Статті в журналах: "Amatrice seismic sequence"

1

Mazzoni, Silvia, Giulio Castori, Carmine Galasso, Paolo Calvi, Richard Dreyer, Erica Fischer, Alessandro Fulco, et al. "2016–2017 Central Italy Earthquake Sequence: Seismic Retrofit Policy and Effectiveness." Earthquake Spectra 34, no. 4 (November 2018): 1671–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/100717eqs197m.

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The 2016–2017 Central Italy earthquake sequence consisted of several moderately high-magnitude earthquakes, between M5.5 and M6.5, each centered in a different location and with its own sequences of aftershocks spanning several months. To study the effects of this earthquake sequence on the built environment and the impact on the communities, a collaborative reconnaissance effort was organized by the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI), the Eucentre Foundation, the European Centre for Training and Research in Earthquake Engineering (EUCentre), and the Rete dei Laboratori Universitari di Ingegneria Sismica (ReLuis). The effort consisted of two reconnaissance missions: one following the Amatrice Earthquake of 24 August 2016 and one after the end of the earthquake sequence, in May 2017. One objective of the reconnaissance effort was to evaluate existing strengthening methodologies and assess their effectiveness in mitigating the damaging effects of ground shaking. Parallel studies by the Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) Association, presented in a companion paper, demonstrate that variations in-ground motions due to topographic site effects had a significant impact on damage distribution in the affected area. This paper presents that, in addition to these ground motion variations, variations in the vulnerability of residential and critical facilities were observed to have a significant impact on the level of damage in the region. The damage to the historical centers of Amatrice and Norcia will be used in this evaluation: the historical center of Amatrice was devastated by the sequence of earthquakes; the significant damage in Norcia was localized to individual buildings. Amatrice has not experienced the same number of devastating earthquakes as Norcia in the last 150 years. As a result, its building stock is much older than that of Norcia and there appeared to be little visual evidence of strengthening of the buildings. The distribution of damage observed throughout the region was found to be indicative of the effectiveness of strengthening and of the need for a comprehensive implementation of retrofit policies.

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2

Marzocchi, Warner, Matteo Taroni, and Giuseppe Falcone. "Earthquake forecasting during the complex Amatrice-Norcia seismic sequence." Science Advances 3, no. 9 (September 2017): e1701239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1701239.

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3

Todrani, Alessandro, and Giovanna Cultrera. "Near-Source Simulation of Strong Ground Motion in Amatrice Downtown Including Site Effects." Geosciences 11, no. 5 (April 25, 2021): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11050186.

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On 24 August 2016, a Mw 6.0 earthquake started a damaging seismic sequence in central Italy. The historical center of Amatrice village reached the XI degree (MCS scale) but the high vulnerability alone could not explain the heavy damage. Unfortunately, at the time of the earthquake only AMT station, 200 m away from the downtown, recorded the mainshock, whereas tens of temporary stations were installed afterwards. We propose a method to simulate the ground motion affecting Amatrice, using the FFT amplitude recorded at AMT, which has been modified by the standard spectral ratio (SSR) computed at 14 seismic stations in downtown. We tested the procedure by comparing simulations and recordings of two later mainshocks (Mw 5.9 and Mw 6.5), underlining advantages and limits of the technique. The strong motion variability of simulations was related to the proximity of the seismic source, accounted for by the ground motion at AMT, and to the peculiar site effects, described by the transfer function at the sites. The largest amplification characterized the stations close to the NE hill edge and produced simulated values of intensity measures clearly above one standard deviation of the GMM expected for Italy, up to 1.6 g for PGA.

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4

Segall, Paul, and Elías Rafn Heimisson. "On the Integrated Surface Uplift for Dip‐Slip Faults." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 109, no. 6 (November 12, 2019): 2738–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120190220.

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Abstract Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar observations often provide maps of vertical displacement that can be integrated to estimate an uplift volume. Relating this measure to source processes requires a model of the deformation. Bignami et al. (2019) argue that the negative uplift volume associated with the 2016 Amatrice–Norcia, central Italy, earthquake sequence requires a coseismic volume collapse of the hanging wall. Using results for dip‐slip dislocations in an elastic half‐space we show that Vuplift=(P/4)(1−2ν)sin(2δ), in which P is the seismic potency, ν is the Poisson’s ratio, and δ is the fault dip, consistent with an earlier result of Ward (1986). For reasonable estimates of net potency for the 2016 Amatrice–Norcia sequence, this simple formula yields uplift volume estimates close to that observed. We conclude that the data are completely consistent with elastic dislocation theory and do not require a volume collapse at depth.

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5

Grelle, Gerardo, Laura Bonito, Maresca Rosalba, Silvia Iacurto, Claudia Madiai, Paola Revellino, and Giuseppe Sappa. "Topographic effects observed at Amatrice hill during the 2016–2017 Central Italy seismic sequence." Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 20, no. 1 (January 2021): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11803-021-2005-z.

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6

Clementi, Francesco, Gabriele Milani, Angela Ferrante, Marco Valente, and Stefano Lenci. "Crumbling of Amatrice clock tower during 2016 Central Italy seismic sequence: Advanced numerical insights." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 14, no. 51 (December 4, 2019): 313–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.51.24.

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7

Carminati, Eugenio, Christian Bignami, Carlo Doglioni, and Luca Smeraglia. "Lithological control on multiple surface ruptures during the 2016–2017 Amatrice-Norcia seismic sequence." Journal of Geodynamics 134 (February 2020): 101676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2019.101676.

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8

Soldati, Gaia, Lucia Zaccarelli, and Licia Faenza. "Spatio-temporal seismic velocity variations associated to the 2016–2017 central Italy seismic sequence from noise cross-correlation." Geophysical Journal International 219, no. 3 (September 27, 2019): 2165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz429.

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SUMMARY We investigate the temporal changes of crustal velocity associated to the seismic sequence of 2016–2017, which struck central Italy with a series of moderate to large earthquakes. We cross-correlate continuous recordings of 2 yr of ambient seismic noise from a network of 28 stations within a radius of 90 km around Amatrice town. We then map the spatio-temporal evolution of the velocity perturbations under the effect of subsequent earthquakes. Coinciding with each of the three main shocks of the sequence we observe a sudden drop of seismic velocity which tends to quickly recover in the short term. After the end of the strongest activity of the sequence, the coseismic velocity changes display gradual healing towards pre-earthquake conditions following a quasi-linear trend, such that by the end of 2017 about 75 per cent of the perturbation is recovered. The spatial distribution of the velocity drop fluctuates with time, and the area that shows the most intense variations beyond the ruptured fault system elongates in the NE direction. This zone roughly corresponds to a region of foredeep sedimentary deposits consisting of highly hydrated and porous sandstones, which respond to the passage of seismic waves with increased pore pressure and crack number, leading to a reduction of the effective relative velocity.

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9

Grazzini, Alessandro, Filiberto Chiabrando, Sebastiano Foti, Giulia Sammartano, and Antonia Spanò. "A Multidisciplinary Study on the Seismic Vulnerability of St. Agostino Church in Amatrice following the 2016 Seismic Sequence." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 14, no. 6 (February 20, 2019): 885–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2019.1575929.

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10

Tan, Yen Joe, Felix Waldhauser, William L. Ellsworth, Miao Zhang, Weiqiang Zhu, Maddalena Michele, Lauro Chiaraluce, Gregory C. Beroza, and Margarita Segou. "Machine-Learning-Based High-Resolution Earthquake Catalog Reveals How Complex Fault Structures Were Activated during the 2016–2017 Central Italy Sequence." Seismic Record 1, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0320210001.

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Abstract The 2016–2017 central Italy seismic sequence occurred on an 80 km long normal-fault system. The sequence initiated with the Mw 6.0 Amatrice event on 24 August 2016, followed by the Mw 5.9 Visso event on 26 October and the Mw 6.5 Norcia event on 30 October. We analyze continuous data from a dense network of 139 seismic stations to build a high-precision catalog of ∼900,000 earthquakes spanning a 1 yr period, based on arrival times derived using a deep-neural-network-based picker. Our catalog contains an order of magnitude more events than the catalog routinely produced by the local earthquake monitoring agency. Aftershock activity reveals the geometry of complex fault structures activated during the earthquake sequence and provides additional insights into the potential factors controlling the development of the largest events. Activated fault structures in the northern and southern regions appear complementary to faults activated during the 1997 Colfiorito and 2009 L’Aquila sequences, suggesting that earthquake triggering primarily occurs on critically stressed faults. Delineated major fault zones are relatively thick compared to estimated earthquake location uncertainties, and a large number of kilometer-long faults and diffuse seismicity were activated during the sequence. These properties might be related to fault age, roughness, and the complexity of inherited structures. The rich details resolvable in this catalog will facilitate continued investigation of this energetic and well-recorded earthquake sequence.

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11

Valigi, Daniela, Davide Fronzi, Costanza Cambi, Giulio Beddini, Carlo Cardellini, Roberto Checcucci, Lucia Mastrorillo, Francesco Mirabella, and Alberto Tazioli. "Earthquake-Induced Spring Discharge Modifications: The Pescara di Arquata Spring Reaction to the August–October 2016 Central Italy Earthquakes." Water 12, no. 3 (March 10, 2020): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030767.

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Co-seismic changes in groundwater regime are often observed after moderate to strong earthquakes. The 24 August 2016 Mw 6.0 extensional Amatrice earthquake, which was the first event of a long-lasting seismic sequence, including the 30 October 2016 Mw 6.5 Norcia event, triggered a significant discharge alteration to the Pescara di Arquata spring, located in the Umbria-Marche Apennines (Northern Apennines, Central Italy) and exploited for drinking purposes. During the first five months after the first mainshock, an extra flow of about 30% was recorded, while both water chemistry and temperature did not show significant changes. Thereafter, the spring discharge decreased significantly, and at the end of 2019 it was still lower than normal. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) indicates that these low mean monthly discharge values are not related to particularly dry conditions. The increase in post-seismic depletion coefficients indicates that the aquifer empties faster than it did during the inter-seismic period. The observed transient increase and subsequent decrease of discharge are consistent with a transient, earthquake-related increase in hydraulic conductivity.

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12

Albano, Matteo, Salvatore Barba, Michele Saroli, Marco Polcari, Christian Bignami, Marco Moro, Salvatore Stramondo, and Daniela Di Bucci. "Aftershock Rate and Pore Fluid Diffusion: Insights From the Amatrice‐Visso‐Norcia (Italy) 2016 Seismic Sequence." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 124, no. 1 (January 2019): 995–1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018jb015677.

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13

Sextos, Anastasios, Raffaele De Risi, Alessandro Pagliaroli, Sebastiano Foti, Federico Passeri, Ernesto Ausilio, Roberto Cairo, et al. "Local Site Effects and Incremental Damage of Buildings during the 2016 Central Italy Earthquake Sequence." Earthquake Spectra 34, no. 4 (November 2018): 1639–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/100317eqs194m.

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The Central Italy earthquake sequence initiated on 24 August 2016 with a moment magnitude M6.1 event, followed by two earthquakes (M5.9 and M6.5) on 26 and 30 October, caused significant damage and loss of life in the town of Amatrice and other nearby villages and hamlets. The significance of this sequence led to a major international reconnaissance effort to thoroughly examine the effects of this disaster. Specifically, this paper presents evidences of strong local site effects (i.e., amplification of seismic waves because of stratigraphic and topographic effects that leads to damage concentration in certain areas). It also examines the damage patterns observed along the entire sequence of events in association with the spatial distribution of ground motion intensity with emphasis on the clearly distinct performance of reinforced concrete and masonry structures under multiple excitations. The paper concludes with a critical assessment of past retrofit measures efficiency and a series of lessons learned as per the behavior of structures to a sequence of strong earthquake events.

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14

Poiani, M., V. Gazzani, F. Clementi, G. Milani, M. Valente, and S. Lenci. "Iconic crumbling of the clock tower in Amatrice after 2016 central Italy seismic sequence: advanced numerical insight." Procedia Structural Integrity 11 (2018): 314–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2018.11.041.

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15

Pastori, M., P. Baccheschi, and L. Margheriti. "Shear Wave Splitting Evidence and Relations With Stress Field and Major Faults From the “Amatrice‐Visso‐Norcia Seismic Sequence”." Tectonics 38, no. 9 (September 2019): 3351–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018tc005478.

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16

Cirillo, Daniele. "Digital Field Mapping and Drone-Aided Survey for Structural Geological Data Collection and Seismic Hazard Assessment: Case of the 2016 Central Italy Earthquakes." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15 (July 29, 2020): 5233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155233.

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In this work, a high-resolution survey of the coseismic ground ruptures due to the 2016 Central Italy seismic sequence, performed through a dedicated software installed on a digital device, is strengthened by the analysis of a set of drone-acquired images. We applied this integrated approach to two active sections of the Mt Vettore active fault segment which, in the Castelluccio di Norcia plain (central Italy), were affected by surface faulting after the most energetic events of the sequence: the 24 August, Mw 6.0, Amatrice and 30 October, Mw 6.5, Norcia earthquakes. The main aim is to establish the range in which the results obtained measuring the same structures using different tools vary. An operating procedure, which can be helpful to map extensive sets of coseismic ground ruptures especially where the latter affects wide, poorly accessible, or dangerous areas, is also proposed. We compared datasets collected through different technologies, including faults attitude, dip-angles, coseismic displacements, and slip vectors. After assessing the accuracy of the results, even at centimetric resolutions, we conclude that the structural dataset obtained through remote sensing techniques shows a high degree of reliability.

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17

Porrovecchio, Chiara. "An Analysis Procedure for the Surviving Rural Architecture, Built with Raw Earth Mortars, in the Amatrice Area (Italy) as a Starting Point for the Development of Conservation Strategies." Heritage 6, no. 3 (February 21, 2023): 2333–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage6030123.

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The contribution of this article is that it provides indications for the conservation of the surviving architecture in the Amatrice area, which was severely affected by the long seismic sequence between 2016 and 2017. The traditional construction technique was carefully studied during the safety works that were carried out in the villages from 2018 to 2020. From the studies conducted, it emerged that most of the historical building fabrics date to a post-seismic reconstruction phase of the seventeenth–eighteenth century. The masonry construction technique found on the site is homogeneous throughout the area and is based on the use of local sandstone and raw earth mortars. The mineralogical nature of the materials used for building was identified by means of specific diagnostic analyses as well as the production processes of the materials. An interpretation of the use of different materials and processes was provided by cross-referencing the analytical results with the existing data on the seismic history and on the geographical and geological characteristics of the territory; additionally, an interpretation of the development of the local historical construction techniques was provided as well. Defining conservation strategies for buildings that are still recoverable is an important objective that is aimed at safeguarding the material evidence of the local construction tradition. The same conservation strategies could be pre-emptively adopted in similar rural contexts.

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18

Jain, Avni, Maurizio Acito, and Claudio Chesi. "Seismic sequence of 2016–17: Linear and non-linear interpretation models for evolution of damage in San Francesco church, Amatrice." Engineering Structures 211 (May 2020): 110418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110418.

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19

Felicetta, Chiara, Claudia Mascandola, Daniele Spallarossa, Francesca Pacor, Salomon Hailemikael, and Giuseppe Di Giulio. "Quantification of site effects in the Amatrice area (Central Italy): Insights from ground-motion recordings of the 2016–2017 seismic sequence." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 142 (March 2021): 106565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106565.

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20

Acito, M., M. S. Garofane, E. Magrinelli, and G. Milani. "The 2016 Central Italy seismic sequence: linear and non-linear interpretation models for damage evolution in S. Agostino’s church in Amatrice." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 19, no. 3 (January 11, 2021): 1467–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-01035-3.

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Felicetta, Chiara, Claudia Mascandola, Daniele Spallarossa, Francesca Pacor, Salomon Hailemikael, and Giuseppe Di Giulio. "Quantification of site effects in the Amatrice area (Central Italy): Insights from ground-motion recordings of the 2016–2017 seismic sequence." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 142 (March 2021): 106565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106565.

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Jain, A., M. Acito, C. Chesi, and E. Magrinelli. "The seismic sequence of 2016–2017 in Central Italy: a numerical insight on the survival of the Civic Tower in Amatrice." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 18, no. 4 (November 8, 2019): 1371–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00750-w.

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23

Salvini, Riccardo, Claudio Vanneschi, Chiara Lanciano, and Renzo Maseroli. "Ground Displacements Estimation through GNSS and Geometric Leveling: A Geological Interpretation of the 2016–2017 Seismic Sequence in Central Italy." Geosciences 12, no. 4 (April 12, 2022): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12040167.

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Between August 2016 and January 2017, a very energetic seismic sequence induced substantial horizontal and vertical ground displacements in the Central Italian Apennines. After this event, the Italian Military Geographical Institute (IGM), owner and manager of the Italian geodetic networks, executed several topographic surveys in the earthquake area in order to update the coordinates of vertices belonging to the IGM95 geodetic network. The measurements began in the areas where the most significant deformation occurred: the localities of Amatrice and Accumoli, in the Rieti Province, and the area covering Norcia and Castelluccio, in the Province of Perugia, all the way to Visso (Province of Macerata). The activities described in this paper focused on the updated measurement of the IGM95 network points through GNSS and the restatement of extensive parts of the high precision geometric lines that were levelled until reaching stable zones. This unprecedented amount of data was used for a new geological interpretation of the seismic sequence, which confirms some of the previous hypotheses of the scientific community. In the analyzed territory, the latest estimate of the geodetic position points has allowed for an accurate determination of the east and the north and of the altitude components of the displacement induced by the earthquake through a comparison with the previous coordinates. The results confirm that the seismicity was induced by normal faults system activity. Still, they also indicate the possible influence of a significant regional thrust that conditioned the propagation of the seismicity in the area. The obtained maps of the displacement are coherent with other geodetic works and with a rupture propagation driven by the documented geotectonic structure.

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Xu, Qian, Qiang Chen, Jingjing Zhao, Xianwen Liu, Yinghui Yang, Yijun Zhang, and Guoxiang Liu. "Sequential modelling of the 2016 Central Italy earthquake cluster using multisource satellite observations and quantitative assessment of Coulomb stress change." Geophysical Journal International 221, no. 1 (January 21, 2020): 451–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa036.

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SUMMARY A sequence of earthquake events consisting of three large shocks occurred in Central Italy from August to October in 2016 with the duration of almost 2 months. The preliminary study on the seismic mechanism suggests that the sequence of events is the result from the activity of the SW dipping Mt Bove–Mt Vettore–Mt Gorzano normal fault system. For investigation and understanding of the coseismic faulting of the seismogenic fault alignment, we collect a set of comprehensive satellite observations including the Sentinel-1A, ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 and GPS data to map the coseismic surface deformation and estimate the source models in this study. The derived faulting model for the first Amatrice event is characterized by two distinct slip asperities suggesting that it is a predominantly normal dip-slip motion with slight strike-slip component. The second event, Visso earthquake is almost a purely normal rupture. The third Norcia event is dominated by the normal dip-slip rupture of the seismogenic fault, and has propagated up to the ground with significant slip. The three faulting models are then utilized to quantify the Coulomb failure stress (CFS) change over the seismic zone. First, the CFS change on the subsequent two seismogenic faults of the earthquake sequence is estimated, and the derived positive CFS change induced by the preceding earthquakes suggests that the early events have positive effects on triggering the subsequent seismicity. We then explore the response relation of the aftershocks including 961 events with magnitudes larger than M 3.0 to the CFS change over the seismic zone. It suggests that the rupture pattern of the aftershocks is similar to the major shocks with predominantly normal dip-slip. To assess the risk of the future seismic hazard, we analyse quantitatively the spatial distribution of aftershock occurrence and CFS transfer at the seismogenic depth, indicating that the ruptures of the three major shocks do partly release the accumulated strain on the associated fault alignment as well as the dense aftershock, but the CFS increase zone with few aftershocks in the southwest of the eastern Quaternary fault alignment of Central Italy poses the potential of further rupture. In particular, the distribution of aftershock migration also suggests that the north extension of the Mt Bove fault is the potential zone with rupture risk.

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Marchetti, Dedalo, Angelo De Santis, Serena D’Arcangelo, Federica Poggio, Shuanggen Jin, Alessandro Piscini, and Saioa A. Campuzano. "Magnetic Field and Electron Density Anomalies from Swarm Satellites Preceding the Major Earthquakes of the 2016–2017 Amatrice-Norcia (Central Italy) Seismic Sequence." Pure and Applied Geophysics 177, no. 1 (February 25, 2019): 305–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-019-02138-y.

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Maria Grazia Ciaccio. "Instrumental seismicity of the Amatrice earthquake epicentral area: a review." Annals of Geophysics 59 (December 27, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-7283.

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This study presents a review of the instrumental seismicity of the Norcia-Amatrice area (central Italy) where a still on-going seismic sequence started on August 24th 2016 with a Mw6.0 earthquake.The review is based on the analysis of the seismic catalogs 1981-2016, the CMT (Centroid Moment Tensor) solutions and the TDMT (Time Domain Moment Tensor) solutions, dividing the area into three regions based on the main seismic sequences preceding the Amatrice 2016 mainshock.The seismicity of this region is characterized by different types of activity: single events, minor sequences and swarms with hypocenters within the upper 15 km of the crust. Small-magnitude seismic sequences on March 2007 with maximum Mw3.9, and one earthquake on March 2012, Mw37, not followed by significant seismicity, affected the area east of the Norcia, close to the Mw 5.4 aftershock of the Amatrice 2016 sequence. In the central area, near Accumoli, and in the southern sector close to Amatrice, minor seismic sequences occurred on February 2014 Ml3.5 and on November 2013 Mw3.7 respectively.We integrated hypocentral locations and fault plane solutions to give a first look at the main features of the instrumental seismicity compared to the present seismic sequence in order to relate the seismicity patterns to seismogenic structures of this area of the central Italy.

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Gemma Musacchio and Giovanna Piangiamaore. "The 2016 Amatrice seismic sequence in the Media." Annals of Geophysics 59 (December 6, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-7263.

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Media's power in setting the public’s agenda for discussion can affect perception and debate upon disasters. In the frame of a dialogical approach to science communication, we challenge here the paradigm for which issues that experts considered valuable are not in the Media's agenda. We studied the way Media addressed the Amatrice 2016 sequence and discuss story-telling. Specific indicators were analyzed to assess to what extent the scientific coverage, risk reduction and damage issues are covered. First results show that Media do think valuable to provide public with an in-depth scientific coverage and refers to authoritative sources. As time goes by and aftershocks Magnitude decreases a more reflexive thinking is triggered; news stories include more risk reduction indicators than damage. Although memory of past earthquakes is always part of the story one month after the main shock risk reduction disappear from the media agenda. We also explored the level of public engagement in risk reduction and found out that Media still seem not believe that citizens should be active part of the debate upon their own safety.

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Silvia Pondrelli, Simone Salimbeni, and Paolo Perfetti. "Moment tensor solutions for the Amatrice 2016 seismic sequence." Annals of Geophysics 59 (December 9, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-7240.

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On August 24, 2016 a ML 6.0 earthquake struck central Italy region, nearly completely destroying some small ancient towns as Amatrice, Accumoli, Arquata and Pescara del Tronto. In the following days thousands of aftershocks have been recorded by the INGV National Seismometric Network, 16 of them with a magnitude greater than 4.0. A Quick RCMT solution has been rapidly computed for all of them and made available on the web. Within a few weeks a definitive RCMT solution is ready for all of them, plus one. For major events (and not only) of the Amatrice seismic sequence, several rapid moment tensor solutions have been produced by various groups, using different methods and dataset. Comparing QRCMTs with other similar products, it is evident a great similarity of focal mechanisms while on the contrary, the Mw have a clear variability.

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Gabrielli, Simona, Aybige Akinci, Guido Ventura, Ferdinando Napolitano, Edoardo Del Pezzo, and Luca De Siena. "Fast Changes in Seismic Attenuation of the Upper Crust due to Fracturing and Fluid Migration: The 2016–2017 Central Italy Seismic Sequence." Frontiers in Earth Science 10 (June 29, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.909698.

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The Amatrice–Visso–Norcia seismic sequence struck Central Italy across the Apenninic normal fault system in 2016. Fluids likely triggered the sequence and reduced the stability of the fault network following the first earthquake (Amatrice, Mw 6.0), with their migration nucleating the Visso (Mw 5.9) and Norcia (Mw 6.5) mainshocks. However, both spatial extent and mechanisms of fluid migration and diffusion through the network remain unclear. High fluid content, enhanced permeability, and pervasive microcracking increase seismic attenuation, but different processes contribute to different attenuation mechanisms. Here, we measured and mapped peak delay time and coda attenuation, using them as proxies of seismic scattering and absorption before and during the sequence. We observed that the structural discontinuities and lithology control the scattering losses at all frequencies, with the highest scattering delineating carbonate formations within the Gran Sasso massif. The Monti Sibillini thrust marks the strongest contrasts in scattering, indicating a barrier for northward fracture propagation. Absorption does not show any sensitivity to the presence of these main geological structures. Before the sequence, low-frequency high-absorption anomalies distribute around the NW-SE-oriented Apennine Mountain chain. During the sequence, a high-absorption anomaly develops from SSE to NNW across the seismogenic zone but remains bounded north by the Monti Sibillini thrust. We attribute this spatial expansion to the deep migration of CO2-bearing fluids across the strike of the fault network from a deep source of trapped CO2 close to the Amatrice earthquake. Fluids expand SSE-NNW primarily during the Visso sequence and then diffuse across the fault zones during the Norcia sequence.

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Mariano Angelo Zanini, Lorenzo Hofer, Flora Faleschini, Paolo Zampieri, Nicola Fabris, and Carlo Pellegrino. "Preliminary macroseismic survey of the 2016 Amatrice seismic sequence." Annals of Geophysics 59 (November 17, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-7172.

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After the recent destructive L’Aquila 2009 and Emilia-Romagna 2012 earthquakes, a sudden Mw 6.0 seismic event hit Central Italy on August 24, 2016. A low population density characterizes the area but, due to its nighttime occurrence, about 300 victims were registered. This work presents the first preliminary results of a macroseismic survey conducted by two teams of the University of Padova in the territories that suffered major damages. Macroseismic intensities were assessed according to the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS98) for 180 sites.

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Maura Murru, Matteo Taroni, Aybige Akinci, and Giuseppe Falcone. "What is the impact of the August 24, 2016 Amatrice earthquake on the seismic hazard assessment in central Italy?" Annals of Geophysics 59 (November 9, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-7209.

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The recent Amatrice strong event (Mw6.0) occurred on August 24, 2016 in Central Apennines (Italy) in a seismic gap zone, motivated us to study and provide better understanding of the seismic hazard assessment in the macro area defined as “Central Italy”. The area affected by the sequence is placed between the Mw6.0 1997 Colfiorito sequence to the north (Umbria-Marche region) the Campotosto area hit by the 2009 L’Aquila sequence Mw6.3 (Abruzzo region) to the south. The Amatrice earthquake occurred while there was an ongoing effort to update the 2004 seismic hazard map (MPS04) for the Italian territory, requested in 2015 by the Italian Civil Protection Agency to the Center for Seismic Hazard (CPS) of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia INGV. Therefore, in this study we brought to our attention new earthquake source data and recently developed ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs). Our aim was to validate whether the seismic hazard assessment in this area has changed with respect to 2004, year in which the MPS04 map was released. In order to understand the impact of the recent earthquakes on the seismic hazard assessment in central Italy we compared the annual seismic rates calculated using a smoothed seismicity approach over two different periods; the Parametric Catalog of the Historical Italian earthquakes (CPTI15) from 1871 to 2003 and the historical and instrumental catalogs from 1871 up to 31 August 2016. Results are presented also in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA), using the recent ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs) at Amatrice, interested by the 2016 sequence.

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Maddalena Michele, Raffaele Di Stefano, Lauro Chiaraluce, Marco Cattaneo, Pasquale De Gori, Giancarlo Monachesi, Diana Latorre, et al. "The Amatrice 2016 seismic sequence: a preliminary look at the mainshock and aftershocks distribution." Annals of Geophysics 59 (November 25, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-7227.

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We relocated the aftershocks of the MW 6.0 Amatrice 2016 mainshock by inverting with a non-linear probabilitstic method P- and S-arrival time readings produced and released in near realtime by the analyst seismologists of IGNV on duty in the seismic monitoring room. Earthquakes distribution shows the activation of a normal fault system with a main SW-dipping fault extending from Amatrice to NW of Accumoli village for a total length of 40 km. On the northern portion of the main fault hanging-wall volume, the structure become more complex activating an antithetic fault below the Norcia basin. It is worth nothing that below 8-9 km of depth, the whole fault system has an almost continuous sub-horizontal layer interested by an intense seismic activity, about 2 km thick.

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Arrigo Caserta, Fawzi Doumaz, Antonio Costanzo, Anna Gervasi, William Thorossian, Sergio Falcone, Carmelo La Piana, Mario Minasi, and Maria Fabrizia Buongiorno. "Assessing soil-structure interaction during the 2016 Central Italy seismic sequence (Italy): preliminary results." Annals of Geophysics 59 (December 5, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-7250.

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We used the moderate-magnitude aftershocks succeeding to the 2016 August 24th, Mw = 6.0, Amatrice (Italy) mainshok to asses, specially during an ongoing seismic sequence, the soil-structure interaction where cultural Heritage is involved. We have chosen as case study the San Giovanni Battista church (A.D. 1039) in Acquasanta Terme town, about 20 Km northeast of Amatrice. First of all we studied the soil shaking features in order to characterize the input to the monument. Then, using the recordings in the church, we tried to figure out how the input seismic energy is distributed over the different monument parts. Some preliminary results are shown and discussed.

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EMERGEO W.G. :, S. Pucci, P.M. De Martini, R. Civico, R. Nappi, T. Ricci, F. Villani, et al. "Coseismic effects of the 2016 Amatrice seismic sequence: first geological results." Annals of Geophysics 59 (November 4, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-7195.

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Since the beginning of the ongoing Amatrice seismic sequence on August 24, 2016, initiated by a Mw 6.0 normal faulting earthquake, the EMERGEO Working Group (an INGV team devoted to earthquake aftermath geological survey) set off to investigate any coseismic effects on the natural environment. Up to now, we surveyed about 750 km2 and collected more than 3200 geological observations as differently oriented tectonic fractures together with intermediate- to small- sized landslides, that were mapped in the whole area. The most impressive coseismic evidence was found along the known active Mt. Vettore fault system, where surface ruptures with clear vertical/horizontal offset were observed for more than 5 km, while unclear and discontinuous coseismic features were recorded along the Laga Mts. Fault systems.

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Malagnini, Luca, Tom Parsons, Irene Munafò, Simone Mancini, Margarita Segou, and Eric L. Geist. "Crustal permeability changes inferred from seismic attenuation: Impacts on multi-mainshock sequences." Frontiers in Earth Science 10 (September 8, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.963689.

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We use amplitude ratios from narrowband-filtered earthquake seismograms to measure variations of seismic attenuation over time, providing unique insights into the dynamic state of stress in the Earth’s crust at depth. Our dataset from earthquakes of the 2016–2017 Central Apennines sequence allows us to obtain high-resolution time histories of seismic attenuation (frequency band: 0.5–30 Hz) characterized by strong earthquake dilatation-induced fluctuations at seismogenic depths, caused by the cumulative elastic stress drop after the sequence, as well as damage-induced ones at shallow depths caused by energetic surface waves. Cumulative stress drop causes negative dilatation, reduced permeability, and seismic attenuation, whereas strong-motion surface waves produce an increase in crack density, and so in permeability and seismic attenuation. In the aftermath of the main shocks of the sequence, we show that the M ≥ 3.5 earthquake occurrence vs. time and distance is consistent with fluid diffusion: diffusion signatures are associated with changes in seismic attenuation during the first days of the Amatrice, Visso-Norcia, and Capitignano sub-sequences. We hypothesize that coseismic permeability changes create fluid diffusion pathways that are at least partly responsible for triggering multi-mainshock seismic sequences. Here we show that anelastic seismic attenuation fluctuates coherently with our hypothesis.

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Lorenzo Hofer, Mariano Angelo Zanini, and Flora Faleschini. "Analysis of the 2016 Amatrice earthquake macroseismic data." Annals of Geophysics 59 (December 7, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-7208.

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On August 24, 2016, a sudden MW 6.0 seismic event hit Central Italy, causing 298 victims and significant damage to residential buildings and cultural heritage. In the days following the mainshock, a macroseismic survey was conducted by teams of the University of Padova, according to the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS98). In this contribution, a critical analysis of the collected macroseismic data is presented and some comparisons were performed with the recent 2012 Emilia sequence.

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Marco Massa, Ezio D'Alema, Chiara Mascandola, Sara Lovati, Davide Scafidi, Gianlorenzo Franceschina, Antonio Gomez, et al. "The INGV real time strong motion data sharing during the 2016 Amatrice (central Italy) seismic sequence." Annals of Geophysics 59 (December 20, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-7193.

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ISMD is the real time INGV Strong Motion database. During the recent August-September 2016 Amatrice, Mw 6.0, seismic sequence, ISMD represented the main tool for the INGV real time strong motion data sharing. Starting from August 24th, the main task of the web portal was to archive, process and distribute the strong-motion waveforms recorded by the permanent and temporary INGV accelerometric stations, in the case of earthquakes with magnitude ≥ 3.0, occurring in the Amatrice area and surroundings. At present (i.e. September 30th, 2016), ISMD provides more than 21.000 strong motion waveforms freely available to all users. In particular, about 2.200 strong motion waveforms were recorded by the temporary network installed for emergency in the epicentral area by SISMIKO and EMERSITO working groups. Moreover, for each permanent and temporary recording site, the web portal provide a complete description of the necessary information to properly use the strong motion data.

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Pamela Roselli and Maria Teresa Mariucci. "Preliminary remarks on the earthquake focal mechanism forecasts applied in the Amatrice sequence (central Italy)." Annals of Geophysics 59 (December 15, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-7306.

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We place the Amatrice (central Italy) seismic sequence and the related epicentral area in a contest of Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA). We apply a procedure to compute the probability to observe in the future a normal, reverse or strike-slip event and the average distribution of the P, T and N axes. This is a fundamental step to reduce the uncertainty connected to the Ground Motion Prediction Equation models, part of PSHA. For this purpose we use a significant focal mechanism catalogue and the latest present-day stress field data release for Italy to produce forecasted information that we compare with the equivalent data observed during the sequence.

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Stefano Pintore, Fabrizio Bernardi, Andrea Bono, Peter Danecek, Licia Faenza, Massimo Fares, Valentino Lauciani, et al. "INGV data lifecycle management system performances during Mw 6.0 2016 Amatrice earthquake sequence." Annals of Geophysics 59 (December 9, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-7218.

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At 01:36:32 UTC on August 24, 2016 an earthquake of magnitude 6.0 occurred in Central Italy, affecting many small towns and municipalities in the Lazio, Umbria, Marche and Abruzzo regions. The event caused severe damages, many victims and 299 fatalities. Only 21 seconds after the beginning of the earthquake, the first automatic location of this earthquake was available and stored in our earthquakes database. The first magnitude estimate followed 68 seconds after the origin time. Few seconds later the INGV seismologists on duty in accordance to the agreed protocols provided the first alert to the Italian Civil Protection Department (Dipartimento di Protezione Civile, DPC) and thereby triggered the seismic emergency protocol. Subsequently, they elaborated the data in order to produce the first manually reviewed hypocenter, which was published on the Institute’s website at 01:53:18 UTC. The sequence following this mainshock generated thousands of earthquakes in the epicentral area, which the INGV automated localization system processed and detected along with the usual seismic activity in the rest of the Italian territory. In this paper we analyze the behavior of the automated system and of the data lifecycle management procedures in such extraordinary conditions. In particular we want to measure the capability of the system to manage the huge data flow, in terms of frequency and size of seismic events and its ability to remain fairly responsive and accurate in accomplishing its duty in the expected time. This will help us to identify potential problems and to suggest necessary improvements to better serve the INGV mission for Civil Protection.

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Laura Scognamiglio, Elisa Tinti, and Matteo Quintiliani. "The first month of the 2016 central Italy seismic sequence: fast determination of time domain moment tensors and finite fault model analysis of the ML 5.4 aftershock." Annals of Geophysics 59 (December 2, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-7246.

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We present the revised Time Domain Moment Tensor (TDMT) catalogue for earthquakes with M_L larger than 3.6 of the first month of the ongoing Amatrice seismic sequence (August 24th - September 25th). Most of the retrieved focal mechanisms show NNW–SSE striking normal faults in agreement with the main NE-SW extensional deformation of Central Apennines. We also report a preliminary finite fault model analysis performed on the larger aftershock of this period of the sequence (M_w 5.4) and discuss the obtained results in the framework of aftershocks distribution.

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Caterina Montuori, Maura Murru, and Giuseppe Falcone. "Spatial variation of the b-value observed for the periods preceding and following the 24 August 2016, Amatrice earthquake (ML 6.0) (Central Italy)." Annals of Geophysics 59 (November 21, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-7273.

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This paper deals with a preliminary spatial and temporal analysis of the b-value variability, observed in the ar-ea where the August 2016 Amatrice earthquake (M_L 6.0) occurred. With comparison of the pre-and post-periods of the mainshock, an investigation of anomalous zone of b-values was performed aiming to find possi-ble links with barriers and/or asperities in the crustal volume where seismic sequence was developed. Prelimi-nary results show an area with high b-value (b=1.6) where the mainshock originated. Conversely, two low b-value (b=0.8) volumes are located at the border of the seismogenic structure. The location of these two areas is consistent with a preliminary fault slip inversion, suggesting the presence of two highly stressed patches of co-seismic deformation located NW and SE of the mainshock, with a high potentiality to rupture causing a possible moderate or larger event: the first one in the North (Norcia), the second one in South, next to the area of Amatrice and Campotosto.

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Barberio, Marino Domenico, Maurizio Barbieri, Andrea Billi, Carlo Doglioni, and Marco Petitta. "Hydrogeochemical changes before and during the 2016 Amatrice-Norcia seismic sequence (central Italy)." Scientific Reports 7, no. 1 (September 15, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-11990-8.

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Pischiutta, Marta, Rodolfo Puglia, Paola Bordoni, Sara Lovati, Giovanna Cultrera, Alessia Mercuri, Antonio Fodarella, Marco Massa, and Ezio D’Alema. "Site-Dependent Amplification on Topography during the 2016 Amatrice Seismic Sequence, Central Italy." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, February 3, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120210234.

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ABSTRACT Following the Mw 6.0 Amatrice earthquake on 24 August 2016 in central Italy, the Emersito task force of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia installed a temporary seismic network focusing on the investigation of amplification effects at municipalities located on topographic reliefs. Fourteen stations were installed at three sites: Amandola, Civitella del Tronto, and Montereale. During the operational period, stations recorded about 150 earthquakes with Mw up to 4.7. Recorded signals were analyzed calculating the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios at single station, using both ambient noise and earthquake waveforms, as well as standard spectral ratios (SSRs) to a reference site. To robustly estimate site amplification at each station of the site amplification effect at each station, the influence of backazimuth and epicentral distance is investigated. With the aim of reproducing the observed amplification pattern, 2D numerical simulations were performed on a section orthogonal to the topography major axis, constrained through in situ geological investigations and geophysical surveys. Although at Montereale site no clear amplification effects were observed, at Amandola site, all stations on the relief consistently detected significant peaks at about 4 Hz and along N120–150 azimuth. At Civitella del Tronto, a proper reference station is missing, implying a misleading of site response evaluation in terms of SSRs. Moreover, even if all stations show amplification in the frequency band 1–3 Hz, the direction of the maximum amplification varies from northeast to northwest. At the three sites, observations were successfully reproduced by 2D numerical models, the latter suggesting that topography alone cannot reproduce data, and the interplay with subsoil velocity structure is needed to produce a clear amplification effect. We conclude that according to the previous articles, rather than the sole topography convex shape, the geophysical structure has often a predominant role in controlling the observed amplification pattern on topography.

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Tondi, Emanuele, Danica Jablonská, Tiziano Volatili, Maddalena Michele, Stefano Mazzoli, and Pietro Paolo Pierantoni. "The Campotosto linkage fault zone between the 2009 and 2016 seismic sequences of central Italy: Implications for seismic hazard analysis." GSA Bulletin, December 14, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35788.1.

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In the last decade central Italy was struck by devastating seismic sequences resulting in hundreds of casualties (i.e., 2009-L′Aquila moment magnitude [Mw] = 6.3, and 2016-Amatrice-Visso-Norcia Mw max = 6.5). These seismic events were caused by two NW-SE−striking, SW-dipping, seismogenic normal faults that were modeled based on the available focal mechanisms and the seismic moment computed during the relative mainshocks. The seismogenic faults responsible for the 2009-L′Aquila Mw = 6.3 (Paganica Fault—PF) and 2016-Amatrice-Visso-Norcia Mw max = 6.5 (Monte Vettore Fault—MVF) are right-stepping with a negative overlap (i.e., underlap) located at the surface in the Campotosto area. This latter was affected by seismic swarms with magnitude ranging from 5.0 to 5.5 during the 2009 seismic sequence and then in 2017 (i.e., a few months later than the mainshocks related with the 2016 seismic sequence). In this paper, the seismogenic faults related to the main seismic events that occurred in the Campotosto Seismic Zone (CSZ) were modeled and interpreted as a linkage fault zone between the PF and MVF interacting seismogenic faults. Based on the underlap dimension, the seismogenic potential of the CSZ is in the order of Mw = 6.0, even in the case that all the faults belonging to the zone were activated simultaneously. This has important implications for seismic hazard assessment in an area dominated by the occurrence of a major NW-SE−striking extensional structure, i.e., the Monte Gorzano Fault (MGF). Mainly due to its geomorphologic expression, this fault has been considered as an active and silent structure (therefore representing a seismic gap) able to generate an earthquake of Mw max = 6.5−7.0. However, the geological evidence provided with this study suggests that the MGF is of early (i.e., pre- to syn-thrusting) origin. Therefore, the evaluation of the seismic hazard in the Campotosto area should not be based on the geometrical characteristics of the outcropping MGF. This also generates substantial issues with earthquake geological studies carried out prior to the recent seismic events in central Italy. More in general, the 4-D high-resolution image of a crustal volume hosting an active linkage zone between two large seismogenic structures provides new insights into the behavior of interacting faults in the incipient stages of connection.

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Maria Teresa Mariucci and Paola Montone. "Contemporary stress field in the area of the 2016 Amatrice seismic sequence (central Italy)." Annals of Geophysics 59 (November 17, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-7235.

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We update the last present-day stress map for Italy relatively to the area of 2016 Amatrice seismic sequence (central Italy) taking into account a large number of earthquakes occurred from August 24 to October 3, 2016. In particular in this paper, we discuss the new stress data from crustal earthquake focal mechanisms selecting those with Magnitude ≥ 4.0; at the same time, we revise the borehole data, analyze the stratigraphic profiles and the relative sonic logs in 4 deep wells located close to the Amatrice sequence along the Apennine belt and toward east along the Adriatic foredeep. From these data we consider the P-wave velocity trend with depth and estimate rock density following an empirical relationship. Then we calculate the overburden stress magnitude for each well. The new present-day stress indicators confirm the presence of prevalent normal faulting regime and better define the local stress field in the area, highlighting a slight rotation from NE-SW to ENE-WSW of extension. The analysis evidences that the lithostatic gradient gradually changes from ~26 MPa/km in the belt to less than 23 MPa/km along the Adriatic foredeep. Finally, at a depth of 5 km we estimate the vertical stress magnitude varying from 130 MPa to 114 moving from the Apennine belt to the Adriatic foredeep. Although the wells are very close each other they show different P wave velocities from the belt to the foredeep with values ~7km/s and ~4 km/s at 5 km depth, respectively.

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Carlo Doglioni, Marco Anzidei, Silvia Pondrelli, and Fabio Florindo. "PREFACE." Annals of Geophysics 59 (February 4, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-7373.

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The M=6.0 earthquake that struck central Italy at 01:36 UTC (Universal Time Coordinated) on August 24, 2016, marked the beginning of a long, still-ongoing seismic sequence, which culminated in the Mw 6.5 event at 06:40 UTC on October 30, 2016, while this volume was already in preparation, and reactivated again when this preface was almost complete. This dramatic seismic sequence, which on January 18, 2017, released four additional events of M between 5.0 and 5.5 in a few hours, caused 298 casualties, hundreds of injuries, and the practically total destruction of several villages across a wide area of the central Apennines, covering the Italian Regions of Lazio, Umbria, Marche and Abruzzo. In particular, the historical village of Amatrice was completely destroyed. [...]

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Christian Bignami, Cristiano Tomolei, Giuseppe Pezzo, Francesco Guglielmino, Simone Atzori, Elisa Trasatti, Andrea Antonioli, Salvatore Stramondo, and Stefano Salvi. "Source identification for situational awareness of August 24th 2016 Central Italy event." Annals of Geophysics 59 (December 5, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-7233.

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On August 24, 2016, at 01:36 UTC a ML 6.0 earthquake struck a portion of the Central Apennines between the towns of Norcia and Amatrice. The epicentre was located near the town of Accumoli. Prompt Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) acquisitions and the available scientific knowledge of the area allowed to elaborate a first interpretative framework of the ongoing seismic sequence only 30 hours after the mainshock (doi: 10.5281/zenodo.60938) and a second analysis, complete of several Interferometric SAR (InSAR) data within two weeks (doi: 10.5281/zenodo.61682). Through the inversion of InSAR data, we found that the seismogenic structure is oriented NNW-SSE and extends about 20 km between the towns of Norcia and Amatrice with a width of about 10 km. The retrieved slip reaches a maximum value of more than 1.2 m, and stops at a depth of about 4 km. Preliminary fault slip inversions suggest two main patches of co-seismic deformation located NW and SE of the hypocenter. As a final result, we highlight the double fold achievements obtained: a rapid fault identification, and no disadvantage in terms of reliability of the retrieved parameters.

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48

Ciaccio, Maria G., Raffaele Di Stefano, Luigi Improta, and Maria T. Mariucci. "First-Motion Focal Mechanism Solutions for 2015–2019 M ≥ 4.0 Italian Earthquakes." Frontiers in Earth Science 9 (May 25, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.630116.

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A list of 100 focal mechanism solutions that occurred in Italy between 2015 and 2019 has been compiled for earthquakes with magnitude M ≥ 4.0. We define earthquake parameters for additional 22 seismic events with 3.0 ≤ M < 4.0 for two specific key zones: Muccia, at the northern termination of the Amatrice–Visso–Norcia 2016–2018 central Italy seismic sequence, and Montecilfone (southern Italy) struck in 2018 by a deep, strike-slip Mw 5.1 earthquake apparently anomalous for the southern Apennines extensional belt. First-motion focal mechanism solutions are a good proxy for the initial rupture and they provide important additional information on the source mechanism. The catalog compiled in the present paper provides earthquake parameters for individual events of interest to contribute, as a valuable source of information, for further studies as seismotectonic investigations and stress distribution maps. We calculated the focal mechanisms using as a reference the phase pickings reported in the Italian Seismic Bulletin (BSI). We visually checked the reference picks to accurately revise manual first-motion polarities, or include new onsets when they are not present in the BSI dataset, for the selected earthquakes within the whole Italian region, with a separate focus on the Amatrice–Visso–Norcia seismic sequence area from August 24, 2016 to August 24, 2018. For the Montecilfone area, we combined the information on the geometry and kinematics of the source of the 2018 Mw 5.1 event obtained in this study with available subsurface and structural data on the Outer Apulia Carbonate Platform to improve understanding of this intriguing strike-slip sequence. Our analysis suggests that the Montecilfone earthquake ruptured a W–E trending strike-slip dextral fault. This structure is confined within the Apulia crystalline crust and it might represent the western prolongation of the Mattinata Fault–Apricena Fault active and seismogenic structures. The calculated focal mechanisms of the entire catalog are of good quality complementing important details on source mechanics from moment tensors and confirming the relevance of systematically including manually revised and more accurate polarity data within the BSI database.

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Grazzini, Alessandro, and Stefano Agnetti. "Post-seismic effectiveness of the strengthening work carried out with FRP applied to historical masonry buildings: the case study of the Spoleto Cathedral." Composite Materials Research 7, no. 1 (April 15, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/cmr.v7i1.524.

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The sequence of major earthquakes that has affected Italy in recent decades has required the use of materials and innovative techniques for the security of damaged buildings. Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) represents a novelty in the field of seismic improvement techniques applicable also to historical masonry buildings. The use of composite materials can respect the conservation principles of the monumental buildings. This study describes the effectiveness of the seismic improvement techniques carried out by means of FRP in the Spoleto cathedral (Italy) after the 1997 Umbria-Marche earthquake. The strengthening work concerned the making safe of damaged vault structures by means of gluing fibreglass bands (GFRP). After 20 years, during the 2016 Amatrice-Norcia earthquake, near Spoleto, the cathedral reinforced with the GFRP bands has not suffered any damage demonstrating the effectiveness of the seismic strengthening techniques.

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Boschetti, T., M. Barbieri, M. D. Barberio, A. Billi, S. Franchini, and M. Petitta. "CO 2 Inflow and Elements Desorption Prior to a Seismic Sequence, Amatrice‐Norcia 2016, Italy." Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, May 16, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018gc008117.

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