Статті в журналах: "ALUMINIUM 6061"

1

Pranav, Domadala, Sruthi Sivaram, Mukesh Nadarajan, and Ashish Selokar. "Behaviour of Heat Treated Aluminium Alloy under Hardness Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 903 (April 2021): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.903.99.

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Currently, Aluminium (Al) 6061 material is used in various industrial application and Automobile sector. Al 6061 gives good formability and excellent mechanical properties. This paper is mainly focused on the behaviour of the heat-treated aluminium alloy-6061 under the various test such as hardness test, impact test and other industrial applications. Based on the outcomes of Heat treatment, the quality of the Aluminium alloy-6061 is also compared with that of Aluminium alloy-5083, 6063. Hence, this paper helps in future research, which is based on the behaviour of the Heat-treated aluminium alloy under Hardness test.

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2

Haga, Toshio, Hideki Inui, Ryoji Nakamura, Shinji Kumai, and Hisaki Watari. "Strip Casting of 6061 and Recycled 6061 Alloy by an Unequal Diameter Twin Roll Caster." Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (June 2011): 1911–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.1911.

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A 6061 aluminium alloy and an alloy with increased Fe content, representing recycled 6061 aluminium alloy were cast into strips at speed of 30m/min by an unequal diameter twin roll caster. The Fe content of 6061 aluminium alloy and the model of recycled 6061 aluminium alloy was 0.36 mass% and 0.59 mass%, respectively. Ripple marks, which are typical surface defect of roll cast strips, did not occur on the surface of both as-cast strips. Fe content did not influence the surface condition of the roll-cast-strip. The as-cast strip was cold rolled down to 1 mm, T4 heat treatment was conducted, and then subjected to180 degrees bending test. The result of 180 degrees bending test shows that roll cast 6061 aluminium alloy and 6061 aluminium alloy with increased Fe as recycled had bending ability as same as that of roll-cast 6022 aluminium alloy. In the strip cast by the twin roll caster of the present study, increased Fe content did not influence on the result of the180 degrees bending test.

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3

Wang, You Bin, and Jian Min Zeng. "The Effects of Mn Addition on Microstructure and Properties in 6061 Aluminium Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (November 2011): 1838–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.1838.

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The effects of Mn addition on the microstructure and hardness of 6061 aluminum alloy were studied by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM) , energy dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and hardness tester in this work. The results shows that rod and fishbone AlSiFeMn phase will be formed in the alloy with Mn addition in 6061 aluminium alloy, and the AlSiFeMn phase increases with the increasing of Mn content . By the mean of XRD, the Al4.07 Mn Si0.74 phase is found in the 6061 aluminium alloy from 0.7% to 1.5% Mn. The hardness increases with the increasing of Mn contents both for as-cast and for T6 heat treatment. However, the hardness growth rate for as-cast is much more than that for T6 heat treatment at the same Mn addition in the 6061 alloy. Mn has a little effect on the hardness for T6 heat treatment in 6061 alloy.

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4

Kou, L. Y., W. Y. Zhao, X. Y. Tuo, G. Wang, and C. R. Sun. "Effect of stress triaxiality on fracture failure of 6061 aluminium alloy." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 14, no. 2 (June 23, 2020): 6961–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmes.14.2.2020.33.0545.

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The effect of stress triaxiality on mechanical properties of 6061 aluminium alloy extruded profiles with different specimens was studied. Macroscopic mechanical property of the various specimen was got through universal testing machine. At the same time, stress triaxiality of different specimens was obtained using the method of finite element simulation. And then the fracture strain of each specimen was outputted by DIC. Fracture modes of 6061 aluminium alloy with different stress triaxiality were studied by SEM. The results show that taking tensile samples as comparison, the cross-sectional area of some notched specimens decreases and the peak load increases. Among them, the minimum cross-sectional area of the R5 central hole specimen is 20% smaller than that of the tensile sample, and the peak load is 28% larger. The fracture strain of the alloy increased with the decrease of stress triaxiality. For the same notch specimens, along the path direction, stress triaxiality of R5 notch specimens, R5 Center-hole specimens and R20 Arc notched specimens increased 47%, 17.8%, 25% respectively. According to the analysis of fracture morphology, the main fracture of 6061 aluminium alloy was ductile fracture. When the stress triaxiality is large, the dimples are small and sparsely distributed, and when the stress triaxiality is small, the dimple is large and evenly distributed. Finally, the Johnson-Cook model material parameters of 6061 aluminum alloy are fitted based on the tensile test results of different shapes of specimens, which can accurately simulate the elastic-plastic deformation and fracture instability of 6061 aluminum alloy under different stress states.

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5

Ab Rahim, Syaiful Nizam, and Mohd Amri Lajis. "Effects on Mechanical Properties of Solid State Recycled Aluminium 6061 by Extrusion Material Processing." Key Engineering Materials 730 (February 2017): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.730.317.

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In this research, mechanical properties of recycled 6061 aluminium alloy, produced by solid state recycling through extrusion, were compared to as-received billets. Aluminum 6061 chips were extruded using a hot extrusion machine. The effects of extrusion parameters on the mechanical properties of the produced recycled 6061 aluminium alloy were investigated. The objective of the study was to analyze the mechanical and structural features of the alloy after plastic consolidation. The extrusion processes were conducted at different preheat temperatures and preheat times, while the ram speed was kept constant. The findings of the study highlighted the potential of combining the extrusion process parameters as an efficient processing route for production of high quality and high-performance type of extruded billets. Tensile test results showed that, material extruded at 550°C exhibited better mechanical properties compared to that extruded at 400°C. The higher temperature resulted in a higher tensile strength being produced, at the expense of a trade-off in ductility. Overall, it was revealed that, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation (ETF) of the produced recycled 6061 aluminium through extrusion exhibited mechanical and structural properties comparable to those of the as-received billets.

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6

Rinderer, Barbara. "The Metallurgy of Homogenisation." Materials Science Forum 693 (July 2011): 264–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.693.264.

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Homogenisation of aluminium alloys is the high temperature heat treatment (450-600 °C) performed after casting and consists of three distinct steps; heat-up, soak and cooldown. This review considers the metallurgical importance of homogenisation and how it impacts on the further processing and final properties of some aluminium alloys, with emphasis on homogenisation of extrusion billet. The introduction of continuous homogenisation has significantly improved the temperature uniformity of homogenisation allowing the soak time to be minimised. Batch homogenisation, however, provides flexibility in practices tailored for different aluminium alloys. Soft 6060 and 6063 alloys are best homogenised at a higher soak temperature than harder alloys such as 6061 and 6082. The homogenisation cooling rate can also impact on the behaviour of the billet during extrusion processing as well as affecting the final mechanical properties. An understanding of the microstructural changes occurring as a result of homogenisation allows the cast house to ensure that the billet processing meets the customer requirements.

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7

Pradani, Yayi Febdia, Mochamad Sulaiman, and Saiful Hardiyanto. "ANALISIS TINGKAT KEKERASAN ALUMINIUM 6061 BERDASARKAN VARIASI MEDIA PENDINGIN PADA PROSES PACK CARBURIZING." Steam Engineering 2, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37304/jptm.v2i1.1663.

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Aluminium banyak digunakan sebagai bahan pembuat komponen mesin seperti piston, engine block, gear dan komponen lainnya karena sifat kekerasan dan keuletannya. Permasalahan yang sering timbul pada kekerasan permukaan adalah pengaruh dari gaya luar berupa benturan yang menyebabkan terjadinya deformasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh media pendingin terhadap tingkat kekerasan aluminium 6061 dengan proses pack carburizing. Bahan eksperimen pada penelitian ini menggunakan serbuk arang berukuran 80 mesh, yang dipanaskan menggunakan tungku furnace hingga 530°C dengan waktu penahanan 180 menit. Kemudian dilakukan tiga variasi quenching dengan air sumur, oli SAE 40 dan udara. Pengujian aluminium 6061 dilakukan sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan carburizing. Pengujian yang dilakukan yaitu pengujian kekerasan mikro Vickers, struktur mikro dan ketebalan pada lapisan karbon. Hasil penelitian menunjukan nilai kekerasan aluminium 6061 tanpa perlakuan sebesar 60,37 kg/mm2. Pasca perlakuan carburizing didapatkan nilai kekerasan 41,53 kg/mm2, 36,01 kg/mm2 dan 33,01 kg/mm2. Penurunan nilai kekerasan aluminium 6061 setelah diberi perlakuan carburizing disebabkan karena berubahnya struktur mikro dari aluminium 6061 setelah perlakuan carburizing dibandingkan dengan raw material. Hasil foto mikro pada spesimen uji menunjukkan bahwa setelah proses carburizing didominasi oleh fasa tidak stabil yang homogen, sehingga dapat menyebabkan nilai kekerasan menurun.

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8

Luo, Daming, Fan Li, and Guohua Xing. "Corrosion resistance of 6061-T6 aluminium alloy and its feasibility of near-surface reinforcements in concrete structure." REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 638–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rams-2022-0048.

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Abstract The durability of concrete structures is often reduced owing to the corrosion of reinforcement in an aggressive environment. Ordinary reinforcement methods, such as wrapping section steel or steel plate, are also vulnerable to corrosion. Using 6061-T6 aluminium alloy as near-surface reinforcement of the concrete structure is a feasible method. In this study, the corrosion resistance of 6061-T6 aluminium alloy bars was studied by simulating the coastal environment, atmospheric environment, and concrete internal environment with chloride solution, simulated acid rain solution, and saturated Ca(OH)2 solution. The corrosion rate of the 6061-T6 aluminium alloy in the above environments was tested using a weight loss method, and its corrosion resistance was evaluated using the metal corrosion resistance classification standard. Based on the electrochemical reaction mechanism, the polarisation properties and AC impedance spectra of steel and 6061-T6 aluminium alloy were compared, and the corrosion resistance mechanisms of steel and the 6061-T6 aluminium alloy in the above corrosive environments were obtained. The results show that the 6061-T6 aluminium alloy has better corrosion resistance than steel bars in chloride and atmospheric environments, with corrosion currents of 0.012 and 0.037 µA·cm−2, and 8-day corrosion rates of 0.051 and 0.031 mm·a−1, respectively. However, owing to the activity of the aluminium alloy, its corrosion resistance in an alkaline environment inside concrete is poor; the corrosion current is 0.22 µA·cm−2 and the 8-day corrosion rate is 16.166 mm·a−1. The research results can provide a reference for applying aluminium alloy bars as external prestressed concrete bars and near-surface steel bars.

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9

Lubis, M. Sobron Yamin, Abrar Riza, and Dani Putra Agung. "PENGARUH PARAMETER PEMESINAN TERHADAP KEKASARAN PERMUKAAN MATERIAL ALUMINIUM 6061 DAN 7075 PADA PROSES SEKRAP." Jurnal Muara Sains, Teknologi, Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jmstkik.v4i1.3414.

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Aluminum Alloy metal is widely used in making lightweight construction on machinery. To produce a flat metal alluminium alloy surface, a shearing machine is needed. There are two types of aluminum materials that are commonly used, namely Aluminum 6061 and 7075. In the process of forming metals using a scrap machine, it is important to determine the machining parameters because this is closely related to the surface conditions of the workpiece produced. Difficulties in determining the appropriate combination of machining parameters often result in work surface conditions that are not as expected or have a high roughness. With the right parameters, the quality of surface roughness can be predicted as planned before the machining process. The cutting parameters are cutting speed and cutting depth. In this study the cutting speed used varied, namely 4.68 m / min, 7.30 m / min, 11.70 m / min, 18.29 m / min with a cutting depth of 0.50 mm, 1.00 mm and 1 , 50 mm, to cut aluminum 6061 and 7075 using the HSS chisel. In the initial step, do the machine tool settings, place the chisel on the chisel holder, place the workpiece in vise, adjust the cutting speed, depth of feed, and perform machining. After machining, a surface roughness measurement is carried out using a surface test. From the results of the study it was found that the value of surface roughness is directly proportional to the depth of cut. The value of surface roughness is inversely proportional to cutting speed and hardness of the material. Determination of cutting speed through empirical equations based on surface roughness: aluminum alloy 6061 is: Ra = 23,366e-0,146Vc (µm) and aluminum alloy 7075 are: Ra = 13,482e-0.109Vc (µm). ABSTRAK Bahan logam aluminium Alloy banyak digunakan dalam pembuatan konstruksi ringan pada mesin-mesin. Untuk menghasilkan permukaan logam alluminium alloy yang rata, maka diperlukan mesin sekrap. Terdapat dua jenis material aluminium yang umum digunakan yaitu Aluminium 6061 dan 7075. Pada proses pembentukan logam dengan menggunakan mesin sekrap, adalah penting untuk menentukan parameter pemesinan Karena hal ini berkaitan erat dengan kondisi permukaan benda kerja yang dihasilkan. Kesulitan dalam menentukan kombinasi parameter pemesinan yang sesuai seringkali mengakibatkan kondisi permukaan benda kerja kerja yang tidak sesuai diharapkan atau memiliki kekasaran yang tinggi. Dengan parameter yang tepat, kualitas kekasaran permukaan dapat diprediksi seperti yang direncanakan sebelum proses pemesinan. Parameter pemotongan tersebut adalah kecepatan pemotongan dan kedalaman potong. Pada penelitian ini kecepatan pemotongan yang digunakan bervariasi yaitu 4,68 m/min,7,30 m/min, 11,70 m/min,18,29 m/min dengan kedalaman pemotongan 0,50 mm,1,00 mm dan 1,50 mm, untuk memotong aluminum 6061 dan 7075 dengan menggunakan mata pahat HSS.. Pada langkah awali dilakukan setting mesin perkakas, meletakkan mata pahat pada pemegang mata pahat, meletakkan benda kerja pada ragum, melakukan settingg untuk kecepatan pemotongan, kedalaman pemakanan, dan melakukan pemesinan. Setiap kali selesai pemesinan, dilakukan pengukuran kekasaran permukaan dengan menggunakan alat ukur surface test. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa nilai kekasaran permukaan berbanding lurus dengan kedalaman potong. Nilai kekasaran permukaan berbanding terbalik dengan kecepatan potong dan kekerasan material. Penentuan kecepatan potong melalui persamaan empiris berdasarkan kekasaran permukaan: aluminium alloy 6061 adalah: Ra = 23.366e-0.146Vc(µm) dan aluminium alloy 7075 adalah: Ra = 13.482e-0.109Vc(µm).

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10

Kareem, Ansar, Jaber Abu Qudeiri, Asarudheen Abdudeen, Thanveer Ahammed, and Aiman Ziout. "A Review on AA 6061 Metal Matrix Composites Produced by Stir Casting." Materials 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14010175.

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In recent years, many alloys as well as composites of aluminium were developed for enhanced material performance. AA 6061 is an aluminium alloy that has extensive applications due to its superior material characteristics. It is a popular choice of matrix for aluminium matrix composite (AMC) fabrication. This study provides a review on AA 6061 aluminium alloy matrix composites produced through the stir-casting process. It focusses on conventional stir-casting fabrication, process parameters, various reinforcements used, and the mechanical properties of the AA 6061 composites. Several research studies indicated that the stir-casting method is widely used and suitable for fabricating AA 6061 composites with reinforcements such as SiC, B4C, Al2O3, TiC, as well as other inorganic, organic, hybrid, and nanomaterials. The majority of the studies showed that an increase in the reinforcement content enhanced the mechanical and tribological properties of the composites. Furthermore, hybrid composites showed better material properties than single reinforcement composites. The usage of industrial and agricultural residues in hybrid composites is also reported. Future studies could focus on the fabrication of AA 6061 nanocomposites through stir casting and their material characterisation, since they have great potential as advanced materials.

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11

Hidayat, Hidayat. "OPTIMASI PARAMETER PROSES ANODISASI ALUMINIUM 6061 UNTUK KOMPONEN OTOMOTIF." Jurnal Teknik Mesin dan Pembelajaran 5, no. 1 (June 5, 2022): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um054v5i1p34-43.

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Paduan Aluminium banyak digunakan untuk berbagai tujuan karena senyawanya yang menarik dengan kekuatan khusus yang sangat baik, mudah dibentuk, metode pembuatan yang bagus, konduktivitas listrik yang tinggi dan ketersediaan dalam berbagai aplikasi, terutama untuk keperluan komponen otomotif. Aluminium 6061 dipelajari dalam penelitian ini karena merupakan salah satu material yang sering digunakan untuk aplikasi komponene otomotif. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Anodisasi. Tujuannya adalah untuk membangun lapisan oksida pada permukaan lembaran paduan Aluminium 6061, dan juga menganalisis struktur mikro dan sifat mekanik lapisan yang diendapkan. Pelapisan lapisan oksida dilihat dengan melakukan karakterisasi permukaan. Peningkatan kekerasan permukaan dengan uji kekerasan mikro dari 35,3 HV menjadi 65,8 HV. Uji adhesi untuk mengetahui kekuatan rekat dicapai dengan beban kegagalan sekitar 2023,9 mN. Sifat mekanik untuk kekerasan permukaan dan kekuatan rekat aluminium oksida yang dilapisi lembaran Aluminium 6061 meningkat

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12

Izumi, T., Goroh Itoh, Nobuhide Itoh, and Y. Sasaki. "Hydrogen Permeation Behaviour in Aluminium Alloys." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 1265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.1265.

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Aluminum alloy is one of the candidates for the liners of compressed hydrogen tank mounted to fuel cell vehicles. It is crucial to elucidate the behavior of hydrogen in the alloy sheet with one side being exposed to hydrogen gas. In the present work, using the hydrogen microprint technique, in 6061 and 7075 aluminum alloy sheets, relationship between hydrogen pressure and the molar quantity of hydrogen emitted from the inside has been investigated. Under any pressure, the quantity of emitted hydrogen is about 10 times smaller in the 7075 alloy than in the 6061 alloy. This indicates that the amount of hydrogen atoms accumulating in the 7075 alloy may be much larger than that in the 6061 alloy.

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13

Chen, Wei, Yanfei Gu, Yingping Guan, and Chunfa Dong. "Dynamic recrystallisation and modelling of microstructural evolution of high-titanium-content 6061 aluminium alloy." International Journal of Materials Research 111, no. 4 (May 1, 2020): 316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2020-1110407.

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Abstract The dynamic recrystallisation behaviour of high-titaniumcontent 6061 aluminium alloy was investigated by hot compression tests within the temperature range of 623- 783 K and at strain rates of 0.01 -10 s-1. The characteristics of the true stress-strain curves acquired in the hot compression tests were investigated, and it was observed that the dynamic recrystallisation of high-titanium-content 6061 aluminium alloy occurs within the range of deformation temperatures of 623 -783 K, with strain rates of 0.001 - 0.1 s-1as evinced by a physically-based constitutive analysis. The kinetic model of dynamic recrystallisation was deduced to describe the dynamic recrystallisation behaviour of high-titanium-content 6061 aluminium alloy, and the dynamic recrystallisation grain size model was also constructed.

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14

Wang, Bin, Hong Yan Zhang, Fang Fei Dong, and Tian Yu Zhu. "Self-Piercing Riveting Process Simulation of Joining Aluminium Alloy Sheets." Advanced Materials Research 499 (April 2012): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.499.67.

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In this study, a numerical model was built to simulate the self-piercing riveting (SPR) process using commercial LS-DYNA ﬁnite element code. The difficulties in numerical simulation of the SPR process, such as large deformation and fracture, were resolved by the use of an explicit solution process combined with the r-adaptive meshing method. The model was applied to joining two sheets of 6061 aluminium alloy. The effects of die geometry, rivet material properties and the adaptive step size in numerical calculation were studied, using 6061 aluminum sheets as a model system. The simulation agrees well with the experimental results in terms of geometric characterisitcs of the cross-sections of the joints formed.

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15

Pillajo, C., A. Melo, F. Neto, J. Casanova, M. M. da S. Paula, J. Anglada-Rivera, J. H. L. Silva, R. S. Silva, L. Aguilera, and Y. Leyet. "Shorter and efficient heat treatment parameters for 6061/6063 aluminium alloys." Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 60, no. 4 (October 2, 2021): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00084433.2021.2014724.

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16

Khan, Md Faseeulla, Gaurav Sharma, and D. K. Dwivedi. "Weld-bonding of 6061 aluminium alloy." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 78, no. 5-8 (December 17, 2014): 863–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-014-6670-1.

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17

Zhang, Zheng, Jin Ping Zhuang, Xue Chao Chen, and Zhi Bin Wang. "Analysis on In-Plane Seismic Performance of Aluminium Beams under Cyclic Bending." Advanced Materials Research 1049-1050 (October 2014): 365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1049-1050.365.

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The in-plane mechanical properties of aluminium beams under cyclic bending were analyzed and contrasted to those of steel beams. In order to carry out research on in-plane seismic performance of aluminium beams, a finite element analysis method was presented. The method was based on general FEA software, ANSYS. The analysis method considered the effects of material nonlinearity and geometrical nonlinearity. On this basis, hysteretic curves and reversal skeleton curves of 6061-T6 aluminium beams, 6061-T4 aluminium beams and Q235 steel beams under cyclic bending were get and contrasted. The analysis shows that the in-plane seismic performance of the aluminium beams is similar with the low carbon steel beams and is notably influenced by material properties.

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Zhang, Zheng, Yong Qian Zheng, Xue Chao Chen, and Zhi Bin Wang. "Finite Element Analysis on Hysteretic Behavior of Aluminium Columns under Cyclic Loading." Advanced Materials Research 1049-1050 (October 2014): 264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1049-1050.264.

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The mechanical properties of axial compression aluminium members under cyclic loading were studied and compared with those of steel columns. In order to proceed to theoretical study on hysteretic behavior of aluminium columns, a method by finite element analysis was proposed. The method was based on FEA software, ANSYS. The analysis methods considered the effects of material nonlinearity, geometrical nonlinearity and initial imperfection. On this basis, hysteretic curves, reversal skeleton curves and stiffness degradation curves of 6061-T6 aluminium columns, 6061-T4 aluminium columns and Q235 steel columns under axial cyclic loading were obtained and compared. Results show that the hysteretic behavior of the aluminium columns is similar with the low carbon steel columns and is significantly influenced by constitutive relationship.

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Suhail Nazir Wani and Munish Baboria. "A critical analysis of collision dynamics pertaining to aluminum micro particles on aluminium 6061 alloy substrate in cold spray additive manufacturing process." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 8, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2023.8.1.0354.

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Cold spray (CS) is a form of additive manufacturing process, involving the accumulation of ductile metal micro particles to create new surface coatings or free-standing structures. Metallic particles are accelerated through a gas stream, experience a high-strain-rate microscopic ballistic collisions against a target substrate. It yields tremendous amounts of kinetic energy from extreme plastic deformation of the particles and substrate. In this paper, the dynamic behavior of aluminium micro-particles during the collision is analysed using micro-ballistic method. Aluminum 6061 alloy particles, approximately 20 μm in diameter, impact and rebound off aluminum 6061 alloy substrate target surface over a broad range of surrounding temperatures and impact velocities. This, in turn, can provide insight into the underlying material science behind the cold spray process.

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Kaliappan, S., A. Shanmugam, Pradeep Johnson, M. Karthick, S. Sekar, Pravin P. Patil, M. K. S. Sai, K. P. Yuvaraj, and Venkatesan Govindaraajan. "Impact of AlN-SiC Nanoparticle Reinforcement on the Mechanical Behavior of Al 6061-Based Hybrid Composite Developed by the Stir Casting Route." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (August 25, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1399618.

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The enhancement of composites’ mechanical characteristics (tensile, compressive, and hardness) is a constant demand for technological advancement. The stir casting process is used to make the hybrid aluminium alloy metal matrix composites Al 6061-SiC-AlN in our present study. To create mechanical qualities such as tensile, compressive, and hardness, silicon carbide and aluminium nitride (both 3% and 6%) were utilized as the reinforcement. The tensile strength, compressive strength, and hardness of the Al 6061-SiC-AlN hybrid composites samples were determined. The tensile, compressive, and hardness parameters of Al 6061-SiC-AlN hybrid composites are estimated and evaluated to those of the matrix Al 6061 alloy. With the inclusion of silicon carbide and AlN nanoparticles, the tensile strength, compressive strength, and hardness increased from 328 to 385 MPa, 145 to 178 Mpa, and 302 to 724 VHN, respectively.

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Braun, Reinhold. "Investigation on Microstructure and Corrosion Behaviour of 6XXX Series Aluminium Alloys." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 735–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.735.

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Microstructure and corrosion behaviour of 6061 and 6013 sheet material were investigated in the naturally aged and peak-aged heat treatment conditions. Transmission electron microscopy did not reveal strengthening phases in the naturally aged sheet. In the peak-aged temper, β’’ precipitates were observed in alloy 6061, whereas both β’’ and Q’ phases were present in 6013- T6 sheet. Marked grain boundary precipitation was not found. Corrosion potentials of the alloys 6061 and 6013 shifted to more active values with increasing aging. For the copper containing 6013 sheet, the potential difference between the tempers T4 and T6 was more pronounced. When immersed in an aqueous chloride-peroxide solution, alloy 6061 suffered predominantly intergranular corrosion and pitting in the tempers T4 and T6, respectively. On the contrary, 6013 sheet was sensitive to pitting in the naturally aged condition, and intergranular corrosion was the prevailing attack in the peak-aged material. Both alloys 6061 and 6013 were resistant to stress corrosion cracking in the tempers T4 and T6.

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Solay, Anand S., and B. Mohan. "An ANN Approach in Prediction of Microhardness in a Furnace Cooled Sintered P/M 6061 Aluminium Compacts." Advanced Materials Research 548 (July 2012): 258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.548.258.

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In this paper the effect of particle size of aluminium powder and furnace controlled cooling after sintering on porosity level and micro hardness of an elemental 6061 aluminium alloy has been investigated experimentally and the micro hardness value is compared with the Neural network algorithm using matlab. The algorithm used here are Gradient Descent Back propagation with Adaptive Learning Rate. Aluminium particle sizes of 20µm and 150µm were used. The elemental 6061 aluminium powders are warm compacted at 175MPa. After sintering for about one hour at 600°C, the aluminium compacts were furnace cooled at the rate of 1°C/min to different temperatures of 500°C, 400°C, 300°C and 200°C. When the cooling temperature after sintering inside the furnace is effected at various temperatures from 600°C to 200°C, for a precipitate hardened aluminium compacts with aluminium particle size of 20µm, the porosity level reduced by 26% and that for aluminium particle size of 150µm, the porosity level reduced by 23%. Marked improvement in micro hardness value is also observed correspondingly. Then the Neural Network was trained using the prepared training set which was recorded by the experimental values. At the end of the training process, the test data were used to check the accuracy result. As a result the Neural Network was found successful improvement in prediction of microhardness in a slow cooled sintered powder metallurgical 6061 Aluminium alloy.

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23

Lesmana, Sigit Dwi, Mulianti Mulianti, Delima Yanti Sari, and Andril Arafat. "ANALISA KEKUATAN IMPACT PADA ALUMINIUM 6061 DENGAN VARIASI LAPISAN SERAT KARBON APLIKASI KERANGKA MOBIL LISTRIK." Jurnal Vokasi Mekanika (VoMek) 3, no. 1 (February 5, 2021): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/vomek.v3i1.183.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kekuatan material aluminium 6061 diberi perlakuan pelapisan serat karbon dengan variasi ketebalan 3 mm, 5 mm, dan 7 mm menggunakan metode uji impact charpy. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode eksperimen. Metode ini biasa digunakan untuk mengetahui hubungan sebab dan akibat. Penelitian ini hanya berfokus pada kekuatan material, di luar pada analisis struktur kekuatan rangka mobil prototipe sehingga diharapkan dapat dijadikan bahan kajian atau informasi untuk dunia kerja dan memberikan informasi yang positif untuk pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan khususnya ilmu bahan. Hasil dari pengujian impact yaitu aluminium dengan lapisan 3 mm sebesar 0,26 joule/mm2, nilai ini turun dari pada aluminium tanpa lapisan sekitar 0,29 joule/mm2. Selanjutnya aluminium dengan lapisan 5 mm sebesar 0,23 joule/mm2, nilai ini turun dari pada aluminum tanpa lapisan dan aluminium dengan lapisan 3 mm sekitar 0,32 joule/mm2 dan 0,03 joule/mm2. Turunnya nilai harga impact disebabkan oleh kurangnya lekatan dari serat karbon terhadap aluminium. aluminium dengan lapisan 7 mm sebesar 0,45 joule/mm2, dan aluminium tanpa lapisan sebesar 0,55 joule/mm2. Semakin tebal lapisan serat semakin tinggi nilai energi serap. Melihat analisis yang telah dikaji, kekuatan yang didapatkan, diketahui dengan ketebalan lapisan manakah yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan dari kerangka mobil listrik melalui pengujian impact.

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24

Pratama, Indra, and Muhammad Akhlis Rizza. "PENGARUH PARAMETER PEMOTONGAN PADA PROSES FRAIS TERHADAP KEKASARAN PERMUKAAN MATERIAL ALUMINIUM 6061." Jurnal Teknik Ilmu Dan Aplikasi 2, no. 2 (June 7, 2022): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jtia.v2i2.63.

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Proses pemesinan yang biasanya digunakan dalam proses produksi membutuhkan ketelitian yang tinggi untuk mendapatkan hasil yang baik. Ketelitian, kepresisian dan kualitas permukaan menjadi prioritas utama yang menjadi acuan dalam pengerjaan proses pemesinan. Hasil permukaan benda kerja yang baik salah satu yang diharapkan dari setiap pengerjaan. Tingkat kepresisian dan kekasaran permukaan benda kerja yang dihasilkan harus sesuai dengan kebutuhan. Menyadari bahwa permukaan yang dikerjakan pada proses pemesinan selalu timbul kekasaran, gelombang dan kerataan pada permukaan.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh kecepatan putaran spindel dan kedalaman pemakanan terhadap tingkat kekasaran permukaan material aluminium 6061 menggunakan mesin frais CNC dengan tipe VMC 1000B. Metode penelitian ini adalah eksperimen menggunakan mesin frais CNC tipe VMC 1000B dengan material Aluminium 6061. Variasi pemotongan berupa kecepatan putaran spindle (1700 rpm,1800 rpm,1900 rpm) dan kedalaman pemakanan (0,1 mm, 0,2 mm, 0,3 mm). Proses pengefraisan dengan melakukan penyayatan permukaan benda kerja, setelah itu dilakukan uji kekasaran permukaan menggunakan 2 alat, yang pertama menggunakan alat surface roughness tester dan yang kedua menggunakan mikroskop digital guna mengetahui hasil kekasaran permukaan material Aluminium 6061. Hasil penelitian pengaruh variasi kecepatan spindel dan kedalaman pemakanan pada proses frais terhadap kekasaran permukaan material Aluminium 6061 diperoleh, hasil uji statistik dari pengujian eksperimen faktorial menggunakan software Minitab 19 maka yang berpengaruh paling signifikan adalah tingkat kekasaran benda kerja berdasarkan kecepatan putaran spindel. Hal ini dibuktikan nilai P-Value 0.000 dengan α = 0.05. Kecepatan putaran spindel dengan nilai kekasaran permukaan terendah adalah kecepatan putaran spindel yang terbesar, karena menghasilkan kekasaran permukaan alumunium 6061 paling rendah dengan nilai uji kekasaran permukaan 0.17 µm.

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Zhang, Zheng, Xue Chao Chen, Yong Chao Ma, and Zhi Bin Wang. "Analysis on Out-of-Plane Seismic Stability Performance of Aluminium Beams under Cyclic Bending." Advanced Materials Research 1049-1050 (October 2014): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1049-1050.369.

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The out-of-plane mechanical properties of aluminium beams under cyclic bending were studied and contrasted to those of steel beams. In order to carry out research on out-of-plane seismic stability performance of aluminium beams, a method by finite element analysis was proposed. The method was based on FEA software, ANSYS. The analysis methods considered the effects of material nonlinearity, geometrical nonlinearity and initial imperfection. Based on above, hysteretic curves, reversal skeleton curves and stiffness degradation curves of 6061-T6 aluminium beams, 6061-T4 aluminium beams and Q235 steel beams under cyclic bending were get and contrasted. Results show that the out-of-plane seismic stability performance of the aluminium beams is lower than the low carbon steel beams and is significantly influenced by material properties.

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Zaiedah Nasir, Nurulhilmi, Mohd Ahadlin Mohd Daud, Mohd Zulkefli Selamat, Ahmad Rivai, and Sivakumar Dhar Malingam. "The Effect of Heat Treatment on Fatigue and Mechanical Properties of 6061 Aluminium Alloy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 699 (November 2014): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.699.227.

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This paper investigated the effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties and microstructure of 6061 aluminium alloy. The aluminium alloys were examined in the heat treated conditions, using different quenching media, water and oil. The alloy was solution heat treated at temperature of 529oC for one, three and five hour respectively. Aging treatment was carried out at temperature of 160oC which is assumed to be the best temperature for ageing process. Hardness measurement was carried out using a Brinell Hardness Tester Machine. The results shows hardness and impact strength are inversely proportional to each other, as the hardness of 6061 aluminium alloy decreases and impact strength increases.

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Sidik, Jaelani. "PENGARUH VARIASI TEMPERATUR PERLAKUAN PANAS AGING TERHADAP SIFAT MEKANIK ALUMINIUM AA 6061." T R A K SI 19, no. 1 (November 19, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26714/traksi.19.1.2019.1-8.

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Aluminium 6061 banyak digunakan dalam industri, baik industri otomotif, peralatan rumah tangga dan konstruksi. Dengan penggunaanya di berbagai bidang dengan karateristik yang berbeda, tentu diperlukan sebuah metode dalam meningkatkan nilai kekuatannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan nilai kekuatan mekanik aluminium 6061. Perlakuan panas aging merupakan sebuah metode yang dapat meningkatkan nilai kekuatan mekanik. Variasi temperatur aging pada penelitian ini yaitu 175, 200 dan 225 dengan waktu tahan selama 1 jam dan didinginkan diudara terbuka. Kemudian dilakukan pengujian yang terdiri dari uji kekerasan, uji tarik dan uji impak. Hasil pengujian menunjukan bahwa perlakuan panas aging mempengaruhi sifat mekanik aluminium. Nilai kekerasan maksimum, kekuatan tarik maksimum dan harga impak tertinggi tercapai pada temperature aging 175°C dengan nilai masing-masing 31.66 HRB, 231.67 Mpa dan 0.0290 Kg.m/mm2. Namun semakin meningkatnya temperature aging, nilai kekerasan, nilai kekuatan tarik cenderung menurun. Penurun nilai sifat mekanik alumunium 6061 dikarenakan kondisi over aging pada suhu 200°C dan 225°C.

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Bataineh, Omar, and Mohammad Smadi. "Using Artificial Neural Networks to Predict Hardness and Impact Toughness of Aluminum Alloy 6061-T6." Materials Science Forum 1079 (December 26, 2022): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-3l7vo5.

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Predicting the material's mechanical properties is essential for reducing testing time, cost, and effort. In this study, the effect of temperature and holding time on the hardness and impact toughness of Al 6061 was investigated using the design of experiments (DOE) methodology. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the results of DOE-factorial experiments. Two factors with five replicates were studied in the experiments: temperature with four levels (393.15, 423.15, 453.15, and 483.15 oK) and holding time with four levels (60, 120, 180, and 240 min). An artificial neural network (ANN) model was constructed to predict the hardness and impact toughness of precipitation-hardened 6061 aluminium alloy. The results revealed that the temperature, holding time, and interaction between them were significant factors on the hardness and impact toughness of Al 6061. ANN models' accuracy to predict the hardness and impact toughness of precipitation-hardened 6061 aluminium alloy was 99.1% and 97.6%, respectively. In this work, the ANN model accuracy was larger than ANOVA accuracy.

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Wibawa, Lasinta Ari Nendra, and Dwi Aries Himawanto. "ANALISIS KETAHANAN BEBAN DINAMIS MATERIAL TURBIN ANGIN TERHADAP KECEPATAN PUTAR ROTOR (RPM) MENGGUNAKAN METODE ELEMEN HINGGA." Simetris: Jurnal Teknik Mesin, Elektro dan Ilmu Komputer 9, no. 2 (November 20, 2018): 803–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24176/simet.v9i2.2343.

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Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang ketahanan beban dinamis material CFRP dan Aluminium 6061 untuk material turbin angin terhadap kecepatan putar rotor (rpm). Desain 3 (tiga) bilah turbin angin menggunakan airfoil NACA 2415 dengan panjang 500 mm. Analisis dilakukan secara numerik dengan menggunakan software Autodesk Inventor Professional 2017. Variasi kecepatan rotor yang digunakan yaitu 100 rpm, 200 rpm, 300 rpm, dan 400 rpm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan material CFRP memiliki faktor keamanan yang lebih baik daripada material Aluminium 6061 saat pengujian dengan menggunakan kecepatan rotor 400 rpm.

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Petre, Marin, Cristian Dinu, Nicuşor Constantin Drăghici, and Valeriu Andrei. "Prediction of the residual stress after quenching of 6061 aluminium alloy plates by using mathematical modelling." ITM Web of Conferences 34 (2020): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20203402007.

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The purpose of this article is to better understand the behavior of the residual stresses in aluminium alloy plates by using mathematical modelling. Quenching of aluminium alloy plates causes an uneven temperature variation in aluminum alloy plates, and elastic and elasto-plastic deformations occur inside the material. The latter causing the formation of deformations and residual stresses. The non-linear thermo-mechanical direct coupled analysis of the quenching process for a 6061 aluminium alloy plate was achieved by using ANSYS ﬁnite element software. The residual stresses due to solid thermal effects were determined by calculation of the Third principal stresses, the most negative or compressive. The developed mathematical model oﬀers a support in the understanding the behavior of the residual stresses in aluminium alloy plates and a better control of them.

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Sitorus, Fransnazoan, Armasyah Ginting, and Basuki Wirjosentono. "Penyelidikan Karakteristik Lapisan Diamond Film Pahat Karbida Terhadap Pembebanan Mekanik Pada Pembubutan Kering." Jurnal Inotera 1, no. 1 (July 27, 2017): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31572/inotera.vol1.iss1.2016.id6.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkarakterisasi lapisan diamond-film yang digunakan sebagai bahan pelapis pahat karbida khususnya bahan pelapis (diamond-film CVD), sehubungan dengan adanya laporan penelitian perihal kegagalan fungsi dari bahan pelapis pahat karbida yang digunakan pada proses pemesinan kering bahan non-ferro metal pada awal proses pemotongan berlangsung (initial wear). Kajian karakteristik lapisan diamond-film pahat dilakukan melalui pendekatan beban mekanik melalui proses pemesinan kering menggunakan bahan paduan aluminium 6061. Kondisi pemotongan yaitu v= 350 m/min; f= 0.15 mm/put; a= 1.5 mm pada fasa Initial-wear (tc= 1.736 min). Uji beban mekanik menggunakan bahan uji berkekerasan berbeda, Aluminium 6061 (53.3 HRB/95 HV) dan AISI 1070 (93.3 HRB/200 HV), hasil pengujian pada bahan uji Aluminium 6061 diperoleh keadaan Aus-abrasive VB= 0.070 mm, dan pada bahan uji AISI 1070 diperoleh keadaan Aus tepi VB= 0.250 mm, analisa menggunakan scanning electron microscope (SEM) dan energy dispersive analysis X-Ray spectroscopy (EDAX), hasil pengujian diperoleh sebaran unsur pelapis diamond-film pada bahan uji Aluminium 6061 terhadap kondisi pemotongan diperoleh keadaan unsur material pelapis diamond film masih signifikan. Kemudian pada bahan uji AISI 1070 terhadap kedua kondisi pemotongan diperoleh keadaan unsur material pelapis diamond-film signifikan. Dari hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa pendekatan beban mekanik tidak ditemukan peristiwa pengelupasan lapisan diamond-film pahat karbida, fenomena yang terjadi terhadap ketiga pendekatan yang dilakukan adalah peristiwa hilang bertahapnya sebagian volume material pelapis diamond-film yang melapisi material substrate akibat Aus pengikisan lapisan (abrasive-coating wear).

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Takahashi, Yoshimasa, Hiroaki Yoshitake, Takahiro Shikama, Hiroshi Noguchi, and Masanori Takuma. "Giga-Cycle Property of a New Age-Hardened Aluminium Alloy Containing Excess Solute Magnesium." Key Engineering Materials 577-578 (September 2013): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.577-578.293.

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The giga-cycle property of a newly developed Al alloy, which contains 0.5wt.% excess Mg solute compared to a standard age-hardened 6061 alloy (6061-T6), was investigated by using smooth specimens subjected to ultrasonic fatigue. The fatigue strength of the new alloy was higher than that of a normal 6061 alloy particularly at relatively low stress amplitude level. Several analyses (surface crack observation, fractography, FIB cross-sectioning, etc.) were also conducted to reveal the micro-mechanism of the observed strength properties. The following results were obtained: i) No fatigue limit was confirmed for both 6061 and new alloy. ii) Total life (Nf) of 6061 and new alloys was determined by a single fatigue crack initiated from a surface PSB crack. iii) Crack initiation resistance defined by N25 (number of cycles to reach ρ = 25 mm-2, where ρ is the PSB crack number density) for new alloy was higher than that of 6061. iv) The higher fatigue strength of new alloy was explained by the effect of excess Mg solute which increased the resistance against the formation of PSB cracks.

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A. Asseala, S., Badr M. Abd El-Bary, and A. M. Khourshid. "EROSION-CORROSION BEHAVIOUR OF 6061 ALUMINIUM ALLOY." ERJ. Engineering Research Journal 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/erjm.2004.82600.

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34

Luster, J. W., M. Thumann, and R. Baumann. "Mechanical properties of aluminium alloy 6061–Al2O3composites." Materials Science and Technology 9, no. 10 (October 1993): 853–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mst.1993.9.10.853.

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35

PRAMANIK, A., A. K. BASAK, M. N. ISLAM, and G. LITTLEFAIR. "Electrical discharge machining of 6061 aluminium alloy." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 25, no. 9 (September 2015): 2866–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(15)63912-7.

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36

C K, Mr Arun, and Prof Divya K K. "Investigation on Buckling Behaviour of RC Rectangular Long Column Confined with Aluminium Mesh." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 4 (April 30, 2023): 746–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.50178.

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Abstract: Confinement provided in the column enhances the strength characteristics, load bearing capacity, ductile properties, energy absorption and overall durability of the structure. This paper analytically investigate the bucking behaviour of long column confined with aluminium mesh. Here the confinement material taken as alloy of aluminium specifically Al-T6- 6061.Less corrosion, high strength to weight ratio, material availability in the market make the Al-T6-6061 as a peculiar one suitable for the confinement of long column. Buckling load, ultimate load and deformation are investigated analytically using finite element software Ansys workbench 2021 R2. Aluminium mesh confinement enhances the load bearing capacity of the long column. Witnessed 14.1% increase of buckling load w.r.t conventional long column.

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37

Du Toit, Madeleine, and Kalenda Mutombo. "The influence of pulsed gas metal arc welding on the fatigue and corrosion-fatigue properties of wrought aluminium 6061-T651." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 66, no. 6 (November 4, 2019): 719–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-01-2019-2065.

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Purpose This paper aims to characterise the hardness, tensile properties, corrosion behaviour and fatigue properties (in air and in a 3.5 per cent NaCl solution) of aluminium 6061-T651 in the as-received and as-welded conditions. Design/methodology/approach Aluminium 6061-T651 plate material, prepared with double-V or square butt joint preparations was welded using semi-mechanised or mechanised pulsed gas metal arc welding. Magnesium-alloyed ER5356 or ER5183 filler material or silicon-alloyed ER4043 filler wire was used. The material was characterised in the as-supplied and as-welded conditions, and fatigue tests were performed in air and in a 3.5 per cent NaCl solution. The fatigue results were compared to the reference fatigue design curves for aluminium published in Eurocode 9 – Part 1-3. Findings Significant softening, attributed to the partial dissolution and coarsening of precipitates, grain growth and recrystallisation during welding, was observed in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the 6061-T651 welds. During tensile testing, failure occurred in the HAZ of all 6061 welds tested. Welding reduced the room temperature fatigue life of all specimens evaluated. In 6061 welds, failure occurred preferentially in the softened HAZ of the welds. The presence of a corrosive environment (a 3.5 per cent NaCl solution in this investigation) during fatigue testing reduced the fatigue properties of all the samples tested. Corrosion pits formed preferentially at second phase particles and reduced the overall fatigue life by accelerating fatigue crack initiation. Originality/value The fatigue properties of welded aluminium structures under dynamic loading conditions have been studied extensively. Welding is known to create tensile residual stresses, to promote grain growth, recrystallisation and softening in the HAZ, and to introduce weld defects that act as stress concentrations and preferential fatigue crack initiation sites. Several fatigue studies of aluminium welds emphasised the role of precipitates, second phase particles and inclusions in initiating fatigue cracks. When simultaneously subjected to a corrosive environment and dynamic loading, the fatigue properties are often adversely affected and even alloys with good corrosion resistance may fail prematurely under conditions promoting fatigue failure. The corrosion-fatigue performance of aluminium welds has not been systematically examined to date.

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Tripathi, Harshit, Rajvir Singh, Sushil Kumar, J. D. Sharma, and Sumit Bhardwaj. "An Investigation of Mechanical Properties by Reinforcing Steel Mesh into Aluminium Alloy 6061." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1219, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1219/1/012027.

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Abstract The application of aluminium-based composite is increasing day by day in structural and aerospace engineering sectors due its exceptional properties such as higher strength to weight ratio, excellent mechanical properties, and high corrosion resistance. In the current study the Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) with Aluminum alloy (AA) 6061 as matrix and steel mesh as reinforcement was fabricated by two routes. First, by hot rolling the steel mesh sandwiched between two 3 mm thick AA 6061 sheets and second by the pouring of AA 6061 over and below the steel mesh placed in horizontal plane in a sand mold such that the mesh gets completely incorporated at the centre of casting subsequently hot rolling them to obtain MMC. One specimen obtained by each route was given T6-heat treatment (HT). The microstructural study was done to characterize the composites formed and their mechanical properties such as hardness and tensile strength were compared with HT cast-rolled and HT rolled sheets of same thickness. The superior Ultimate tensile strength of 155.4MPa was shown by samples obtained by HT cast-rolled sheet with steel mesh sample than other samples.

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Hussain, Nur Fadzila, D. Sivakumar, Mohd Ahadlin bin Daud, Sivaraos, and Mohd Zulkefli Selamat. "Study of Interfacial Shear of Aluminium/Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Fiber Metal Laminates." Applied Mechanics and Materials 789-790 (September 2015): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.789-790.131.

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This paper examines the interfacial shear properties of a new fiber metal laminates based on oil palm fiber reinforced polypropylene. The adhesive shear strength based on two type of surface treatment technique had been studied to determine the best technique to ensure a good bonding for fiber metal laminates based on oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber reinforced polypropylene (EFB pp) composite and aluminium 6061. Adhesion between aluminum and EFB pp composite was achieved by incorporating modified polypropylene adhesive film and surface treatment of Al sheets. Differential Scanning Calorimetry test showed the suitable bonding temperature between the composite and glue to be between 140°C to 155°C which is lower than the melting temperature of polypropylene. The applied surface treatment of ethanol solvent wipe and NaOH chemical etch though have effect on the surface roughness but have no significant effect on the maximum adhesion shear stress. The modified polypropylene adhesive film selected for this work is suitable to bond EFB pp composite with aluminium 6061 and both surface treatment is equally suitable.

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Shaari, Mohd Rafiza, Zuhailawati Hussain, Indra Putra Almanar, and Nguyen Van Thuong. "Comparison of Friction Stir and Tungsten Inert Gas Weldments of AA6061-T6." Advanced Materials Research 858 (November 2013): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.858.19.

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In this research, 6061-T6 aluminum alloys were welded using friction stir welding and tungsten inert as techniques in order to investigate the microstructure and mechanical properties. FSW of aluminium alloys has showed better mechanical properties compared to the conventional welding, tungsten inert gas (TIG). FSW weldment did not show any pores at the nugget zone compared to fusion zone in TIG weldment which produced a lot of pores.

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41

He, Ting, Wei Shi, Song Xiang, Chaowen Huang, and Ronald G. Ballinger. "Influence of Aging on Corrosion Behaviour of the 6061 Cast Aluminium Alloy." Materials 14, no. 8 (April 7, 2021): 1821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14081821.

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The influence of AlFeSi and Mg2Si phases on corrosion behaviour of the cast 6061 aluminium alloy was investigated. Scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and in situ observations by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were used. It was found that Mg2Si phases were anodic relative to the matrix and dissolved preferentially without significantly affecting corrosion propagation. The AlFeSi phases’ influence on 6061 aluminium alloy local corrosion was greater than that of the Mg2Si phases. The corroded region width reached five times that of the AlFeSi phase, and the accelerating effect was terminated as the AlFeSi dissolved.

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42

Muthazhagan, Chinnasamy, A. Gnanavelbabu, G. B. Bhaskar, and K. Rajkumar. "Influence of Graphite Reinforcement on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum-Boron Carbide Composites." Advanced Materials Research 845 (December 2013): 398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.845.398.

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This paper deals with the mechanical properties in conventional heat treatment of Al (6061)-B4C-Graphite. Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) is fabricated through two step stir casting method. The composites were fabricated with various volume percentage levels as Aluminium reinforced with (5, 10 &15%) Boron Carbide and (5,10 & 15%) of Graphite. Fabricated composites were subjected to conventional heat treatment for enhancing the mechanical properties. Influences of Graphite reinforcement on mechanical properties of Aluminum-Boron carbide composites were analyzed. The microstructure studies were also carried out. It is observed that increasing the graphite content within the aluminum matrix results in significant decrease in ductility, hardness, ultimate tensile strength. The addition of boron carbide conversely increased the hardness of the composites.

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Martijanti and Syahminan. "Pengaruh Variasi Jenis Logam Pengisi pada Pengelasan Alumunium 6061-T4 dengan Proses GTAW terhadap Sifat Mekanik." Jurnal Teknik: Media Pengembangan Ilmu dan Aplikasi Teknik 6, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.26874/jt.vol6no1.266.

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Pengelasan merupakan teknologi yang banyak digunakan untuk penyambungan logam. Namun hasil pengelasan yang diterapkan pada paduan aluminium tidak selalu menghasilkan sambungan dengan kualitas yang baik, hal ini dapat disebabkan salah satu faktornya adalah dalam menentukan jenis logam pengisi. Penentuan jenis logam pengisi ini akan menentukan kekuatan hasil las dari paduan aluminium. Untuk melihat sejauh mana pengaruh jenis logam pengisi tersebut, maka pada penelitian ini penulis menentukan tiga jenis logam pengisi yaitu ER 4043, ER 2319, ER 5056 pada proses pengelasan GTAW untuk paduan Aluminium 6061-T4. Dari hasil pengujian tarik diperoleh nilai kekuatan tarik terbesar pada paduan Aluminium 6061-T4 yang menggunakan jenis logam pengisi ER 4043 yaitu sebesar 19,694 kgf/mm2. Hasil distribusi kekerasan untuk ketiga jenis logam pengisi nilai kekerasan paling rendah terletak pada daerah HAZ sehingga pada pengujian tarik spesimen patah rata-rata di daerah HAZ karena pada daerah tersebut terjadi overagedregion.

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Maganti, Naga Venkata Ramesh, and Ravikanth Raju Potturi. "Investigation on Mechanical and Machinability Properties of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite Reinforced with Titanium Oxide (TiO2) and Graphite (Gr) Particles." Trends in Sciences 20, no. 11 (August 25, 2023): 5682. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2023.5682.

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This research paper deals with the preparation process and testing of metal matrix composites comprising Aluminium alloy (Al 6061) as the base metal and Titanium oxide (TiO2) and Graphite (Gr) as reinforcements. Due to their high specific strength, superior malleability, lightweight, stiffness and excellent resistance to corrosion, oxidation and wear, the aluminium metal matrix composites are preferred in the automobile and industrial sectors for component manufacturing. No work reported on machinability properties of Titanium oxide (TiO2) and Graphite (Gr) reinforced aluminium composites so far. This study prepared and studied samples composed of variable proportions of titanium oxide and graphite. The samples were prepared using the stir casting method. While stirring, the required additives were added to the molten aluminium mixture. To perform the tests, the samples were prepared according to standard dimensions after solidification. The mechanical properties of the prepared composite were examined using various test procedures, such as strength and hardness. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the microstructure of the test composite samples. The EDAX test confirmed the presence of graphite and Titanium oxide in the aluminium based composite specimens. Furthermore, machining was done to study the cutting forces on the tool. The test results showed a significant impact of the reinforced materials on the mechanical and machinability properties of aluminium metal matrix composites. Gr decreases hardness, while TiO2 increases it. TiO2 and Gr reinforcements increase the tensile strength of Al 6061 composites. The addition of TiO2 decreased the composite's elongation. The proof strength of 2 % Al6061 was high, however it decreased with 3 % Gr and increased with TiO2 reinforcement. Reinforcements increase cutting forces during machining; when comparing the machining of Al 6061 to that of 3 % Gr and 5 % TiO2, a 50 % increase in cutting forces is noticed. However, excessive reinforcements may reduce cutting forces due to poor matrix-reinforcement adhesion. HIGHLIGHTS The mechanical and machinability properties of aluminium metal metrics reinforced with Titanium oxide (TiO2) and graphite (Gr) have not been reported so far in the literature. In this study, aluminium based composites reinforced with variable proportions of titanium oxide and graphite were prepared and studied. The fabrication process was done by stir casting by adding the required additives into the molten mixture of aluminium, followed by continuous stirring. The solidified samples were cut according to the standard dimensions and various test procedures were conducted to examine the mechanical and machinability properties of the prepared composites. Gr reduces hardness, whereas TiO2 enhances it. TiO2 and Gr reinforcements boost Al 6061 composite tensile strength. TiO2 addition reduced elongation of the composite. 2 % proof strength of Al 6061 was strong, however it dropped with 3 % Gr and rose with TiO2 reinforcement. Reinforcements results higher cutting forces while machining, however excessive supplements lower cutting forces may be due to poor matrix-reinforcement bonding. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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B E, Chandan Gowda. "Experimental Investigation on Zirconia Reinforced Aluminium 6061 Metal Matrix Composite." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 7 (July 31, 2022): 3311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.45691.

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Abstract: Composites prepared of aluminium that are reinforced with particles are frequently used in applications related to aerospace, defence, marine and space due to their exceptional characteristics, such as their high corrosion resistance, high fatigue resistance, high strength, high stiffness, high wear resistance, etc. In the current work, Zirconium dioxide was added in various percentages from 0.5% to 1.5% to Aluminium Alloy Al6061 composites using stir casting technique. The samples were made in accordance with ASTM standards for hardness, tensile strength, and microstructure analysis. Zirconium dioxide particles were found in the aluminium matrix according to microstructure investigations done with an optical microscope. The current study says that Zirconium dioxide was evenly distributed throughout the aluminium matrix and that there were no holes or porosities in the matrix. More than the base metal aluminium alloy, it had higher tensile strength and hardness qualities. Tensile strength and hardness qualities increased with an increase in zirconium dioxide content up to 1.5%.

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46

Vijayakumar, R., C. Ramesh, R. Boobesh, R. Ram Surya, and P. Souder Rajesh. "Investigation on automobile wheel rim aluminium 6061 and 6066 Alloys using ANSYS WORKBENCH." Materials Today: Proceedings 33 (2020): 3155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.798.

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DOSSOU, FAUSTIN, and RAYNALD GAUVIN. "THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE FRACTAL DIMENSION OF FRACTURED SURFACES AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF 6061/Al2O3/10-20%p." Fractals 02, no. 02 (June 1994): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x94000272.

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The mechanical properties of a 6061 aluminium alloy and of a composite material 6061/ Al 2 O 3/10-20% p have been mesured after heat treatments using a tensile test. Fracture surfaces profiles were used to mesure fractal dimension using the step divider method. The fractal dimension of the fractured surfaces of the composite material 6061/ Al 2 O 3/10-20% p depend on the aging and on the particle volume fraction but is independent of aging time for the unreinforced alloy.

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48

Septiawan, Diama Rizky, Wijoyo Wijoyo, Alfian Wahyu Nugroho, and Mansyur Abdul Shaleh. "Pengaruh Variasi Bentuk Pin pada Friction Stir Welding terhadap Sifat Mekanik Sambungan Las Beda Materail antara Al 6061 – Al 5083." Creative Research in Engineering (CERIE) 3, no. 2 (July 28, 2023): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/cerie.v3i2.17522.

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Анотація:

Pengelasan dua jenis logam yang berbeda banyak diaplikasikan pada dunia maufaktur sekarang ini karena bermacam seperti untuk optimasi sifat-sifat mekanis dan korosi serta pertimbangan ekonomi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi bentuk pin tool terhadap kekuatan tarik, kekuatan impak, ditribusi kekerasan, struktur makro, struktur mikro dan komposisi kimia dari logam aluminium yang berbeda seri dengan hasil pengelasan Friction Stir Welding pada dua jenis alumunium.Bahan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah aluminium 5083 dan 6061. Bahan dilas dengan metode Friction Stir Welding. Variasi bentuk pin tool menggunakan tirus beralur, silinder beralur dan segi empat. Pengujian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini meliputi pengujian tarik, pengujian impak, pengujian kekerasan, pengamatan struktur makro, pengamatan struktur mikro dan komposisi kimia Al 6061 dan Al 5083. Tahap pengujian untuk mengetahui kekuatan tarik mengacu pada ASTM E8/E8M-09 dengan dimensi spesimen panjang 100 mm, lebar 10 mm dan tebal 5 mm, sedangkan untuk pengujian impak mengacu pada ASTM E23-07a dengan dimensi panjang 55 mm, lebar 10 mm dan tebal 5 mm dengan kedalaman takik 2 mm dan pengamatan foto struktur makro, mikro dan komposisi kimia Al 6061 dan Al 5083.Hasil pengujian diketahui nilai kekuatan tarik maksimal dengan bentuk pin tool tirus beralur sebesar 210,6 MPa dan regangan sebesar 117,3 MPa lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan logam induk Al 6061 sebesar 293,7 MPa dan Al 5083 sebesar 260 MPa. Nilai ketangguhan impak dari bentuk pin tool tirus beralur sebesar 0,58 J/mm2. Hasil struktur mikro pada weld metal mengalami perubahan struktur pada semua bentuk pin tool. Hasil uji komposisi kimia pada bahan Al 5083 dan Al 6061 ada perubahan kadar pada Aluminium sebesar 97,02% dan Magnesium sebesar 1,985%.

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Sandhanshiv, Rahul D., and Dilip M. Patel. "Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Nickel Coated Carbon Fibre Rod Reinforced Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite Material for using in Automobile Application." Advanced Engineering Forum 46 (June 28, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-ik37iv.

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A carbon fibre (CF) in the form of a rod (continuous fibre) was used as reinforcement due to its superior strength and modulus properties. Carbon fibre rod reinforced aluminium 6061 alloy metal matrix composite material was synthesized using the stir casting liquid metallurgy route. Aluminium based metal matrix composite materials are light in weight. Very few researchers were worked on carbon fibre rod reinforced metal matrix composites (MMC). Electroless nickel deposition on carbon fibre rods (2mm and 3mm diameter) were carried out for improvement in wettability. On carbon fibre rods, the effectiveness of electroless nickel coating was validated using SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and EDAX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy) analysis. A further coating thickness of nickel was improved using nickel electroplating. In a cast iron mould, nickel-coated carbon fibre rods were arranged in a circular pattern. Completely degassed molten aluminium 6061 alloy was poured in cast iron mould at 600-700 °C. The enhancement in Tribological and mechanical properties is always a prerequisite for technological advancement in automobile sector. From synthesized composites (11.11% Vol. CF and 25% Vol. CF reinforcement) specimen were prepared for density tests, bulk and microhardness tests, friction and wear tests. Synthesized composite has low density, increased bulk and microhardness, low coefficient of friction and reduced wear rate in comparison with aluminium 6061 alloy. Keywords: Carbon Fibre (CF) rod, MMC, Nickel coating, Casting, Mechanical, Tribological

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Yu, Peng, Ma Qian, Dacian Tomus, Craig A. Brice, Graham B. Schaffer, and Barry C. Muddle. "Electron Beam Processing of Aluminium Alloys." Materials Science Forum 618-619 (April 2009): 621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.618-619.621.

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Electron beam (EB) direct manufacturing is an additive near-net shape digital fabrication process developed recently. The process offers a promising route for the fabrication of intricate speciality aluminium alloy parts for aircraft and aerospace applications because of the excellent energy coupling between an electron beam and aluminium. As part of a fundamental study on EB manufacturing of Al alloys, this work investigates the effect of the EB processing parameters on the development of the molten pool and the solidification characteristics of Al 2219 and Al 6061 alloys. The samples were processed using a 50kV electron beam gun over a wide range of beam currents (10-40mA) and welding speeds (0.3-0.86m/min) in both the static and oscillation focus modes. In the static focus mode, the molten pool is wedge-shaped; while in the oscillation focus mode, the molten pool is hemispherical, wider and shallower. In both cases, the depth and width of the molten pool increase with increasing beam current but they are less affected by the moving speed of the EB gun in the range 0.3-0.86m/min. Electron beam re-melted and subsequently re-solidified Al 2219 and Al 6061 alloys show microstructural features distinct from those obtained under sand casting and direct chill casting conditions. In particular, fine intermetallic precipitates in the size range 100-200nm are prominent in the equiaxed grains formed in the re-solidified weld beads of Al 6061 compared to the coarse intermetallic particles up to 10m in size prior to EB processing. EB processing offers opportunities for aluminium alloy development.

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