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Статті в журналах з теми "Alternatives ranges"
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Lang, Chao, Manish Kumar, and Robert J. Hickey. "Current status and future directions of self-assembled block copolymer membranes for molecular separations." Soft Matter 17, no. 46 (2021): 10405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sm01368h.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Block copolymer separation membranes are energy efficient alternatives to thermal processes but are limited to nanometer ranges. Here, the review discusses synthetic and self-assembly strategies to overcome current constraints and advance the field.
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Hinzpeter, Jaime, Alvaro Zamorano, Maximiliano Barahona, Germán Möller, Joaquín Espinoza, Miguel del Campo, Robin Piron, Joaquín M. Sepúlveda, Tamara Bustamante, and Nestor Lagos. "Management of Arthrofibrosis of the Knee after an Arthroscopic Meniscectomy with Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin. Case Report." International Physiology Journal, no. 2 (April 20, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2578-8590.ipj-18-2018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the use of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin in a patient with arthrofibrosis of the knee. Arthrofibrosis is a common complication of knee surgery that tends to manifest itself as a limitation of the musculoskeletal ranges. Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin has been proposed as an alternative treatment for painful musculoskeletal pathologies. Subjects: Use of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin in arthroscopic menisectomy. Case report. Methods: Three doses of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin were administered in an intra-articular manner on different days. Functionality, musculoskeletal ranges, pain at rest and pain during motion were evaluated. Results: The current alternatives for management of arthrofibrosis include the use of oral steroids, physiotherapy, mobilization under anesthesia and the liberation of arthroscopic debris. This case is the first report of the use of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin. The adverse effects the patient presented coincided with those described in the literature but without the presence of severe reactions. Improvement in functional tests, progress in musculoskeletal ranges and a decrease in the level of pain were achieved. Adverse effects included parenthesia and a feeling of weightlessness.
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XU, ZESHUI, and QINGLI DA. "PROJECTION METHOD FOR UNCERTAIN MULTI-ATTRIBUTE DECISION MAKING WITH PREFERENCE INFORMATION ON ALTERNATIVES." International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 03, no. 03 (September 2004): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219622004001161.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper, we study the uncertain multiple attribute decision making problems with preference information on alternatives (UMADM-PIA, for short), in which the information on attribute weights is not precisely known, but value ranges can be obtained. A projection method is proposed for the UMADM-PIA. To reflect the decision maker's preference information, a projection model is established to determine the weights of attributes, and then to select the most desirable alternative(s). The method can reflect both the objective information and the decision maker's subjective preferences, and can also be performed on computer easily. Finally, an illustrative example is given to verify the proposed method and to demonstrate its feasibility and practicality.
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Basilio, Marcio Pereira, Valdecy Pereira, and Fatih Yigit. "New Hybrid EC-Promethee Method with Multiple Iterations of Random Weight Ranges: Applied to the Choice of Policing Strategies." Mathematics 11, no. 21 (October 26, 2023): 4432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11214432.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The decision-making process is part of everyday life for people and organizations. When modeling the solutions to problems, just as important as the choice of criteria and alternatives is the definition of the weights of the criteria. This study will present a new hybrid method for weighting criteria. The technique combines the ENTROPY and CRITIC methods with the PROMETHE method to create EC-PROMETHEE. The innovation consists of using a weight range per criterion. The construction of a weight range per criterion preserves the characteristics of each technique. Each weight range includes lower and upper limits, which combine to generate random numbers, producing “t” sets of weights per criterion, allowing “t” final rankings to be obtained. The alternatives receive a value corresponding to their position with each ranking generated. At the end of the process, they are ranked in descending order, thus obtaining the final ranking. The method was applied to the decision support problem of choosing policing strategies to reduce crime. The model used a decision matrix with twenty criteria and fourteen alternatives evaluated in seven different scenarios. The results obtained after 10,000 iterations proved consistent, allowing the decision maker to see how each alternative behaved according to the weights used. The practical implication observed concerning traditional models, where a single final ranking is generated for a single set of weights, is the reversal of positions after “t” iterations compared to a single iteration. The method allows managers to make decisions with reduced uncertainty, improving the quality of their decisions. In future research, we propose creating a web tool to make this method easier to use, and propose other tools are produced in Python and R.
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Cleaves, David A., and Kevin Birch. "Decision Analysis and Sensitivity Testing of Reforestation Strategies1." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 6, no. 3 (July 1, 1991): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/6.3.73.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Decision analysis might provide better guidance in silvicultural decisions if users could understand the relative impact of component assumptions and subjective judgments more easily. A reforestation project in western Oregon that involved four alternatives was structured as a decision analysis problem. The optimal solution ranked the alternatives based on their probabilistically weighted soil expectation value (SEV). The solution was tested to determine its sensitivity across realistic ranges in costs, probabilities, and biological responses. Relative rankings were most sensitive to cost components with wide natural ranges (such as prescribed burning) and to variations in 15-year survival and growth predictions; rankings were least sensitive to probability estimates. Rankings were quite stable even when the detail in the parameters was increased. A systematic sensitivity analysis pointed out the impact of errors or uncertainty in judgment and focused the decision maker's effort in information gathering and reanalysis. West. J. Appl. For. 6(3):73-78.
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LI, HAN-LIN, and LI-CHING MA. "RANKING DECISION ALTERNATIVES BY INTEGRATED DEA, AHP AND GOWER PLOT TECHNIQUES." International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 07, no. 02 (June 2008): 241–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219622008002922.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Data Envelop Analysis (DEA) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) are widely used methods in ranking decision alternatives. However, current DEA models are difficult to discriminate decision-making units through articulating the decision makers' preferences. While AHP and Gower plot models have to specify complete pairwise preferences without providing assisting information. This study develops an iterative method of ranking decision alternatives by integrating DEA, AHP and Gower plot techniques. The developed method first utilizes a modified DEA model to narrow the ranges of a decision maker's preferences. Then, the tentative ranks of the decision alternatives, computed by embedding the decision maker's preferences, are depicted via Gower plots to illustrate the cardinal and ordinal inconsistencies of these preferences. The decision maker then adjusts the preferences iteratively until the inconsistencies are within the tolerance.
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Rippy, Kerry C., Emily Volk, Reagan Beers, Eric Kozubal, Kristin Gauderman, and Judith Vidal. "Corrosion of Metal Alloys in Potassium Acetate Solutions for Liquid Desiccant Dehumidification and Air Conditioning." Energies 15, no. 12 (June 17, 2022): 4421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15124421.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For commercial buildings, liquid desiccant air conditioners (LDACs) could provide up to 80% energy savings compared to high-efficiency vapor compression AC, but commonly utilized liquid desiccants are highly corrosive. This precludes the use of metallic components, necessitating specialized plastics and thereby driving up cost, weight, and limiting operational temperature and pressure ranges. Less corrosive alternatives are sought. Here, potassium acetate solutions are investigated as less-corrosive alternatives to the chloride salt solutions that are typically used in LDAC systems. Corrosion evaluations for a Cu alloy (C12200) and two Al alloys (Al3003 and Al1100) in both potassium acetate and chloride salt solutions are presented. We show that yearly corrosion rates are lower in potassium acetate solutions by up to three orders of magnitude. Active corrosion behavior is largely absent in potassium acetate solutions but is present in chloride salt solutions. Furthermore, solid corrosion products are observed in chloride salt solutions. Thus, we conclude that potassium acetate is a promising candidate as a less corrosive alternative liquid desiccant for LDAC systems with metallic components.
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Lozano, Luis M., Eduardo García-Cueto, and José Muñiz. "Effect of the Number of Response Categories on the Reliability and Validity of Rating Scales." Methodology 4, no. 2 (January 2008): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241.4.2.73.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Likert-type format is one of the most widely used in all types of scales in the field of social sciences. Nevertheless, there is no definitive agreement on the number of response categories that optimizes the psychometric properties of the scales. The aim of the present work is to determine in a systematic fashion the number of response alternatives that maximizes the fundamental psychometric properties of a scale: reliability and validity. The study is carried out with data simulated using the Monte Carlo method. We simulate responses to 30 items with correlations between them ranging from 0.2 to 0.9. We also manipulate sample size, analyzing four different sizes: 50, 100, 200, and 500 cases. The number of response options employed ranges from two to nine. The results show that as the number of response alternatives increases, both reliability and validity improve. The optimum number of alternatives is between four and seven. With fewer than four alternatives the reliability and validity decrease, and from seven alternatives onwards psychometric properties of the scale scarcely increase further. Some applied implications of the results are discussed.
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Alyabs, Norah, and Sy Han Chiou. "The Missing Indicator Approach for Accelerated Failure Time Model with Covariates Subject to Limits of Detection." Stats 5, no. 2 (May 10, 2022): 494–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/stats5020029.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The limit of detection (LOD) is commonly encountered in observational studies when one or more covariate values fall outside the measuring ranges. Although the complete-case (CC) approach is widely employed in the presence of missing values, it could result in biased estimations or even become inapplicable in small sample studies. On the other hand, approaches such as the missing indicator (MDI) approach are attractive alternatives as they preserve sample sizes. This paper compares the effectiveness of different alternatives to the CC approach under different LOD settings with a survival outcome. These alternatives include substitution methods, multiple imputation (MI) methods, MDI approaches, and MDI-embedded MI approaches. We found that the MDI approach outperformed its competitors regarding bias and mean squared error in small sample sizes through extensive simulation.
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Esteves, Rita, Maria João Calejo, João Rolim, José Luís Teixeira, and Maria Rosário Cameira. "Framework for Assessing Collective Irrigation Systems Resilience to Climate Change—The Maiorga Case Study." Agronomy 13, no. 3 (February 24, 2023): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030661.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In order to increase water productivity at the Collective Irrigation System (CIS) level it is crucial to adapt the existing irrigation infrastructure, enhancing water intake at the source, as well as its transport and delivery efficiency. Rehabilitation may involve structural changes and thus, a large capital investment. This investment should be proportionate to the increase in climate resilience associated to different rehabilitation alternatives. A methodology framework was developed to evaluate CIS resilience to climate change considering different rehabilitation alternatives. The assessed components were: (i) crop production systems; (ii) on-farm irrigation systems; and (iii) project rehabilitation alternatives for the conveyance and distribution of the irrigation water from the source to the farmer fields. This framework was applied to the Maiorga CIS, in central Portugal, to test the methodology performance in assessing the impacts of climate change on the supply-demand balance of the proposed rehabilitation alternatives and to evaluate their climate resilience, for the representative concentration pathways, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, and two time periods, 2041–2070 and 2071–2100. For each scenario, period, and rehabilitation alternative, irrigation requirements at the source (demand) and stream flows (supply) were computed and the supply-demand balance was performed. Projected increases in irrigation water demand varied between 5.5% for RCP4.5/2071–2100 and 35.7% for RCP8.5/2071–2100. For RCP4.5, 11% (2050) and 9% (2080) reductions in irrigation water supply were projected, while for RCP8.5 the reduction ranges between 13% (2050) and 30% (2080). The proposed framework determined that the rehabilitation alternatives considering just one type of water source, without flow regularization and with open channel distribution to the farmer’s field, have proved to be unviable due to low resilience to climate change.
Дисертації з теми "Alternatives ranges"
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Bamoumen, Mouna. "Une approche de Blending dynamique pour la planification court terme de chaînes logistiques minières : cas de l'Axe Nord du Groupe OCP." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes 1, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022REN1G007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Le secteur minier occupe une place centrale dans les économies de nombreux pays riches en ressources minérales, d’autant plus dans une période d’explosion démographique. Les conséquences économiques, sociétales et environnementales des activités extractives posent plusieurs problèmes majeurs, liés à l’incertitude géologique, la volatilité des prix, les déchets polluants, l’épuisement futur des gisements, la situation socioéconomique et la santé des populations locales. Ainsi, l’exploitation du phosphate, élément vital dans la croissance des plantes, fait face à d’importants défis incitant les entreprises minières à mieux maîtriser leur processus industriel sur l’ensemble de leur chaîne logistique. Les travaux de recherche présentés dans cette thèse entrent dans le cadre d’une recherche intervention conduite au sein d’une chaîne de valeur du Groupe OCP, leader mondial des phosphates. L’objectif est double : 1) proposer des outils et méthodes innovants pour l’amélioration du processus décisionnel opérationnel et tactique ; 2) accompagner l’entreprise dans l’adoption des approches proposées. La chaîne logistique étudiée, l’Axe Nord, se compose de plusieurs sites miniers, d’unités de traitement, d’usines chimiques et de ports pour l’expédition des produits. Un premier travail d’état des lieux au sein de cette chaîne a conduit à mieux comprendre son organisation et à identifier les principales causes impactant la qualité des produits : le pilotage par un seul composant et l’alimentation continue en produit interne. Pour étudier la problématique de blending identifiée, l’intervention proposée consiste en une approche développée en deux temps. Tout d’abord, la formulation classique du problème de blending été fortement adaptée dans un modèle tenant compte de l’aspect continu des flux transportés par pipeline, de gammes alternatives, de l’organisation des usines de traitement, mais aussi de temps de traitement. Ce modèle, dit de « blending dynamique », se base dans un premier temps, sur un ordonnancement déjà établi de l’expédition des produits par pipeline (donnée exogène) pour trouver un plan de production des usines de traitement. Dans un second temps, un modèle d’ordonnancement de ces expéditions est couplé au précédent modèle dans une vision d’aide à la décision. Les premiers tests avec des instances réelles ont fourni des résultats prometteurs, l’approche du blending dynamique étant actuellement opérationnelle sur d’autres sites miniers de l’industrielThe mining sector occupies a central place in the economies of many mineral resource-rich countries, even more so in a period of demographic explosion. The economic, societal and environmental consequences of extractive activities raise several major problems, related to geological uncertainty, price volatility, polluting waste, future depletion of deposits, the socioeconomic situation and the health of local populations. Thus, the exploitation of phosphate, a vital element in plant growth, is facing important challenges that encourage mining companies to better control their industrial process throughout their supply chain. The research work presented in this thesis is part of an intervention-research conducted within a value chain of the OCP Group, world leader in phosphates. The objective is twofold: 1) to propose innovative tools and methods for the improvement of the operational and tactical decision-making process; 2) to accompany the company in the adoption of the proposed approaches. The logistic chain studied, the Northern Axis, is composed of several mining sites, processing units, chemical plants and ports for product shipment. An initial inventory of this chain led to a better understanding of its organization and to identify the main causes impacting the quality of the products: the steering by a single component and the continuous supply of internal product. To study the blending problem identified, the proposed intervention consists of an approach developed in two stages. First, the classical formulation of the blending problem was strongly adapted in a model taking into account the continuous aspect of the flows transported by pipeline, alternative ranges, the organization of the processing plants, but also the processing time. This model, called "dynamic blending", is based in a first step, on an already established scheduling of the shipment of products by pipeline (exogenous data) to find a production plan of the processing plants. In a second step, a scheduling model of these shipments is coupled to the previous model in a decision support vision. The first tests with real instances provided promising results, the dynamic blending approach being currently operational on other mining sites of the industrialist
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Alvarez, Jörgensen Kristian, and Michael Chlebek. "Near ultrasonic close range communication for modern smartphones." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-211715.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
NFC is a technology that allows close-range communication between mobile devices. Unfortunately, not all modern smartphones have the required API’s or hardware to utilize it. This thesis seeks therefore to develop a viable alternative to NFC for close range communication (less than 10 cm) between mobile smart phones. The goal is to evaluate the feasibility of using a novel scheme that utilizes near ultrasonic frequencies for close range communication for both Android and iOS.An iPhone and an Android device were used to test our proposed scheme. Range test were preformed on a quiet and noisy environment (food court in a shopping mall), and an interference test was done in the quiet environment. The scheme was shown to work in the tested quiet and noisy environment for ranges less than 1 cm. In the noisy environment, significant data loss happened at 5 cm for the tested android device, while data was somewhat reliably received at up to 10 cm in a quiet environment among both tested devices. Our tests also show that concurrently communicating devices spaced at least 110 cm away will not interfere with each other.Our findings show that the proposed scheme could be a viable alternative for close range communication. By employing an error correcting code, tolerance to data loss could be improved. Using a different modulation technique is also advisable in order to improve the data transfer rate.For future work, we suggest testing the near ultrasonic capabilities of a wider array of devices in order to determine the usefulness of the proposed scheme.NFC är en teknologi som tillåter kommunikation på korta avstånd mellan mobila enheter. Dessvärre finns det enheter som saknar hårdvarustöd för NFC samt att vissa enheter inte har denna funktionalitet tillgänglig för apputvecklare. Denna uppsats försöker därför att utveckla ett gångbart alternativ till NFC som möjliggör kommunikation på korta avstånd mellan mobila enheter. Målet med uppsatsen är att undersöka utförbarheten av utvecklandet av ett schema som använder frekvenser som ligger nära ultraljudsspektrumet för att tillhandahålla kommunikation på korta avstånd för både Android och iOS.En Android och en iPhone enhet användes för att testa schemat. Ett avståndstest utfördes i både en tyst och en bullrig miljö (restaurangtorg i en köpcenter), samt ett inteferenstest som gjordes i en tyst miljö. Vårt utvecklade schema har påvisats fungera i både den tysta och bullriga miljö vi testade i, på avstånd kortare än 1 cm. I den bullriga miljön försämrades överföringsmöjligheterna avsevärt på ett avstånd av 5 cm för den Android enhet vi testade på, medan avstånd på upp till 10 cm var gångbara i den tysta miljön vi testade i. Våra test visade även på att enheter positionerade minst 110 cm bort ifrån varandra kan kommunicera samtidigt utan att störa varandra.Våra resultat visar på att vårt schema skulle kunna fungera för kommunikation på korta avstånd. Användandet av felkorrigerande koder skulle kunna förbättra schemats tolerans mot dataförluster. Användandet av en alternativ moduleringsteknik är också att föreslå för att förbättra överföringshastigheten.För framtida arbeten anser vi att förmågan att producera frekvenser som ligger nära ultraljudsspektrumet bör undersökas hos en större mängd mobila enheter, för att fastställa användbarheten av det föreslagna schemat.
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Allora, Jennifer 1974. "Landmark : towards and alternative testing range, Vieques, Puerto Rico." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62958.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2003.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 31-33).
How does land differentiate itself from other land by the way that it is marked? What implicit power relations are evidenced in these land marking processes? Whose interests are served in the designation of certain places for preservation and others not? What are the strategies for reclaiming marked land? What are the stakes? How does one articulate an ethics of land use? Who decides what is worth preserving and what is worth destroying? Landmark is a working concept as well as an artistic proposition which considers the multiple and complex ways in which land is marked. Focusing on the contested United States Navy Training Facilities in Vieques, Puerto Rico, Landmark: Towards an Alternative Testing Range attempts to create a platform for cross-border exchanges, between local reclamation struggles and global resistance movements. By focusing on the area of greatest destruction, the inner range, as a metaphoric as well as physical ground from which to begin and engage in dialogue, Landmark, considers the possibility of sharing wounds across space and time, through the creation of a transitional geography, one between destruction and recovery.
by Jennifer Allora.
S.M.
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Wieman, Justin. "Laser range finder: An investigation into the possible benefits of an alternative triangulation based range finder design." Thesis, Wieman, Justin (2013) Laser range finder: An investigation into the possible benefits of an alternative triangulation based range finder design. Other thesis, Murdoch University, 2013. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/17593/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This project aims to increase the tools available to new technological developments, by exploring the benefits of an alternative triangulation-based rangefinder design. This is accomplished by replacing resolution restrictive components of existing triangulation systems, such as CCD sensors, with analogue or high resolution components. Higher resolution, higher speed components are hoped to increase accuracy and allow further detectable ranges.
A working prototype was designed and constructed from simple, cheap parts. Results show the prototype matches the detectable ranges of most existing triangulation- based range finders, and retains the ability to be configured to focus on specific detection ranges.
The constructed device has many known opportunities to be upgraded. By replacing components with well-developed “off the shelf” technology, it remains possible that the proposed design could exceed the benefits of existing triangulation-based range finders.
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Karlsson, Louise. "The Rowan Ranger Chicken Breed - a Suitable Alternative for the Organic Chicken Meat Industry." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-129085.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The only available broiler strain to use in organic chicken meat production, until recently, has been conventional fast growing broiler hybrids. The Rowan Ranger is a broiler strain that has a naturally slower growth rate which makes this strain suitable for organic farming, meeting the demands of KRAV without being subjected to a feed restriction. One of the farms in Sweden using Rowan Ranger in their organic production is Bosarp farm in Skåne County where they produce KRAV certified chickens and where the animals used in this study were raised. This study compared differences between a naturally slow growing strain of chicken to a fast growing strain to see whether there were differences in behaviour between the two, if one of the strains was more susceptive to stress than the other and whether they differed in outdoor use and activity level. Regardless of strain, chickens used the outdoor perimeter the same, although the Rowan Rangers did not range as far from the chicken house as Ross 308. Even so, they seem to be more suitable in an organic setting than Ross 308 due to the fact that they seem less hungry and more content, this based on the fact that they perform less feeding behaviour and spend more time laying down. Also, they grow nicely to slaughter weight with a good diet quality whereas Ross 308 need to be qualitative feed restricted to do the same, giving the Rowan Rangers better welfare.
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Minnrich, Jan Peter [Verfasser]. "Alternatives Range Extender-Konzept für das Thermo- und Energiemanagement von Elektrofahrzeugen / Jan Peter Minnrich." Aachen : Shaker, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1161299882/34.
Повний текст джерела
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Moyo, Sipho. "Alternative practices used by resource-limited farmers to control fleas in free-range chickens in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/393.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fleas are one of the major external parasites affecting free range chickens, causing irritation, tissue damage, blood loss and toxicosis which in turn affect quality and quantity of meat and egg production. There are many commercial insecticides available that are effective against fleas. These commercial insecticides have, however become expensive to most resourcelimited farmers and therefore unaffordable, causing farmers to seek low cost alternatives. This study was conducted to document, determine the existence of external parasites in freerange chickens and validate the alternative remedies used in controlling free-range chicken fleas by resource-limited farmers. A questionnaire survey was used to collect data on external parasites of free-range chickens and ethno-veterinary control remedies used by resourcelimited farmers to control these parasites at Amatola basin, in Eastern Cape, South Africa. Resource-limited farmers perceived that mites (79.6%), fleas (64.5%), lice (10.8%) and ticks (6.5%) were problematic parasites of chickens. To control these parasites, resource-limited farmers commonly use ash (28%) madubula (13% carbolic acid) (26.7%), Jeyes fluid (13% carbolic acid) (10%), paraffin (8.4%), used engine oil (2.8%), plants Tagetes minuta, Clutia pulchella, Calpurnia aurea (5.2%) and a few (4.2%) used commercial drugs Karbadust (Carbarly 5%) and mercaptothion 5%. About 7.5% of the respondents used neither of the remedies. To confirm the farmers’ perception on problematic external parasites of free-range chickens a diagnostic survey was conducted. Fifty free-range chickens were randomly selected and examined for external parasites. About 96% of the free-range chickens examined harboured at least one species of external parasites. Fleas (Echidnophaga gallinacea) (50.7%) were the most prevalent followed by lice, Menopon gallinae (12.4%); Menacanthus stramineus (5.3%) and Knemidocoptes mutans (0.57%). Given that Jeyes fluid, used engine oil, paraffin, C. aurea, C. pulchella and T. minuta were mainly used in controlling these parasites, it was important to determine the potential dermal irritant effects of these plants. A dermal irritant effect test was, therefore, conducted using a rat model. Forty eight rats, with parts of the backs shaven, were used to screen the materials for irritation. All the materials tested did not cause any visible skin irritation on rats (p>0.05). Regarding that ethnoveterinary materials were non irritant on rat skin in vitro repellency and contact bio-assay models were used to assess the insecticidal properties of Tagetes minuta, Calpurnia aurea, Clutia pulchella, used engine oil, paraffin and Jeyes fluid on fleas. For the in vitro bioassay T. minuta and Jeyes fluid at 100% concentration demonstrated a repellency level of 76 and 83%, respectively. Tagetes minuta was the most effective among plant materials (p<0.05). Clutia pulchella, C. aurea, used engine oil and paraffin showed insignificant repellency (p>0.05). For the contact bio-assay, C. pulchella, C. aurea and T. minuta at a concentration of 100% resulted in flea mortality of 83.5, 73.3 and 42.5%, respectively. The efficacy of Clutia pulchella compared well with that of Karbadust which had a mean mortality of 97.5%. Paraffin, used engine oil, and Jeyes fluid (19.2%) caused higher flea mortality of more than 82%. In the in vivo study 60 free-range chickens were artificially infested with fleas and test materials were topically applied on infested sites. Test materials exhibited varying flea load reduction efficacy. Used engine oil and Jeyes fluid at 76.8% concentration had a reduction efficacy of 100 and 96% after 3 days post application of test materials. These were not significantly different to that of the positive control Kabadust (carbaryl 5%). The plants C. pulchella and C aurea at 100% concentration had an efficacy of 92 and 77%, respectively. The commonly used remedies by resource-limited farmers to control fleas vary in efficacy. Some of the materials are as effective as the commercial insecticides hence they have a potential to be exploited as insecticides. Further investigations on plant compounds with insecticidal properties and their toxicity, need to be conducted before the plants are recommended for use.
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Alcântara, Juliana Bonifácio de. "Pesquisa de Salmonella sp. em aves criadas em sistema industrial e alternativo." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/5336.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
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Salmonella sp. might cause food deseases in humans and it be isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of different animal species, especially birds. In this study, we aimed to point out the main characteristics of non-conventional poultry farm systems at Central and South regions of the State of Goiás and to determine the frequency of Salmonella sp. Isolation in conventional and non-conventional poultry farms, as well as the frequency of positivity for antigen-antibody reaction at non-conventional poultry farms. On paper 1, we studied 190 non-conventional systems of broiler rearing; we collected 3,040 blood and organ samples (heart, liver, crop and cecum) from 760 birds. Rapid Plate Agglutination Test was used for the detection of anti-Salmonella sp. antibodies in blood serum, and conventional bacteriology and biochemistry tests were used for bacterium culture and isolation. Data on the characteristics of the properties were obtained through medical records. The poultry rearing systems were classified as semi-intensive (49.0%) and extensive (42.6%). In these breeding systems, 48.0% were of specific breed free-range chickens and 42.0% of rustic rustic free-range chickens; 74.2% of the farms had commercial purpose. The frequency of properties with chicken seropositive to the anti-Salmonella sp. antigen was 16.3%, and 12.0% of the samples. Salmonella was detected in 4.7% of the properties and the identified serotypes were Anatum, Infantis, Mbandaka, Schwarzengrund and Panama. For Paper 2, we studied 44 flocks of chickens from nine poultry slaughterhouses, three with over 51,000 birds slaughtered/day and six with up to 50,000 birds slaughtered/day. On the slaughter line 1,232 organ samples and feathers were harvested. A total of 21 feather samples and 21 samples of each organ (spleen, crop and cecum) was collected, both of them were analyzed by conventional bacteriology and biochemistry tests. The organ samples were processed in groups of three, in a total of seven samples of each organ. Of the 44 flocks of chickens, 22 were positive for Salmonella. The feathers presented a higher positivity frequency (12.3%). The spleen presented the highest frequently of isolates (8.1%). The frequency of positive samples in both crop and cecum was 3.8%. Among 88 Salmonella isolates, the serovars Schwarzengrund (29.5%), Agona (25.2%), Mbandaka (12.6%), Anantum (8.0%) and Infantis (3.4%) were predominant. In conclusion, the non-conventional designs are characterized as semi-intensive, and use improved lineage of chickens for commercial purposes. Regardless of the levels of contamination, Salmonella sp. is present in chickens from both conventional and non-conventional production systems. The pathogen was identified in greater numbers in chicken organs at conventional farm. In non-conventional breeding samples, Salmonella sp. isolation was low, but the number of seropositive chickens was higher. The serovars identified in samples of both conventional and non-conventional systems were similar, and some of relevance to public health.
Salmonella sp. podem causar toxinfecção alimentar no homem e ser isolada do trato gastrintestinal de diferentes espécies animais, principalmente das aves. Objetivou-se com este estudo caracterizar os sistemas alternativos de criações avícolas nas regiões Central e Sul do Estado de Goiás e determinar a frequência de isolamento de Salmonella sp. em aves de criação alternativa e industrial, assim como a frequência de positividade da reação antígeno-anticorpo em soro de aves de criação alternativa. No artigo 1 estudou-se 190 propriedades de criações alternativas de frangos e em 760 aves colheram sangue e 3.040 amostras de órgãos, sendo coração, fígado, ceco e inglúvio. Realizou-se o teste de Soroaglutinação Rápida em Placa para detecção de anticorpos anti Salmonella sp. em soro sanguíneo e para cultura e isolamento da bactéria ultilizou-se bacteriologia convencional e provas bioquímicas. Os dados sobre as características das propriedades foram obtidos através de ficha de atendimento. As criações avícolas foram classificadas em semi-intensivas 49,0% e 42,6% extensivas. Observou-se que nestas criações as aves criadas são do tipo caipira melhorado 48,0% e 42,0% do tipo caipira rústico, e 74,2% das explorações têm a finalidade de comercialização. A frequência de propriedades com aves sororreagentes ao antígeno anti Salmonella sp. foi de 16,3%, e em amostras de 12,0%. Detectou-se Salmonella em 4,7% das propriedades e os sorovares identificados foram Anatum, Infantis, Mbandaka, Schwarzengrund e Panama. Para o artigo 2 o estudo foi realizado em 44 lotes de frangos de criação industrial de nove abatedouros, três com abate dia acima de 51.000 aves e seis com abate dia de até 50.000 aves dia. Na linha de abate colheram-se 1.232 amostras de órgão e penas. Num lote foram colhidas 21 amostras de penas e 21 amostras de cada órgão, sendo baço, ceco e inglúvio, ambas analisadas por bacteriologia convencional e provas bioquímicas. As amostras de órgãos foram processadas em pool de três, totalizando sete amostras para cada órgão. Dos 44 lotes de frangos, 22 foram positivos para Salmonella. As penas apresentaram maior frequência de amostras positivas (12,3%) e o baço foi o órgão com maior frequência de isolados (8,1%). A frequência de amostras positivas tanto para inglúvio quanto para ceco foi de 3,8%. Dentre os 88 isolados de Salmonella houve predominância do sorovar Schwarzengrund (29,5%), Agona (25,2%), Mbandaka (12,6%), Anantum (8,0%) e Infantis (3,4%). Conclui-se que as criações alternativas se caracterizam como do tipo semi-intensiva, utilizam aves de linhagem caipira melhorado com finalidade comercial. Independente dos níveis de contaminação, salmonella sp. está presente em aves dos sistemas industriais e alternativos de produção. O patógeno foi identificado em maior número em órgãos de frango de criação industrial. Em aves de criações alternativas obteve-se baixa frequência de isolamento do patógeno, mas obteve-se maior número de aves sororreagente. Observa-se que os sorovares identificados tanto em amostras de frango do sistema alternativo como do sistema industrial foram semelhantes, e alguns de relevância em saúde pública.
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Minervini, Mirko. "Ottimizzazione e/o vie alternative per il recupero e la gestione di nichel in reflui da impianto d' idrogenazione." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016.
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Questo lavoro di tesi è stato svolto sull’ impianto di produzione di polioli presso lo stabilimento Cargill di Castelmassa (RO) con lo scopo di ottimizzare la gestione dello ione Ni2+, derivante dal nichel metallico utilizzato come catalizzatore (nichel Raney) nella reazione di idrogenazione del glucosio condotta a 42 bar. Il nichel, infatti, a seguito di fluttuazioni di pH che avvengono durante il corso della reazione aumenta la sua solubilità passando in fase liquida sotto forma di ione bivalente. Nel successivo step di raffinazione e demineralizzazione del prodotto mediante una serie di resine a scambio ionico, il Ni2+ è trattenuto assieme ad altri ioni e separato dal prodotto stesso. Infine quando si va a rigenerare la resina, a seguito della sua saturazione, si producono dei reflui contenenti nichel, che, seppur presente in quantità modeste, non potranno essere inviati al depuratore comunale in quanto il metallo avvelenerebbe i microorganismi deputati al trattamento delle acque reflue, quindi dovranno essere smaltiti come rifiuti speciali. L’azienda è già dotata di un impianto di nichel recovery che utilizza una batteria di resine chelanti, in grado di catturare selettivamente metalli pesanti, in modo tale da avere un refluo con la concentrazione di Ni2+ più alta possibile per ridurre al minimo i costi, non esigui, di smaltimento. L’obbiettivo del mio lavoro di tesi è quello di trovare soluzioni alternative per la concentrazione del nichel e verificare mediante semplici bilanci economici se queste soluzioni proposte siano sostenibili dal punto di vista industriale, ed eventualmente possano essere concorrenti alla soluzione impiantistica già adottata.
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Möller, Axel [Verfasser], and Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Ruck. "Alternative Halogenated Flame Retardants versus PBDEs in the Global Marine Environment - Occurrence, Distribution and Long-Range Atmospheric Transport toward the Polar Regions / Axel Möller. Betreuer: Wolfgang Ruck." Lüneburg : Universitätsbibliothek der Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, 2013. http://d-nb.info/103414801X/34.
Повний текст джерелаКниги з теми "Alternatives ranges"
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United States. Congressional Budget Office. Alternatives for long-range ground-attack systems. Washington, D.C.]: Congress of the United States, Congressional Budget Office, 2006.
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J, Humphrey Thomas. Short-range commuter-rail alternatives on the South Shore. [Boston, Mass.]: Central Transportation Planning Staff, 1985.
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Morgan, Paul. Natural remedies for allergies: Safe self-help measures for treating a wide range of modern allergies. Clifton: Parragon, 1998.
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International Business Machines Corporation. IBM SVC implementation with mid range storage: Quickstart guide. S.l: Vervante, 2009.
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Brothers/LaPine resource management plan: Preliminary issues and alternatives. Prineville, Or.]: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Prineville District Office, 1986.
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United States. Bureau of Land Management. Prineville District. Brothers/LaPine resource management plan: Preliminary issues and alternatives. Prineville, Or: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Prineville District Office, 1986.
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United States. National Park Service., ed. Sequoia and Kings Canyon, National Parks, General Management Plan Draft - Range of Alternatives A-D, December 1999, (MAPS). [S.l: s.n., 2000.
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D, Knutson Ronald, ed. Economic impacts of alternative grazing fees on selected representative ranches and rural communities in the western states. College Station, Tex: Agricultural and Food Policy Center, Dept. of Agricultural Economics, Texas A&M University, 1992.
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United States. Bureau of Land Management. Prineville District. Brothers/LaPine resource management plan: Proposed issues and land use alternatives : summary of the management situation. Prineville, Or: The District, 1987.
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Lark, Susan M. Making the estrogen decision: All the information you need to make it--including the full range of natural alternatives. New Canaan, Conn: Keats Pub., 1996.
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Miller, Gary W. "The Monongahela Clearcutting Controversy: Scientists and Land Managers Develop an Alternative Practice on the Fernow Experimental Forest." In USDA Forest Service Experimental Forests and Ranges, 173–99. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1818-4_8.
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Mobley, Lee Rivers, and Gloria J. Bazzoli. "Modeling ‘Dependence of Relevant Alternatives’ in Consumer Choice: A Synthesis from Disparate Literatures." In Recapturing Space: New Middle-Range Theory in Spatial Demography, 125–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22810-5_7.
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Eckl, Richard, Peter Burda, Armin Foerg, Harald Finke, and Markus Lienkamp. "Alternative Range Extender for Electric Cars – Zinc Air Batteries." In Conference on Future Automotive Technology, 3–18. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-01141-3_1.
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Weihing, Pascal, Johannes Letzgus, Thorsten Lutz, and Ewald Krämer. "Development of Alternative Shielding Functions for Detached-Eddy Simulations." In Progress in Hybrid RANS-LES Modelling, 109–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27607-2_8.
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Kholmyansky, M., and A. Tsinober. "On an alternative explanation of anomalous scaling and how inertial is the inertial range." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 715–18. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03085-7_173.
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Kothari, Ashish. "In Search of Alternatives to Development: Learning from Grounded Initiatives." In EADI Global Development Series, 55–72. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30308-1_4.
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AbstractAcross the world, overwhelming evidence of the ecological unsustainability and social injustice of the current path of development has led to a range of responses. Substantial efforts have been made by various governments, corporations, and civil society towards ‘greening’ the economy, elaborating on, and attempting to adopt, principles of ‘sustainable development’. The most ambitious of these has been the 2015 agreement amongst countries to adopt the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, people’s movements across the world question these approaches as not being systemic enough to challenge the fundamental structures causing inequality, un sustainability and injustice. Much more structural transformations in practice and worldviews are needed, many examples of which already exist to point towards pathways out of multiple crises.
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Bayer, Wolfgang, and Ann Waters-Bayer. "4. Forage alternatives from range and field: pastoral forage management and improvement in the African drylands." In Living with Uncertainty, 58–78. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780445335.004.
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Simović, Vesna. "O JEDNOJ ALTERNATIVNOJ SLICI FRANCUSKE." In JEZIK, KNJIŽEVNOST, ALTERNATIVE/LANGUAGE, LITERATURE, ALTERNATIVES - Jezička istraživanja, 567–80. Filozofski fakultet u Nišu, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46630/jkaj.2022.34.
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The research we conducted among students of the University of Nis (Ignjatović & Simović 2016; Simović 2020) showed that, despite many years of learning French, their view of France is almost without exception marked by stereotypical notions of France as a land of love, romance, refined cuisine, high fashion, a luxury lifestyle, the tourist attractions of Paris and the Cote d’Azur. The aim of this paper is to point out a different picture of France that exists among Serbophone speakers. As a corpus for analysis, we used terms related to France in Vukajlija’s online slang dictionary. Unlike the positive and idyllic representations of students, this picture indicates social aspects that are not present in the representations of students about France and the French. Although it reflects the everyday, real life of native speakers (numerous immigrants, unemployment, difficult living conditions in favored neighborhoods, the multiculturalism of French society, etc.), this image of France is deeply imbued with individual and collective stereotypes whose affective charge ranges between irony and ridicule, even contempt towards this country and its inhabitants. We believe that in modern foreign language teaching and learning, the establishment of dominant stereotypes about the target language and culture, whether positive or negative, is a prerequisite for the successful mastery of that language and for any further work on awareness and overcoming simplified and generalized ideas about the country whose language is being learned, about native speakers and their culture (stereotype awareness). Hence the interest in researching this topic.
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Maldonado-Macías, Aidé Aracely, Jorge Luis García-Alcaraz, Juan Luis Hernández-Arellano, and Guillermo Cortes-Robles. "An Ergonomic Compatibility Perspective on the Selection of Advanced Manufacturing Technology." In Handbook of Research on Managerial Strategies for Achieving Optimal Performance in Industrial Processes, 137–65. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0130-5.ch008.
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Evaluation and Selection of Advanced Manufacturing Technology (AMT) is a complex problem involving multiple attributes difficult to consider in their entirety. The Axiomatic Design Theory have been used successfully to solve this problem. This chapter presents a literature review for applications of Axiomatic Design Theory in decision making and develops an Ergonomic Compatibility Evaluation Perspective case study for the selection of two vertical CNC machining centers. A new Hierarchical Fuzzy Axiomatic Design methodology was used as a decision aid for evaluation of technology in a more complete manner, while considering human factors and ergonomics aspects neglected in actual AMT evaluation and selection models. Methodology for the data analysis is described. A group of three experts was conformed for the case study. 26 articles were organized in a data matrix. The alternative which best meet established Design Ranges in terms of Ergonomic Compatibility was selected among two alternatives, according to the Ergonomic Incompatibility Content (EIC) in a fuzzy environment.
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Lin, Ming-Chyuan, Guo-Peng Qui, Jing Chen, and Yi Gui Li. "An Integrated Musculoskeletal Motion Analysis and Quality Function Deployment in Lower Limb Leisure Exercise Product Design." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde190161.
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The promotion of social living quality has expedited the development of leisure exercise products. However, most young people usually accomplish their tasks by sitting in front of the computers. This situation makes many people seriously deficient in exercises that may cause muscle skeleton declination. In review of current related products, most of them are primarily designed by designers’ intuition or only for a specific purpose. The objective of this research is to involve the motion analysis of physical musculoskeletal system in the integrated development process of quality function deployment for the design of lower limb leisure exercise products. A four-stage of development procedure including performance ranges of muscle-joint activities, AIO life style questionnaire, factor analysis, and quality function deployment is conducted. The implementation of quality function deployment helps to link customer requirements with product characteristics and derives design criteria for generating design alternatives. Two design alternatives based on the design criteria are generated by the computer-aided design software. It is expected that this research will provide designers with a reference or norm on designing most suitable lower limb leisure exercise products for people.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Alternatives ranges"
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Gabrion, Vincent, Dominique Klaja, Samuel Emelin, Sebastien Grenard, and Antoine Minaud. "Requirement to enlarge interface protections frequency ranges for generators connected to distribution networks: Study of alternatives and solution proposal." In 2015 IEEE Eindhoven PowerTech. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ptc.2015.7232296.
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Ortega, Roberto A., Uma-Shankar Kalyan-Seshu, and Bert Bras. "A Decision Support Model for the Life-Cycle Design of a Family of Oil Filters." In ASME 1999 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc99/dac-8612.
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Abstract In this paper, a decision support approach for designing a family of environmentally benign products for a ranged set of customer requirements is presented. More specifically, we incorporate environmental issues in order to minimize the environmental impact of products without sacrificing their performance characteristics and keeping competitive prices in comparison to existing products. The example problem consists of the design of a family of environmentally benign oil filters based on a variety of oil flow rate ranges. Environmental issues are represented by Life Cycle Assessments and comparisons of the existing alternatives based on their environmental impact. Emphasis is placed on highlighting the trade-off analysis for including environmental considerations in the design of a family of products and not on the results of the problem, per se.
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Bolland, Olav, and Jan Fredrik Stadaas. "Comparative Evaluation of Combined Cycles and Gas Turbine Systems With Water Injection, Steam Injection and Recuperation." In ASME 1993 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/93-gt-057.
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Combined cycles have gained widespread acceptance as the most efficient utilization of the gas turbine for power generation, particularly for large plants. A variety of alternatives to the combined cycle that recover exhaust gas heat for re-use within the gas turbine engine have been proposed and some have been commercially successful in small to medium plants. Most notable has been the steam injected, high-pressure aero-derivatives in sizes up to about 50 MW. Many permutations and combinations of water injection, steam injection, and recuperation, with or without intercooling, have been shown to offer the potential for efficiency improvements in certain ranges of gas turbine cycle design parameters. A detailed, general model that represents the gas turbine with turbine cooling has been developed. The model is intended for use in cycle analysis applications. Suitable choice of a few technology description parameters enables the model to accurately represent the performance of actual gas turbine engines of different technology classes. The model is applied to compute the performance of combined cycles as well as that of three alternatives. These include the simple cycle, the steam injected cycle and the dual-recuperated intercooled aftercooled steam injected cycle (DRIASI cycle). The comparisons are based on state-of-the-art gas turbine technology and cycle parameters in four classes: large industrial (123–158 MW), medium industrial (38–60 MW), aeroderivatives (21–41 MW) and small industrial (4–6 MW). The combined cycle’s main design parameters for each size range are in the present work selected for computational purposes to conform with practical constraints. For the small systems, the proposed development of the gas turbine cycle, the DRIASI cycle, are found to provide efficiencies comparable or superior to combined cycles, and superior to steam injected cycles. For the medium systems, combined cycles provide the highest efficiencies but can be challenged by the DRIASI cycle. For the largest systems, the combined cycle was found to be superior to all of the alternative gas turbine based cycles considered in this study.
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DeGennaro, Cory, Lincan Yan, and David Yantek. "Fresh Air Flow Required to Maintain Safe Carbon Dioxide Levels and Provide a Breathable Air Environment in a Refuge Alternative." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-68680.
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Abstract Federal mining regulations in the United States mandate that underground coal mines install refuge alternatives (RA) for miners to seek refuge after an inescapable disaster. RAs are required to isolate and protect occupants from hazardous conditions and to provide a life-sustaining, breathable air environment for a minimum of 96 hours. According to federal RA regulations, an RA’s oxygen levels (%O2) must be maintained between 18.5%–23% with carbon dioxide levels (%CO2) less than 1%. Once an RA is occupied, due to human breathing, the %O2 can decrease, and %CO2 levels can increase quickly. One method of providing an RA with a breathable air environment is to use a borehole air supply (BAS) to provide fresh air from the surface, purge existing harmful gases, and prevent harmful gas build-up. RA regulations require air supplies to provide air at 12.5 cubic feet per minute (cfm) per person. To investigate the minimum fresh air flow (FAF) rate needed to maintain interior %O2 and %CO2 within the mandated ranges, researchers conducted testing in a modified shipping container that represented the volume of an RA. During these tests, propane (C3H8) combustion and additional CO2 supplied from cylinders were used to match human O2 consumption and CO2 generation. The FAF rate supplied to the shipping container was varied to determine the minimum FAF rate required for the %CO2 inside the shipping container to stabilize below 1%. The test results showed that the minimum FAF rate was between 1.76–2.12 cfm per person. Therefore, the mandated per-person FAF rate provides a 6x–7x safety factor. Test results also showed that the %O2 range requirement was satisfied for the entire range of tested FAF rates from 1.76–12.5 cfm per person. In this paper, researchers from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) provide a repeatable test method that can be used to evaluate the FAF rate versus interior gas concentrations (%CO2 and %O2) for various occupancy levels to ensure a breathable air environment within a refuge alternative. This paper also discusses federal RA regulations and previous NIOSH research. Additionally, this paper provides an experimental concept and set-up description, including the C3H8 combustion and supplemental CO2 delivery with gas flow rates used to simulate human breathing, data collection sensors, laboratory modifications, and safety measures. Lastly, the paper discusses test results, including the amount of time taken to reach hazardous interior %CO2 and %O2, as well as %O2 and %CO2 resulting from several FAF rates that have been used to validate a predictive model. This test method could be adopted to evaluate breathable air environments in refuge alternatives and confined enclosures in various industries.
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Eckert, Claudia M., Ola Isaksson, and Chris F. Earl. "Design Margins as a Key to Understanding Design Iteration." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-34275.
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Design processes are subject to many uncertainties. Changes resulting from the need to respond to external uncertainties are one of the main drivers of engineering change and therefore for iteration in design processes. Another important cause of iteration in design processes arises from the dependencies in design information which is being generated as part of the design process itself. At the beginning of the design process engineers need to make an informed guess about the values of parameters that they need and can achieve. These values are passed on to others, who base their decisions on them. Design decisions are distributed and iterative among design teams, customers and suppliers. Communicated parameter values are uncertain in two different but related ways. First, there is the confidence, precision and commitment that the designers have in the values they specify. Second there are uncertainties in the values that can be achieved with the technology the new design employs. These issues become particularly challenging when they span design teams, customers and suppliers as they iterate to converge on a mutually effective solution. This paper looks at this type of convergent iteration through an example from the aerospace industry, which illustrates how uncertainty in operating temperature at the beginning of the design process requires a thorough understanding of the temperature ranges that solution alternatives, at different degrees of maturity, can operate under. This paper argues that the key to managing convergent iterations lies in communicating the available ranges of parameter values and in understanding how design margins have arisen in existing technologies. These margins on product parameters provide potential performance which exceeds immediate functional requirements. The paper develops and formalizes the concept of design margins and argues that margins are included into products for a variety of reasons that are not always transparent to different team members. Analysis of margins enables design companies to reason in terms of ranges of values describing the scope for design change in meeting customer and supplier requirements without being forced into unplanned iteration loops.
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Otto, K. N., and Kristin L. Wood. "Estimating Errors in Concept Selection." In ASME 1995 Design Engineering Technical Conferences collocated with the ASME 1995 15th International Computers in Engineering Conference and the ASME 1995 9th Annual Engineering Database Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1995-0174.
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Abstract Numerical concept selection methods are used throughout industry to determine which among several design alternatives should be further developed. The results, however, are rarely believed at face value. Uncertainties (or errors) in subjective choices, modeling assumptions, and measurement are fundamental causes of this disbelief. This paper describes a methodology developed to predict overall error ranges, in addition to estimating a confidence measure in the numerical evaluation results. Each numerical assignment is given an associated error tolerance, and then treated as a probability error to create a simple means to propagate the uncertainties. A degree of confidence is also derived, similar to a statistical t-test, to indicate an induced confidence level in the final decision. Two preliminary concept selections are shown, to illustrate the methodology. Results from these concept selections indicate that (1) uncertainties can be suitably captured and quantified; (2) critical design questions are addressed during the process of numerical concept selection with error propagation; and (3) designers can make more informed and confident decisions through error estimation.
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Fitriyani, L. "Biosurfactant Addition into Solvent Extraction Process of Oily Contaminated Solid Waste." In Digital Technical Conference. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa20-o-435.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Solvent extraction has been used in industry or many purposes for years, including to recover oil at contaminated soil. Certain solvents and temperature ranges have been chosen to increase the oil recovery rate of extraction process. The Study observed the implementation of biosurfactant at the extraction process to perform reduction of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration of oily contaminated soil. In order to optimize TPH removal, extraction were conducted for multiple stages. Biosurfactant extraction result were also compared to solvent extraction process which acetone and toluene have been selected to extract oil content from contaminated soil by using solvent extraction process. The combination treatments with biosurfactant were also involving variety of centrifugation process with 1000 rpm (1570 g) operational speed. Duration of treatment process was 10 minutes with some variations of solid to solvent ratio. During the experiments comparison result between varies treatment process provides alternatives to treat oily contaminated soil by using extraction process. Compatibility among solvents, biosurfactants, types of oily contaminated solid waste were also observed to seek possibility on large scale of treatment process implementation both insitu at the contaminated site and exsitu at integrated waste treatment facility.
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Pettinari, Matteo, Gnandjuet Gaston Brice Dago, Guido Francesco Frate, Andrea Baccioli, Lorenzo Ferrari, Umberto Desideri, Simone Amidei, and Lorenzo Cosi. "Configuration of Organic Rankine Cycles for Geothermal Applications: An Industrial Perspective." In ASME Turbo Expo 2023: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2023-103560.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Geothermal resources represent a valuable option to reduce fossil fuel-based power production because they feature an unmatched capacity factor among other Renewable Energy Sources (RES). Geothermal resource availability reduces with the temperature. Therefore, developing cost-effective solutions to exploit low-temperature geothermal energy is mandatory to expand technology utilisation. The standard solution for converting low-temperature thermal sources into power is Organic Rankine Cycles (ORC). ORC basic layout (subcritical) is well-known, but the more advanced alternatives, such as transcritical and two-pressure level cycles, are much less widespread, and it is unclear whether the higher efficiency justifies the higher capital cost. The paper focuses on the exploitation with ORC of geothermal resources (hot water) with a temperature lower than 200°C and mass flow rates between 200 and 1400 m3/h for a target power production ranging from 3 to 30 MW. The paper compares three ORC layouts, subcritical, transcritical and two pressure-level, from thermodynamic and economic points of view to map the most cost-effective solutions in the investigated size ranges. The techno-economic comparison considers the impact of the operating conditions and fluid on the machine’s expected performance and the heat exchangers’ size. As expected, more complicated layouts yield higher conversion efficiencies, with the two pressure-level cycles achieving the highest power output for the same geothermal source conditions. However, the economic analysis showed that the most efficient solutions are not always preferable when considering the cost-efficiency trade-off.
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Soleimani, Shima, Laura Schaefer, Kashif Liaqat, Aaron Cole, Jörg Temming, and Heiner Kösters. "An Optimization Study of CO2 Heat Pump Water Heaters Using NSGA-II." In ASME 2023 17th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2023 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2023-107445.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Due to growing concerns about the environmental impact of refrigerants, CO2 heat pumps have been increasingly evaluated as efficient alternatives for conventional heat pumps. Performance analyses of CO2 heat pump water heaters (HPWHs) have been the subjects of many studies, but these are typically limited to parametric analyses of air-source heat pumps. The interrelated behavior of the supercritical and subcritical thermodynamic properties, component operation, and efficiency means that a parametric study cannot adequately capture the inherent nonlinearity. Therefore, this paper, for the first time, aims to perform a multi-objective optimization on water-sourced HPWH performance in order to minimize the total component costs, maximize gas cooler (GC) heating capacity, and maximize the coefficient of performance (COP) using two different optimization scenarios. The decision variables are defined as GC pressure (75 to 140 bar), evaporator temperature (−19.5 to 0.2°C), and GC outlet temperature for CO2 (16 to 36°C). The model performance is constrained by the practical ranges of the GC and evaporator inlet and outlet temperatures for water. A coupled simulation-optimization model through Python is developed using Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software and the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II). The result of the optimal Pareto front showed that the optimal GC heating capacity changes from 19.2 to 56.7 kW, with a lowest cost of $7,771 to a highest cost of $9,742, respectively. When the lower bound of the GC outlet temperature was set to 32°C, the Pareto front showed a maximum COP of 3.23, with a corresponding GC heating capacity of 44.36 kW.
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Georgievsky, Vladimir B. "Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Remedial Actions for the Contaminated Floodplain due Releases of Radioactive Materials at Krasnoyarsk-26 Into Enisey River." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1136.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The cost-benefit analysis of the remedial actions for the contaminated Enisey River floodplain, due to the release of radioactive materials at Mining Chemical Combine (MCC) «Krasnoyarsk-26» is carried out. The analysis was carried out for a region within the first 260 km below discharge point, where the Exposure Dose Rate (EDR) in the air ranges between 50 and 400 microR/hr and the concentration of the radionuclide reaches 25,000 Bq/kg. Both the methods of a) a cost-benefit analysis as functions of time and b) a cost justification analysis in the terms of the Action Levels (AL) have been used. Two possible situations have been considered concerning the remediation of various sites on the contaminated floodplain: 1. The spatial and depth distribution of radioactive contamination is known. In this case, it is possible to estimate the cost of removing the contaminated soil as one of the alternatives of remediation. Two contrasting examples are analyzed, which cover the entire spectrum of possibilities for removal of the contaminated soil: a) The “Gorodskoy” Island, situated inside the “Eniseysk” City, at a distance of 260 km from MCC and b) the Islands and coast of the «Kazachenskoe» settlement, at a distance 160 km from MCC, where the impacted area, the volume of contaminated soil to be removed and the number persons impacted differ by an order of magnitude. These situations were analyzed as a cost-benefit in functions of time. 2. The information is limited: only the EDR or surface contamination is known. In this case, remediation by removing the contaminated soil is impossible. In this case, remedial actions result only in limiting the people’s actions (i.e. - closure of the area). This is a typical and frequent occurrence concerning remedial actions for the Enisey River floodplain. These situations were analyzed as “generic”: the doses were analyzed using data concerning surface contamination and resulted in pessimistic estimations of the site’s specific parameters, the level of contamination and information about depth profiles of the radionuclide-specific concentration in the soil of the Enisey River floodplain. Cost justification of closure of the area is analyzed in terms of the AL. Cost-benefit as functions time and analysis in terms of the AL were used to analyze the alternatives of remedial actions: a) no action, b) removal of the contaminated soil without its stabilization, c) stabilization by the injection of silicate of sodium into the soil, followed by the excavation and removal of the firm soil, d) closure of the area. The cost used, in accordance with the cost assigned to the unit collective dose a (alpha)= $20,000–$3,000 per man*Sv, facilitates a comparison of the justification of the cost alternatives of remedial action to suit the different economical conditions in Russia (the numeral values a were chosen by experts of MCC). It has been proven that under current Russian economical conditions (α = $3,000 per man*Sv) “no action” is best for most contaminated sites on the Enisey River floodplain. Removal of contaminated soil (without stabilization) is cost justified action for high contamination of small areas (such as “Gorodskoy” Island) only. Removal of the contamination in large areas (such as the “Kazachenskoe” settlement) may be a cost justified action in the future (for α = $20,000 per man*Sv).
Звіти організацій з теми "Alternatives ranges"
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Fowler. L51843 Alternative Processes for Welding onto In-Service Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010356.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objective of this program was to evaluate alternatives to commonly used processes and practices for welding onto in-service pipelines for hot tapping and repair. The use of alternative processes and practices has the potential to increase deposition rates and significantly reduce the cost of welding onto in-service pipelines and may expand the range of materials and situations for which welding at full-pressure and full-flow can be applied.
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Friedman, G. H. Office of Inspector General audit of alternatives to testing at the Tonopah Test Range. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/584987.
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Allison. PR-015-10200-R01 Alternatives to Gas Turbine Expansion Starters. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010775.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Existing expansion-type starters at pipeline compressor stations require a significant quantity of start gas for purge, startup, and slow roll operating conditions, but they are widely used due to their relatively low cost and black-start capability. This effort examines the potential for available, easily adaptable, and new starter concepts and ranked them for various applications.
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Chapman. PR-266-9920-R01 Development and Prototyping of a Variable Geometry Turbocharger. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), June 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010962.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Turbochargers are used to either increase engine power output or reduce air pollutants by increasing the trapped air-to-fuel ratio. An increasing need has arisen for the turbocharger compressor to operate at an ever-increasing pressure ratio while maintaining a broad operating range. Unfortunately, the operational physics of a turbocharger limits the operating range as the pressure ratio is increased. This project evaluates the alternatives to increase the engine operating range by using variable vanes on turbocharger compressor.
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Beard, George. New Mobility - Alternative transport for better outcomes. TRL, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.58446/ykrl1775.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Freedom of movement is enshrined in Article 13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The expression of this right relies on there being accessible and safe transport available for people to use. Furthermore, transport underpins the fundamental needs of society to move goods and people around. Transport is not performing as well as it could. In many ways the freedom of movement for people and goods that transport supports is now more damaging than it needs to be to the environment, to the economy, and to people. TRL’s vision for new mobility is a transport system that provides better choice and access for everyone, serving as an enabler for better outcomes across these areas. In practice new mobility refers to a range of existing and emerging transport modes, services and technologies that have potential to provide a compelling alternative to the motor vehicle. At its core, new mobility is about rebalancing the movement of both people and goods away from single occupancy, inefficient, fossil-fuel powered vehicles. But achieving these goals is not straightforward; there is no ‘silver bullet’ that can entirely replace the need for internal combustion engine vehicles and solve all of our societal challenges. Instead the answer lies in understanding, developing and implementing the right mix of new mobility solutions.
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Hubmann, Christian, Frank Beste, Hubert Friedl, and Wolfgang Schoffmann. Single Cylinder 25kW Range Extender as Alternative to a Rotary Engine Maintaining High Compactness and NVH Performance. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-32-9132.
Повний текст джерела
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Martinez, Melissa. Hypothesis Testing. ConductScience, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55157/cs20220615.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hypothesis testing is a statistical method used to evaluate the validity of a potential outcome within a defined significance level, comparing it with an alternative hypothesis. It involves establishing null and alternative hypotheses, making assumptions, calculating a test statistic, and selecting a significance level. The decision to accept or reject the null hypothesis is based on the observed test statistic. Terminologies include null and alternative hypotheses, critical region, critical value, errors, p-value, power of a test, and more. Hypothesis testing is crucial in statistical inference and offers insights into relationships between variables. Practical applications range from courtroom trials to gender ratio analysis and behavioral effects studies. However, it's important to note the potential limitations and biases in the application of hypothesis testing.
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McGarigal, Kevin, Maritza Mallek, Becky Estes, Marilyn Tierney, Terri Walsh, Travis Thane, Hugh Safford, and Samuel A. Cushman. Modeling historical range of variability and alternative management scenarios in the upper Yuba River watershed, Tahoe National Forest, California. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-gtr-385.
Повний текст джерела
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McGarigal, Kevin, Maritza Mallek, Becky Estes, Marilyn Tierney, Terri Walsh, Travis Thane, Hugh Safford, and Samuel A. Cushman. Modeling historical range of variability and alternative management scenarios in the upper Yuba River watershed, Tahoe National Forest, California. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-gtr-385.
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Short, Samuel. Alternatives to single-use plastics in food packaging and production. Food Standards Agency, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.taf512.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This rapid evidence assessment undertaken by RSM UK Consulting LLP (RSM) and Dr Samuel Short (University of Cambridge) aimed to develop an understanding of the alternatives to single-use plastics in food packaging and production in terms of their risks and opportunities, as well as potential future developments. Literature from within and beyond the UK was gathered from academic databases and reports published by government and non-governmental organisations such as environmental charities. Evidence from the literature was supplemented by findings from a workshop with experts in the field from a variety of industries such as academia, manufacturing, and government. Two broad groups of alternatives were established: material/product alternatives (traditional materials, natural fibres, biopolymers synthesised from biomass, biopolymers synthesised from bioderived monomers, biopolymers produced by microorganisms) and, and system/process alternatives (reducing, reusing, and recycling food packaging and, active and intelligent packaging). These alternatives and systems vary considerably in terms of their properties, such as effectiveness as a barrier to moisture or contamination, convenience for consumers, production costs, and potential for commercialisation. Our review also highlighted gaps in the current knowledge, for example in terms of consumer acceptance and carbon footprint at each stage of their life cycle. The capacity to produce bioplastics (i.e. biopolymers that look and feel similar to conventional plastics but are made from natural materials rather than fossil fuels and are biodegradable or compostable) is anticipated to increase globally from 2.1 million tonnes in 2019 to 6.3 million tonnes by 2027. This growth appears to be enabled by increased consumer awareness of environmental issues and existing regulation and legislation encouraging the development and establishment of a circular economy. However, there are barriers that may challenge this growth. These include already established industry regimes, high production cost of novel materials and a lack of waste management guidance. Overall, fossil-based conventional plastics are a very cheap, versatile material compared to the alternatives currently being developed and tested. Because of this, they might remain the preferred industry choice for certain applications, while alternatives continue to be optimised and commercially scaled. To add to this, the reviewed evidence suggests that there is unlikely to be one single solution to the single-use plastics problem. The solution will likely draw on a range of materials and systems depending on food type and context.