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Статті в журналах з теми "Aluminium contacts"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Kolaklieva, Lilyana, Roumen Kakanakov, V. Chitanov, Polina Dulgerova, and Volker Cimalla. "Search for a Suitable Ohmic Metallization Scheme to GaN/AlGaN Heterostructures for Sub-Micron Devices." Solid State Phenomena 159 (January 2010): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.159.81.

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Ohmic properties, thermal stability and surface morphology of Al-based and non-aluminium metallizations are investigated in dependence on the annealing temperature and initial composition. Non-aluminium contacts show poor ohmic properties, while contact resistivity of 3.47x10-5 Ω.cm2 is achieved for Ti/Al/Ti/Au metallization with a former-Ti/Al ratio of (30 wt.% /70 wt.%). Thermal properties of the Al-based metallization are improved by application of Mo layer as a barrier under the upper Au film of the contact structure. These contacts show excellent thermal stability at operating temperatures as high as 400oC. The less Al amount in the contact composition and Mo barrier layer contribute to the smoother surface and better edge acuity.

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2

Schwingenschlögl, U., and C. Schuster. "Geometry effects at atomic-size aluminium contacts." Chemical Physics Letters 439, no. 1-3 (May 2007): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2007.03.093.

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3

Ragay, F. W., M. R. Leys, and J. H. Wolter. "Aluminium layers as nonalloyed contacts top‐type GaAs." Applied Physics Letters 63, no. 9 (August 30, 1993): 1234–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.109782.

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4

Spieβ, L., O. Nennewitz, H. Weishart, J. Lindner, W. Skorupa, H. Romanus, F. Erler, and J. Pezoldt. "Aluminium implantation of p-SiC for ohmic contacts." Diamond and Related Materials 6, no. 10 (August 1997): 1414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-9635(97)00047-2.

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5

Meyer, Lennart, Martin Thedens, and Michael Beyer. "Incendivity of aluminium bronze in mechanical friction contacts." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 49 (September 2017): 947–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2017.02.003.

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6

Böhler, T., A. Edtbauer, and E. Scheer. "Point-contact spectroscopy on aluminium atomic-size contacts: longitudinal and transverse vibronic excitations." New Journal of Physics 11, no. 1 (January 23, 2009): 013036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/11/1/013036.

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7

Raina, Ankush, Mir Irfan Ul Haq, Ankush Anand, Sanjay Mohan, Rajiv Kumar, Subramanian Jayalakshmi, and Ramachandra Arvind Singh. "Nanodiamond Particles as Secondary Additive for Polyalphaolefin Oil Lubrication of Steel–Aluminium Contact." Nanomaterials 11, no. 6 (May 29, 2021): 1438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11061438.

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Nanodiamond (ND) particles are effective lubricant additives. Attention of research has shifted towards investigating the particles as secondary additives. ND particles provide more benefits as secondary additives than as the sole lubricant additive for steel–steel contacts. In this work, the influence of ND particles as secondary additives on oil lubrication of steel–aluminium tribopair (hard–soft contact) was examined. AISI 52100 steel balls were slid against AA2024 aluminium alloy discs, in the presence of polyalphaolefin (PAO) base oil, in boundary lubrication regime (applied normal load: 10 N to 50 N). Primary additives were copper oxide (CuO) and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanoparticles. The addition of ND particles to PAO, with CuO and h-BN as primary additives, at the lowest applied normal load of 10 N: (i) decreased the volumetric wear of the aluminium discs by 28% and 63%, respectively, and (ii) decreased the coefficient of friction by 15% and 33%, respectively. At the highest applied normal load of 50 N, it: (i) decreased the volumetric wear of the aluminium discs by 20% and 38%, respectively, and (ii) decreased the coefficient of friction by 5.4% and 8%, respectively. ND particles as secondary additives significantly reduce energy loss and power loss as a consequence of an effective reduction in friction during sliding. Unique characteristics of ND particles—such as their (a) physicochemical and thermal properties, (b) ball bearing and polishing effects and (c) synergistic interaction with primary additives to form stable tribofilms—enhance the lubrication performance of steel–aluminium contact. ND particles in combination with h-BN nanoparticles showed the best performance, due to better synergy between the primary additive and the secondary additive. Results from the investigation indicate that ND particles taken as secondary additives in small amount (0.2 wt%) can improve oil lubrication performance of hard–soft contacts in engineering systems.

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8

Yang, Ai Mei, Gui Zhong Li, Shao Ying Zhen, and Lai Jun Liu. "Electrode Interface Polarization in BaTiO₃-Based PTC Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 697 (July 2016): 248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.697.248.

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Electrodes play a vital role on the electrical properties of positive temperature coefficient (PTC) ceramics. An ohmic contract between ceramics and electrodes is necessary for the PTC effect. In this work, silver mixed aluminium electrode and pure silver electrode were pasted on BaTiO3-based PTC ceramics, which results in an ohmic contact and non-ohmic contact, respectively. Impedance spectroscopy and dielectric and conductivity properties was investigated at different temperature for the two contacts. Small difference of electrical properties was found between the two contacts above the Curie temperature. Below the Curie temperature, however, carriers could pass through the interface of ohmic contract but gather on the interface of non-ohmic contact. The latter resulted in a space charge polarization, which increased low-frequency dielectric permittivity.

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9

Kopecek, Radovan, Florian Buchholz, Valentin D. Mihailetchi, Joris Libal, Jan Lossen, Ning Chen, Haifeng Chu, et al. "Interdigitated Back Contact Technology as Final Evolution for Industrial Crystalline Single-Junction Silicon Solar Cell." Solar 3, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/solar3010001.

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We present our own Interdigitated Back Contact (IBC) technology, which was developed at ISC Konstanz and implemented in mass production with and at SPIC Solar in Xining, China, with production efficiencies of over 24%. To our knowledge, this is the highest efficiency achieved in the mass production of crystalline silicon solar cells without the use of charge-carrier-selective contacts. With an adapted screen-printing sequence, it is possible to achieve open-circuit voltages of over 700 mV. Advanced module technology has been developed for the IBC interconnection, which is ultimately simpler than for conventional double-sided contacted solar cells. In the next step, we will realize low-cost charge-carrier-selective contacts for both polarities in a simple sequence using processes developed and patented at ISC Konstanz. With the industrialisation of this process, it will be possible to achieve efficiencies well above 25% at low cost. We will show that with the replacement of silver screen-printed contacts by copper or aluminium metallisation, future IBC technology will be the end product for the PV market, as it is the best performing c-Si technology, leading to the lowest cost of electricity, even in utility-scale applications.

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10

Hu, Yi Ran, Mohammad M. Gharbi, Vivian Liang, Yang Zheng, Denis J. Politis, and Li Liang Wang. "The Galling Behavior of Advanced Coating Contacts with Aluminium Alloy during Sliding Wear." Key Engineering Materials 767 (April 2018): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.767.117.

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This paper investigates the galling behaviour of a range of hard coatings applied to tooling surfaces during the sheet forming of an aluminium alloy workpiece. A total of three types of tooling materials were investigated, two of which were subject to PVD deposited coatings of AlCrN, CrN and DLC applied to the working surface. The third tooling material had undergone induction heating, plasma-nitriding and polishing. To evaluate the galling behaviour of the applied coatings, a tribological evaluation was conducted using a pin-on-disc test set-up at a constant load and varying temperature. The coated discs, replicating the tooling material, were tested against aluminium alloy pins AA6082 and AA7075 representing the workpiece material. This investigation indicated that the friction and galling behaviour of aluminium is highly dependent on temperature, and the use of two different aluminium pins had no significant effect. At room temperature, it was found that carbon-based coatings provide the lowest friction and the best protection against galling, whilst nitride-based treatments exhibit better performance at high temperature. Moreover, at elevated temperatures, coated tools exhibit superior anti-galling properties compared to uncoated tools.

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11

Satdarova, Naila M., Pavel V. Rogozhin, and Maxim V. Nenashev. "Technological Aspects of Copper Plug-In Electrical Contacts Replacement by Aluminium." Applied Mechanics and Materials 698 (December 2014): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.698.215.

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The paper discusses some aspects of combined layers technology (aluminum substrate - copper sub-layer - silver coating) performed to replace copper with aluminum in electrical contact elements used in complete-distribution devices.

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12

Kádár, Zsolt, Andre Bossche, and Jeff Mollinger. "Aluminium press—on contacts for glass-to-silicon anodic bonding." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 52, no. 1-3 (March 1996): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-4247(96)80141-5.

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13

Chen, C., H. Bosse, and L. Deters. "Effects of various base oils and additives on the tribological behaviour of lubricated aluminium- on-aluminium and steel-on-aluminium contacts." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 223, no. 3 (January 16, 2009): 571–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/13506501jet511.

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14

Poletaev G. M. and Rakitin R. Y. "Influence of the orientation of Ti-Al interphase boundary on the mutual diffusion rate at the solid and liquid states of aluminium: molecular dynamics simulation." Physics of the Solid State 64, no. 4 (2022): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pss.2022.04.53495.247.

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The influence of the orientation of Ti-Al interphase boundary on the intensity of mutual diffusion at solid-phase and solid-liquid-phase contacts was studied by the method of molecular dynamics. Four orientations of the boundary with respect to the Ti (hcp) and Al (fcc) lattices were considered: (0001) : (111), (0001) : (001), (1010) : (111), (1011) : (001). At solid-phase contact, an important phenomenon influencing the intensity of mutual diffusion was the formation, due to the mismatch of the lattices of Ti and Al, of grain boundaries in Al parallel to the interphase boundary. This boundary was both the main source and sink of structural defects, including vacancies required for diffusion to proceed. In the case of solid-liquid-phase contact, after melting of aluminium, part of it near the interphase boundary remained in the crystalline state, repeating the titanium lattice. That is, the boundary between the crystal and the liquid metal was shifted by two or three atomic planes deep into the aluminium. For the considered orientations, concentration curves were obtained after simulating mutual diffusion at different temperatures. The flatter parts of the curves, which are responsible for the diffusion of Ti atoms deep into liquid Al, turned out to be similar for all orientations. However, the parts related to the diffusion of Al atoms into crystalline Ti were different: diffusion of Al atoms in Ti proceeded more intensively with the orientation of the boundary (0001) and more slowly with the orientations (1010) and (1011). Keywords: molecular dynamics, diffusion, interphase boundary, titan, aluminum.

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15

Pieczonka, T. "Disruption of an Alumina Layer During Sintering of Aluminium in Nitrogen." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 987–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0139.

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AbstractAluminium oxide layer on aluminium particles cannot be avoided. However, to make the metal-metal contacts possible, this sintering barrier has to be overcome in some way, necessarily to form sintering necks and their development. It is postulated that the disruption of alumina layer under sintering conditions may originate physically and chemically. Additionally, to sinter successfully non alloyed aluminium powder in nitrogen, the operation of both types mechanism is required. It is to be noted that metallic aluminium surface has to be available to initiate reactions between aluminium and the sintering atmosphere, i.e. mechanical disruption of alumina film precedes the chemical reactions, and only then chemically induced mechanisms may develop. Dilatometry, gravimetric and differential thermal analyses, and microstructure investigations were used to study the sintering response of aluminium at 620°C in nitrogen, which is the only sintering atmosphere producing shrinkage.

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16

Libraro, S., M. Lehmann, J. J. Diaz Leon, C. Allebé, A. Descoeudres, A. Ingenito, C. Ballif, A. Hessler-Wyser, and F. J. Haug. "Interactions between aluminium and fired passivating contacts during fire-through metallization." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 249 (January 2023): 112051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2022.112051.

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17

Shi, Zhen, Timo J. Hakala, Jarkko Metsäjoki, Géza R. Szilvay, and Feng Li. "Lubrication of aluminium versus diamond-like carbon contacts with hydrophobin proteins." Surface Engineering 33, no. 1 (December 18, 2015): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02670844.2015.1114234.

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18

Ekström, Mattias, Shuoben Hou, Hossein Elahipanah, Arash Salemi, Mikael Östling, and Carl Mikael Zetterling. "Low Temperature Ni-Al Ohmic Contacts to p-Type 4H-SiC Using Semi-Salicide Processing." Materials Science Forum 924 (June 2018): 389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.924.389.

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Most semiconductor devices require low-resistance ohmic contact to p-type doped regions. In this work, we present a semi-salicide process that forms low-resistance contacts (~10-4 Ω cm2) to epitaxially grown p-type (>5×1018 cm-3) 4H-SiC at temperatures as low as 600 °C using rapid thermal processing (RTP). The first step is to self-align the nickel silicide (Ni2Si) at 600 °C. The second step is to deposit aluminium on top of the silicide, pattern it and then perform a second annealing step in the range 500 °C to 700 °C.

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19

Zhang, Yuyan, Xiaoliang Yan, Xiaoqing Zhang, Juan Li, and Fengna Cheng. "Effects of inhomogeneity on rolling contact fatigue life in elastohydrodynamically lubricated point contacts." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 71, no. 5 (July 8, 2019): 697–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-01-2019-0029.

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PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the effects of inhomogeneities on the rolling contact fatigue (RCF) life in elastohydrodynamically lubricated (EHL) point contacts.Design/methodology/approachA numerical model for predicting the RCF life of inhomogeneous materials in EHL contacts was established by combining the EHL model and the inclusion model through the eigen-displacement and then connecting to the RCF life model through the subsurface stresses. Effects of the type, size, location and orientation of a single inhomogeneity and the distribution of multiple inhomogeneities on the RCF life were investigated.FindingsThe RCF life of a half-space containing manganese sulfide (MnS) inhomogeneity or the mixed inhomogeneity of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and calcium oxide (CaO) was longer than that for the case of Al2O3inhomogeneity. For a single ellipsoidal MnS inhomogeneity, increases of its semi-axis length and decreases of its horizontal distance between the inhomogeneity and the contact center shortened the RCF life. Furthermore, the relationship between the depth of a single MnS inhomogeneity and the RCF life was found. For the half-space containing multiple inhomogeneitites, the RCF life decreased remarkably compared with the homogeneous half-space and showed discreteness.Originality/valueThis paper implements the prediction of the RCF life of inhomogeneous materials under EHL condition.

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20

Perdih, Franc. "Tris(3-chloropentane-2,4-dionato-κ2 O,O′)aluminium". Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 68, № 6 (26 травня 2012): m806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536812023203.

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In the title compound, [Al(C5H6ClO2)3], the AlIII cation is situated on a twofold rotation axis and is coordinated by six O atoms from three 3-chloropentane-2,4-dionate ligands in an octahedral environment. Al—O bond lengths are in the range 1.8741 (14)–1.8772 (14) Å. In the crystal, molecules are linked via C—H...Cl contacts.

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21

Vassilevski, Konstantin, Irina P. Nikitina, Alton B. Horsfall, Nicolas G. Wright, Andrew J. Smith, and C. Mark Johnson. "Silicon Carbide Vertical JFET with Self-Aligned Nickel Silicide Contacts." Materials Science Forum 679-680 (March 2011): 670–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.679-680.670.

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Trenched implanted vertical JFETs (TI-VJFETs) with self-aligned gate and source contacts were fabricated on commercial 4H-SiC epitaxial wafers. Gate regions were formed by aluminium implantation through the same silicon oxide mask which was used for etching mesa-structures. Self-aligned nickel silicide source and gate contacts were formed using a silicon oxide spacer formed on mesa-structure sidewalls by anisotropic thermal oxidation of silicon carbide followed by anisotropic reactive ion etching of oxide. Fabricated normally-on 4H-SiC TI-VJFETs demonstrated low gate leakage currents and blocking voltages exceeding 200 V.

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22

Mamat, M. H., Nor Diyana Md Sin, I. Saurdi, N. N. Hafizah, Mohd Firdaus Malek, Mohd Nor Asiah, Zuraida Khusaimi, Zulkefle Habibah, Nayan Nafarizal, and M. Rusop. "Performance of Ultraviolet Photoconductive Sensor Based on Aluminium-Doped Zinc Oxide Nanorod-Nanoflake Network Thin Film Using Aluminium Contacts." Advanced Materials Research 832 (November 2013): 298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.832.298.

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In this research, we fabricated UV photoconductive sensor using aluminium (Al)-doped ZnO nanorod-nanoflake network thin film. These nanostructures were deposited on the seed-layer-coated glass substrate using sonicated sol-gel immersion method. By using Al contacts, it was found that the performance of the UV photoconductive sensor is very good. The responsivity of the device was 46.4 mA/W with sensitivity of 17.5 under 365-nm UV light (5 mW/cm2) at bias voltage of 10 V. Our study revealed that these nanostructures are very promising material for the UV photoconductive sensor applications.

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23

Yoffe, G. W., F. Karouta, J. H. Wolter, W. C. van der Vleuten, and M. R. Leys. "Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with periodic gain and aluminium top contacts." Electronics Letters 30, no. 10 (May 12, 1994): 794–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19940549.

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24

Gronostajski, Z., M. Hawryluk, R. Kuziak, K. Radwański, T. Skubiszewski, and M. Zwierzchowski. "The Equal Channel Angular Extrusion Process of Multiphase High Strength Aluminium Bronze / Proces Równokanałowego Wyciskania Kątowego Wysokowytrzymałych Wielofazowych Brązów Aluminiowych." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 57, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 897–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10172-012-0099-z.

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The aim of the research was to determine the deformation condition of ECAP process of multiphase high strength aluminium bronze BA1032. The studies have indicated that it is possible to deform multiphase aluminium bronze BA1032 in the ECAP process at a temperature of 400°C and die angle Φ =110°. The deformation of the bronzes at lower temperatures encounters some difficulties - cracks appear which make repeated ECAP impossible. The cracks appear on the top surface of the samples where it contacts the surface of the outlet channel. FEM simulations show that the largest plastic strains occur in this area. The proposed ECAP method of large plastic deformations as applied to the investigated aluminium bronzes makes it possible to obtain very strong refinement especially of eutectoid α + γ2.

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25

Posmyk, Andrzej. "TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE PISTON RINGS DESIGNED FOR OIL-FREE CONTACTS IN ECOLOGICAL TRANSPORT." Tribologia 299, no. 1 (May 31, 2022): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8986.

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The paper presents a comparison of tribological properties for two generations of sliding contacts, i.e. TG15/ Anodic Hard Coating and PASL/AlMC in oil-free piston compressors designed for ecological transport. In the first contact, the piston ring material is Teflon-graphite TG15 (PTFE+15% graphite), and in the other, an acetal-based (PA) sliding composite (PASL) with additional substances acting as solid lubricants (SL), i.e. PTFE, graphite and carbon fibres. Rings made of plastics slide under conditions of technically dry friction against a cylinder liner’s surface made of aluminium alloy and reinforced by an electrolytic oxide coating (AHC) in the case of the first contact and with a cylinder liner surface made of alloy reinforced by the addition of Al2O3fibres (AlMC composite) in the latter contact. During friction, the wear debris of the filler form a sliding film (transfer film) on the cylinder liner’s surface, which results in a friction coefficient from 0.12 to 0.1 without the use of oil or greases.

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26

Drevin-Bazin, Alexia, Jean Francois Barbot, Thierry Cabioch, and Marie France Beaufort. "Investigation of Al-Ti Ohmic Contact to N-Type 4H-SiC." Materials Science Forum 711 (January 2012): 184–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.711.184.

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Metal/semiconductor contacts have a great impact on device performances. Contact properties to wide band gap semiconductors, in particular, are more difficult to control due to the large potential barrier which arises when the metal is deposited on the semiconductor’s surface. Moreover, intrinsic interface states also lead to deviation of the Schottky-Mott limit and the barrier height is no more dependent of the work function of the metal. The contact property has also become very important with the race for miniaturisation toward the nanoscale. Contacts must also be adherent, able to resist to the temperatures for which SiC based-devices are intended, and also they should be compatible with conventional device processing techniques (die attachment). Ohmic contacts to SiC have thus been investigated for decades. The difficulties of controlling the interface properties between the metal and SiC to obtain low resistive ohmic contact have not been overcome yet; the specific contact resistance being proportional to the exponential of the barrier height for a given doping concentration. For example, nickel has been studied for the ohmic contacts on n and p-type, however the presence of voids at the interface has been reported leading to the degradation of the contact properties [1]. More recently low ohmic contact resistance has been reported of Au/Ti/Al/n-type-4H-SiC contact [2]. The formation of TiSi, TiSi2and Ti3SiC2has been reported according to x-ray diffraction experiments after annealing. The formation of Ti3SiC2(or MAX phase) has also been reported in TiAl-based contacts to both n-and p-type [3-6]. This ternary carbide layer is supposed to reduce the barrier height at the contact and thus leads to low contact resistances. The addition of Ge also leads to the formation of Ti3SiC2at lower temperature of annealing [7]. However, other compounds are frequently observed at the interface showing that the control of the interfacial structure must be optimized. The objective of our work is to obtain uniform epitaxial Ti3SiC2thin film on n-type 4H-SiC to form ohmic contact with low resistance by studying the influence of different parameters such as the role of Aluminium on the formation mechanisms, the polarity and doping dependence. The temperature and the annealing time are also parameters to be optimized for the improvement of the ohmic contact.

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27

Gelfgat, Mikhail, Alexey Alkhimenko, and Sergey Kolesov. "Corrosion and the role of structural aluminum alloys in the construction of oil and gas wells." E3S Web of Conferences 121 (2019): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912104003.

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This paper presents the main research results and examples of structural aluminium alloys (SAA) effective use in the oil and gas wells construction onshore and offshore. The known application cases are drill pipes, tubing and casing. Competitive properties of SAA for hydrocarbons exploration and production were identified as strength-to-weight ratio, high total corrosion resistance, including dissolved hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide, absence of cold-shortness effect. The issues with the natural properties of aluminum alloys requiring process and structural corrections were addressed as well. Technical solutions to neutralize characteristics, which limited SAA use in the wells construction have been advised and examples of implementation shown. Among them, technology of surface layers modification, coatings and methods of isolation contacts with other material, system of integrated corrosion protection and optimization of operation environment. Aluminum drilling riser (ADR) is one of the most striking examples of the object from SAA. ADR presents integrated solution of SAA application problems. Finally, SAA could successfully address well construction corrosion issues.

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28

Purenovic, J., V. V. Mitic, Lj Kocic, V. Pavlovic, M. Randjelovic, and M. Purenovic. "Intergranular area microalloyed aluminium-silicate ceramics fractal analysis." Science of Sintering 45, no. 1 (2013): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1301117p.

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Porous aluminium-silicate ceramics, modified by alloying with magnesium and microalloying with alluminium belongs to a group of advanced multifunctional ceramics materials. This multiphase solid-solid system has predominantly amorphous microstructure and micro morphology. Intergranular and interphase areas are very complex, because they represent areas, where numbered processes and interactions take place, making new boundaries and regions with fractal nature. Fractal analysis of intergranular microstructure has included determination of ceramic grain fractal dimension by using Richardson method. Considering the fractal nature of intergranular contacts, it is possible to establish correlation between material electrical properties and fractal analysis, as a tool for future correlation with microstructure characterization.

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29

Almurshedi, A., M. Atherton, C. Mares, T. Stolarski, and M. Miyatake. "Influence of design embodiment on the performance of squeeze-film levitation contacts." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 233, no. 11 (May 21, 2019): 1639–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650119852220.

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Conveying of lightweight and delicate parts is an important issue in some manufacturing processes. Two levitation devices, one based on horn transducer (Langevin type) and the other one in the form of a plain rectangular plate made of aluminium firmly fastened at both ends with a surface-mounted piezoelectric actuator, are compared. Both devices operate on a squeeze-film levitation mechanism. To this end, physical experiments were carried out and it was found that the device utilizing horn-type transducer yields better levitation performance.

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30

Bermudez, Maria Dolores, and Ana Eva Jimenez. "Surface interactions and tribochemical processes in Ionic Liquid lubrication of aluminium-steel contacts." International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering 1, no. 1 (2007): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsurfse.2007.013623.

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31

Ulrich, Christian M., Adham Hashibon, Jiřı´ Svoboda, Christian Elsässer, Dirk Helm, and Hermann Riedel. "Diffusion kinetics in aluminium–gold bond contacts from first-principles density functional calculations." Acta Materialia 59, no. 20 (December 2011): 7634–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2011.08.021.

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32

Chen, Yunxia, Ye, Chengfeng, Wang, Haizhong, Liu, and Weimin. "Tribological performance of an ionic liquid as a lubricant for steel/aluminium contacts." Journal of Synthetic Lubrication 20, no. 3 (October 2003): 217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsl.3000200304.

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33

Woski, Markus, and Norbert W. Mitzel. "Synthesis and Structure of an Aluminium-Nitrogen Heteronorbornane with Bulky tButyl Substituents and the Crystal Structure of Tri(tbutyl)aluminium." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 59, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2004-0305.

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The reaction of bis(lithiomethyl-methylamino)methane with ditbutylaluminium chloride leads to the formation of 3,3,6,6-tetra-tbutyl-1,4-dimethyl-3,6-dialumina-1,4-diaza-norbornane by simultaneous formation of two metal-carbon and two metal nitrogen bonds accompanied by two ring closure reactions. The compound was identified by an NMR analysis (1H, 13C, 27Al) and by determination of its crystal structure. Despite the high steric demand of the tbutyl groups, the norbornane-basket structure is favoured over potential isomers containing three-membered rings and over polymeric aggregation. The crystal structure of tri(tbutyl)aluminium has been determined. tBu3Al crystallizes as a monomer, with the molecules interconnected by weak secondary Al···C contacts (2.95 Å) leading to a slight deviation of the AlC3 units from a planar coordination geometry at the Al atoms

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34

POSMYK, Andrzej. "TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE COATINGS ON ALUMINIUM ALLOY PARTS FOR TRANSPORT MEANS." Tribologia 272, no. 2 (April 30, 2018): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6335.

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The present paper describes the structure, surface topography, and tribological properties of a DLC composite coating produced by magnetron sputtering on an engine cylinder liner AC-AlSi12NiCuMg (AC-47000) cast alloy as well as on AW-A6061 aluminium alloy matrix W6.A15A composite (AW-6061+10Al2O3P) used for the production of oil-less air compressor cylinders and car roof sliders. The DLC coating slid against a TG15 sliding composite under dry friction, which is an equivalent to the friction system for oil-less air compressors and against cast iron under limited lubrication conditions (boundary lubrication). The limited lubrication conditions are dominant during the starting of a cold combustion engine, when the viscosity of oil is too high and the splash lubrication is not sufficient. The DLC coatings’ properties are compared with the anodic hard coatings (AHC) and composite coating with an AHC matrix applied in sliding contacts presently used. The wear of composite TG15 during sliding against DLC was higher than during sliding against AHC. The DLC coating can replace the anodic hard coating and composite coatings on its matrix presently used in sliding contacts.

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35

Riba, Jordi-Roger, and Pau Bas-Calopa. "Analysing the pressure effect on the contact resistance of electrical connections." European Journal of Physics 43, no. 3 (March 14, 2022): 035806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6404/ac5636.

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Abstract We propose an experiment intended for undergraduate laboratories, with the aim to introduce different novelties as a subject for a practical session or students project. We deal with the different components of the resistance in an electrical connection, with special focus on the contact resistance and its dependence with the applied mechanical load or pressure at the interface, since for a fixed geometry and connection materials, the contact pressure has a leading role on the final value of the resistance. The topics analysed are suitable for students with intermediate knowledge of physics. The dependence of the electrical resistance of two metallic rough surfaces with the applied pressure is studied and measured in the laboratory, and the weight of their different components is determined from calculations, simulations and measurements. The pressure dependence of aluminium and copper contacts have been analysed, since they are the most commonly used materials in electrical connections.

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36

Fekkai, Zakia. "Optical, Morphological and Electrical Properties of Silver and Aluminium Metallization Contacts for Solar Cells." American Journal of Modern Physics 3, no. 2 (2014): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20140302.13.

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37

Kribes, Y., I. Harrison, B. Tuck, K. S. Kim, T. S. Cheng, and C. T. Foxon. "Investigation of aluminium ohmic contacts to n-type GaN grown by molecular beam epitaxy." Semiconductor Science and Technology 12, no. 11 (November 1, 1997): 1500–1505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/12/11/030.

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38

Bullock, James, Di Yan, and Andrés Cuevas. "Passivation of aluminium-n+silicon contacts for solar cells by ultrathin Al2O3and SiO2dielectric layers." physica status solidi (RRL) - Rapid Research Letters 7, no. 11 (August 29, 2013): 946–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssr.201308115.

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39

SHAFAI, T. S., and R. D. GOULD. "Electrical characteristics of lead phthalocyanine thin films using aluminium Schottky barriers and gold ohmic contacts." International Journal of Electronics 73, no. 5 (November 1992): 1043–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207219208925764.

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40

Faisal, M. H., and S. Prabagaran. "Micro structural and static structural analysis of LM6/B4C and LM6/B4C/GR hybrid aluminium metal matrix composites." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 1.1 (December 21, 2017): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.1.8919.

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This research work was performed to interpret the fabrication and mechanical characteristics of LM6/B4C and LM6/B4C/Gr aluminium matrix composites. The aluminium matrix composites were manufactured by reinforcing B4C particles with varying wt % of 3, 5, 7 using stir casting technique. LM6/B4C 7% composite was made hybrid by adding 2% Graphite into it. The presence of graphite in such composites provide the self-lubricating effect, replacing conventional sliding contacts (bearings, sheaves, pistons, pulleys) with them. This also helps to reduce the lubricating oil and fuel consumption along with environmental benefits reducing energy wastage in industrial and automotive components. The properties of the composites were collated with the base alloy to analyse the enhancement in mechanical characteristics that had been transmitted by the reinforcement particles to the composites. The specimen microstructure was inspected using an optical microscope to ensure the uniform distribution of reinforcement particles in the matrix. The piston was modelled in CREO and using ANSYS 14.5 workbench static structural analysis of LM6 alloy, LM6/B4C composite and LM6/B4C/Gr hybrid aluminium composites are executed. Compared to LM6 alloy, better static structural properties were obtained in composites and hybrid composite.

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41

Полетаев, Г. М., та Р. Ю. Ракитин. "Влияние ориентации межфазной границы Ti-Al на скорость взаимной диффузии при твердом и жидком состояниях алюминия: молекулярно-динамическое моделирование". Физика твердого тела 64, № 4 (2022): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2022.04.52180.247.

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The influence of the orientation of Ti-Al interphase boundary on the intensity of mutual diffusion at solid-phase and solid-liquid-phase contacts was studied by the method of molecular dynamics. Four orientations of the boundary with respect to the Ti (hcp) and Al (fcc) lattices were considered: (0001):(111), (0001):(001), (101 ̅0):(111), (101 ̅1):(001). At solid-phase contact, an important phenomenon influencing the intensity of mutual diffusion was the formation, due to the mismatch of the lattices of Ti and Al, of grain boundaries in Al parallel to the interphase boundary. This boundary was both the main source and sink of structural defects, including vacancies required for diffusion to proceed. In the case of solid-liquid-phase contact, after melting of aluminium, part of it near the interphase boundary remained in the crystalline state, repeating the titanium lattice. That is, the boundary between the crystal and the liquid metal was shifted by two or three atomic planes deep into the aluminium. For the considered orientations, concentration curves were obtained after simulating mutual diffusion at different temperatures. The flatter parts of the curves, which are responsible for the diffusion of Ti atoms deep into liquid Al, turned out to be similar for all orientations. However, the parts related to the diffusion of Al atoms into crystalline Ti were different: diffusion of Al atoms in Ti proceeded more intensively with the orientation of the boundary (0001) and more slowly with the orientations (101 ̅0) and (101 ̅1).

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42

Zhang, Hongtao, P. Desai, Y. Q. Zhan, A. J. Drew, W. P. Gillin, and T. Kreouzis. "The importance of holes in aluminium tris-8-hydroxyquinoline (Alq3) devices with Fe and NiFe contacts." Applied Physics Letters 104, no. 1 (January 6, 2014): 013303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4861120.

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43

Gonzalez, M., and E. R. Hodgson. "Radiation resistant bolometers with Al2O3 and AlN substrates, anodized aluminium support frames, and improved electrical contacts." Fusion Engineering and Design 84, no. 2-6 (June 2009): 829–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2009.01.002.

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44

Hollatz, Sören, Sebastian Kremer, Cem Ünlübayir, Dirk Uwe Sauer, Alexander Olowinsky, and Arnold Gillner. "Electrical Modelling and Investigation of Laser Beam Welded Joints for Lithium-Ion Batteries." Batteries 6, no. 2 (April 21, 2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries6020024.

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The growing electrification of vehicles and tools increases the demand for low resistance contacts. Today’s batteries for electric vehicles consist of large quantities of single battery cells to reach the desired nominal voltage and energy. Each single cell needs a contacting of its cell terminals, which raises the necessity of an automated contacting process with low joint resistances to reduce the energy loss in the cell transitions. A capable joining process suitable for highly electrically conductive materials like copper or aluminium is the laser beam welding. This study contains the theoretical examination of the joint resistance and a simulation of the current flow dependent on the contacting welds’ position in an overlap configuration. The results are verified by examinations of laser-welded joints in a test bench environment. The investigations are analysing the influence of the shape and position of the weld seams as well as the influence of the laser welding parameters. The investigation identifies a tendency for current to flow predominantly through a contact’s edges. The use of a double weld seam with the largest possible distance greatly increases the joint’s conductivity, by leveraging this tendency and implementing a parallel connection. A simplistic increase of welded contact area does not only have a significantly smaller effect on the overall conductivity, but can eventually also reduce it.

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45

Chen, Hao, Alessandro Chiasera, Cristina Armellini, Giorgio Speranza, Stefano Varas, Osman Sayginer, Antonio Alfano, et al. "Near-IR transparent conductive amorphous tungsten oxide thin layers by non-reactive radio-frequency magnetron sputtering." EPJ Web of Conferences 255 (2021): 05003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125505003.

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Key assets for transparent electric contacts in optoelectronic applications are high conductivity and large transparency over extended spectral range. Indium-Tin-Oxide and Aluminium-doped-Zinc-oxide are commercial examples, with their electrical conductivity resembling those of metals, despite, their transparency being limited up to 1.5µm. This work introduces smooth and compact amorphous thin films of n-type semiconducting WO3-x prepared by RF-sputtering followed by annealing in dry air, as optical layers of tailorable dielectric properties. We evaluate Figure of Merit, combining electrical conductivity and optical transparency, and rate the performances as a transparent conductive layer.

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46

Rusdi, Hashlina, Abd Rahman Azilah, Ri Hanum Yahaya Subban, and N. S. Mohamed. "Characterisation of Lithium Aluminium Titanium Phosphate as Solid Electrolytes Synthesized by Mechanical Milling Method." Advanced Materials Research 545 (July 2012): 190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.545.190.

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Lithium aluminium titanium phosphate (LATP) with different stoichiometric ratios according to the formula Li1+xAlxTi2-x(PO4)3 with x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.8 are prepared by mechanical milling method. The structural and electrical properties of the prepared samples are investigated by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and A.C Impedance Spectroscopy (IS). The XRD results showed that the sample milled for 60 hours has very low crystallinity with conductivity value of ˜10-7 S cm-1. The conductivity is enhanced by one order of magnitude upon sintering of the samples at 900 °C for 6 hours. This enhancement may be attributed to formation of improved grain homogeneity and contacts.

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47

Pakhuruddin, Mohd Zamir, Kamarulazizi Ibrahim, and Azlan Abdul Aziz. "Properties of Aluminium Thin Films on Polyimide Plastics as Back Contacts in Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells." Advanced Materials Research 620 (December 2012): 474–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.620.474.

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Aluminium (Al) thin films on polyimide (PI) plastic substrates prepared via thermal evaporation technique and annealed in nitrogen (N2) ambient at different temperatures (250 - 400°C, for 30 minutes) have been investigated. Structural properties of the as-evaporated film have been studied by high resolution X-ray diffraction (HR-XRD). The result illustrates crystalline nature of the Al thin film with a dominant Al (111) peak at 2θ = 38.4°. Atomic force microscope (AFM) shows increased surface roughness root mean square (RMS) with increased annealing temperature (with roughness of 11.96 nm at 400°C). Sheet resistance drops with increased temperature and records the lowest reading (64 mΩ/) at 400°C. Besides, increased annealing temperature also results in reduced surface reflectance (with minimum reflectance of 73% reflectance in the visible region at 400°C). The effects of the resulting Al back contact properties towards thin film silicon (Si) solar cells on PI substrates were subsequently discussed.

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48

Gajula, D. R., P. Baine, M. Modreanu, P. K. Hurley, B. M. Armstrong, and D. W. McNeill. "Fermi level de-pinning of aluminium contacts to n-type germanium using thin atomic layer deposited layers." Applied Physics Letters 104, no. 1 (January 6, 2014): 012102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4858961.

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49

Jiménez, A. E., M. D. Bermúdez, P. Iglesias, F. J. Carrión, and G. Martínez-Nicolás. "1-N-alkyl -3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids as neat lubricants and lubricant additives in steel–aluminium contacts." Wear 260, no. 7-8 (April 2006): 766–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2005.04.016.

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50

Xin, Zheng, Zhi Peng Ling, Puqun Wang, Jia Ge, Cangming Ke, Kwan Bum Choi, Armin G. Aberle, and Rolf Stangl. "Ultra-thin atomic layer deposited aluminium oxide tunnel layer passivated hole-selective contacts for silicon solar cells." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 191 (March 2019): 164–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2018.11.011.

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