Статті в журналах: "Amaranthus retroflexus"

1

Mitich, Larry W. "Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)." Weed Technology 11, no. 1 (March 1997): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00041579.

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“… To the ground, With solemn adoration, down they cast Their crowns, inwove with amaranth and gold. Immortal amaranth, a flower which once In Paradise, fast by the tree of life, Began to bloom.”–John Milton (1608–1676), Paradise LostRedroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), one of the New World's major weeds, was described in 1753 by Carolus Linnaeus in Species Plantarum. Over three decades later (1789), the genu wa placed in Amaranthaceae by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (1748–1836) (Britton and Brown 1898). Amaranthaceae belongs to Centrospermae, a group of familie that contain betalain pigments instead of the anthocyanins found in most other angiosperms; it is closely related to Chenopodiaceae (Heywood 1993).

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2

Božić, Dragana. "Amaranthus retroflexus L.: Redroot pigweed." Acta herbologica 27, no. 1 (2018): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/actaherb1801005b.

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3

Moran, Patrick J., and Allan T. Showler. "Phomopsis amaranthicola and Microsphaeropsis amaranthi Symptoms on Amaranthus spp. Under South Texas Conditions." Plant Disease 91, no. 12 (December 2007): 1638–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-12-1638.

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Temperature, humidity, weed species and age, and inducible responses in the host are factors that could limit the efficacy of fungal bioherbicides. The influences of these factors on the efficacy of the fungal bioherbicides Phomopsis amaranthicola and Microsphaeropsis amaranthi against Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri), smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) were investigated in greenhouse and field studies under south Texas conditions. Despite plants being given an initial dew period, the bioherbicides, applied individually or in combination, did not cause mortality on any pigweed species in greenhouse or field environments. In greenhouse experiments, fewer than 5% of the leaves in six- to eight-leaf A. palmeri plants developed necrotic lesions within 2 weeks after bioherbicide treatment and only 8% or fewer of the plants developed stem lesions. Disease incidence was significantly higher in A. hybridus and A. retroflexus, with as much as 94% of leaves developing necrosis and 95% of the plants having stem lesions. New leaf production was reduced by biobherbicide treatment in A. hybridus. Combined-pathogen inoculation caused leaf and stem lesions on mature (13 to 36 leaves per plant) A. hybridus and A. retroflexus. Summer and fall field inoculations with M. amaranthi on A. hybridus and A. palmeri produced disease incidence levels similar to or higher than those in greenhouse tests. Infection of A. palmeri by P. amaranthicola increased the peroxidase activity level nearly twofold compared with the controls. Neither pathogen influenced leaf free amino acid content. The high temperatures and low humidity of south Texas and interspecific variation in resistance, possibly linked to peroxidase induction, limited the efficacy of these bioherbicides.

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4

Khan, Asad M., Ahmadreza Mobli, Jeff A. Werth, and Bhagirath S. Chauhan. "Germination and seed persistence of Amaranthus retroflexus and Amaranthus viridis: Two emerging weeds in Australian cotton and other summer crops." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 9, 2022): e0263798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263798.

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Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and slender amaranth (Amaranthus viridis L.) are becoming problematic weeds in summer crops, including cotton in Australia. A series of laboratory and field experiments were performed to examine the germination ecology, and seed persistence of two populations of A. retroflexus and A. viridis collected from the Goondiwindi and Gatton regions of Australia. Both populations of A. retroflexus and A. viridis behaved similarly to different environmental conditions. Initial dormancy was observed in fresh seeds of both species; however, germination reached maximum after an after-ripening period of two months at room temperature. Light was not a mandatory prerequisite for germination of both species as they could germinate under complete darkness. Although both species showed very low germination at the alternating day/night temperature of 15/5 C, these species germinated more than 40% between ranges of 25/15 C to 35/25 C. Maximum germination of A. retroflexus (93%) and A. viridis (86%) was observed at 35/25 C and 30/20, respectively. Germination of A. retroflexus and A. viridis was completely inhibited at osmotic potentials of -1.0 and -0.6 MPa, respectively. No germination was observed in both species at the sodium chloride concentration of 200 mM. A. retroflexus seedling emergence (87%) was maximum from the seeds buried at 1 cm while the maximum germination of A. viridis (72%) was observed at the soil surface. No seedling emergence was observed from a burial depth of 8 cm for both species. In both species, seed persistence increased with increasing burial depth. At 24 months after seed placement, seed depletion ranged from 75% (10 cm depth) to 94% (soil surface) for A. retroflexus, and ranged from 79% to 94% for A. viridis, respectively. Information gained from this study will contribute to an integrated control programs for A. retroflexus and A. viridis.

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5

Qian, Guangtao, Zhicai Wang, Lei Zhang, Fangfei Xu, Baohui Wang, Dandan Li, and Yanping Chen. "Chemical Compositions of Amaranthus retroflexus." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 52, no. 6 (October 24, 2016): 982–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10600-016-1841-y.

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6

McNaughton, Kristen E., Jocelyne Letarte, Elizabeth A. Lee, and François J. Tardif. "Mutations inALSconfer herbicide resistance in redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and Powell amaranth (Amaranthus powellii)." Weed Science 53, no. 1 (January 2005): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-04-109.

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7

Cagáň, Ľ., P. Tóth, and M. Tóthová. "Population dynamics of Chaetocnema tibialis Illiger and Phyllotreta vittula (Redtenbacher) on the weed Amaranthus retroflexus L. and cultivated Amaranthus caudatus L." Plant Protection Science 42, No. 2 (February 8, 2010): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2696-pps.

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In 1995–1997, the population dynamics of the flea beetles Chaetocnema tibialis and Phyllotreta vittula, associated with Amaranthus retroflexus (wild species) and Amaranthus caudatus (cultivated species), were studied at the locality Nitra-Malanta (48°19'N, 18°09'E) in south-western Slovakia. On both plant species, the number of C. tibialis adults was usually very low until the beginning of July. During July the number of C. tibialis increased, but sooner on cultivated amaranth. An increased number of C. tibialis adults was observed on both amaranth species until the middle of September. The results showed that amaranth plants are a very important reservoir of C. tibialis during summer. P. vittula was a common flea beetle on amaranth during the whole summer, but its numbers never exceeded more than 10 adults per 25 plants. Low temperatures in winter had a negative effect on populations of C. tibialis on both amaranth species and also on populations of P. vittula on A. retroflexus. The lower the precipitation was in July, the higher were the populations of C. tibialis on both amaranth species and the populations of P. vittula on A. retroflexus.

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8

Fiorentino, Antonio, Marina DellaGreca, Brigida D'Abrosca, Annunziata Golino, Severina Pacifico, Angelina Izzo, and Pietro Monaco. "Unusual sesquiterpene glucosides from Amaranthus retroflexus." Tetrahedron 62, no. 38 (September 2006): 8952–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2006.07.017.

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9

PIRZAD, Alireza, Mousa JAMALI, Mohammad Amin ZAREH, and Fahime SHOKRANI. "Allelopathic Effect of Powdered Russian Knapweed (Acroptilon repens L.) on the Growth Parameters of Redroot Amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus L.)." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 5, no. 3 (August 1, 2013): 360–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb539093.

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To evaluate probable allelopathic effect of different parts of Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens L.) on the growth of redroot amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) seedling, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University in 2012 (Iran). In this experiment, treatments were different parts of Russian knapweed (aerial part, flower and root) in different amounts (1, 2, 3 and 4 g/pot). Pots included 300 g of soil. Results showed the significant effect of Russian knapweed plant parts on the seedling emergence percent, root length, ratio of root/shoot length, seedling length, seedling fresh weight, and the significant effect of plant material amounts on the seedling emergence percent, seedling fresh weight and seedling dry weight. Interaction effect between plant material type and amount on the shoot length, root length, ratio of root/shoot length, seedling length was significant, too. The longest shoot (3.51 cm), root (1.75 cm), the highest ratio of root/shoot length (0.49) and seedling length (5.26 cm) belonged to control treatment. The highest seedling emergence percent of Amaranthus retroflexus (34.73%) and seedling fresh weight (0.176 g) were occurred at pots treated by Russian knapweed aerial part. The lowest seedling emergence percent (21.94 %) and seedling fresh weight (0.111 g) were obtained from application of Acroptilon repens powdered root. The maximum seedling dry (0.0126 g) and fresh (0.177 g) weight of Amaranthus retroflexus were obtained from control treatment.

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10

Ruiz Hernández, Víctor Cuauhtémoc, Juan Porfirio Legaría Solano, Jaime Sahagún Castellanos, and Micaela De la O Olan. "Variabilidad genética en algunas especies cultivadas y silvestres de amaranto." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas 9, no. 2 (April 11, 2018): 405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v9i2.1081.

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El género Amaranthus se distribuye ampliamente en América. El estudio de la diversidad genética dentro y entre las poblaciones y especies de Amaranthus es importante para planear estrategias de su conservación y la continuidad. En el presente estudio, se evaluó mediante marcadores moleculares tipo ISSR 2 especies cultivadas (A. hypochondriacus y A. cruentus) y 5 especies silvestres (A. hybridus, A. retroflexus, A. powellii, A. palmeri y A. spinosus). Se analizaron 154 loci, encontrándose que el porcentaje de polimorfismo promedio para los iniciadores fue de 97.9%. Los amarantos cultivados mostraron estar genéticamente muy relacionados entre sí y con sus posibles progenitores silvestres (A. hybridus y A. powellii). Dentro de los materiales silvestres los que estuvieron más cercanos fueron A. hybridus, A. powellii y A. retroflexus, mientras que A. spinosus y A. palmeri fueron los más alejados. La mayor parte de la diversidad genética detectable se encontró entre las especies y las poblaciones, mientras que la menor parte estuvo dentro de las mismas.

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11

Khan, Asad M., Ahmadreza Mobli, Jeff A. Werth, and Bhagirath S. Chauhan. "Effect of emergence time on growth and fecundity of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and slender amaranth (Amaranthus viridis): emerging problem weeds in Australian summer crops." Weed Science 69, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2021.9.

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AbstractRedroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and slender amaranth (Amaranthus viridis L.) are considered emerging problematic weeds in summer crops in Australia. An outdoor pot experiment was conducted to examine the effects of planting time on two populations of A. retroflexus and A. viridis at the research farm of the University of Queensland, Australia. Both species were planted every month from October to January (2017 to 2018 and 2018 to 2019), and their growth and seed production were recorded. Although both weeds matured at a similar number of growing degree days (GDD), they required a different number of days to complete their life cycles depending on planting date. The growth period was reduced and flowering occurred sooner as both species experienced cooler temperatures and shorter daylight hours. Both species exhibited increased height, biomass, and seed production for the October-sown plants compared with other planting times, and these parameters were reduced by delaying the planting time. The shoot and root biomass of A. retroflexus and A. viridis (averaged over both populations) was reduced by more than 70% and 65%, respectively, when planted in January, in comparison to planting in October. When planted in October, A. retroflexus and A. viridis produced 11,350 and 5,780 seeds plant−1, but these were reduced to 770 and 365 seeds plant−1 for the January planting date, respectively. Although the growth and fecundity of these species were dependent on planting time, these weeds could emerge throughout the late spring to summer growing season (October to March) in southeast Australia and could produce a significant number of seeds. The results showed that when these species emerged in the late spring (October), they grew vigorously and produced more biomass in comparison with the other planting dates. Therefore, any early weed management practice for these species could be beneficial for minimizing the subsequent cost and energy inputs toward their control.

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12

Shigematsu, Yoshio, Sarinee Chaicharoen, Fumihiko Sato, and Yasuyuki Yamada. "Tolerance of Cultured Amaranthus retroflexus Cells to Atrazine." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 48, no. 3-4 (April 1, 1993): 275–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1993-3-425.

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Resistance to s-triazine-herbicides in weeds is the most widespread and extensively studied of all intraspecific herbicide-resistance. It is of interest that the resistant biotype appears in some limited genera such as Amaranthus spp. and Chenopodium spp. much more frequently than in many other significant weeds. We examined the response of cultured Amaranthus retroflexus cells to atrazine in comparison with those of several other plant species to understand what causes this differentially inter-specific response. Atrazine scarcely inhibited the cell growth of either atrazine-resistant and susceptible-Amaranthus cells. Tobacco cells, however, could not grow as cultured Amaranthus cells in high concentrations of atrazine even under heterotrophic culture conditions. Atrazine-resistant tobacco cells were also sensitive to high concentrations of atrazine. The inhibition of cell growth by this secondary effect of atrazine was also observed in cultured wheat and rice cells. Atrazine-sensitive Chenopodium cells are relatively more resistant to high concentrations of atrazine. The importance of potential tolerance to the secondary effects of atrazine is discussed with respect to the frequent occurrence of triazine- resistant biotypes in limited plant species.

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13

Lipkin, Aleksey, Veronika Anisimova, Aleksandra Nikonorova, Aleksey Babakov, Eberhardt Krause, Mikhael Bienert, Eugene Grishin, and Tsezi Egorov. "An antimicrobial peptide Ar-AMP from amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) seeds." Phytochemistry 66, no. 20 (October 2005): 2426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.07.015.

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14

Amoli, Jamileh Salar, Parisa Sadighara, Abbas Barin, Azam Yazdani, and Saeed Satari. "Biological screening of Amaranthus retroflexus L. (Amaranthaceae)." Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 19, no. 2b (June 2009): 617–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-695x2009000400019.

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15

Wei, LIU, ZHU Li, and SANG Wei-Guo. "POTENTIAL GLOBAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF AMARANTHUS RETROFLEXUS." Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology 31, no. 5 (2007): 834–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17521/cjpe.2007.0105.

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16

Raskin, Ilya, and Elmo M. Beyer. "Role of Ethylene Metabolism in Amaranthus retroflexus." Plant Physiology 90, no. 1 (May 1, 1989): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.90.1.1.

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17

Costea, M., S. E. Weaver, and F. J. Tardif. "The biology of Canadian weeds. 130. Amaranthus retroflexus L., A. powellii S. Watson and A. hybridus L." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 631–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p02-183.

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A review of the biological information published after 1980 is provided for three species of the genus Amaranthus: A. retroflexus L., A. powellii S. Watson and A. hybridus L. The three species are noxious weeds introduced to Canada from southern North America. Their geographical distribution has remained almost unchanged since the original paper published in 1980. The plants exhibit a high phenotypic plasticity and genetic variability and they easily adapt to a multitude of agrestal and ruderal habitats. The seeds contribute to a persistent seed bank; they exhibit a variable dormancy and polymorph germination as a result of maternal, genetic and environmental factors. Growth is rapid and plants produce a large number of viable seeds. The three species have developed multiple resistance to triazine and acetolactate-synthase-inhibiting herbicides. They are alternate hosts to many insects, nematodes, viruses, bacteria and fungi that affect cultivated plants. Key words: Amaranthus retroflexus, Amaranthus powellii, Amaranthus hybridus, weed biology, ecology, taxonomy, herbicide resistance

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18

Tisserat, Brent, and Paul D. Galletta. "In Vitro Flowering in Amaranthus." HortScience 23, no. 1 (February 1988): 210–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.1.210.

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Abstract Shoot tip-derived plantlets of five species of Amaranthus, A. caudatus L. cv. Pan, A. gangeticus L., A. hypochondriacus L., A. retroflexus L., and A. viridis L. flowered in vitro following 8 to 32 weeks in culture. Shoot tips were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts and (per liter) 30 g sucrose, 100 mg myo-inositol, 0.4 mg thiamine·HCl, and 8 g agar. Additions of 0.1 mg·liter–1 NAA enhanced inflorescence production but was not necessary for flower induction. Fruits of A. gangeticus and A. retroflexus dehised and their seeds dropped on the surface of agar medium and immediately germinated. In some instances, seeds of A. gangeticus germinated while still attached to the inflorescences. Seedlings derived from sterile flowers could, in turn, give rise to inflorescences. Inflorescences could be detached from flowering plant-lets and grown successfully for several months on basal nutrient medium containing 0.1 mg·liter–1 NAA. Chemical name used: 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).

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19

Bagheri, A., L. Eghbali, and R. Sadrabadi Haghighi. "Seed classification of three species of amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) using artificial neural network and canonical discriminant analysis." Journal of Agricultural Science 157, no. 04 (May 2019): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859619000649.

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AbstractThe current study was conducted in 2013 to identify the seeds of three species of Amaranthus, Amaranthus viridis L., Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Amaranthus albus L., by using the artificial neural network (ANN) and canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) methods. To begin with, photographs were taken of the seeds and 13 morphological characteristics of each seed extracted as predictor variables. Backward regression was used to find the most influential variables and seven variables were derived. Thus, predictor variables were divided into two sets of 13 and seven morphological characteristics. The results showed that the recognition accuracy of the ANN made using 13 and seven predictor variables was 81.1 and 80.3%, respectively. Meanwhile, recognition accuracy of the CDA using the seven and 13 predictor variables was 74.0 and 75.7%, respectively. Therefore, in comparison to CDA, ANN showed higher identification accuracy; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Identification accuracy for A. retroflexus was higher using the CDA method than ANN, while the ANN method had higher recognition accuracy for A. viridis than CDA. In addition, use of 13 predictor variables yielded a greater identification accuracy than seven. The results of the current study showed that using seed morphological characteristics extracted by computer vision could be effective for reliable identification of the similar seeds of Amaranthus species.

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20

Mykhalska, L. M., and V. V. Schwartau. "Identification of acetolactate synthase resistant Amaranthus retroflexus in Ukraine." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 13, no. 3 (June 3, 2022): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/022230.

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The problem of weed resistance to herbicides has become very important in the last decade and threatens to dramatically reduce the productivity and profitability of modern crop production. Herbicides – ALS inhibitors dominate among current herbicides and are used annually on large areas of sunflower, wheat, corn, soybean, and rapeseed. Also, in recent years, Clearfield seeds of sunflower, corn, canola, soybean and wheat have been sown in large areas. In recent years, there has been a sharp decrease in Amaranthus retroflexus L. control levels by imidazolinone class herbicides. Thus, the effects of herbicides with different modes of action on the development of A. retroflexus on sunflower after imidazolinone application were investigated in field research. In the conditions of the Cherkasy region of Ukraine, the biotype A. retroflexus was identified, which is resistant to the post-emergence application of herbicides - acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors of the imidazolinone class – imazapyr and imazamox. Weed plants treated with imidazolinone derivatives in the maximum doses registered in Ukraine did not differ from untreated control plants. Also, in the conditions of field experiments, cross resistance of the weed biotype to herbicides – ALS inhibitors of the sulfonylurea class – foramsulfuron and iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium, thifensulfuron-methyl, tribenuron-methyl, nicosulfuron was established; and also, to the triazolinone derivative – thiencarbazone-methyl; to triazolpyrimidine derivatives – florasulam and flumetsulam. Multiple resistance of the A. retroflexus biotype to herbicides of the classes of glycine derivatives – glyphosate, phenoxycarboxylates – 2,4-D, benzoic acid – dicamba has not been established; compositions of dicamba with triketone – topramesone; diphenyl ethers – aclonifen; pyridine carboxylates – clopyralid, picloram and aminopyralid. It was shown for the first time that herbicide compositions with selected nutrients (ammonium pool) can increase the level of effectiveness of controlling resistant weed biotypes. Thus, the addition of ammonium sulfate increases the effectiveness of controlling ALS-resistant A. retroflexus with herbicides – a derivative of benzoic acid (dianate) and a derivative of benzoic acid with a 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitor (stellar – dicamba + topramesone). Thus, the A. retroflexus biotype resistant to ALS-herbicides of the imidazolinone class was identified for the first time in Ukraine, which is cross-resistant to other ALS-inhibitors of the sulfonylureas, triazolinones, and triazolpyrimidine classes. Multiple resistance of A. retroflexus to herbicides of the classes of glycine derivatives – glyphosate; phenoxycarboxylates – 2,4-D; benzoic acid – dicamba, triketones – topramesone; diphenyl ethers – aclonifen; pyridine carboxylates – clopyralid, picloram and aminopyralid has not been established. The identification of a highly harmful weed species resistant to widely used herbicides – ALS inhibitors in the central part of the "grain belt" of Ukraine requires a significant revision of the principles of crop rotation formation and ways of controlling weeds in the country in order to maintain high levels of profitability and productivity of agrophytocenoses.

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Hussain, Mohammad Musarraf. "A Comprehensive Review on the Phytoconstituents from Six Species of the Genus Amaranthus." Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v22i1.40083.

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The objective of this review is to consider the phytoconstituents from six species under the genus Amaranthus (A. retroflexus, A. spinosus, A. viridis, A. caudatus, A. hypocondriacus and A. tricolor). A total of sixty five (1-65) phytoconstituents with chemical structures have been reported in this study. A. retroflexus consists of high number of reported phytoconstituents. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22(1): 117-124, 2019

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DeSousa, Nancy, Jason T. Griffiths, and Clarence J. Swanton. "Predispersal seed predation of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)." Weed Science 51, no. 1 (January 2003): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051[0060:psporp]2.0.co;2.

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Ibotov, Sh Kh, N. K. Yuldasheva, N. I. Mukarramov, R. P. Zakirova, E. R. Kurbanova, and S. D. Gusakova. "Lipids of Amaranthus retroflexus and their Biological Activity." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 57, no. 4 (July 2021): 620–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10600-021-03436-5.

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24

Huang, Zhaofeng, Hongjuan Huang, Jinyi Chen, Jingchao Chen, Shouhui Wei, and Chaoxian Zhang. "Nicosulfuron-resistant Amaranthus retroflexus L. in Northeast China." Crop Protection 122 (August 2019): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2019.04.024.

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25

Oseland, Eric, Mandy Bish, Christine Spinka, and Kevin Bradley. "Examination of commercially available bird feed for weed seed contaminants." Invasive Plant Science and Management 13, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/inp.2020.2.

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AbstractIn 2016 and 2017, 98 separate commercially available bird feed mixes were examined for the presence of weed seed. All weed seed contaminants were counted and identified by species. Amaranthus species were present in 94 of the 98 bags of bird feed. Amaranthus species present in bird feed mixes included waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer], redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson), smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus L.), and tumble pigweed (Amaranthus albus L.). Amaranthus palmeri was present in 27 of the 98 mixes. Seed of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), kochia [Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott], grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], wild buckwheat (Fallopia convolvulus L., syn: Polygonum convolvulus), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], and Setaria species were also present in bird feed mixes. A greenhouse assay to determine Amaranthus species seed germinability and resistance to glyphosate revealed that approximately 19% of Amaranthus seed in bird feed mixes are readily germinable, and five mixes contained A. tuberculatus and A. palmeri seed that were resistant to glyphosate. Results from linear regression and t-test analysis indicate that when proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), grain sorghum, and corn (Zea mays L.) were present in feed mixes, Amaranthus seed contamination was increased. The presence of proso millet and grain sorghum also increased contamination of grass weed species, while sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) increased A. artemisiifolia contamination and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) increased contamination of Bassia scoparia.

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26

IAMONICO, DUILIO. "Amaranthus ×romanus (Amaranthaceae), a new hybrid from Italy." Phytotaxa 295, no. 1 (February 3, 2017): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.1.9.

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As part of the studies on Amaranthaceae Juss. (e.g. Iamonico 2014, 2015, Sánchez Del Pino & Iamonico 2016), and the preparation of the new Checklist of the Italian vascular alien Flora (Galasso et al. 2016), I present here a note on an Amaranthus hybrid which was reported for Italy by Cacciato (1966) as “Amaranthus ×galii Sennen & Gonzalo” (Sennen 1929: 34). This name was proposed by Sennen & Gonzalo (l.c.) without a diagnosis, and it is a nomen nudum and invalid under Art. 38.1 of the ICN (McNeill et al. 2012). Furthermore, Sennen & Gonzalo in Sennen (1929: 34) cited Amaranthus patulus Bertoloni (1837: 19) and A. retroflexus Linnaeus (1753: 991) as parental taxa of the new hybrid. According to the current knowledge (see Iamonico 2016), A. patulus is a heterotypic synonym of A. hybridus Linnaeus (1753: 990). Consequently, the hybrid concept of Sennen & Gonzalo refers to A. ×ozanonii (Thellung 1914: 263) Schuster & Goldschmidt in Ascherson & Graebner 1920: 20) (= A. hybridus × A. retroflexus).

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27

Ziska, Lewis H., and James A. Bunce. "Effect of elevated carbon dioxide concentration at night on the growth and gas exchange of selected C4 species." Functional Plant Biology 26, no. 1 (1999): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp98136.

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Biomass of certain C4 species is increased when plants are grown at elevated CO2 concentrations. Experiments using four C4 species (Amaranthus retroflexus L., Amaranthus hypochondriacus L., Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench and Zea mays L.) exposed both day and night from sowing to carbon dioxide concentrations of 370 (ambient) or 700 µmol mol-1 (elevated) or to 370 µmol mol-1 during the day and 700 µmol mol-1 at night, determined whether any biomass increase at elevated CO2 concentrations was related to a reduction in the night-time rate of CO2 efflux at high night-time CO2 concentrations. Of the four species tested, only A. retroflexus significantly increased both CO2 assimilation (+13%) and plant biomass (+21%) at continuous elevated relative to continuous ambient concentrations of CO2. This increase was not associated with improvement in leaf water potential during dark or light periods. In contrast, high CO2 only during the night significantly reduced plant biomass compared to the 24 h ambient CO2 treatment for both A. retroflexus and Z. mays. This indicates that the observed increase in biomass at elevated CO2 for A. retroflexus was not caused by a reduction of carbon loss at night (i.e. increased carbon conservation), but rather a direct stimulation of daytime CO2 assimilation, independent of any improvement in leaf water potential.

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28

Cerit, Oğuzhan, and Derya Öğüt Yavuz. "Herbisit Uygulamaları Yapılan Amaranthus retroflexus L. Bitkilerinden Elde Edilen Tohumların Çimlenme Özellikleri." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, no. 4 (April 25, 2020): 833–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i4.833-839.2876.

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Amaranthus retroflexus L. is among the important weeds in sugar beet. The aim of this study was to determine the germination capacities of the seeds obtained from A. retroflexus plants, who survived after the application of chloridazon (C), metamitron (M) and ethofumesate + phenmedipham + desmedipham + lenacil (EPDL) herbicides and some combinations. Parameters of total germination rate (%), normal/abnormal germination rate (%), mean germination time (day) and seed weight (g) were defined. As a result, germination characteristics of A. retroflexus plants exposed to chloridazon + ethofumesate + phenmedipham + desmedipham + lenacil 2, chloridazon + metamitron (post-emergence) and metamitron (pre-emergence) + metamitron (post-emergence) combinations were significantly affected compared to the seeds obtained from the untreated plants. In terms of germination characteristics, the lowest total germination rate (85%) was found in metamitron (pre-emergence) + metamitron (post-emergence) combination.

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29

Sibony, M., and B. Rubin. "The ecological fitness of ALS-resistant Amaranthus retroflexus and multiple-resistant Amaranthus blitoides." Weed Research 43, no. 1 (January 31, 2003): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3180.2003.00315.x.

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30

Solymosi, P., and E. Lehoczki. "Co-Resistance of Atrazine-Resistant Chenopodium and Amaranthus Biotypes to other Photosystem II Inhibiting Herbicides." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 44, no. 1-2 (February 1, 1989): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1989-1-220.

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Abstract Biotypes of Amaranthus retroflexus L ., A. hybridus L., A. bouchonii Thell. and Chenopodium album L. insensitive to atrazine were collected from maize monoculture where atrazine had been applied extensively. Atrazine-resistant biotypes of A. retroflexus and A. hybridus showed phenmedipham and lenacil co-resistance and atrazine-resistant biotype of C. album showed fenuron co-resistance. An atrazin-resistant biotype of A. bouchonii with co-resistance to diuron was not resistant to fenuron, lenacil and phenmedipham.

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31

Francischini, A. C., J. Constantin, R. S. Oliveira Jr., G. Santos, L. H. M. Franchini, and D. F. Biffe. "Resistance of Amaranthus retroflexus to acetolactate synthase inhibitor herbicides in Brazil." Planta Daninha 32, no. 2 (June 2014): 437–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582014000200022.

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When in competition with cotton, Amaranthus retroflexus can cause high yield losses. Due to the limited availability of selective herbicides registered for post emergence control of this weed, the same herbicides have been used repeated times over the last few years, which may have selected resistant biotypes. Biotypes of A. retroflexus collected from the main areas of cotton cultivation in Brazil were submitted to dose-response trials, by applying the herbicides trifloxysulfuron-sodium and pyrithiobac-sodium in doses equivalent to 0, ¼, ½, 1, 2 and 4 times the recommended rates. Resistance to ALS inhibitors was confirmed in biotypes of A. retroflexus. Biotype MS 2 from Mato Grosso do Sul, was cross-resistant to both trifloxysulfuron-sodium and pyrithiobac-sodium, while biotype MS 1 was resistant to trifloxysulfuron-sodium only. Likewise, singular and cross resistance was also confirmed in biotypes from Goiás (GO 3, GO 4 and GO 6), in relation to trifloxysulfuronsodium and pyrithiobac-sodium. One biotype from Mato Grosso (MT 13) was not resistant to any of the ALS inhibitors evaluated in this work.

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32

Lanta, V., P. Havránek, and V. Ondřej. "Morphometry analysis and seed germination of Amaranthus cruentus, A. retroflexus and their hybrid (A. × turicensis)." Plant, Soil and Environment 49, No. 8 (December 10, 2011): 364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4138-pse.

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A morphometric study of Amaranthus cruentus, A. retroflexus and their hybrid, A. × turicensis based on 75 plant samples (750 inflorescences), collected throughout the Olomouc-Holice area (Czech   Republic), is presented. Using multivariete methods (including cluster analysis and canonical discriminant analysis), the existence of three groupings of plants was proven. The hybrid exhibited intermediate values of the width and length of female tepals, length of awl-shaped bracts, and seed size when compared with parental species. A germination experiment showed that dark seeds of A. × turicensis as well as dark seeds of A. retroflexus germinate scarcely and independently on the day length while light seeds of A. cruentus germinate promptly and markedly better under a short day regime. The chromosome analysis showed that A. retroflexus, A. cruentus, and A. × turicensis have the same chromosome number 34.

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33

Kuluev, B. R., E. V. Mikhaylova, R. M. Taipova, and A. V. Chemeris. "Changes in phenotype of transgenic amaranth Amaranthus retroflexus L., overexpressing ARGOS-LIKE gene." Russian Journal of Genetics 53, no. 1 (January 2017): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1022795416120061.

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34

Huang, Zhaofeng, Jinyi Chen, Chaoxian Zhang, Hongjuan Huang, Shouhui Wei, Xinxin Zhou, Jingchao Chen, and Xu Wang. "Target-site basis for resistance to imazethapyr in redroot amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus L.)." Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 128 (March 2016): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.10.011.

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35

Aguyoh, Joesph N., and John B. Masiunas. "Interference of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) with snap beans." Weed Science 51, no. 2 (March 2003): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051[0202:iorpar]2.0.co;2.

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36

Kovaleva, Tatyana, Larisa Dmitrievna Makaryants, Margarita Mikhailovna Dbay, and Yulia Airatovna Lukmanova. "Studying of anatomic structure of Amaranthus retroflexus L. herb." Farmacevticheskoe delo i tehnologija lekarstv (Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology), no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-13-2101-05.

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Amaranthus retroflexus L. is a perspective medical plant. We studied anatomic structure specialities of its stems and leaves. We visualized anomocytic stomatas and simple thin-walled multicellular trichomes on both sides of leaves. Big amount of calcium oxalate druses and cells with crystal sand along leaf ribes were found in mesophyll. Many conducting bundles (xylem, phloem and sclerenchyma) were detected on sectional cross of culm. We didn’t detected sclerenchymatous belt, angular collenchyma, simple thin-walled multicellular trichomes and crystalic inclusions.

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37

Khoramnejadian, Shahrzad, and Keivan Saeb. "Accumulation and Translocation of Heavy Metals by Amaranthus Retroflexus." Journal of Earth, Environment and Health Sciences 1, no. 2 (2015): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2423-7752.170581.

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38

Egley, Grant H. "Ethephon Reduction of Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) Seed Populations." Weed Technology 4, no. 4 (December 1990): 808–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00026440.

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Freshly collected redroot pigweed seeds were buried 5 cm deep in the field in November of 3 yr in succession. Treatments applied to the soil surface included KNO3(400 kg ha-1) in midwinter, ethephon (11 kg ha-1) in late spring, and a soil cover (polyethylene sheet for 2 wk) in late spring. Seeds were recovered within 1 yr after treatment, examined forin situgermination, and tested for viability. The 3-yr averages for viable seeds remaining by October in the year after treatment with KNO3or soil cover, either alone or in combination, did not differ from nontreated checks and averaged 47% of the original population. Viable seeds remaining in soil treated with ethephon either alone or combined with KNO3 were reduced to 21% of the beginning population. The most effective treatments were ethephon either combined with a soil cover or with a soil cover plus KNO3which reduced the viable seeds to an average of 8% of the original. Ethephon plus a soil cover has the potential to reduce greatly redroot pigweed seed populations in the field.

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39

Nielsen, David C., and Randy L. Anderson. "Photosynthesis and Transpiration Response of Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)." Weed Technology 8, no. 2 (June 1994): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00038756.

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Redroot pigweed is a major weed worldwide. Increasing emphasis on modeling physiological processes of weeds for use in weed control decision support systems requires a knowledge of the response of weeds to resource levels and environmental conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine functional relationships for carbon exchange rate (CER) and transpiration based on photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and temperature from measurements made on field-grown redroot pigweed. Measurements were made using a portable photosynthesis system on four dates. An equation that had the form of a power function on PPFD and a quadratic polynomial on temperature was fit to the data. The equation fit the measured CER data better than the measured transpiration data. The equations should be useful in modeling the physiological processes of pigweed within crop canopies.

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40

Gfeller, Aurélie, Juan Manuel Herrera, Frederic Tschuy, and Judith Wirth. "Explanations for Amaranthus retroflexus growth suppression by cover crops." Crop Protection 104 (February 2018): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2017.10.006.

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41

BASBAG, Mehmet, Ramazan DEMIREL, and Mustafa AVCI. "Some Quality Traits of Different Wild Plants." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 2, no. 1 (December 7, 2009): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb213476.

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This research was carried out to determine quality properties of some pasture plant species. In this research, 10 different pasture plant species were used as materials which were collected from Diyarbakir pasture areas of Turkey. At the end of research, quality properties of pasture plants were ranged from lowest to highest for average dry matter 11.5-30.9%, average crude protein 12.6-26.6%, crude ash 5.5-21.2%, acid detergent fiber 22.0-43.0%, neutral detergent fiber 20.5-56.1%, digestible dry matter 55.4-71.8%, dry matter intake 2.1-5.9% and relative feed value 90.2-327.0. Among the pasture plants studied, higher crude protein level than averages of species following plants may have importance, respectively: Centaurea iberica, Sinapsis arvensis, Convolvulus arvensis, Rumex conglomeratus, Crambe orientalis, Amaranthus retroflexus, Polygonum aviculare, Anchusa strigosa and Malva neglecta. For relative feed value has been remarked: Sinapsis arvensis, Rumex conglomeratus, Amaranthus retroflexus, Crambe orientalis, Centaurea iberica and Hypecoum imberbe.

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42

Vrbnicanin, Sava, Lidija Stefanovic, Dragana Bozic, Marija Saric, and Radenko Radosevic. "Comparative analysis of the anatomy of two populations of red-root amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus L.)." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 24, no. 2 (2009): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif0902103v.

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The anatomy of stems and leaves of two populations of the weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L. (red-root amaranth) (pop. AMARE1 having green stems covered in sparse hairs and pop. AMARE2 with green but notably dense stem hairs) was analysed in order better to understand the uptake and translocation of herbicides that could be indicative of the species' evolving resistance to herbicides. Samples of the two populations (AMARE1 and AMARE2) were collected from arable land of the Institute of Maize Research at Zemun Polje in 2006. Sampling was performed at the stage of full vegetative growth of plants. Permanent microscoping preparations were made to measure and analyze elements of the anatomy of stems (stem epidermis, cortex, collenchyma, central cylinder and diameter) and leaves (leaf epidermis upper surface and underside, mesophyll, leaf thickness and bundle sheath thickness). Both analysed populations of A. retroflexus, morphologically characterized by different density of stem hairiness, were found to have a typical structure of herbaceous dicots. The stem had three distinctive zones: epidermis, cortex and central cylinder. Amaranth leaves have dorsoventral structure, i.e. their upper surface and underside can be differentiated. The results indicated high and very high significance of differences found in stem anatomy between the two analysed populations, while leaf anatomy was not found to display significant differences other than in mesophyll thickness.

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43

HYVÖNEN, T. "Impact of temperature and germination time on the success of a C4 weed in a C3 crop: Amaranthus retroflexus and spring barley." Agricultural and Food Science 20, no. 2 (December 4, 2008): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960611797215664.

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Elevation in temperatures due to climate change could promote the invasion by C4 weed species of arable fields in the boreal region, which are dominated by C3 crops. The success of Amaranthus retroflexus L. (a C4 weed) in spring barley (a C3 crop) was studied at current and elevated temperatures (3°C difference) in a greenhouse experiment in southern Finland. The competition treatments included no competition and four levels of competition with barley, differing in terms of germination time. The success of A. retroflexus was measured as growth (height and biomass) and seed production (number and biomass). Elevation in temperature enhanced seed production of A. retroflexus, but the impact on growth was minor (only difference in plant height in one treatment). The growth and seed production of A. retroflexus in competition with barley was minimal although the growth of barley decreased with the rise in temperature. The results indicate that climate change could improve growth of a C4 weed such as A. retroflexus, but it is unlikely to succeed in spring barley.;

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44

Слепцов (Sleptsov), Игорь (Igor) Витальевич (Vital'yevich), and Алла (Alla) Николаевна (Nikolayevna) Журавская (Zhuravskay). "POLYSACCHARIDES IN TISSUES AMARANTHUS RETROFLEXUS, AGASTACHE RUGOSA AND THLASPI ARVENSE IN THE CONDITIONS OF CENTRAL YAKUTIA." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 4 (December 11, 2018): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2018043809.

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Isolated fraction of polysaccharides, such as water-soluble polysaccharides, pectins, hemicelluloses A and B from the vegetative mass of plants Amaranthus retroflexus, Agastache rugosa and Thlaspi arvense, grown in the conditions of Central Yakutia. According to the obtained IR spectra it was established that the isolated fractions of polysaccharides from Amaranthus retroflexus, Agastache rugosa and Thlaspi arvense belong to water-soluble polysaccharides, pectins and hemicelluloses. Shows the monosaccharide composition of isolated fractions of polysaccharides from plants grown under conditions of Central Yakutia. The main monomers of the isolated polysaccharides are arabinose (Ara), galactose (Gal), rhamnose (Rha), mannose (Man), xylose (Xyl), glucose (Glc), galacturonic acid (GalA). Revealed the degree of ethrerification of the galacturonic acid in water-soluble polysaccharides and pectins by IR spectra. Shows the differences in the quantitative content and monosaccharide composition of the isolated fractions of polysaccharides, which can be associated with both adaptive rearrangements in the body and with individual plant characteristics.

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45

Воронов (Voronov), Иван (Ivan) Васильевич (Vasil'evich). "AMINO-ACID COMPOSITION OF ATRIPLEX PATULA L. AND AMARANTHUS RETROFLEXUS L. (AMARANTHACE-AE) GROWING IN CENTRAL YAKUTIA." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 3 (February 15, 2018): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2018033610.

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The research goal is comparative study the amino acid composition of seeds and leaves of Atriplex patula L. and Amaranthus retroflexus L. from the flora of Central Yakutia (the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Leaves and seeds of A. patula and A. retroflexus were sampled in August 2016 in the fruiting phase. Biochemical and amino acid composition, the content of crude protein, fat, calcium and phosphorus of the abovementioned plants was studied at the premises of the State budgetary institution of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) "Yakut Republican Veterinary Testing Laboratory". From 14 studied amino acids, 9 are stated to be irreplaceable. The total amount of the studied amino acids in A. patula made up 3.3±0.2% in leaves and 3.6±0.2% in seeds; while A. retroflexus contained 4.2±0.2% in leaves and 3.8±0.2% in seeds. The irreplaceable amino acid composition included lysine, leucine and isoleucine, methionine, valine, threonine, arginine, histidine, and phenylalanine. The interchangeable amino acid composition was represented by tyrosine, proline, serine, alanine and glycine. The sum of irreplaceable amino acids in A. patula made up 2.07±0.10% in leaves and 2.30±0.12% in seeds; in A. retroflexus the irreplaceable amino acids totaled 2.63±0.13% in leaves and 2.20±0.11% in seeds. It should be noted that histidine is absent in seeds and the low content of phenylalanine in seeds – 2.8 times and leaves – 4.5 times in A. patula compared to A. retroflexus. The obtained data indicate that in the leaves and seeds of A. retroflexus in comparison with A. patula, the content of crude protein is 1.5 times higher, the calcium content is higher to 2.3 times, the phosphorus content is lower: in leaves 3.3 times, in seeds - in 1.4 times. The results of the study show the biological value and perspectivity of the two studied species as a promising source of natural biological active substances to be used in medicine and agriculture.

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46

Dorofeyev, V. I., and Е. Ganbold. "NEW DATA ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF AMARANTHUS RETROFLEXUS AND BRASSICA JUNCEA IN MONGOLIA." Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 180, no. 4 (January 8, 2020): 139–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2019-4-139-140.

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A study of the Mongolian flora and a survey of the herbarium collections of the Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, conducted in 2019, provided new information on the geographical distribution of Amaranthus retroflexus (Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae s.l.) and Brassica juncea (Cruciferae, Brassicaceae) in Mongolia.

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47

Du, Long, Xiao Li, Xiaojing Jiang, Qian Ju, Wenlei Guo, Lingxu Li, Chunjuan Qu, and Mingjing Qu. "Target-site basis for fomesafen resistance in redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) from China." Weed Science 69, no. 3 (February 22, 2021): 290–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2021.14.

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AbstractRedroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) is a dominant weed in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] fields in Heilongjiang Province, China. High selective pressure caused by the extensive application of the protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicide fomesafen has caused A. retroflexus to evolve resistance to this herbicide. Two susceptible and two resistant populations (S1, S2, R1, and R2) were selected in this study to illustrate the target-site resistance mechanism in resistant A. retroflexus. Whole-plant bioassays indicated that R1 and R2 had evolved high-level resistance to fomesafen, with resistance factors of 27.0 to 27.9. Sequence alignment of the PPO gene showed an Arg-128-Gly substitution in PPX2. The basal expression differences of PPX1 and PPX2 between the S1 and R1 plants were essentially nonsignificant, whereas the basal expression of PPX2 in R2 plants was slightly lower than in S1 plants. Compared with the PPX1 gene, the PPX2 gene maintained higher expression in the resistant plants after treatment with fomesafen. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed a similar basal PPO content between the susceptible and resistant plants without treatment. After fomesafen treatment, the PPO content decreased sharply in the susceptible plants compared with the resistant plants. Furthermore, after 24 h of treatment, the resistant plants showed increased PPO content, whereas the susceptible plants had died. The PPO2 mutation resulted in high extractable PPO activity and low sensitivity to fomesafen along with changes in PPO enzyme kinetics. Although the mutant PPO2 exhibited increased Km values in the resistant plants, the Vmax values in these plants were also increased. Changes in the properties of the PPO enzyme due to an Arg-128-Gly substitution in PPX2, including changes in enzyme sensitivity and enzyme kinetics, are the target-site mechanism of resistance in A. retroflexus.

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48

Soshnikova, O. V., V. Ya Yatsyuk, V. Y. Yatsuk, and O. V. Soshnikova. "The investigations of the chemical composition of Amaranthus retroflexus L." I.P.Pavlov Russian Medical Biological Herald 18, no. 2 (June 15, 2010): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/pavlovj20102135-141.

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49

Lipecki, Janusz. "Reaction of redroot pigwed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) plants to simazine." Acta Agrobotanica 43, no. 1-2 (2013): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1990.008.

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Simazine at the doses of 5 and 10 kg ha-1 a.i. caused a significant increase in the fresh matter and non significant increase in the height of Amaranthus retroflexus L. seedlings when compared with untreated plants. There were no significant differences in the weight of 100 seeds and in the content of mineral elements (except Mg) in plants treated with different doses of simazine. Preliminary measurements done in 1988 pointed out that the length of inflorescences increased after the use of simazine, especially in the dose of 10 kg ha-1 a.i.

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50

SOLYMOSI, P., and S. KOSTYAL. "Mapping of atrazine resistance for Amaranthus retroflexus L. in Hungary." Weed Research 25, no. 6 (December 1985): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1985.tb00663.x.

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