Готові списки джерел за темами / Aluminum pin

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Aluminum pin"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

Оновлено: 7 вересня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Aluminum pin"

Ravendra, Jujavarapu Sai, and Palukuri Veerendra. "Studies on Effect of Tool Pin Profiles and Welding Parameters on the Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Aluminium Alloys AA5052 & AA6063." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 3077–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41986.

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Abstract: Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state joining process that uses the frictional heat generated by the rotating tool to soften the metals to form the joint. It is an effective technique for joining dissimilar aluminum alloys and finds its application in various fields such as aerospace and automotive industries. FSW process is energy efficient and environment friendly process. This FSW can produce joints with higher mechanical and metallurgical properties. Formerly, FSW was adopted for low melting metals like aluminum alloys. The various FSW parameters play a vital role in determining the quality of the welded joint. The parameters included in the study of different tool pin profiles (circular, pentagon and taper). FEA analysis will be performed for friction stir welding of Aluminum alloy 5052 and AA6063 at different tool pin profiles using ANSYS. This paper mainly focuses on studying the effect of different tool pin profiles on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the dissimilar AA5052 and AA6063 aluminum alloy joints. The weld quality characteristics like microstructure, micro-hardness, and tensile properties of the joints are analyzed and presented for three different tool pin profiles. It is observed from the result that the joint fabricated using three different tool pin profiles exhibits the better mechanical properties when compared to other joints. Index Terms: Friction stir welding, Aluminium alloys, AA5052, AA6063, Dissimilar welding.

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Syahrullail, Samion, Ahmad Mohd Azmi, Norzahir Sapawe, and Amir Khalid. "Wear Characterization of Aluminum Lubricated with Palm Olein at Different Normal Load." Applied Mechanics and Materials 554 (June 2014): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.554.401.

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The pin-on-disk tester is a method used for investigating wear. The sliding mechanism between the pin and the disc experimentally creates wear. In this paper, the wear characteristics of an aluminium pin sliding on an SKD11 disc lubricated with double fraction palm olein were investigated. The pin was made from pure aluminum A1100. The results were compared with those of tests in which the disc was lubricated with commercial hydraulic oil. In both sets of experimental conditions, the normal load varied from 4 to 10 kg. Rotational speed was set to 1200 rpm. From this study, it was found that different types of lubricant affect the wear progression and friction coefficient during a sliding movement. The wear progression and friction coefficient depend also on the load applied, surface roughness, pressure applied and contact surface area.

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Mahmoud, Essam R. I., Sohaib Z. Khan, Abdulrahman Aljabri, Hamad Almohamadi, Mohamed Abdelghany Elkotb, Mohamed A. Gepreel, and Saad Ebied. "Free Intermetallic Cladding Interface between Aluminum and Steel through Friction Stir Processing." Crystals 12, no. 10 (October 6, 2022): 1413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12101413.

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In this paper, the cladding of pure aluminum and a low-carbon steel alloy was performed through friction stir processing with minimal intermetallic compound formation. A 3 mm thick aluminum plate was clamped on top of a steel plate. A thick, pure copper plate was used as a backing plate. The tool pin length was adjusted to be the same as the upper plate's thickness (3 mm) and longer than 3.2 mm. The effect of the tool pin length and the rotation speed (500–1500 rpm) on the cladding’s quality, microstructure, and the mechanical properties of the steel/aluminum interface were investigated using optical and scanning electron microscopy, a hardness test, and a peel test. The results showed that the bonding of pure aluminum and a low-carbon steel alloy can be successfully performed at a more than 500 rpm rotation speed. At a tool pin length of 3 mm and a rotation speed of 1000 rpm, sound and free-intermetallic compound–cladding interfaces were formed, while some Fel2Al5 intermetallics were formed when the rotation speed was increased to 1500 rpm. The pure copper backing plate has an essential role in eliminating or reducing the formation of intermetallic compounds in the cladding interface. When the tool pin length was increased to 3.2 mm, more steel fragments were found on the aluminum side. Moreover, with a higher rotation speed and longer tool pin length, more Fe2Al5 intermetallics were formed at the interface. Increasing the rotation speed and the pin tool length contributed to the enhancement of interface bonding. Meanwhile, the maximum tensile shear load was obtained at a rotation speed of 1500 rpm and a tool pin length of 3.2 mm. In addition, the hardness values of the interface were higher than the aluminum base metal for all the investigated samples. Decreasing the rotation speed and increasing the tool pin length can significantly increase hardness measurements. The average hardness increases from 42 HV of the pure aluminum to 143 HV at a rotation speed and a tool pin length of 1500 rpm and 3.2, respectively.

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Sukmana, Irza. "The Effect of Pin Shape on the Friction Stir Welding Quality of Aluminum AA1100 Series." Journal of Engineering and Scientific Research 4, no. 1 (June 28, 2022): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jesr.v4i1.109.

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Aluminum is a material that is soft, lightweight, resistant to corrosion, and has good electrical and thermal conductivity. Aluminum has a specific gravity of about 2.65-2.8 kg/dm³, a melting point of 658ºC, and tensile strength of 90 MPa. Aluminum 1100 series is an aluminum alloy mixed with other materials, such as copper, iron, chrome, manganese, and zinc, with an aluminum content of 99,0%. Welding is the joining of two metals in a liquid state with or without filler. FSW (friction stir welding) is friction welding; the process does not require filler material. The heat used to melt the metal is obtained from the friction between the indenter and the workpiece. In the research, the shape of the indenter pin used is, ovale shape, cone shape, and changing spiral form with a tool rotation of 2000 rpm and a welding rate of 16 mm/minute. The tests carried out are Rockwell hardness testing and tensile tests. From the results of research conducted, it was found that the shape of the indenter pin greatly affects the quality of the weld. The indenter pin changing spiral form results in better weld quality compared to the other two pin shapes.

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TAKAHASHI, Keita, Yoshihiko HANGAI, Ryohei NAGAHIRO, Kenji AMAGAI, Takao UTSUNOMIYA, and Nobuhiro YOSHIKAWA. "Shaping of porous aluminum by pin screen." Proceedings of the Materials and processing conference 2018.26 (2018): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemp.2018.26.203.

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Zhang, Yunhe, Sian Wang, Xiwang Zhao, Fanming Wang, and Gaohui Wu. "In Situ Study on Fracture Behavior of Z-Pinned Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composite via Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)." Materials 12, no. 12 (June 17, 2019): 1941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12121941.

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Inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM) chamber, we performed an in situ interlaminar shear test on a z-pinned carbon fiber-reinforced aluminum matrix composite (Cf/Al) fabricated by the pressure the infiltration method to understand its failure mechanism. Experiments show that introducing a stainless-steel z-pin increases the interlaminar shear strength of Cf/Al composite by 148%. The increase in interlaminar shear strength is attributed to the high strength of the stainless-steel z-pin and the strong bonding between the z-pin and the matrix. When the z-pin/matrix interface failed, the z-pin can still experience large shear deformation, thereby enhancing delamination resistance. The failure mechanism of composite includes interfacial debonding, aluminum plough, z-pin shear deformation, frictional sliding, and fracture. These results in this study will help us understand the interlaminar strengthening mechanism of z-pins in the delamination of metal matrix composites.

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Verduzco Juárez, J. C., G. M. Dominguez Almaraz, R. García Hernández, and J. J. Villalón López. "Effect of Modified Pin Profile and Process Parameters on the Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloy 6061-T6." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4567940.

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This work deals with the effect of a new “bolt-head” pin profile on the friction stir welding performance of the aluminum alloy 6061-T6, compared to traditional pin profiles. Friction stir welding parameters such as the tool rotation speed and the welding speed were investigated together with the different pin profiles; the results show that the new “bolt-head” pin profile leads to better mechanical properties of welded specimens. The pin profiles used in this work were the straight square (SS), straight hexagon (SH), taper cylindrical (TC), and the straight hexagon “bolt-head” (SHBH). It was found that the last pin profile improves the material flow behavior and the uniform distribution of plastic deformation and reduces the formation of macroscopic defects on the welded zone. Mechanical tensile tests on welded specimens were performed to determine the tensile strength: the specimens welded with the SHBH pin profile have shown the highest mechanical properties. An approach is presented for material flow on this aluminum alloy using the SHBH pin profile, which is related to the improvement on the resulting mechanical properties.

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Wang, Sian, Yunhe Zhang, Pibo Sun, Yanhong Cui, and Gaohui Wu. "Microstructure and Flexural Properties of Z-Pinned Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites." Materials 12, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12010174.

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Z-pinning can significantly improve the interlaminar shear properties of carbon fiber-reinforced aluminum matrix composites (Cf/Al). However, the effect of the metal z-pin on the in-plane properties of Cf/Al is unclear. This study examines the effect of the z-pin on the flexural strength and failure mechanism of Cf/Al composites with different volume contents and diameters of the z-pins. The introduction of a z-pin leads to the formation of a brittle phase at the z-pin/matrix interface and microstructural damage such as aluminum-rich pockets and carbon fiber waviness, thereby resulting in a reduction of the flexural strength. The three-point flexural test results show that the adding of a metal z-pin results in reducing the Cf/Al composites’ flexural strength by 2–25%. SEM imaging of the fracture surfaces revealed that a higher degree of interfacial reaction led to more cracks on the surface of the z-pin. This crack-susceptible interface layer between the z-pin and the matrix is likely the primary cause of the reduction of the flexural strength.

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Berber, Adnan, Kazım Bagirsakci, and Mehmet Gurdal. "Investigation of effects on heat transfer and flow characteristics of Cr-Ni alloy and aluminum pins placed in AISI 304 tube." Thermal Science 24, no. 3 Part B (2020): 1999–2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180421306b.

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In this study, the effects of cylindrical aluminum and Cr-Ni alloy pins placed in different arrangements on the inner wall of the pipe in the turbulent flow, the effects of heat transfer and flow characteristics on different Reynolds numbers have been experimentally investigated. The experiments were carried out under forced flow and constant heat flow conditions. Air is preferred as the fluid and the fluid velocity is adjusted between Reynolds number of 10000 and 50000. It has been observed that the Nusselt values obtained over the number of Reynolds number for the 5 different test tubes are arranged in a line from large to small, sequential row aluminum pin, sequential row Cr-Ni alloy pin, diagonal row aluminum pin, diagonal row Cr-Ni alloy pin, plain tube. There are also CFD analysis for each material, arrangements and pins geometry sets. On the other hand, it was determined that friction coefficient is directly proportional to the increase of heat transfer coefficient. As a result, it is observed that experimental results are compatible with both literature and numerical study.

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Shojaeefard, Mohammad Hasan, Mostafa Akbari, Abolfazl Khalkhali, and Parviz Asadi. "Effect of tool pin profile on distribution of reinforcement particles during friction stir processing of B4C/aluminum composites." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 232, no. 8 (April 1, 2016): 637–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420716642471.

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Boron carbide /aluminum composites have been produced on an aluminum–silicon cast alloy using friction stir processing. Effect of pin profile on the distribution of boron carbide in the stir zone of the friction stir processed specimens was investigated experimentally and numerically. The material flow generated by the threaded and circular tool pin profiles, being the main reason for the distribution of particles in the metal matrix, was numerically modeled using a thermomechanically coupled three-dimensional finite element model. Numerical and experimental results show that threaded pin profile produces a more uniform distribution of B4Cp than other pin profiles. Hardness tests were performed in order to investigate mechanical properties of the composites. Wear resistance of the composite was evaluated and obtained results showed that the hardness and wear resistance of the composite significantly improved.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Aluminum pin"

Georgeou, Zacharias. "Analysis of material flow around a retractable pin in a friction stir weld." Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/196.

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Friction StirWelding (FSW) has been researched for a number of years since its inception in 1991. The work thus far has been based on understanding the material and thermal flow using the standard fixed pin tool. The keyhole resulting during tool extraction in a FSW weld, is a disadvantage and a current limiting factor. Eliminating this effect from a weld using a movable pin tools would make FSW more commercially viable. This dissertation focuses on the design of a novel retractable pin tool, and highlights the problems encountered during the welding of Aluminum plates, Al2024 and Al5083. Previously studied techniques of material and thermal flow were used, to investigate the effect of the tool during extraction in a FSW weld. A prototype retractable tool was designed using parametric and axiomatic design theory, and implementing a pneumatic muscle actuation system. The resulting problems in the calibration of the retractable pin tool and the resulting welds are presented, these results confirming previous studies. The movable pin produced discrepancies the heat generation around the shoulder during a FSW weld. The failure of this tool to produce a reasonable weld showed that previous ideas into the workings of a retractable pin tool requires further investigation, furthermore a fresh approach to the interpretation and understanding of the FSW weld process needs consideration.

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Farjam, Aslan. "Influence of Alumina Addition to Aluminum Fins for Compact Heat Exchangers Produced by Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/33383.

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Aluminum and aluminum-alumina powder mixtures were used to produce pyramidal fin arrays on aluminum substrates using cold spray as an additive manufacturing process. Using aluminum-alumina mixtures instead of pure aluminum powder could be seen as a cost-effective measure, preventing nozzle clogging. The fin geometries that were produced were observed using a 3D digital microscope to determine the flow passages width and fins geometric details. Heat transfer and pressure tests were carried out using different ranges of appropriate Reynolds numbers for the sought commercial application to compare each fin array and determine the effect of alumina content. It was found that the presence of alumina reduces the fins’ performance when compared to pure aluminum but that they still outperform traditional fins. Numerical simulations were performed and were used to explain the obtained experimental results. The numerical model opens up new avenues in predicting different parameters such as pressure and substrate temperature.

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Lee, Trevor J. "Investigation of ASTM E 238 Bearing Pin Properties for Various Aerospace Alloys." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2013. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1074.

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Aircraft are often designed with numbers determined by testing in a lab, rather than by repeatedly building prototypes. These lab tests conform to testing specifications so that the numbers can be compared between manufacturers, suppliers, and lab technicians. One such specification is ASTM specification E238 – 84(08), and it is used to determine important properties of a bearing pin joint like hinges, bolt holes, and rivet joints. The properties determined from this fastener-through-plate method are bearing strength, bearing yield strength, and bearing stiffness. Adhering to the methods outlined in ASTM E238, a study was performed, looking at the effects that plate material, fastener used, fastener lubrication, and plate hole preparation method (whether drilled and reamed or just drilled) have on the three bearing joint properties. The plate materials used were Al 7050 – T7451, Ti – 6Al – 4V (mill annealed), and PH13 – 8Mo – H1000. The fasteners were Ti – 6Al – 4V screws, coated A286 screws, and high speed steel (HSS) pins used as a control. Lubrication was tested using a corrosion inhibitor, PR – 1776M B – 2 from PRC – DeSoto, on the fastener or leaving the fastener uncoated. The HSS pins were always tested in the uncoated condition. 54 runs were performed, as outlined by a D-optimal design of experiment. It was discovered from the statistical analysis of the results via ANOVA that both the plate material used and the pin material, whether a screw or a pin, had a significant effect on the bearing strength, bearing yield strength, and bearing stiffness. The interaction between the two factors was also significant on all responses but the bearing stiffness. PH13 – 8Mo – H1000 plates seemed to perform best on average, followed by Ti – 6Al – 4V plates, then Al 7050 – T7451 plates. PH13 – 8Mo – H1000 and Ti – 6Al – 4V plates had similar bearing strength and bearing yield strength averages with the HSS control pins being used, which had the highest mean values for a given plate and fastener. The Ti – 6Al – 4V and A286 screws behaved and performed statistically similar in most cases, except when hole preparation method was take into account. The Ti – 6Al – 4V screws performed better when the hole was drilled and reamed, while the coated A286 screws performed better when the hole was drilled only. All screws had lower resulting bearing properties than the HSS control pins. It was also found that ASTM specification E238 – 84(08) is a precise test method, since the method could be performed repeatably and reliably with no missing data points. Therefore, this ASTM testing method is reasonable for determining bearing properties, which can then be used to design aircraft.

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Amara, Holm. "Influence de l'aluminium et des sols acides sur la croissance du sapin de Douglas (Pseudotsuga menziesii, Mirb.) : rôle de la paroi dans les réponses au stress aluminique." Thesis, Limoges, 2020. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/a59ed152-5cd0-4283-8056-5b8950a5f8d5/blobholder:0/2020LIMO0054.pdf.

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En Europe, les forêts de résineux sont très répandues et connues pour modifier les caractéristiques physicochimiques des sols forestiers, essentiellement en termes d’acidité. A des pH inférieurs à 5,5, l’aluminium naturellement présent dans le sol est solubilisé et se retrouve sous une forme mobile (Al3+),biodisponible et par conséquent toxique pour les plantes. Les travaux menés ont porté plus particulièrement sur le sapin de Douglas (Pseudotsuga menziesii), un conifère largement répandu en France et particulièrement dans la région Limousin. Plusieurs conditions de culture différentes (conditions contrôlées in vitro et conditions semi contrôlées sous serre sur sols forestiers acides et riches en Al potentiellement phytodisponible), ont été utilisées pour étudier, à des stades de développement différents (stade plantules et stade jeunes arbres) et pour des périodes d’exposition différentes (2 et 11 mois) les réponses du sapin de Douglas suite à son exposition à l’Al. Les résultats ont montré que la croissance du sapin de Douglas et sa nutrition minérale sont perturbées quand les plantules sont exposées à des concentrations élevées en Al (500 μM AlCl3 in vitro ; environ 1 mg Al.g-1 sol sec avec des pH d’environ 5 sur sols forestiers). Les symptômes de toxicité concernent essentiellement les racines qui accumulent la majorité de l’Al absorbé par la plante, l’aluminium étant préférentiellement localisé dans les parois cellulaires des tissus de la pointe racinaire. Face à la toxicitéaluminique, le sapin de Douglas développe différentes stratégies. D’une part, la caractérisation chimique de la paroi cellulaire a mis en évidence des modifications quantitatives et qualitatives dans la composition polysaccharidique de la paroi notamment en pectines (plus riches en acides alacturonique et moins ramifiées) suite à une régulation de l’activité pectine méthylestérase, et en hémicelluloses (plus riches en glucomannanes), suggérant un processus de rétention de l’Al dans les structures pariétales. D’autre part, au niveau intracellulaire, les résultats ont montré une stimulation de l’activité guaïacol peroxydase, une enzyme clé dans la réduction des symptômes du stress oxydatif induit dans des conditions de stress aluminique ainsi qu’une accumulation de la proline, potentiellement capable de chélater l’Al à l’intérieur de la cellule. Ainsi, le sapin de Douglas présente un seuil de tolérance à l’Al relativement élevé comparable à celui d’autres conifères. Cette tolérance met en jeu une stratégie à l’échelle cellulaire basée à la fois sur l’exclusion au niveau pariétal mais aussi de façon complémentaire sur des mécanismes de chélation au niveau intracellulaire
In Europe, softwood forests are very abundant and are characterized by an acidic soil profile. In these conditions, when the soil pH drops below 5.5, aluminum is present in soils in a soluble and bioavailable form Al3+. This work was carried out on Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), a coniferous tree, widely distributed in France and particularly in the Limousin region. In this study we used different cultivation methods (in vitro cultures with controlled conditions, and semi-controlled conditions in greenhouse on naturally acidic forest soils rich in Al). Plants were analyzed at different stages of development (seedling stage and young tree stage) and for different exposure periods (2 and 11 months). The results have shown that the growth of Douglas fir and its mineral nutrition were disturbed when exposed to high Al concentrations (500 μM AlCl3 in vitro, and about 1 mg Al.g-1 at pH 5 on forest soils). We showed that the roots exhibited severe symptoms of toxicity and accumulated the majority of the Al within the cell wall. It has been shown that, to cope with aluminum toxicity, Douglas fir developed different strategies. On one hand, the chemical characterization of the cell wall revealed quantitative and qualitative modifications in the polysaccharidic composition of the wall, in particular pectins (harboring a higher galacturonic acid content with less ramification) following regulation of pectin methylesterase activity, and hemicelluloses (richer in glucomannans), suggesting a trapping process of Al in the cell wall structures. On the other hand, at the intracellular level, the results showed a stimulation of a key enzyme activity involved in the reduction of oxidative stress induced under aluminum stress, as well as an accumulation of proline, potentially capable of chelating Al inside the cell. Therefore, Douglas fir plantlets showed a relative high tolerance level to Al equivalent to other coniferous species which can be explained at the cellular level by an exclusion process involving retention by the cell wall but also a complexation process in the intracellular compartment

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Truog, Adam G. "Bond Improvement of Al/Cu Joints Created by Very High Power Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1337885605.

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Gomez, Ana Carolina. "Estudo do desgaste de nanocompósitos de alumina-zircônia usando variação de parâmetros no ensaio pino-no-disco." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74133/tde-23022018-084836/.

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O desgaste é responsável por um grande número de falhas em materiais, provocando a sua substituição antecipada e consequentemente diminuindo a sua vida útil. Por isso, estudos são realizados para caracterizar os limites de utilização desses materiais, evitando assim situações catastróficas. A partir das variáveis e parâmetros envolvidos no ensaio de desgaste, é possível construir mapas que tem como finalidade direcionar para uma correta escolha do material, de acordo com a aplicação desejada, além de identificar o seu comportamento frente à determinadas condições de uso. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer o comportamento de desgaste de nanocompósitos de alumina contendo 5% de inclusões nanométricas de zircônia, visando construir um diagrama de transição de desgaste entre os limites de combinação de velocidade de deslizamento e carga aplicada. Para isso, corpos de prova conformados na forma de pinos com uma das extremidades semiesféricas foram caracterizados quanto a dureza e tenacidade à fratura, submetidos ao ensaio de desgaste do tipo pino-no-disco com temperaturas e umidades ambientes, variando os parâmetros de velocidade e carga. As velocidades de deslizamento variaram de 1,2 m/s à 0,1 m/s e as cargas variaram de 2 N à 100 N. Os valores de dureza e tenacidade a fratura obtidos foram de 14,08 ± 1,22 GPa e 3,99 ± 0,14 MPa.m1/2, respectivamente. Os resultados de desgaste mostraram que a partir da caracterização e construção do diagrama de transição de regime de desgaste, com combinações de parâmetros extrínsecos de carga e velocidade de deslizamento, foi possível definir e atingir as condições limites entre o regime de desgaste moderado e a transição para o regime severo. Esse diagrama auxilia na seleção e comparação da transição entre os limites de desgaste do material estudado com outros tipos usados na engenharia.
Wear is responsible for a large number of material failures, causing them to be replaced early and consequently shortening their life-time. Therefore, studies are conducted to characterize the limits of use of these materials, thus avoiding catastrophic situations. From the variables and parameters involved in the wear test, it is possible to construct maps that aim to direct the correct choice of material according to the desired application, as well as to identify its behavior against certain conditions of use. In this context, the objective of this work was to know the wear behavior of alumina nanocomposites containing 5% nanometric zirconia inclusions in order to construct a simplified wear transition diagram between the sliding speed and applied load combination limits. For this, test pieces shaped like pins with semi-spherical tips were characterized in terms of hardness and fracture toughness, took to the wear test of the pin-on-disk with ambient temperatures and humidity, varying the speed and load parameters. Slip velocities ranged from 1.2 m/s to 0.1 m/s and loads ranged from 2 N to 100 N. The values of hardness and fracture toughness obtained were 14.08 ± 1.22 GPa and 3.99 ± 0.14 MPa.m1/2, respectively. The results of wear showed that from the characterization and construction of the wear regime transition diagram, with combinations of extrinsic load parameters and slip speed, it was possible to define and reach the boundary conditions between the moderate wear regime and the transition for the severe regime. This diagram helps in the selection and comparison of the transition between the wear limits of the studied material with other types used in engineering.

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Majzlan, Juraj. "Thermodynamics of iron and aluminum oxides /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2002. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Wouters, Onne. "Plasticity in aluminum alloys at various length scales." [S.l. : [Groningen : s.n.] ; University Library Groningen] [Host], 2006. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/292535821.

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Newlands, Katrina. "The early stage dissolution characteristics of aluminosilicate glasses." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=227976.

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To reduce CO2 emissions the cement industry has for decades diluted the Portland cement fraction of concrete binders with Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM). Defining the reactivity of these aluminosilicate-based materials and their interaction with clinker phases has however challenged the research community and limited their replacement levels. In the present study, to quantify the reactivity of SCMs during early hydration, aluminosilicate glasses with compositions representative of blast furnace slag and fly ash systems were synthesised and exposed to different activator solutions in a continuously stirred closed system reactor for a period up to 3 h. Solution compositions were measured from the very first minutes of dissolution with complementary solid surface analysis. The experimental conditions were designed to avoid precipitation, however an initial Ca maximum in the first 30 min of exposure to the activating solution was a common feature in most dissolution profiles with a subsequent rapid decline, most likely attributable to Ca-reincorporation on the reacting surface. Surface specific analysis confirmed Ca enrichment on the surface and also detected Al enrichment, suggesting the formation of a Ca-modified aluminosilicate phase by a dissolution reprecipitation mechanism on the surface of the glass. Differing chemistries are thought to be responsible for the Ca and Al re-integration on the reacting surface depending on the pH of the solution; near-neutral conditions favour Ca-readsorption and surface condensation reactions, whereas alkaline solutions favour Ca-reintegration via covalently bound phases. The Ca concentration in solution was also observed to control glass alteration. Decreased dissolution rates were in fact observed as Ca concentrations in solution were increased supporting the formation of a C-A-S-H phase on the surface, the formation of which was instead suppressed when a Ca chelating chelating agent (EDTA) was added to the solution resulting in increased glass dissolution. Experiments using in situ AFM and LAOICPOMS are also reported and the significance of the findings to the early hydration reactions of a blended cement system is discussed.

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Gong, Yuze. "Wear Studies on Silicon Carbide Whisker Reinforced Alumina." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-35923.

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Wear and biological response to wear debrisof artificial joints remain the major concerns in total hip arthroplasty (THA) [1].Silicon carbide reinforced alumina, Al2O3-SiCw,can be considered as a candidate for hip implants due to its high hardnessand toughness, aswell as chemical inertness. In this study, thewear and friction properties of Al2O3-SiCw areinvestigated by pin-on-disc experiments, with Hank’s Buffered Salt Solution(HBSS) as lubricant. Comparisons with BIOLOX®delta,the most commonly used ceramic in THA, under the same test conditions are made as well.

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Книги з теми "Aluminum pin"

Sullivan, Samantha Nicole. Pin-on-flat sliding friction of aluminum on polytetrafluoroethylene coated aluminum. [Downsview, Ont.]: University of Toronto, Institute for Aerospace Studies, 2003.

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Mann, J. Y. Influence of hole surface finish, cyclic frequency and spectrum severity on the fatigue behaviour of thick section aluminium alloy pin joints (U). Melbourne, Victoria: Aeronautical Research Laboratory, 1987.

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Lü, Shengli. Lü he jin jie gou fu shi sun shang yan jiu yu ping jia. Xian: Xi bei gong ye ta xue chu ban she, 2009.

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Bozic, Leah E. The effects of aluminum on jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) seedlings and its localization withing the root tissue. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1990.

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ZnO bao mo zhi bei ji qi guang, dian xing neng yan jiu. Shanghai Shi: Shanghai da xue chu ban she, 2010.

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Apple: Watch Series 6 Guide GPS + Cellular, 40mm Gold Aluminum Case with Pink Sand Sport Band. Independently Published, 2022.

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American Society for Testing and Materials. Annual Book of Astm Standards, 1989: Die-Cast Metals; Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys/Vol 02.02/Pcn 01-020289-04. Amer Society for Testing &, 1989.

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Voinescu, Alexandra, Nadia Wasi Iqbal, and Kevin J. Martin. Management of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0118_update_001.

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In all patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3–5, regular monitoring of serum markers of CKD-mineral and bone disorder, including calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and alkaline phosphatase, is recommended. Target ranges for these markers are endorsed by guidelines. The principles of therapy for secondary hyperparathyroidism include control of hyperphosphataemia, correction of hypocalcaemia, use of vitamin D sterols, use of calcimimetics, and parathyroidectomy. of hyperphosphataemia is crucial and may be achieved by means of dietary P restriction, use of P binders, and P removal by dialysis. Dietary P restriction requires caution, as it may be associated with protein malnutrition. Aluminium salts are effective P binders, but they are not recommended for long-term use, as Aluminium toxicity (though from contaminated dialysis water rather than oral intake) may cause cognitive impairment, osteomalacia, refractory microcytic anaemia, and myopathy. Ca-based P binders are also quite effective, but should be avoided in patients with hypercalcaemia, vascular calcifications, or persistently low PTH levels. Non-aluminium, non-Ca binders, like sevelamer and lanthanum carbonate, may be more adequate for such patients; however, they are expensive and may have several side effects. Furthermore, comparative trials have failed so far to provide conclusive evidence on the superiority of these newer P binders over Ca-based binders in terms of preventing vascular calcifications, bone abnormalities, and mortality. P removal is about 1800–2700 mg per week with conventional thrice-weekly haemodialysis, but may be increased by using haemodiafiltration or intensified regimens, such as short daily, extended daily or three times weekly nocturnal haemodialysis. Several vitamin D derivatives are currently used for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism. In comparison with the natural form calcitriol, the vitamin D analogue paricalcitol seems to be more fast-acting and less prone to induce hypercalcaemia and hyperphosphataemia, but whether these advantages translate into better clinical outcomes is unknown. Calcimimetics such as cinacalcet can significantly reduce PTH, Ca, and P levels, but they have failed to definitively prove any benefits in terms of mortality and cardiovascular events in dialysis patients. Parathyroidectomy is often indicated in CKD patients with severe persistent hyperparathyroidism, refractory to aggressive medical treatment with vitamin D analogues and/or calcimimetics. This procedure usually leads to rapid improvements in biochemical markers (i.e. significant lowering of serum Ca, P, and PTH) and clinical manifestations (such as pruritus and bone pain); however, the long-term benefits are still unclear.

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American Society for Testing and Materials. Annual Book of Astm Standards, 1988: Nonferrous Metal Products: Die-Cast Metal, Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys/Section 2, Vol 02.02/Pcn 01-020288-04. Amer Society for Testing &, 1988.

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1992 Annual Book of Astm Standards: Section 2 : Nonferrous Metal Products : Volume 02.02 : Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys/Pcn 01-020292-04 (Annual Book of a S T M Standards Volume 0202). American Society for Testing & Materials, 1992.

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Частини книг з теми "Aluminum pin"

Wittwer, Lukas, Nasrin Jank, Almedin Bećirović, Andreas Waldhör, and Norbert Enzinger. "Influences on Arc Stability in Welding of Aluminum Pin-Structures." In ICAA13: 13th International Conference on Aluminum Alloys, 795–800. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118495292.ch117.

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Wittwer, Lukas, Nasrin Jank, Almedin Bećirović, Andreas Waldhör, and Norbert Enzinger. "Influences on ARC Stability in Welding of Aluminum Pin-Structures." In ICAA13 Pittsburgh, 795–800. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48761-8_117.

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Zhuo, Yue, Riming Tan, Zhidong Guan, and Hu Dan. "An Investigation on the Pin-Bearing Behavior of Glass-Reinforced Aluminum Laminate." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 2706–18. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3305-7_218.

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Katundi, D., A. B. Irez, E. Bayraktar, and I. Miskioglu. "Alternative Composite Design from Recycled Aluminum Chips for Mechanical Pin-Joint (Knuckle) Applications." In Mechanics of Composite, Hybrid and Multifunctional Materials, Volume 5, 127–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95510-0_15.

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Balamurugan, S., and K. Subbaiah. "Tool Pin Profile Studies on Friction Stir Welded Joints of AA5052-H32 and AA6061-T6 Aluminum Alloys." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 663–70. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1724-8_61.

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Giridharan, K., V. Jaiganesh, and S. Padmanabhan. "Influences of Tool Pin Profiles on Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welding Process of AA8011 Aluminum Alloy." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 47–54. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2718-6_6.

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Lader, Surendra Kumar, Mayuri Baruah, and Raj Ballav. "Experimental Investigation of Al 2024 Aluminum Alloy Joints by Underwater Friction Stir Welding for Different Tool Pin Profile." In Springer Proceedings in Materials, 81–97. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0182-8_7.

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Arya, Pradyumn K., Bhavesh Chaudhary, Neelesh Kumar Jain, and M. Jayaprakash. "Effect of Tool Pin Profile on Mechanical and Wear Properties of Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar AA6061 and AA5052 Aluminum Alloys." In Modern Manufacturing Systems, 245–59. New York: Apple Academic Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003284024-21.

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Baldwin, Charles A. "Thermal Imaging of Enameled Aluminum Pan Supports." In 63rd Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum: Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, Volume 22, Issue 5, 97–105. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470294710.ch10.

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Mukhlis, Reiza, John Grandfield, and M. Akbar Rhamdhani. "Control Pin Refractory Reaction in High Magnesium–Aluminium Melts." In Light Metals 2022, 594–603. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92529-1_78.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Aluminum pin"

Urdaneta, Mario, Alfonso Ortega, and Russel V. Westphal. "Experiments and Modeling of the Hydraulic Resistance of In-Line Square Pin Fin Heat Sinks With Top By-Pass Flow." In ASME 2003 International Electronic Packaging Technical Conference and Exhibition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2003-35268.

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Extensive experiments were performed aimed at obtaining physical insight into the behavior of in-line pin fin heat sinks with pins of square cross-section. Detailed pressure measurements were made inside an array of square pins in order to isolate the inlet, developing, fully developed, and exit static pressure distributions as a function of row number. With this as background data, overall pressure drop was measured for a self-consistent set of aluminum heat sinks in side inlet side exit flow, with top clearance only. Pin heights of 12.5 mm, 17.5 mm, and 22.5 mm, pin pitch of 3.4 mm to 6.33 mm, and pin thickness of 1.5 mm, 2 mm and 2.5mm were evaluated. Base dimensions were kept fixed at 25 × 25 mm. In total, 20 aluminum heat sinks were evaluated. A “two-branch by-pass model” was developed, by allowing inviscid acceleration of the flow in the bypass section, and using pressure loss coefficients obtained under no bypass conditions in the heat sink section. The experimental data compared well to the proposed hydraulic models. Measurements in the array of pins showed that full development of the flow occurs after nine rows, thus indicating that none of the heat sinks tested could be characterized as fully-developed.

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Shyu, Jin-Cherng, and Shu-Kai Jheng. "Heat Transfer of Pico Projector Using a Piezoelectric Fan With an Aluminum Blade." In ASME 2017 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2017-69570.

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A 120 mm × 53 mm × 19 mm horizontally-oriented pico projector in which both a pin-fin array and a piezoelectric fan were installed was tested to measure the thermal resistance at various heating powers. The operating frequency of the 40 mm × 10 mm aluminum piezoelectric fan ranged from 242 Hz to 257 Hz. The heat transfer coefficient of the pin-fin array was also estimated based on a thermal resistance network of the pico projector. The results showed that the thermal resistance of the pico projector which had a piezoelectric fan vibrating at a specific frequency would not monotonically reduce as the heating power increased. The heat transfer coefficient of the 1.5-mm-wide pin-fin array was higher than that of the 2.0-mm-wide pin-fin array at a given fan tip velocity ranging from 0.26 m/s to 0.76 m/s. The highest heat transfer coefficient of the 1.5-mm-wide pin-fin array reached approximately 21 W/m2K, while the highest heat transfer coefficient of the 2.0-mm-wide pin-fin array was approximately 16 W/m2K. A correlation between Nusselt number of the pin-fin array and Reynolds number was also developed in this study in a form of Nu = 0.3526Re0.1774.

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Rohatgi, Pradeep K., Pradeep L. Menezes, Tatiana Mazzei, and Michael R. Lovell. "Tribological Performance of Aluminum Micro and Nano Composites." In ASME/STLE 2011 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2011-61222.

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In the present investigation, the tribological performance of aluminum micro (100 to 200 μm particle size) and nano (47 nm particle size) composites was studied using a three pin-on-disk tribometer under dry conditions. As a basis for comparison, the tribological performance of aluminum alloys was also studied. The pins made of these materials were then slid against a steel disk under ambient conditions. Tests were conducted at a sliding velocity of 1.58 m/s for a normal load of 30 N. The worn surfaces of the pins were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. Based on the experiments, it was observed that the nano-composites significantly outperformed all of the other materials with respect to friction levels. It was also discovered that the nano-composites exhibited the best wear performance among the composites investigated. The size of the reinforcement particle trapped at the interface and the hardness ratio of the mating materials were specifically found to play an important role in determining the friction and wear performance of the materials investigated.

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Rana, H. "Influence of distinct tool pin geometries on aluminum 8090 FSW joint properties." In Sheet Metal 2023. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902417-25.

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Abstract. Aluminum Lithium alloys are recuperating substantial interest from automotive and aerospace industries owing to their extraordinary specific strength as compared to conventional aluminum (2xxx, 6xxx, and 7xxx) alloys. The goal of the present investigation is to study AA 8090 joints produced with the unique solid-state welding technique friction stir welding (FSW). Tool pin profile induces remarkable influence on friction and further plastic deformation during FSW. Therefrom, the influences of three distinct but constant dynamic area conditioned tool pin geometries namely, square trapezoidal, hexagonal trapezoidal, and threaded taper on the resulting material flow patterns, mechanical properties, and the microstructure have been studied and discussed in detail. The FSW joint produced with hexagonal trapezoidal pin geometry delivered the highest joint resistance owing to grain refinement and almost flawless microstructure.

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Li, Guoli, Nicolas Andre, Olivier Poncelet, Pierre Gerard, Syed Zeeshan Ali, Florin Udrea, Laurent A. Francis, Yun Zeng, and Denis Flandre. "Operation of suspended lateral SOI PIN photodiode with aluminum back gate." In 2016 Joint International EUROSOI Workshop and International Conference on Ultimate Integration on Silicon (EUROSOI-ULIS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ulis.2016.7440076.

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Issa, Johnny S., and Alfonso Ortega. "Experimental Measurements of the Flow and Heat Transfer of a Square Jet Impinging on an Array of Square Pin Fins." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-39244.

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An experimental investigation was conducted to explore the flow behavior, pressure drop, and heat transfer due to free air jet impingement on square in-line pin fin heat sinks (PFHS) mounted on a plane horizontal surface. A parametrically consistent set of aluminum heat sinks with fixed base dimension of 25 × 25 mm was used, with pin heights varying between 12.5 mm and 22.5 mm, and fin thickness between 1.5 mm and 2.5 mm. A 6:1 contracting nozzle having a square outlet cross sectional area of 25 × 25 mm was used to blow air at ambient temperature on the top of the heat sinks with velocities varying from 2 to 20 m/s. The ratio of the gap between the jet exit and the pin tips to the pin height, the so-called tip clearance ratio, was varied from 0 (no tip clearance) to 1. The stagnation pressure recovered at the center of the heat sink was higher for tall pins than short pins. The pressure loss coefficient showed a little dependence on Re, increased with increasing pin density, and pin diameter, and decreased with increasing pin height and clearance ratio. The overall base-to-ambient thermal resistance decreased with increasing Re number, pin density and pin diameter. Surprisingly, the dependence of the thermal resistance on the pin height and clearance ratio was shown to be mild at low Re, and to vanish at high Re number.

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Victor Christy, John, Abdel-Hamid I. Mourad, and Jaber Abu Qudeiri. "Tribological Analysis of Squeeze Stir Cast Recycled Aluminum MMC’s." In ASME 2021 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2021-62819.

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Abstract In this work, squeeze stir casting was used to produce recycled Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites (MMC’s) plates. Scrap Aluminum Alloy Wheel (SAAW) was used as a matrix and alumina as reinforcement. The produced recycled MMC plate was subjected to abrasive and sliding wear using a Two-body abrasion tester and Pin-on-Disc tester with a load of 20 N. To improve the wear resistance of the recycled MMC, graphite (1% to 4%) and SiC (3% and 6%) were added to alumina, and the results were compared. The results showed that the addition of graphite and SiC to alumina decreased the wear rate and frictional forces compared to using alumina alone as reinforcements. Also, wear rates and frictional forces further reduced by increasing the percentage of graphite to 4%, whereas increasing the SiC content increased the wear. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis and microstructure analysis was conducted on these samples. These results confirmed that graphite and alumina exhibited better bonding to the SAAW matrix than SiC. Since this recycled Aluminum MMC achieves a cleaner production process, it has great industrial potential, including applications in the piping industry, and its tribological properties can be boosted using graphite (4% by wt.) with alumina (5% by wt.) as reinforcements.

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Hussain, Arsalan, Ali Usman, Farhan Ausaf, Samad Ali Taj, and Abdel Hamid Ismail Mourad. "Parametric Optimization of Friction Stir Welding (FSW) of Dissimilar Aluminum Alloys with Newly Developed Tool." In International Conference on Mechanical, Automotive and Mechatronics Engineering. Aksaray: ECER, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53375/icmame.2023.368.

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Friction stir welding is a rising solid-state material joining procedure which has revolutionized the world. It’s majorly utilized for joining aluminum and alike soft materials for industrial and commercial use. The present study comprised of experimental investigation of FSW operation parameters like tool rotational speed, tool transversal speed, and tool pin geometry profile on the tensile strength of friction stir welded joint between Al alloy 6061-T651 and Al alloy 5083-H321. Two newly developed pin profiles that are cylindrical quad slotted and cylindrical threaded quad slotted are used along with cyclindrical threaded tool pin profiles. Tool rotation speed selected for the operation are 600, 900 and 1200 revolution per minute and tool transversal speeds are 20, 40 and 60 milimetre per minute. Tools were produced from TS (Tool Steel) H-13. The FSW operation was conducted on vertical-axis milling machine. Tensile test, most widely used to experimentally varrify the strength of material is applied to check the weld strength performed through FSW. Taguchi design of experiment was used in order to investigate the optimum parameters with minimum number of experiments. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis are applied for evaluating the relative significance and importance of individual parameters affecting mechanical behavior of the weld joints. The result imply that tool’s pin geometry profile has a significant impact on the strength of weld joint cylindrical threaded quad slotted tool pin profile produced the best weld joints. This study also suggests that the increased motion of plasticized phase of Al in horizontal and vertical trajectory simultaneously, which was achieved with the help of cylindrical treaded quad slotted pin profile gives the best weld joint under the same circumstances in relation to other tools under studies. The study also suggests that best weld was achieved with highest tool rotational speed and lowest tool transversal speed.

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Sakano, Y., T. Iwai, and Y. Shoukaku. "Friction and Wear Properties of PTFE Composites Against 6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy Under Hydrogen Atmosphere." In ASME/STLE 2011 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2011-61258.

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The friction and wear properties of polymer were investigated under a hydrogen atmosphere, by using PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) and two kinds of PTFE composites. Experiments were also conducted in air, nitrogen, and vacuum environment. The experiment carried out by pin-on-disk friction and wears apparatus in the vacuum chamber. Pin specimens are no filling PTFE, Gr-filled PTFE (Gr filled with 25 wt%) and MoS2–filled PTFE (MoS2 filled with 25 wt%). Friction disk is aluminum alloy 6061-T6 with 0.02μm surface roughness. Aluminum alloy 6061-T6 is able to use for apparatus for hydrogen. After experiments, specific wear rate was calculated, specimen surface, wear track and wear debris were observed, surface profile of the wear track were measured. The specific wear rate of unfilled PTFE and PTFE/MoS2 of in air was lower than the other atmospheres. The A6061-T6 disk was worn by PTFE pin specimens and in the case of wear track was much rougher, the specific wear rate of pin specimens tended to increase without unfilled PTFE in air and PTFE/Gr.

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Rajab, Husam, Da Yin, and Hongbin Ma. "Effects of Al2O3-Water Nanofluid and Angular Orientation on Entropy Generation and Convective Heat Transfer of an Elliptical Micro-Pin-Fin Heat Sink." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-40335.

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This paper presents an investigation of the effect of nanofluid on the heat transfer performance in an elliptical micro-pin-fin heat sink including the influence of entropy generation and pin orientation. The orientation angle of pins is decreased with the number of pins in the array with a 90 degree angle for the first pin and a 0 degree angle for the last pin. To study the flow and heat transfer behaviors in a micro-pin-fin heat sink, steady Navier-Stokes and energy equations were discretized using a finite volume approach and were solved iteratively. Deionized (DI) water was used as a base coolant fluid while aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles were used in the present study with mean diameters of 41.6 nm. The results showed that (1) changing the angular orientation of pins can cause significant enhancement in heat transfer, (2) a significant enhancement of heat transfer can be attained in the system due to the suspension of Al2O3 nanoparticles in the base fluid in comparison with pure water, (3) enhancement of heat transfer is intensified with increasing volume fraction of nanoparticles and Reynolds and Prandtl numbers, (4) increasing volume fraction of nanoparticles, which is responsible for higher heat transfer performance, leads to a higher pressure drop, (5) using nanofluids as coolant can cause lower heat transfer entropy generation due to their high thermal properties, and (6) with increasing volume fraction and Reynolds and Prandtl numbers, overall entropy generation rate decreases.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Aluminum pin"

Roldan, S. 17-Inch Single Pin Aluminum Track Development Program for Future U.S. Marine Corps Tracked Vehicles. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada204818.

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Dunn, C. E., and N. L. Hastings. Biogeochemical survey of the Fraser Lake area using outer bark of Lodgepole pine (NTS 93K02/03): alkali metals, alkaline earths, manganese and aluminum, central British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/210376.

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Bryant, C. A., S. A. Wilks, and C. W. Keevil. Survival of SARS-CoV-2 on the surfaces of food and food packaging materials. Food Standards Agency, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.kww583.

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COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was first reported in China in December 2019. The virus has spread rapidly around the world and is currently responsible for 500 million reported cases and over 6.4 million deaths. A risk assessment published by the Foods Standards Agency (FSA) in 2020 (Opens in a new window) concluded that it was very unlikely that you could catch coronavirus via food. This assessment included the worst-case assumption that, if food became contaminated during production, no significant inactivation of virus would occur before consumption. However, the rate of inactivation of virus on products sold at various temperatures was identified as a key uncertainty, because if inactivation does occur more rapidly in some situations, then a lower risk may be more appropriate. This project was commissioned to measure the rate of inactivation of virus on the surface of various types of food and food packaging, reducing that uncertainty. The results will be used to consider whether the assumption currently made in the risk assessment remains appropriate for food kept at a range of temperatures, or whether a lower risk is more appropriate for some. We conducted a laboratory-based study, artificially contaminating infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus onto the surfaces of foods and food packaging. We measured how the amount of infectious virus present on those surfaces declined over time, at a range of temperatures and relative humidity levels, reflecting typical storage conditions. We tested broccoli, peppers, apple, raspberry, cheddar cheese, sliced ham, olives, brine from the olives, white and brown bread crusts, croissants and pain au chocolat. The foods tested were selected as they are commonly sold loose on supermarket shelves or uncovered at deli counters or market stalls, they may be difficult to wash, and they are often consumed without any further processing i.e. cooking. The food packaging materials tested were polyethylene terephthalate (PET1) trays and bottles; aluminium cans and composite drinks cartons. These were selected as they are the most commonly used food packaging materials or consumption of the product may involve direct mouth contact with the packaging. Results showed that virus survival varied depending on the foods and food packaging examined. In several cases, infectious virus was detected for several hours and in some cases for several days, under some conditions tested. For a highly infectious agent such as SARS-CoV-2, which is thought to be transmissible by touching contaminated surfaces and then the face, this confirmation is significant. For most foods tested there was a significant drop in levels of virus contamination over the first 24 hours. However, for cheddar cheese and sliced ham, stored in refrigerated conditions and a range of relative humidity, the virus levels remained high up to a week later, when the testing period was stopped. Both cheddar cheese and sliced ham have high moisture, protein and saturated fat content, possibly offering protection to the virus. When apples and olives were tested, the virus was inactivated to the limit of detection very quickly, within an hour, when the first time point was measured. We suggest that chemicals, such as flavonoids, present in the skin of apples and olives inactivate the virus. The rate of viral decrease was rapid, within a few hours, for croissants and pain au chocolat. These pastries are both coated with a liquid egg wash, which may have an inhibitory effect on the virus. Food packaging materials tested had variable virus survival. For all food packaging, there was a significant drop in levels of virus contamination over the first 24 hours, in all relative humidity conditions and at both 6°C and 21°C; these included PET1 bottles and trays, aluminium cans and composite drinks cartons.

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Dunn, C. E., and N. L. Hastings. Biogeochemical survey of the Ootsa-François lakes area using outer bark of Lodgepole Pine (NTS 93F/13, 14, and part of 12), alkaline earths, manganese and aluminum, north central British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/209915.

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Shenker, Moshe, Paul R. Bloom, Abraham Shaviv, Adina Paytan, Barbara J. Cade-Menun, Yona Chen, and Jorge Tarchitzky. Fate of Phosphorus Originated from Treated Wastewater and Biosolids in Soils: Speciation, Transport, and Accumulation. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697103.bard.

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Beneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levelsBeneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levels that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction.

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Dunn, C. D., and N. L. Hastings. Biogeochemical survey of the Nechako River area using outer back of Lodgepole pine (NTS 93 F/9, 93 F/10, 93 F/15, 93 F/16 and parts of 93 F/11, 93 F/14, 93 K/1 and 93 K/2), alkali metals, alkaline earths, manganese and aluminum, central British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/211477.

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