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Статті в журналах з теми "Ambulance Personnel Stress"
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Jonsson, Anders, and Kerstin Segesten. "Daily Stress and Concept of Self in Swedish Ambulance Personnel." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 19, no. 3 (September 2004): 226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00001825.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractIntroduction:This study investigated the prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms among professional ambulance personnel in Sweden and investigated the question: “Does self-knowledge have influence on how well one copes with the effects of daily work exposure from such events?” Little is known about the variables that might be associated with post-traumatic stress symptoms in highrisk occupational groups such as ambulance service groups.Methods:Data were gathered from ambulance personnel by means of an anonymous questionnaire. Survey responses of 362 ambulance personnel from the county of Västra Götaland were analyzed. A correlation was established between post-traumatic symptoms using the impact of event scale (IES-15) and the Professional Self-Description Form (PSDF).Results:Of those who reported a traumatic situation, 21.5% scored ≥ 26 on the IES-15 subscale. Scores >26 indicate “PTSD caseness”. There were significant differences on PSDF subscales between those presenting with or without posttraumatic symptoms.Conclusions:The mental health and emotional well-being of ambulance personnel appear to be compromised by accident and emergency work. The high prevalence of PTSD symptoms in ambulance personnel indicates an inability to cope with post-traumatic stress caused by daily work experiences.
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James, Alma. "Perceptions of stress in British ambulance personnel." Work & Stress 2, no. 4 (October 1988): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678378808257493.
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Jonsson, A. "Post-traumatic stress among Swedish ambulance personnel." Emergency Medicine Journal 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emj.20.1.79.
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Lebimoyo, AzizatAbiodun, and MumtazOladipupo Sanni. "Posttraumatic stress disorder in ambulance service personnel." Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry 32, no. 2 (2023): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/mjp.mjp_9_23.
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Betlehem, J., É. Nagy, A. Oláh, I. Boncz, A. Sebestyén, J. Marton-Simora, G. Nagy, K. Deutsch, I. Kriszbacher, and Z. Göndöcs. "PMH64 THE POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS AMONG AMBULANCE PERSONNEL IN HUNGARY." Value in Health 12, no. 7 (October 2009): A363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1098-3015(10)74783-5.
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Ntatamala, Itumeleng, and Shahieda Adams. "The Correlates of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Ambulance Personnel and Barriers Faced in Accessing Care for Work-Related Stress." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 2046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042046.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We investigated factors associated with increased risk for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in ambulance personnel and the barriers faced in accessing support for work-related stress (WRS). A cross-sectional study of 388 ambulance personnel used self-administered questionnaires to assess for PTSD and level of occupational stressors: Impact of Event Scale-Revised, Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Critical Incident Inventory, EMS Chronic Stress Questionnaire, SF-36 Quality of Life and the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale. The prevalence of PTSD in the study population was 30%. The participants were predominantly female (55%), with a median age of 38 (IQR; 31–44) years. PTSD was associated with smoking (OR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.05–2.95), illicit drug use (OR = 16.4, 95% CI: 1.87–143.86) and problem drinking (OR = 3.86, 95% CI: 1.80–8.23). A self-reported mental health condition (OR = 3.76, 95% CI: 1.96–7.21), being treated for a medical condition (OR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.22–3.11), exposure to critical incident stress (OR = 4.27, 95% CI: 2.24–8.15) and chronic WRS (OR = 4.46, 95% CI: 1.93–10.31) were associated with PTSD risk. Barriers to seeking help included concerns that services were not confidential and the negative impact on the participant’s career. The increased levels of WRS, strong associations with substance use and barriers to accessing care offer starting points for workplace interventions to reduce the impact of PTSD in ambulance personnel.
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Pihl-Thingvad, Jesper, Maria Louison Vang, Sara Rosenbeck Møller, and Nina Beck Hansen. "Critical Incidents Scale for Ambulance Work ‐ Denmark (CISAW-D): the development of a screening tool for work exposure to critical events in operative ambulance personnel." British Paramedic Journal 7, no. 3 (December 1, 2022): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.29045/14784726.2022.12.7.3.26.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction: Critical incidents in ambulance work are not easily compared to other risk occupations. Understanding types of incidents that can be considered critical in operational ambulance work is important to prevent work-related post-traumatic stress (PTS).Aim: This study aimed to develop a scale of critical incidents in ambulance work and assess its predictive validity in relation to the severity of PTS symptoms.Methods: A total of 1092 open-ended descriptions from Danish ambulance personnel were content analysed to develop a categorical scale that identifies types of events perceived as critical to operative ambulance personnel. Multiple regression was used to assess whether the scale predicted PTS symptoms and to assess the cumulative effect of exposure to these events.Results: The study found that the 1092 descriptions of critical events could be condensed into 28 categories of critical events. These ranged from life-threatening situations and deaths, to more daily events such as handling strong emotional reactions from patients’ relatives and working with terminally ill children. The frequency of events significantly predicted the severity of PTS symptoms with low to moderate effect (std beta = 0.2, t(375) = 3.7, p < .001), even when adjusting for known risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder.Conclusion: This study showed that critical events in ambulance work included events that are not normally considered traumatic, and indicated that understanding the cumulative effect of these events is important when trying to prevent traumatic sequalae in ambulance personnel. The study highlighted the importance of increased focus on non-traumatic incidents that have an ongoing impact on paramedics’ mental health and well-being. The Critical Incidents Scale for Ambulance Work ‐ Denmark (CISAW-D) is a promising tool for systematic screening for exposure to critical events in ambulance work.
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Karlsson, Kåre. "Stress Response in Swedish Ambulance Personnel Evaluated by Trier Social Stress Test." Journal of Health and Environmental Research 5, no. 1 (2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20190501.13.
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Harrison, Juliet. "Organisational factors: impacting on health for ambulance personnel." International Journal of Emergency Services 8, no. 2 (August 5, 2019): 134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijes-02-2018-0013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to establish if organisational factors are leading to a negative effect on ambulance personnel’s health. In recent years, frontline ambulance personnel have displayed a consistent high rate of sickness amongst healthcare workers within the National Health Service in the UK. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has previously been cited, but organisational factors may be stressors to health. Design/methodology/approach A search of electronic databases MEDLINE EBSCO, MEDLINE OVID, MEDLINE PUBMED, AMED, CINAHL, Web of Science, Zetoc within the time period of 2000–2017 resulted in six mixed methods studies. Hand searching elicited one further study. The literature provided data on organisational and occupational stressors (excluding PTSD) relating to the health of 2,840 frontline ambulance workers in the UK, Australia, Norway, the Netherlands and Canada. The robust quantitative data were obtained from validated questionnaires using statistical analysis, whilst the mixed quality qualitative data elicited similar themes. Narrative synthesis was used to draw theories from the data. Findings Organisational factors such as low job autonomy, a lack of supervisor support and poor leadership are impacting on the health and well-being of frontline ambulance workers. This is intertwined with the occupational factors of daily operational demands, fatigue and enforced overtime, so organisational changes may have a wider impact on daily occupational issues. Originality/value The findings have possible implications for re-structuring organisational policies within the ambulance service to reduce staff sickness.
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Aasa, Ulrika, Nebojsa Kalezic, Eugene Lyskov, Karl-Axel Ängquist, and Margareta Barnekow-Bergkvist. "Stress monitoring of ambulance personnel during work and leisure time." International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 80, no. 1 (May 6, 2006): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00420-006-0103-x.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Ambulance Personnel Stress"
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Galeano, Richard. "Understanding the health of operational personnel in an ambulance service: A mixed methods study." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/134241/2/Richard_Galeano_Thesis%5B1%5D.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This mixed methods study was designed to review the health of ambulance operational personnel and to better understand the complex relationship between the organisation of the work and the working and organisational environment in which the work is done. The study found that the physical and mental health of ambulance operational personnel is worse than the Australian population due to the interplay of long working hours, shift work and a perceived lack of support. Ambulance services need to take a lead role in designing health support approaches that may better protect the health and wellbeing of ambulance operational personnel.
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Eriksson, Siri, and Helena Sjödin. "Bearbetning efter en psykiskt påfrestande händelse : ambulanspersonalens erfarenhet av debriefing." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-11582.
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Aasa, Ulrika. "Ambulance Work : Relationships between occupational demands, individual characteristics and health-related outcomes." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-478.
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Linder, Niclas, and Ida Tullberg. "Att hjälpa den som hjälper andra : avlastande samtal för ambulanspersonal - en litteraturöversikt." Thesis, Sophiahemmet Högskola, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:shh:diva-3667.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Att arbeta inom ambulanssjukvården innebär ökad risk för att utsättas för en så kallad kritisk händelse som kan leda till olika stressreaktioner bland annat ångest, akut stressyndrom (ASD), posttraumatiskt stressyndrom (PTSD) och depression. Symptom på dessa reaktioner kan innefatta hjärtklappning, sömn - och koncentrationssvårigheter men också empatitrötthet, vilket påverkar vårdpersonalens förmåga att känna empati med sina patienter och förmågan att vårda dessa på bästa sätt. Avlastande samtal är ett psykologiskt stöd som används för ambulanspersonal i dagsläget som ett försök att motverka olika typer av stressreaktioner. Syftet var att beskriva kunskapsläget kring avlastande samtal för ambulanspersonal efter att de utsatts för kritiska händelser. Som metod användes allmän litteraturöversikt med induktiv ansats där 15 vetenskapliga artiklar valdes ut och som besvarade den här studiens syfte. Artiklarna söktes i databaserna CINAHL och PubMed och analyserades med integrerad analys I resultatet framkom fyra kategorier: utveckling och minskade stressreaktioner, avsaknad av avlastande samtal, negativa upplevelser och informellt kamratstöd. Som slutsats kan konstateras att det finns ett behov av ökad kunskap och utbildning kring avlastande samtal och stressreaktioner hos ambulanspersonal som utsatts för en kritisk händelse. Den fortsatta forskningen som behövs bör fokusera på en evidensbaserad modell för avlastande samtal.To work in the field of ambulance care comes with an increased risk to be exposed to a so-called critical incident which can lead to several stress reactions, including anxiety, acute stressdisorder (ASD), posttraumatic stressyndrome (PTSD) and depression. Symptoms of these reactions can include increased heart rate, sleep- and concentration difficulties but also compassion fatigue, which will affect the nursing staff's ability to feel compassion towards their patients and their ability to care for those patients in the best way possible. Relief calls is a form of psychological support that is used for ambulance personnel nowadays as a way of trying to counteract different types of stress reactions. The aim of this study was to describe the state of knowledge concerning relief calls among ambulance personnel after being exposed to critical incidents. The method used, was a general literature review with an inductive onset where 15 scientific articles were included that gave answer to the aim of this study. The articles were found in the medical databases CINAHL and PubMed and was analysed using an integrated method. The result generated four categories: development and reduced stress reactions, lack of relief calls, negative experiences, informal peer-support. As a conclusion it was found that there is a need for increased knowledge and education concerning relief calls and stress reactions among ambulance personnel that has been exposed to a critical incident. The research needed in the future should focus on finding evidence-based models for relief calls
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Andersson, Jonas, and Torkel Liljekvist. "Ambulanspersonalens upplevelser av återhämtning mellan uppdragen." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för omvårdnad, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-99940.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bakgrund: Personal inom ambulanssjukvård utsätts dagligen för stress och hög arbetsbe- lastning. Detta leder till ökad risk för hälsoproblem hos ambulanspersonal och riskerar att kunna påverka omvårdnaden.
Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa ambulanspersonalens upplevelser av återhämt- ning mellan uppdragen.
Deltagare: I studien medverkade tio anställda inom ambulanssjukvården vid två medel- stora städer i Sverige och närliggande glesbygd.
Metod: Studien baserades på tio semistrukturerade intervjuer utförda december 2014. In- tervjuerna spelades in och analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys.
Resultat: Fyra kategorier framkom: Förutsättningar för återhämtning, Omständigheter som ger återhämtning, Omständigheter som motverkar återhämtning och Konsekvenser av bristande återhämtning. Till de fyra kategorierna skapades 14 underkategorier. De fak- torer som bedömdes som viktigast för god återhämtning var dagtid måltider och social umgänge. Under nattetid har sömn beskrivits som mest elementärt. Det påpekades att det är svårt att planera för vila och återhämtning dels pga arbetsbelastningen, dels pga oviss- heten om arbetspassets fortskridande.
Slutsats: Resultatet av studien visar att ambulanspersonal upplever att den viktigaste återhämtningen sker genom sömn, måltider och socialt umgänge. Förutsättningar för vila och återhämtning har en fundamental roll. Det som kan försämra återhämtning upplevs vara; brist på adekvat krishantering, kort tid för återhämtning samt dåligt kollegialt stöd, vilket kan leda till försämrad omvårdnad och risk för negativa hälsoeffekter.Background: Ambulance personnel face daily stress and high workload. This leads to increased risk of health problems among ambulance personnel and risk to affect care. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the ambulance personnel experiences of recovery between missions. Participants: In the study contributed ten employees in prehospital care at two mid-sized cities in Sweden and surrounding rural areas. Method: The study was based on ten semi-structured interviews conducted in December 2014. The interviews were recorded and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Four categories emerged: Prerequisites for recovery, Circumstances that provides recovery, Circumstances that impairs recovery and Consequences of lack of recovery. To the four categories 14 subcategories were created. The factors that were considered most important for good recovery is daytime, meals and social interaction. During nighttime sleep was described as the most elementary. It was pointed out that it is difficult to plan for rest and recovery, partly because the workload, partly because of uncertainty about the workshifts progression. Conclusion: The result of the study shows that ambulance personnel feel that the most important recovery occurs through sleep, meals and socializing. Prerequisites for rest and recovery has a fundamental role. What may limit the recovery is perceived to be; lack of adequate crisis management, short time for recovery and poor peer support. Which can lead to impaired care and risk of adverse health effects.
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Green, Rosanne. "An exploratory study to identify the range of occupational stressors that occur among ambulance workers in Johannesburg." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/7712.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
M.A.This study looks into the types of stressors specific to the Emergency Medical Services. The study was undertaken over a period of two years with the following objectives: • A literature survey regarding stress, organisational stress in general and stress in the context of Emergency Medical Services in particular. • An investigation of the personnel of the Emergency Medical Services to ascertain the stressors perceived as stressful by them. • Recommendations on how to prevent or lower stress in the Emergency Medical Services. The first part of this study is devoted to a theoretical investigation which gives an overview of stress in its broadest sense as well as stress in organisations which includes cumulative stress/burnout. Critical Incident Stress and Post Traumatic Stress are also closely examined, as well as the personality characteristics of members of the Emergency Medical Services. The point of departure for the researcher is an ecosystemic perspective where objectivity itself is questionable. Therefore, qualitative research was called for and the transactional/interactional model of Richard Lazarus was used to categorise stressors. The research results suggest that what the Emergency Medical Service personnel perceive as stressful are mainly organisational stressors but they acknowledge that in the long term the continual dealing with death and trauma starts to take its toll. Criticisms that could be levelled against the study are that the results are only generalisable to the personnel of the Johannesburg Emergency Services, whose demographic characteristics and backgrounds differ, for instance, from those who work at Bryanston, or Pretoria. As the study relied solely on personal disclosure and observation the results can be seen as somewhat subjective in nature. What was communicated as stress-related events was what was perceived as stressful by the personnel as well as the researcher's subjective perception of whether certain events were perceived as stressful for the personnel. After working on the ambulance with these personnel for over three years, the researcher is an accepted part of their system, and became subject to the same blunting of affect and depersonalisation of victims as the Emergency workers. Over an extended period in time, it became harder to divorce the researcher from the "worker" while on duty, to maintain a scientific perspective and to write objectively. However, the findings of this study concur with those done by previous researchers on this subject such as Sparrius (1992) and Du Toit & Botes (1996).
Книги з теми "Ambulance Personnel Stress"
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McCann, Leo. The Paramedic at Work. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816362.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Ambulance services and paramedics perform critical roles in contemporary healthcare economies. Trained to work in the field and respond rapidly to emergencies, societies have come to increasingly rely on ambulance services to deliver urgent care, never more so than in recent years given intense social inequality, overstretched and underfunded health systems, and deadly pandemics. This monograph is the first book-length study of the paramedic profession in England. Based on in-depth interviews and ethnographic observation The Paramedic at Work provides a detailed account of the complex realities of work in this fascinating occupation. Empirical chapters explore the nature of work ‘out on the road’, the peculiarities of ambulance organizational culture, the intensity of workplace stress and burnout, and the current and future trajectory of paramedic professionalism. The book documents the unique paradoxes experienced by those employed in this line of work. Ambulance staff are trained to handle life-threatening trauma and disease, but most callouts consist of unplanned primary care. Paramedic work features wide autonomy but is also bound into an array of micromanaging performance indicators. Paramedics are trusted and respected in society but the profession is poorly understood and employers can be unsupportive. But, no matter how intense the personal struggles can be, paramedic work also offers rare opportunities for meaningful and socially valued work. The nature of the paramedic role is rapidly moving from a manual occupation rooted in first aid and transportation, to a clinical profession of increasing scope, versatility, and social respect.
Частини книг з теми "Ambulance Personnel Stress"
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Nethercott, Daniel, and Maire Shelly. "Critical care." In Handbook of Communication in Anaesthesia & Critical Care. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199577286.003.0019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It is well recognized that errors of communication are associated with causing harm to patients on the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). By means of presenting a patient-based narrative, this chapter looks at communication in intensive care medicine focusing attention on styles of communication that are useful in different areas of common practice. It must be accepted that communication needs to convey a message that sits within its own context. For instance, the way that proxy decisions are made for patients who lack capacity varies with both culture and region. Resources are variable, and this includes the time that can be allocated to communication. It is clearly beyond the scope of this chapter to offer guidance on exactly what information should be given to patients and their relatives, but we aim to highlight useful ways of making the communication of that information more effective. 03:00 in a District General Hospital Emergency department. The on-call intensive care doctor is fast-bleeped to the resuscitation bay to see a 35-year-old man called Stephen who has been brought in by ambulance from a roadside accident. He is conscious but distressed, with significant injuries to both legs and thorax. A ‘trauma team’ of doctors is assembled, plus the delivering paramedics, accident and emergency-qualified nurses and healthcare assistants. Communicating with teams in time-critical situations presents a clear challenge. Team members can be unknown to each other with an unknown skill mix, the clinical problems are undefined, different personnel have different—sometimes conflicting—motives, and goals, and clinical priorities can shift over time. The anaesthetist must be confident to communicate with authority in these circumstances. Under stress, most team members will respond well to someone else taking the lead. They will usually do what they are asked if they understand the instruction, are competent to undertake the task, and are not overloaded with other tasks. Closed-loop communication is a good way to keep communication efficient: ‘Someone get me a tube!’ can be misunderstood or ignored by most of the team. ‘Sarah, I want you to get a size 8 endotracheal tube from the trolley and test the cuff for me. Do you know how to do that?’ is specific, directed to a named individual and asks for confirmation of understanding and competence to complete the task.
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McCann, Leo. "Street-Level Professionals." In The Paramedic at Work, 168–211. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816362.003.0006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This chapter will explore paramedics’ understanding of professionalism at both the abstract, structural level of the occupation, and also at the more tangible, more personal levels of the individual self and at the operating context where paramedic work takes place—at Lipsky’s legendary ‘street-level’. Building on several themes already explored in the book, this chapter aims to identify the essence of paramedic professionalism at work. With ambulance work being so varied, it is difficult to isolate a specific ‘unique selling point’ of this profession. With this in mind, the chapter’s overall aim is to bring into sharper focus the idea of paramedics as ‘street-level professionals’, a notion drawing inspiration from both Michael Lipsky’s ‘street-level bureaucracy’ and from a much less well-known idea—Donald Metz’s characterization of ambulance workers as ‘blue-collar professionals’.
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Keats, Jonathon. "Tweet." In Virtual Words. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195398540.003.0024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The big news in the Twitterverse on October 19, 2009, was the sighting of the pentagigatweet. Sent by an out-of-work dotcom executive named Robin Sloan, the six-character text message, a bit of banter between friends, garnered more attention than the war in Afghanistan or the swine flu pandemic. “Oh lord,” it read. The message was sent at 10:28 a.m. PST. By 3:47 p.m. a CNET news story proclaimed, “Twitter hits 5 billion tweets,” quoting Sloan’s two-word contribution to telecommunications history, and noting that he’d geekily dubbed it the pentagigatweet. The following day newspapers around the world, from the Telegraph in England to Il Messagero in Italy, had picked up the story, yet the most extensive coverage was on Twitter itself, where nearly 30 percent of the estimated 25 million daily messages referenced the benchmark. The numbers were impressive. But more remarkable than the level of popularity achieved in the mere thirty-eight months since the microblogging service launched in 2006 was the degree to which those who used it felt responsible for building it. The megatweeting greeting the pentagigatweet was a sort of collective, networked navel-gazing. In the days following the five billionth text message Twitter was atwitter with self-congratulation. That sense of personal investment, essential to Twitter’s growth, was entirely by design. As Jack Dorsey explained in an interview with the Los Angeles Times about the company he cofounded, “The concept is so simple and so open-ended that people can make of it whatever they wish.” Dorsey based the service on his experience writing dispatch software and his insight that the best way to observe a city in real time was to monitor the dispatches coming from couriers and taxis and ambulances. Twitter was created to put that experience in the hands of ordinary citizens, literally, by asking people to periodically send in text messages by mobile phone answering the question “What are you doing?” All participants would be able to follow the stream of responses. In other words, Twitter was formulated as a sort of relay, utterly dependent on the public for content.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Ambulance Personnel Stress"
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Sjörs Dahlman, Anna, Kåre Karlsson, Stefan Candefjord, and Anna Anund. "Validation of a one-item acute stress scale for driving tasks." In 15th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2024). AHFE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1005230.
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Emergency personnel, such as ambulance crews and firefighters, must perform well both mentally and physically during emergency responses around the clock. The opportunity for recovery and rest is often limited during their shifts. This can lead to an increased risk of fatigue and perceived stress during emergency responses, which also increases the risk of traffic accidents. Stress has been identified as a contributing factor to road crashes due to its negative impact on driving performance [1-3]. Stress increases the crash risk by affecting cognitive abilities, resulting in inadequate information processing and imperfect perception which may, in turn, lead to deterioration of driver performance [4]. Physiological measurements can be used to detect driver stress but there is also a need for subjective ratings scales that are easy to use in a driving setting. Driver sleepiness is often measured with the 9-point one-item Karolinska Sleepiness Scale [5] but there is no equivalent measure of acute driver stress. In this study we investigated if a one-item stress scale could be used to measure acute driver stress in an ambulance simulator. The VTI acute stress scale (VSS) was developed to quantify perceived stress. The 9 verbal anchors are designed to match the verbal anchors of the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS). The VSS anchors are: 1 completely relaxed (feeling entirely calm and relaxed), 2 very relaxed, 3 relaxed, 4 rather relaxed, 5 neither relaxed nor stressed, 6 slightly stressed, 7 stressed (feeling some tension and pressure), 8 very stressed, 9 extremely stressed (feeling very tense and under high pressure, on the verge of what I can handle).A simulator trial was conducted with ambulance driving scenarios designed to induce various stress levels in emergency response personnel. Each participant performed three simulator tasks: task A was a low-stress routine drive, task B was a medium-stress urgent callout, task C was a high-stress emergency response. The tasks were counterbalanced between participants. The participants completed a questionnaire with questions about task load (NASA-TLX), stress (9-point VSS scale), and sleepiness (9-point KSS scale) after each drive.Participants (33 men and 16 women) were recruited among ambulance personnel and emergency response personnel in western Sweden. Data collections took place at two different ambulance stations on five different occasions in 2022. The study protocol was approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (ref 2021-04352). Forty-eight drivers had VSS ratings from all three drives. The mean ratings were A=3.17 (SD 1.58, range 1-7), B=3.77 (SD 1.59, range 1-6), and C=4.65 (SD 1.77, range 1-7). An ANOVA with task (A, B, C) as a fixed factor and participant as a random factor showed that there was a significant difference in VSS ratings between tasks (F=22.9, p<0.001, η2=0.330). Post-hoc tests (TukeyHSD) showed that task A had significantly lower rating than task B (p=0.021) and task C (p<0.001) and task B had significantly lower ratings than task C (p<0.001). The stress ratings were moderate throughout the trials, with no ratings above 7 on the 9-point scale. This could be due to simulator scenarios not being perceived as equally stressful as real-life emergency driving situations. The VSS was significantly correlated with NASA-TLX subscales mental demand (r=0.606), physical demand (r=0.419), temporal demand (r=0.605), performance (r=0.313), effort (r=0.541), and frustration (r=0.553). These medium correlations show that the VSS acute stress score is related to but not identical to workload. In conclusion, the VSS can be used to measure acute driver stress in moderately stressful driving conditions.This study was funded by a grant from the strategic vehicle research and innovation (FFI) program at Sweden’s Innovation Agency (VINNOVA), grant number 2020-05157, and through the SUAB project financed by the European Social Fund, grant number 2020/00110.1.Mou, L., et al., Driver stress detection via multimodal fusion using attention-based CNN-LSTM. Expert Systems with Applications, 2021. 173: p. 114693.2.Rastgoo, M.N., et al., A critical review of proactive detection of driver stress levels based on multimodal measurements. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 2018. 51(5): p. 1-35.3.Beanland, V., et al., Driver inattention and driver distraction in serious casualty crashes: Data from the Australian National Crash In-depth Study. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2013. 54: p. 99-107.4.Wiberg, H., et al., Physiological responses related to moderate mental load during car driving in field conditions. Biological psychology, 2015. 108: p. 115-125.5.Åkerstedt, T. and M. Gillberg, Subjective and Objective Sleepiness in the Active Individual International Journal of Neuroscience, 1990. 52(1-2): p. 29-37.
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Ntatamala, Itumeleng, and Shahieda Adams. "P-75 Correlates of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among ambulance personnel in the Western Cape Province, South Africa." In 28th International Symposium on Epidemiology in Occupational Health (EPICOH 2021). BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2021-epi.187.
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