring cultures. More precisely, it was the place and time for the rehabilitation of cultures and the melting pot for recasting ancient myths. This vast infatuation with Antiquity, remarkable even in the vocabulary used, was not limited to Israel: it even largely reflected a general trend. The long period that preceded throughout the 7th century BC and until 587, like that prior to the edict of Cyrus in 538 BC, was that of restorations and rebirths, of returns to distant sources and cultural crossings. In the biblical literature of this period, one is struck by the almost systematic link between, on the one hand, a very sustained mythical reinvestment even in form and, on the other, the frequent use of biblical archaisms. The example of Shadday, a word firmly rooted in the Semites of the Northwest and epithet of El in the oldest layers of the books of Genesis and Exodus, is most eloquent. This term reappears precisely at the time of the Exile as a designation of the divinity of the Patriarchs and of the God of Israel; Daily, ecological catastrophes now describe the normal state of societies exposed to "risks", in the sense that Ulrich Beck gives to this term: "the risk society is a society of catastrophe. The state of emergency threatens to become a normal state there1”. Now, the "threat" has become clearer, and catastrophic "exceptions" are proliferating as quickly as species are disappearing and climate change is accelerating. The relationship that we have with this worrying reality, to say the least, is twofold: on the one hand, we know very well what is happening to us; on the other hand, we fail to draw the appropriate theoretical and political consequences. This ecological duplicity is at the heart of what has come to be called the “Anthropocene”, a term coined at the dawn of the 21st century by Eugene Stoermer (an environmentalist) and Paul Crutzen (a specialist in the chemistry of the atmosphere) in order to describe an age when humanity would have become a "major geological force" capable of disrupting the climate and changing the terrestrial landscape from top to bottom. If the term “Anthropocene” takes note of human responsibility for climate change, this responsibility is immediately attributed to overpowering: strong as we are, we have “involuntarily” changed the climate for at least two hundred and fifty years. Therefore, let us deliberately change the face of the Earth, if necessary, install a solar shield in space. Recognition and denial fuel the signifying machine of the Anthropocene. And it is precisely what structures eco-apocalyptic cinema that this article aims to study. By "eco-apocalyptic cinema", we first mean a cinematographic sub-genre: eco-apocalyptic and post-eco-apocalyptic films base the possibility (or reality) of the end of the world on environmental grounds and not, for example, on damage caused by the possible collision of planet Earth with a comet. Post-apocalyptic science fiction (sometimes abbreviated as "post-apo" or "post-nuke") is a sub-genre of science fiction that depicts life after a disaster that destroyed civilization: nuclear war, collision with a meteorite, epidemic, economic or energy crisis, pandemic, alien invasion. Conclusion Climate and politics have been linked together since Aristotle. With Montesquieu, Ibn Khaldûn or Watsuji, a certain climatic determinism is attributed to the character of a nation. The break with modernity made the climate an object of scientific knowledge which, in the twentieth century, made it possible to document, despite the controversies, the climatic changes linked to industrialization. Both endanger the survival of human beings and ecosystems. Climate ethics are therefore looking for a new relationship with the biosphere or Gaia. For some, with the absence of political agreements, it is the beginning of inevitable catastrophes. For others, the Anthropocene, which henceforth merges human history with natural history, opens onto technical action. The debate between climate determinism and human freedom is revived. The reference to the biblical Apocalypse was present in the thinking of thinkers like Günther Anders, Karl Jaspers or Hans Jonas: the era of the atomic bomb would mark an entry into the time of the end, a time marked by the unprecedented human possibility of 'total war and annihilation of mankind. The Apocalypse will be very relevant in describing the chaos to come if our societies continue their mad race described as extra-activist, productivist and consumerist. In dialogue with different theologians and philosophers (such as Jacques Ellul), it is possible to unveil some spiritual, ethical, and political resources that the Apocalypse offers for thinking about History and human engagement in the Anthropocene. What can a theology of collapse mean at a time when negative signs and dead ends in the human situation multiply? What then is the place of man and of the cosmos in the Apocalypse according to Saint John? Could the end of history be a collapse? How can we live in the time we have left before the disaster? Answers to such questions remain unknown and no scientist can predict the trajectory of this Great Acceleration taking place at the Late Anthropocene. When science cannot give answers, Man tries to infer his destiny for the legend, religion and the fiction. Climate Fiction is developed into a recording machine containing every kind of fictions that depict environmental condition events and has consequently lost its true significance. Aware of the prospect of ecological collapse additionally as our apparent inability to avert it, we tend to face geology changes of forceful proportions that severely challenge our ability to imagine the implications. Climate fiction ought to be considered an important supplement to climate science, as a result, climate fiction makes visible and conceivable future modes of existence inside worlds not solely deemed seemingly by science, however that area unit scientifically anticipated. Hence, this chapter, as part of the book itself, aims to contribute to studies of ecocriticism, the environmental humanities, and literary and culture studies. References David P.G. Bondand Stephen E. Grasby. "Late Ordovician mass extinction caused by volcanism, warming, and anoxia, not cooling and glaciation: REPLY." Geology 48, no. 8 (Geological Society of America2020): 510. Cyril Langlois.’Vestiges de l'apocalypse: ‘le site de Tanis, Dakota du Nord 2019’. Accessed June, 6, 2021, https://planet-terre.ens-lyon.fr/pdf/Tanis-extinction-K-Pg.pdf NajouaGharsalli,ElhoucineEssefi, Rana Baydoun, and ChokriYaich. ‘The Anthropocene and Great Acceleration as controversial epoch of human-induced activities: case study of the Halk El Menjel wetland, eastern Tunisia’. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 18(3) (Corvinus University of Budapest 2020): 4137-4166 Elhoucine Essefi, ‘On the Geochemistry and Mineralogy of the Anthropocene’. International Journal of Water and Wastewater Treatment, 6(2). 1-14, (Sci Forschen2020): doi.org/10.16966/2381-5299.168 Elhoucine Essefi. ‘Record of the Anthropocene-Great Acceleration along a core from the coast of Sfax, southeastern Tunisia’. Turkish journal of earth science, (TÜBİTAK,2021). 1-16. Chiara Xausa. ‘Climate Fiction and the Crisis of Imagination: Alexis Wright’s Carpentaria and The Swan Book’. Exchanges: The Interdisciplinary Research Journal 8(2), (WARWICK 2021): 99-119. Akyol, Özlem. "Climate Change: An Apocalypse for Urban Space? An Ecocritical Reading of “Venice Drowned” and “The Tamarisk Hunter”." Folklor/Edebiyat 26, no. 101 (UluslararasıKıbrısÜniversitesi 2020): 115-126. Boswell, Suzanne F. "The Four Tourists of the Apocalypse: Figures of the Anthropocene in Caribbean Climate Fiction.". Paradoxa 31, (Academia 2020): 359-378. Ayt Ougougdal, Houssam, Mohamed YacoubiKhebiza, Mohammed Messouli, and Asia Lachir. 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Dossier "PhénoFinlait : Phénotypage et génotypage pour la compréhension et la maîtrise de la composition fine du lait Avant-propos Le lait est un produit animal complexe à l’origine de multiples valorisations en alimentation humaine : laits de consommation incluant les laits infantiles, fromages, beurres, crèmes, yaourts, desserts et boissons lactées, ingrédient dans une grande diversité de pâtisseries et de plats cuisinés, etc. Il s’agit donc d’un pilier de l’alimentation humaine y compris à l’âge adulte et ce depuis des milliers d’années. Toutefois, les demandes des consommateurs et de la société ont évolué rapidement ces dernières années et les exigences en matière de qualité des produits se sont complexifiées (Le Bihan-Duval et al 2014). Tout d’abord du point de vue du consommateur, en particulier occidental, l’alimentation doit désormais répondre à une diversité d’attentes. A la demande en « quantité » d’après-guerre, se sont en particulier ajoutées des exigences sanitaires, des exigences organoleptiques, de traçabilité du produit, des exigences nutritionnelles, et après une période « nutrition - santé » (Cniel 2011), une exigence croissante de « naturalité ». De plus, du point de vue du citoyen, la qualité intègre l’environnement, le bien-être animal, les conditions de production. Une partie des consommateurs a d’ailleurs évolué vers une stratégie d’achat « responsable » (Cniel 2011). Simultanément, le lait, bien que bénéficiant d’une image traditionnellement et majoritairement favorable à plusieurs titres, est confronté ces dernières années à des remises en causes parfois virulentes (allergies, intolérances, rejet des matières grasses saturées et trans…) qui s’installent probablement durablement dans les rapports des consommateurs avec le lait (Cniel 2011). Malgré ce contexte exigeant et changeant, jusqu’à aujourd’hui, au-delà des quantités totales en matières grasses et protéiques, peu de dispositifs sont disponibles et mis en œuvre pour suivre, qualifier, voire piloter la composition fine du lait « en sortie de ferme ». Le lait a suivi, avec le développement du secteur laitier, un processus de standardisation conformément au principe du « lait apte à toute transformation », devenant une matière première à laquelle l’application de procédés de fabrication variés donne de la valeur. Ce constat est à moduler pour les filières AOP fromagères. La composition fine du lait, en particulier la variabilité des profils en acides gras et en protéines, n’est pas ou peu valorisée, ni au niveau de la production, ni au niveau de la transformation. Dans le contexte actuel, traiter le lait de manière indifférenciée peut être contre-productif, en particulier si l’on reconsidère la richesse intrinsèque de la matière première « lait » et le fait que la composition du produit final reflète largement la composition du lait d’origine (Lucas et al 2006). Le lait « en sortie de ferme » se situe à la charnière entre l’amont et l’aval des filières laitières et, à ce titre, est idéalement placé pour être une source importante de compétitivité et d’adaptabilité des filières laitières dans leur globalité. Le sujet de la composition fine du lait a bien entendu fait l’objet de travaux bien avant que le programme PhénoFinlait ne soit imaginé et mis en œuvre. Ainsi, les liens entre alimentation et profil en acides gras (Chilliard et al 2007, Couvreur et al 2007, Hurtaud et al 2007) ou encore les variants génétiques des lactoprotéines majeures (Grosclaude et al 1987, Grosclaude 1988) ont été étudiés généralement à partir de dispositifs expérimentaux. Ces connaissances ont servi de point de départ et d’assurance sur la faisabilité et l’intérêt d’engager un programme à grande échelle. L’ambition de PhénoFinlait était alors de transposer ces connaissances et hypothèses en élevages privés avec une grande diversité de systèmes d’alimentation et de coupler cela à une analyse conjointe du déterminisme génétique afin d’apporter aux éleveurs et à leurs filières des outils et des réponses globales. De nombreuses nouvelles références étaient bien évidemment à établir, mais l’un des enjeux majeurs portait et porte toujours sur les possibilités de transfert aux filières. Les développements à la fois de la spectrométrie dans l’infra-rouge et de la sélection génomique ont ouvert de nouvelles portes en matière d’accès à la composition fine du lait à coûts réduits et d’analyses de ses déterminants génétiques.Les travaux pionniers de la Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux (Soyeurt et al 2006) ont ainsi ouvert la voie à l’estimation de nombreux composants fins du lait à partir d’une exploitation plus fine des données d’absorbance de la lumière dans le Moyen Infra-Rouge (MIR) principalement. Le principe est simple : la spectrométrie MIR, utilisée pour estimer les taux de matière grasse et protéique en routine dans les laboratoires d’analyse du lait, peut aussi être utilisée pour quantifier individuellement certains composants fins. Des modèles de prédiction sont développés à partir d’un jeu d’échantillons caractérisés à la fois à l’aide d’une méthode d’ancrage et par un spectre MIR. Ces modèles sont ensuite appliqués aux données spectrales telles que celles produites dans le cadre des analyses laitières habituelles de paiement du lait à la qualité et de contrôle laitier. Plusieurs dizaines d’acides gras et protéines peuvent ainsi être estimés avec une précision satisfaisante et à un coût additionnel modeste par rapport aux analyses déjà réalisées en routine. Parallèlement, les avancées dans le domaine de la génomique permettent d’analyser et d’exploiter plus rapidement et plus finement le déterminisme génétique des caractères. Là encore, le principe est relativement simple : deséquations d’estimation du potentiel génétique des animaux pour les différents caractères sont établies à partir d’une population de référence (animaux génotypés et caractérisés d’un point de vue phénotypique). Cette population peut être de taille beaucoup plus restreinte que celle nécessaire pour mettre en œuvre une évaluation génétique « classique ». Par ailleurs, les équations produites permettent de déterminer le potentiel génétique d’un animal sans pour autant qu’il dispose lui-même (ou ses descendants) de phénotype mesuré (Robert-Granié et al 2011). L’un des enjeux en sélection est alors de concevoir et de mettre en œuvre des programmes de caractérisation phénotypique de populations de référence, ce que l’on a appelé des programmes de « phénotypage » à plus ou moins grande échelle. Le programme PhénoFinlait est l’un des premiers grands programmes de phénotypage à haut débit (Hocquette et al 2011) avec ses caractéristiques : phénotypage fin sur la composition du lait, dans des systèmes d’élevage caractérisés, en particulier, par l’alimentation, préalable à un génotypage à haut débit des animaux suivis. Face à ces enjeux pour la filière laitière et ces nouvelles potentialités techniques et scientifiques, les filières laitières bovine, caprine et ovine, les acteurs de l’élevage (conseil en élevage et laboratoires d’analyse du lait) et de la génétique (entreprises de sélection et de mise en place d’insémination), les instituts de recherche et de développement (Inra, Institut de l’Elevage, Actalia) et APIS-GENE ont décidé de se constituer en consortium afin d’unifier leurs efforts et de partager leurs compétences et réseaux. Le consortium, avec le soutien financier d’APIS-GENE, de l’ANR, du Cniel, du Ministère de l’Agriculture (fond dédié CASDAR et Action Innovante), de France AgriMer, de France Génétique Elevage, du fond IBiSA et de l’Union Européenne, a initié début 2008 un programme pour :- analyser la composition fine du lait en acides gras et en protéines par des méthodes de routine et des méthodes d’ancrage ultra-résolutives (protéines) ;- appliquer ces méthodes à grande échelle sur une diversité de systèmes et de races représentatives de la diversité de la ferme France afin d’identifier des facteurs influençant la composition fine du lait ;- optimiser la valorisation des ressources alimentaires et génétiques par le conseil en élevage ;- initier une sélection génomique. Au-delà de ces objectifs, le programme PhénoFinlait a été envisagé comme un investissement majeur et collectif pour les filières laitières françaises afin de leur permettre de conserver ou de développer des avantages compétitifs par la possibilité de mieux valoriser la composition fine et demain ultrafine (grâce à des méthodes plus fines encore que la spectrométrie MIR) du lait. Les bases de données et d’échantillons ont ainsi vocation à être exploitées et ré-exploitées pendant plusieurs années au fur et à mesure des demandes des filières et de l’avancée des connaissances et des technologies d’analyse du lait. D’autres pays se mobilisent également sur cette problématique : Pays-Bas, Nouvelle-Zélande, Danemark et Suède, Italie, Belgique, etc. Ce dossier de la revue Inra Productions Animales fait état des principales productions issues à ce jour du programme PhénoFinlait. Il n’a pas vocation à couvrir exhaustivement les résultats produits. En particulier, nous ne présenterons pas systématiquement l’ensemble des résultats pour l’ensemble des espèces, races et composants. Néanmoins, nous nous sommes attachés à présenter à travers trois articles de synthèse et un article conclusif les principales avancées permises par ce programme à partir d’exemples pris dans les différentes filières. Gelé et al, débutent ce dossier par une présentation du programme dans ses différents volets, depuis la détermination des élevages et animaux à suivre jusqu’à la collecte et la conservation d’échantillons (de lait et de sang), en passant par l’enregistrement en routine des spectres MIR, des conditions d’alimentation, le prélèvement d’échantillons de sang puis, plus tard, le génotypage sur des puces pangénomiques. Cet article développe plus particulièrement la méthodologie mise en place pour déterminer la composition du lait en acides gras etprotéines à partir de spectres MIR. Enfin, il dresse un bilan des données collectées, permettant d’actualiser les références sur la caractérisation des troupeaux, des femelles laitières, des régimes alimentaires, et du profil des laits produits dans les trois filières laitières françaises. Legarto et al, présentent ensuite les résultats relatifs à l’influence des facteurs physiologiques (stade de lactation...), alimentaires (à travers des typologies de systèmes d’alimentation), raciaux et saisonniers, sur les profilsen acides gras. Ces résultats mettent en évidence de nombreuses sources de variation de la composition du lait qui pourront être exploitées à différentes échelles : animal, troupeau et bassin de collecte. Enfin, Boichard et al, présentent une synthèse de l’analyse du déterminisme génétique des acides gras d’une part et des protéines d’autre part. Cette synthèse aborde les estimations de paramètres génétiques tels que l’héritabilité et les corrélations génétiques entre caractères de composition fine entre eux, et avec les caractères de production. Ces résultats permettent en particulier de définir les potentialités de sélection ainsi que les liaisons génétiques à considérer. Ces analyses ont aussi permis de mesurer l’importance du choix de l’unité d’expression des teneurs (en pourcentage de la matière grasse ou protéique, ou en pourcentage dans le lait). Dans une dernière partie, cet article présente les analyses de détection de QTL avec une analyse des co-localisations entre races, entre composants et avec des gènes majeurs connus. RéférencesBoichard D., Govignon-Gion A., Larroque H., Maroteau C., Palhière I., Tosser-Klopp G., Rupp R., Sanchez M.P., Brochard M., 2014. Déterminisme génétique de la composition en acides gras et protéines du lait des ruminants. In : PhénoFinlait : Phénotypage et génotypage pour la compréhension et la maîtrise de la composition fine du lait. Brochard M., Boichard D., Brunschwig P., Peyraud J.L. (Eds). Dossier, INRA Prod. Anim., 27, 283-298. Chilliard Y., Glasser F., Ferlay A., Bernard L., Rouel J., Doreau M., 2007. Diet, rumen biohydrogenation, cow and goat milk fat nutritional quality: a review. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol., 109, 828-855. Cniel, 2011. Lait, produits laitiers et société : France 2025 – Prospective collective. Note de synthèse sur les évolutions probables, juillet 2011. Couvreur S., Hurtaud C., Marnet P.G., Faverdin P., Peyraud J.L., 2007. Composition of milk fat from cows selected for milk fat globule size and offered either fresh pasture or a corn silage-based diet. J. Dairy Sci., 90, 392-403. Gelé M., Minery S., Astruc J.M., Brunschwig P., Ferrand M., Lagriffoul G., Larroque H., Legarto J., Martin P., Miranda G., Palhière I., Trossat P., Brochard M., 2014. Phénotypage et génotypage à grande échelle de la composition fine des laits dans les filières bovine, ovine et caprine. In : PhénoFinlait : Phénotypage et génotypage pour la compréhension et la maîtrise de la composition fine du lait. Brochard M., Boichard D., Brunschwig P., Peyraud J.L. (Eds). Dossier, INRA Prod. Anim., 27, 255-268. Grosclaude F., Mahé M.F., Brignon G., Di Stasio L., Jeunet R., 1987. A Mendelian polymorphism underlying quantitative variations of goat αS1-casein. Génét. Sel. Evol., 19, 399-412. Grosclaude F., 1988. Le polymorphisme génétique des principales lactoprotéines bovines. Relations avec la quantité, la composition et les aptitudes fromagères du lait. INRA Prod. Anim., 1, 5-17. Hocquette J.F., Capel C., David V., Guemene D., Bidanel J., Barbezant M., Gastinel P.L., Le Bail P.Y., Monget P., Mormede P., Peyraud J.L., Ponsart C., Guillou F., 2011. Les objectifs et les applications d’un réseau organisé de phénotypage pour les animaux d’élevage. Renc. Rech. Rum., 18, 327-334. Hurtaud C., Peyraud J.L., 2007. Effects of feeding camelina (seeds or meal) on milk fatty acid composition and butter spreadability. J. Dairy Sci., 90, 5134-5145. Le Bihan-Duval E., Talon R., Brochard M., Gautron J., Lefevre F., Larzul C., Baeza E., Hocquette J.F., 2014. Le phénotypage de la qualité des produits : enjeux de société, scientifiques et techniques. In : Phénotypage des animaux d’élevage. Phocas F. (Ed). Dossier, INRA Prod. Anim., 27, 223-234. Legarto L., Gelé M., Ferlay A., Hurtaud C., Lagriffoul G., Palhière I., Peyraud J.L., Rouillé B., Brunschwig P., 2014. Effets des conduites d’élevage sur la composition en acides gras du lait de vache, chèvre et brebis évaluéepar spectrométrie au moyen infrarouge. In : PhénoFinlait : Phénotypage et génotypage pour la compréhension et la maîtrise de la composition fine du lait. Brochard M., Boichard D., Brunschwig P., Peyraud J.L. (Eds).Dossier, INRA Prod. Anim., 27, 269-282. Lucas A., Rock E., Chamba J.F., Verdier-Metz I., Brachet P., Coulon J.B., 2006. Respective effects of milk composition and the cheese-making process on cheese compositional variability in components of nutritionalinterest. Lait, 86, 21-41. Robert-Granié C., Legarra A., Ducrocq V., 2011. Principes de base de la sélection génomique. In : Numéro spécial, Amélioration génétique. Mulsant P., Bodin L., Coudurier B., Deretz S., Le Roy P., Quillet E., Perez J.M. (Eds). INRA Prod. Anim., 24, 331-340. Soyeurt H., Dardenne P., Dehareng F., Lognay G., Veselko G., Marlier M., Bertozzi C., Mayeres P., Gengler N., 2006. Estimating fatty acid content in cow milk using mid-infrared spectrometry. J. Dairy Sci., 89, 3690-3695.

Ce travail présente les résultats d’une méta-analyse de quatre études menées sur les Amphibiens à Kasugho, Butembo, Mambasa et Kisangani en République Démocratique du Congo. L’objectif principal était de vérifier le lien entre le taux d’anthropisation des habitats et la fréquence des espèces observées afin d’identifier d’éventuelles espèces indicatrices des perturbations anthropiques. L’observation directe a généré 815 Amphibiens capturés dans les habitats anthropisés (étang piscicole, jachère) et non anthropisés (marécage, forêt secondaire, forêt primaire). Sur les 37 espèces identifiées, 2 (Amietophrynus kisoloensis, Hoplobatrachus occipitalis) vivent uniquement dans les habitats anthropisés et 11 (Afrixalus quadrivittatus, Amietophrynus gracilipes, Arthroleptis variabilis, Cardioglossa gracilis, C. leucomystax, Hyperolius viridiflavus, Leptopelis aubryioides, L. ocellatus, Phrynobatrachus auritus, Ptychadena anchietae, P. chrysogaster) préfèrent uniquement les habitats non anthropisés. La plus forte similarité entre les habitats anthropisés et non anthropisés a été observée à Mambasa (étang piscicole, marécage, jachère, forêt secondaire, forêt primaire) et la plus faible entre les habitats à Butembo (marécage, jachère). Un test de Chi-carré souligne un lien entre le statut d’habitat et les abondances d’Amphibiens. Une corrélation linéaire significative confirme qu’il n’y a pas de relation directe entre les fréquences dans les deux statuts d’habitat. La présente étude confirme le potentiel des Amphibiens comme indicateurs de perturbations anthropiques des écosystèmes.

An investigation of the influence of the hydrofoil on load reduction performance during an amphibious aircraft landing on still and wavy water is conducted by solving the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations coupled with the standard [Formula: see text] turbulence model in this paper. During the simulations, the numerical wave tank is realized by using the velocity-inlet boundary wave maker coupled with damping wave elimination techniques on the outlet, while the volume of fluid model is employed to track the water–air interface. Subsequently, the effects of geometric parameters of hydrofoil have been first discussed on still water, which indicates the primary factor influencing the load reduction is the static load coefficient of hydrofoil. Furthermore, the effects of descent velocity, wave length, and wave height on load reduction are comprehensively investigated. The results show that the vertical load reduces by more than 55% at the early stage of landing on the still water by assembling the hydrofoil for different descent velocity cases. Meanwhile, for amphibious aircraft with high forward velocity, the bottom of the fuselage will come into close contact with the first wave when landing in crest position, and then the forebody will impact the next wave surface with extreme force. In this circumstance, the load reduction rate decreases to around 30%, which will entail a further decline with the increase in wave length or wave height.

Understanding what regulates population sizes of organisms with complex life cycles is challenging because limits on population sizes can occur at any stage or transition. We extend a conceptual framework to explore whether numbers of successfully laid eggs determine densities of later stages in insects, fish, amphibians, and snails inhabiting marine, freshwater, or terrestrial habitats. Our review suggests novel hypotheses, which propose characteristics of species or environments that create spatial variation in egg densities and predict when such patterns are maintained throughout subsequent life-cycle stages. Existing data, although limited, suggest that persistent, strong associations between egg and subsequent juvenile densities are likely for species where suitable egg-laying habitat is in short supply. Those associations are weakened in some environments and for some species by density-dependent losses of eggs or hatchlings. Such cross-ecosystem comparisons are fundamental to generality in ecology but demand place-based understandings of species’ biology and natural history. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 52 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

ABSTRACT Thymus plasticity following gonadectomy or sex hormone replacement has long since exemplified sex hormone effects on the immune system in mammals and, to a lesser extent, in ‘lower vertebrates’, including amphibians and fish. Nevertheless, the underlying physiological significances as well as the ontogenetic establishment of this crosstalk remain largely unknown. Here, we used a teleost fish, the European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, to investigate: (1) whether the regulation of thymus plasticity relies on resource trade-off with somatic growth and reproductive investment and (2) if the gonad–thymus interaction takes place during gonadal differentiation and development. Because gonadal development and, supposedly, thymus function in sea bass depend on environmental changes associated with the winter season, we evaluated thymus changes (foxn1 expression, and thymocyte and T cell content) in juvenile D. labrax raised for 1 year under either constant or fluctuating photoperiod and temperature. Importantly, in both conditions, intensive gonadal development following sex differentiation coincided with a halt of thymus growth, while somatic growth continued. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing that gonadal development during prepuberty regulates thymus plasticity. This finding may provide an explanation for the initiation of the thymus involution related to ageing in mammals. Comparing fixed and variable environmental conditions, our work also demonstrates that the extent of the effects on the thymus, which are related to reproduction, depend on ecophysiological conditions, rather than being directly related to sexual maturity and sex hormone levels.

AbstractProximity to the seashore is a critical structuring factor of coastal wetlands due to its influence on varying sources of nutrients (marine and terrestrial) and on the spatial gradient of salinity (higher salinity closer to the seashore). The spatial gradient of salinity may impact organisms because most organisms need to maintain an osmotic balance. Osmoregulation is energetically costly, and exposure to salinity should induce a trade‐off in energetic allocation between osmoregulation and other competing functions such as growth rates and movement patterns. In this study, we used a capture–mark–recapture design during 3 consecutive years to investigate how distance to the sea influences growth rates and foraging movements (outside reproduction) in the western spadefoot toad (Pelobates cultripes), a typical coastal amphibian, in three populations from the French Atlantic coast. Growth rates were lower in larger individuals and in individuals living closer to the seashore. Distances travelled between captures were very limited (~20 m). Between years, these distances were larger for individuals located on the beach rather than inland, but were not influenced by body size or sex. Exposure to salinity and associated costs of osmoregulation may explain lower growth rates closer to the shoreline. The mechanisms underlying the effects of location on distances between captures remain to be identified, but may be related to foraging for abundant prey items on the wrack line. Our study confirms the remarkable terrestrial site fidelity in P. cultripes, which might be detrimental to coastal populations if localized perturbations affect coastal environments.

ABSTRACT Bacterial assemblages on amphibian skin may play an important role in protecting hosts against infection. In hosts that occur over a range of environments, geographic variation in composition of bacterial assemblages might be due to direct effects of local factors and/or to evolved characteristics of the host. Invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) are an ideal candidate to evaluate environmental and genetic mechanisms, because toads have evolved major shifts in physiology, morphology, and behavior during their brief history in Australia. We used samples from free-ranging toads to quantify site-level differences in bacterial assemblages and a common-garden experiment to see if those differences disappeared when toads were raised under standardised conditions at one site. The large differences in bacterial communities on toads from different regions were not seen in offspring raised in a common environment. Relaxing bacterial clustering to operational taxonomic units in place of amplicon sequence variants likewise revealed high similarity among bacterial assemblages on toads in the common-garden study, and with free-ranging toads captured nearby. Thus, the marked geographic divergence in bacterial assemblages on wild-caught cane toads across their Australian invasion appears to result primarily from local environmental effects rather than evolved shifts in the host.

Pacific tree frogs (Psedacris regilla) and California tree frogs (P. cadaverina), native to Southern California, have adapted to frequent periods of drought. These tree frogs show both behavioral and physiological adaptations that help diminish water loss to their environment. However, despite these adaptations, tree frogs may still experience periods of dehydration in their natural habitat. Dehydration significantly decreases aerobic scope in amphibians; frogs being more susceptible than toads. When dehydrated, semi‐aquatic frogs rely heavily on anaerobic metabolism, which has been shown to induce hyperglycemia and decreased organ ATP levels. In this study we are interested in evaluating the effects of dehydration on the aerobic scope of P. regilla and P. cadaverina, two highly terrestrial treefrogs. Furthermore we will investigate the effects of dehydration on the respiratory quotient of these frogs. Evaporative water loss in frogs can lead to a loss of 6–9% of initial body mass per day on land. In this study 8 frogs from each species were dehydrated to 5, 10, 15% of their initial body weight and then placed in a respiratory chamber so that standard metabolic rates were measured. After metabolic rates were recorded, hoping speed and the time it took for animals to right themselves were measured. After an exercise bout, the metabolic rate of all frogs was once again measured in all animals to determine the effect of dehydration on aerobic scope. Previously we have reported that P. regilla drinks water opportunistically whereas P. cadaverina must reach at least 18% dehydration before water absorption behaviors are consistently employed. Since there are significant differences in the levels of dehydration that each frog can endure before rehydration is normally established we expect to see differences in both aerobic scope, locomotion performance and the time it takes for frogs to switch to carbohydrates as the primary fuel for metabolism.Support or Funding InformationTitle V STEM Grant

<p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><strong>Background: </strong>There is no injectable ibuprofen product marketed to treat patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in newborns in Canada. The authors’ institution has used ibuprofen arginine in the past. In the absence of published evidence supporting use of this salt form of ibuprofen for neonatal PDA, a retrospective analysis was undertaken.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare the effectiveness and adverse effects of ibuprofen arginine, ibuprofen tromethamine, and indomethacin in the treatment of PDA.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective observational cohort study, for patients admitted between 2009 and 2015, included preterm infants with symptomatic PDA who received at least one dose of injectable indomethacin, ibuprofen tromethamine, or ibuprofen arginine. Three effectiveness end points were analyzed: closure after one course of treatment, repeat medical treatment, and surgical ligation. The secondary end points included acute kidney injury, necrotizing enterocolitis, chronic lung disease, and time to full enteral feeding.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 179 infants were included. There were no differences among groups in terms of closure after one course of treatment (37/54 [69%] with indomethacin, 42/70 [60%] with ibuprofen tromethamine, and 28/55 [51%] with ibuprofen arginine; <em>p </em>= 0.21) or surgical ligation (10/54 [19%] with indomethacin, 13/70 [19%] with ibuprofen tromethamine, and 12/55 [22%] with ibuprofen arginine; <em>p </em>= 0.88). However, there was a difference regarding use of a repeat course of treatment, ibuprofen arginine having the highest rate (8/54 [15%] with indomethacin, 18/70 [26%] with ibuprofen tromethamine, and 20/55 [36%] with ibuprofen arginine; <em>p </em>= 0.04). After adjustment for gestational age, the association between ibuprofen arginine and increased use of a repeat course of treatment remained significant. The groups did not differ with respect to adverse effects.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results highlight the potential for differences in effectiveness among various salt forms of injectable ibuprofen and indomethacin. Because of the small sample size and retrospective methodology, confirmation of the present results through a larger prospective study is needed.</p><p><strong>RÉSUMÉ</strong></p><p><strong>Contexte : </strong>Il n’y a pas sur le marché de produit injectable à base d’ibuprofène pour traiter la persistance du canal artériel (PCA) chez le nouveau-né au Canada. L’ibuprofène arginine a été utilisé auparavant dans l’établissement de santé des auteurs. En l’absence de données publiées appuyant l’utilisation de ce médicament sous forme de ce sel pour traiter la PCA chez le nouveau-né, une analyse rétrospective a été réalisée.</p><p><strong>Objectif : </strong>Comparer l’efficacité et les effets indésirables de l’ibuprofène arginine, de l’ibuprofène trométhamine et de l’indométhacine dans le traitement de la PCA.</p><p><strong>Méthodes : </strong>Cette étude de cohorte observationnelle rétrospective, au sujet de patients hospitalisés entre 2009 et 2015, incluait des nourrissons prématurés atteints d’une PCA symptomatique ayant reçu par injection au moins une dose d’indométhacine, d’ibuprofène trométhamine ou d’ibuprofène arginine. Trois paramètres d’évaluation de l’efficacité ont été analysés : la fermeture après un seul traitement, la répétition du traitement médical et la ligature chirurgicale. Les paramètres d’évaluation secondaires étaient les cas d’insuffisance rénale aiguë, d’entérocolite nécrosante et de maladie pulmonaire chronique ainsi que le temps pour atteindre l’alimentation entérale complète.</p><p><strong>Résultats : </strong>Au total, 179 nourrissons ont été admis à l’étude. Aucune différence n’a été relevée entre les groupes en ce qui touche à la fermeture après un seul traitement (37/54 [69 %] pour l’indométhacine, 42/70 [60 %] pour l’ibuprofène trométhamine et 28/55 [51 %] pour l’ibuprofène arginine; <em>p </em>= 0,21) ou à la ligature chirurgicale (10/54 [19 %] pour l’indométhacine, 13/70 [19 %] pour l’ibuprofène trométhamine et 12/55 [22 %] pour l’ibuprofène arginine; <em>p </em>= 0,88). Cependant, une différence a été observée pour ce qui est de la répétition du traitement et l’ibuprofène arginine a obtenu le taux le plus élevé (8/54 [15 %] pour l’indométhacine, 18/70 [26 %] pour l’ibuprofène trométhamine et 20/55 [36 %] pour l’ibuprofène arginine; <em>p </em>= 0,04). Après ajustement pour l’âge gestationnel, l’association entre l’utilisation de l’ibuprofène arginine et une augmentation du recours à un second traitement demeurait significative. Il n’y avait pas de différence entre les groupes en ce qui touche aux effets indésirables.</p><p><strong>Conclusion : </strong>Ces résultats soulignent la possible différence d’efficacité parmi les divers sels d’ibuprofène injectable et l’indométhacine. Cependant, en raison de la petite taille de l’échantillon et de l’emploi d’une méthodologie rétrospective, une étude prospective plus importante doit être menée pour confirmer les résultats de la présente étude.</p>