Дисертації з теми "Alternative sentence to imprisonment"

Bien que la prison peine demeure en situation d’échec, en particulier pour satisfaire à son objectif de réinsertion, en France, il y est encore largement fait recours, y compris pour la petite et moyenne délinquance. Dans un premier temps, cette thèse propose d’analyser les raisons de cet échec. Les peines de milieu ouvert, quant à elles, ne constituent pas des peines de substitution efficaces à l’emprisonnement en raison de leur manque de crédibilité dû à leur faible caractère punitif. Plutôt que de condamner catégoriquement la peine privative de liberté pour mettre en avant les bienfaits des peines de milieu ouvert, il est important de s’interroger sur la manière de rendre la peine privative de liberté plus efficace en matière de réinsertion. Pour ce faire, nous allons nous inspirer du modèle de détention ouvert et réfléchir sur l’opportunité de créer une sanction d’une sévérité intermédiaire entre la prison du milieu fermé et les mesures de milieu ouvert, une peine d’emprisonnement fondée sur la confiance et exécutée au sein du milieu semi-ouvert
Although prisons continue to fail at their aim to resocialise offenders, in France prison sentences are widely handed down for minor and serious offences. This thesis analyses the reasons for this failure. Sentences prescribed by the community are not efficient substitutions for imprisonment because of their poor punitive character. Instead of categorically condemning imprisonment and replacing it with probation, it is important to ask how to make imprisonment a more effective resocialisation mechanism. From this, we draw our inspiration from open prisons and reflect on the appropriateness of introducing an intermediate sentence between de rigueur imprisonment and probation, a prison sentence based on trust and executed in a semi-open environment

Le jour-amende, introduit en France par la loi n°83-466 du 10 juin 1983, est une « peine pécuniairecorrectionnelle qui astreint le condamné à verser au Trésor public une somme, dont le montantglobal résulte de la détermination par le juge d'une contribution quotidienne pendant un certainnombre de jours, et qui peut être prononcée à la place de l'emprisonnement ou cumulativement ».Cette définition passe toutefois sous silence le second aspect de cette peine, dont la particularité,par rapport à l'amende ordinaire, réside dans la possibilité d'ordonner l'exécution d'une détentionpour une durée équivalente au nombre de jours-amende impayé. Cette sanction pénale est ainsicaractérisée par sa dualité matérielle, qui a conduit le législateur à lui attribuer un régime enapparente adéquation avec cette spécificité. Or, trente ans après sa consécration en France, lejour-amende peine à trouver sa place au sein du système répressif. Loin d'avoir satisfait auxespoirs portés par son introduction, dans un contexte de lutte contre les courtes peinesd'emprisonnement, le jour-amende semble se heurter à des difficultés liées à son fonctionnement.Sa dualité matérielle, qui est son atout majeur, a conduit à une réelle ambiguïté fonctionnelle. Uncertain nombre d'incohérences est à déplorer dans le système mis en place par le législateurfrançais. Ce constat, accentué par l'étude du droit comparé, conduit à la certitude que le jouramendedoit être réformé. Aussi, ce travail de recherche tend à élaborer un certain nombre depropositions pouvant servir de base à l'initiation d'une réflexion législative, en vue d'une réformequi semble indispensable
The day-fine, introduced in France by law n°83-466 of 10 june 1983, is defined as « a fine thatrequires the convicted offender to pay the Treasury a sum of money which results from the judge'sdetermination of a daily contribution for a number of days, and which may be imposed instead of,or in addition to, imprisonment ». This definition ignores the second aspect of the penalty.Specifically, it is possible to order the detention for a period equivalent to the number of unpaidday-fines. This criminal sanction is thus characterized by its material duality which is consistentwith this apparent specificity. However, thirty years after its acceptance in France, it is clear that theday-fine is struggling to find its place within the law enforcement system. Far from having metexpectations when il was introduced, in a context of fighting against short prison sentences, theday-fine seems to be facing a number of difficulties relating to its functioning. Its material duality,which is the biggest advantage, has become a real functional ambiguity. Regrettably, there are anumber of inconsistencies in the legal system. This, highlighted by the study of comparative law,leads to the certainty that the day-fine must be reformed. Also, this research aims to formulate anumber of proposals which could be used as a basis for a debate and a reform that seemsnecessary

Le choix de politique criminelle contre la récidive des majeurs a permis au législateur français de mettre en évidence deux formes de politiques pénales depuis le début de l’époque contemporaine. Si la première établie sur la sévérité des supplices a progressivement été transformée en la peine privative de liberté. La seconde mettant en évidence la peine alternative à l’emprisonnement semble recueillir aujourd’hui la majorité des acceptions dans la lutte contre la récidive. Pour se faire, le législateur français s’est tourné au cours de ces dix dernières années vers le droit canadien pour en extraire deux mesures, la peine de probation, et la justice restaurative. Mais, l’apport de ces différentes réponses pénales semble n’avoir qu’un effet mineur, dans la mesure où, ni la baisse de la récidive ni la réduction du taux d’incarcération considéré comme une cause majeure de la récidive n’aient été constatées avant la crise du Covid 19. C’est pourquoi, l’idée d’un consensus sur l’intégration de la philosophie pénale de la réhabilitation du condamné, à l’instar du droit canadien, s’impose au législateur français, souhaitant réussir l’objectif de politique criminelle relative à la baisse de la récidive. Delà, si la justice restaurative apparait comme un atout dans lutte contre la récidive, le numerus clausus peut aussi y être joint. Toutes choses auxquelles le législateur ivoirien est aussi invité à engager pour restaurer son système pénal qui en l’état, relève de pratiques qui s’apparentent encore aujourd’hui ; à un manque de clarté dans la lutte contre la récidive
The choice of criminal policy against the recidivism of adults has allowed the French legislator to highlight two forms of penal policy since the beginning of the contemporary era. If the first one established on the severity of the punishments has been transformed into the deprivation of liberty. The second one, highlighting the alternative punishment to imprisonment, seems to gather today the majority of acceptances in the fight against recidivism. In order to do so, the French legislator has turned to Canadian law over the last ten years to extract two measures, the probation sentence and restorative justice. However, the contribution of these different penal responses seems to have only a minor effect, insofar as neither a decrease in recidivism nor a reduction in the rate of incarceration considered a major cause of recidivism was observed before the Covid crisis.19. This is why the idea of a restorative justice system is so important. This is why the idea of a consensus on the integration of the penal philosophy of rehabilitation of the convicted person, following the example of Canadian law, is essential for the French legislator, wishing to achieve the criminal policy objective of reducing recidivism. Therefore, if restorative justice appears to be an asset in the fight against recidivism, the numerus clausus can also be added. All things to which the Ivorian legislator is also invited to commit in order to restore its penal system which, as it stands, is based on practices that are still similar to a lack of clarity in the fight against recidivism

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This Master’s degree dissertation was to understand the particularities of practices related to Community Service Sentence / Order within the scope of the Social Work and Psychology Section of CEPEMA, at Federal Judiciary in São Paulo, based on the constructionist perspective’s assumptions, on the concepts of complexity, multiple realities and ontological politics as well as the notion of performativity. To reach its general purpose we historicized it in the world and in Brazil; we compare the English model, due to the seniority and frequent studies on the subject, to the Brazilian model, whose studies are still incipient; we described the Section’s service and characterized its diversity from initial and exit interviews. Document search and the PsycINFO database search were the procedures used to achieve the first three specific objectives and the choice and analysis of interview reports for the latter. Through this trajectory, we have identified that, at Federal Judiciary, in São Paulo, there are different ways to operationalize Community Service, from the places and practices that perform or enact it. In federal courts, where judgments and agreements are made, it is performed in its juridical aspect, as an alternative penalty or measure to prison; in the criminal execution proceedings, during a hearing, when a judge begins the execution of the sentence, Community Sentence, although performed in its legal aspect, has its focus shifted to the admonition and possible adjustment of the sentence imposed to the current conditions of the convicted person; in the Section, during the interviews, it is performed in its psychosocial aspect and in the agreed institutions it can be performed in different versions, according to three of the four conceptual models that guide the discourses of its applicability: rehabilitation of the person, a sense of revenge and the unfolding of the contemporary change from Nation-State to Market-State. The visibility we seek to give to Section’s Community Service practices lies in the need to problematize and denaturalize situations experienced by interviewees, which are often not considered, nor in the context of judgment and attribution of sentences, nor in the scope of criminal execution, since its reality produced during the admonition hearing, based on the logic of Criminal Law, is not the same as that produced in the Section during the initial interview, based on the logics of Social Service and Psychology. In the first, the legal order is privileged, since it contains the element of coercion, supported by the use of force. In this sense, the legal reality about Community Service naturally overlaps the psychosocial reality, hiding and smothering what could minimize or make it unfeasible. That is why we need to make explicit ethical and political positions regarding these realities, opening the way for dialogue about such delicate human issues we deal with on a daily basis, which at some point must be considered
O objetivo desta dissertação foi entender as particularidades das práticas relacionadas à Prestação de Serviços à Comunidade – PSC enquanto pena / medida alternativa à prisão, no âmbito da Seção de Serviço Social e Psicologia da CEPEMA, na Justiça Criminal Federal de São Paulo, a partir dos pressupostos da perspectiva construcionista, dos conceitos de complexidade, de múltiplas realidades e de ontologias políticas, além da noção de performatividade. Para se alcançar o objetivo proposto, historicizou-se a PSC no mundo e no Brasil; comparou-se o modelo inglês, pela antiguidade e frequentes estudos sobre o tema, ao modelo brasileiro, cujos estudos ainda se mostram incipientes; foi descrito o serviço da Seção e caracterizada a diversidade da PSC a partir das entrevistas iniciais e de desligamento. A pesquisa documental e na base de dados PsycINFO foi o procedimento utilizado para se alcançar os três primeiros objetivos específicos e, a escolha e a análise de relatos das entrevistas, para o último. Por meio dessa trajetória, identificou-se que, no judiciário criminal federal, em São Paulo, há maneiras distintas de operacionalizar a PSC, a partir dos locais e das práticas que a performam ou enact. Nas varas criminais federais, em que são feitos julgamentos e acordos, a PSC é performada em sua vertente jurídica, enquanto pena ou medida alternativa à prisão; na vara das execuções penais, durante as audiências admonitórias, quando um juiz dá início à execução da condenação, a PSC, embora performada em sua vertente jurídica, tem seu foco deslocado para a admoestação e eventual adequação da pena imposta às condições atuais da pessoa condenada; na Seção de Serviço Social e Psicologia, durante as entrevistas, a PSC é performada em sua vertente psicossocial; e nas instituições conveniadas, a PSC pode ser performada em diferentes versões, de acordo com três dos quatro modelos conceituais que norteiam os discursos de sua aplicabilidade: reabilitação da pessoa, sentimento de vingança e o desenrolar da mudança contemporânea de Estado-Nação para Estado-Mercado. A visibilidade que se buscou dar às práticas de PSC da Seção reside na necessidade de problematizar e desnaturalizar as situações vividas pelas pessoas entrevistadas que, na maioria das vezes, não são consideradas, nem no contexto de julgamento e atribuição das penas, tampouco no âmbito da execução, uma vez que a realidade sobre a PSC produzida na vara durante a audiência admonitória, a partir da lógica do Direito Penal, não é a mesma produzida na Seção durante a entrevista inicial, a partir das lógicas do Serviço Social e da Psicologia. Na primeira, a ordem jurídica é privilegiada, por conter o elemento da coação, apoiado no uso da força. Nesse sentido, a realidade jurídica sobre a PSC naturalmente se sobrepõe à realidade psicossocial, escamoteando e abafando aquilo que poderia minimizá-la ou inviabilizá-la. Por isso, há a necessidade de se explicitar posições éticas e políticas frente a essas realidades, abrindo-se caminho para o diálogo entre saberes sobre questões humanas tão delicadas, com as quais se lida cotidianamente e que, em algum momento ou medida, precisam ser ponderadas

There is a small, but growing, body of research on prisoners' families. It has shown that these families experience numerous pains and deprivations associated with imprisonment, ranging from financial hardship to social (stigma) and emotional issues (grief-like emotions). It has also been suggested that long sentences could exacerbate and prolong these problems. However, no studies on long-term prisoners' families specifically have yet been conducted in the UK. This study explores the experiences of 33 long-term prisoners' partners. Prison sociology, which has explored imprisonment, and long-term imprisonment specifically, is used to inform the analysis. Themes such as coping with the pains of imprisonment over time and with the length of the sentence and time passing are explored. It is also shown that partners are fundamentally changed, on an identity level, by a long sentence. Furthermore, stigma is explored, and it is argued that partners of long-term prisoners experience especially strong stigma and that it lasts for a long time indeed. Finally, this thesis considers how the partners outside 'do family' across prison walls, and how imprisonment makes this challenging indeed. In conclusion, it is argued that the experiences of prisoners' partners speak to the sociological research on imprisonment more broadly and that drawing on these experiences can develop the prison sociologist's knowledge about the broader sociological impact of imprisonment.

The thesis constitutes a detailed historical reconstruction of the creation, contestation and subsequent amendment of the Imprisonment for Public Protection sentence, the principal ‘dangerous offender’ measure of the Criminal Justice Act 2003. Underpinned by an interpretive political analysis of penal politics, the thesis draws on a detailed analysis of relevant documents and 53 interviews with national level, policy-oriented actors. The thesis explores how actors’ conceptions of ‘risk’ and ‘the public’ interwove with the political beliefs and political traditions relied upon by the relevant actors. It is argued that while there was general recognition of a ‘real problem’ existing in relation to dangerous offenders, the central actors in the creation of the IPP sentence crucially lacked a detailed understanding of the state of the art of risk assessment and management (Kemshall, 2003) and failed to appreciate the systemic risks posed by the IPP sentence. The creation of the IPP sentence, as with its subsequent amendment, is argued to highlight the extreme vulnerability felt by many government actors. The efforts of interest groups and other pressure participants to have their concerns addressed regarding the systemic and human damage subsequently caused by the under-resourcing of the IPP sentence is explored, and the challenge of stridently arguing for substantial change while maintaining ‘insider’ status is discussed. As regards senior courts’ efforts to rein in the IPP sentence, it is argued that the increasingly conservative nature of the judgments demonstrate that the judiciary are not immune from the creep of a ‘precautionary logic’ into British penal politics. Regarding the amendment of the IPP sentence, the Ministry of Justice’s navigation between the twin dangers of a systemic crisis and a political crisis are explored. In conclusion, the IPP story is argued to demonstrate a troubling ‘thoughtlessness’ by many of the key policymakers, revealing what is termed the ‘banality of punitiveness.’ The potential for a reliance on political beliefs and traditions to slip into this thoughtless state, and possible ways of ensuring that such policy issues are engaged with in a more inclusive and expansive manner, are discussed.

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007
Thesis research directed by: Computer Science. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

Community service as an alternative to imprisonment at its inception was taken up very strongly by the judiciary as part of the reform of the criminal justice system in Uganda. The successful enactment of the Community Service Act, Act no: 5/2000, was an achievement towards the implementation of the programme in the country. However, its implementation as an alternative sentence is currently proceeding at a slow pace. The Ugandan law still allows courts to exercise their discretionary powers with regard to either using prison sentences or community service. Courts still seem to prefer to use imprisonment irrespective of the nature of the offence, thus leading to unwarranted government expenditure and prison overcrowding. An additional problem is that some offenders come out of prison having been negatively affected by their interaction with even more serious offenders. This study was undertaken to establish whether community service as an alternative to imprisonment can be effective with regard to reducing recidivism and to accelerating reconciliation and reintegration of minor offenders back into their communities.

This thesis analyses 'incomplete sentences' in languages which utilise distinctively agglutinative components in their morphology. In the grammars of the languages dealt with in this thesis, there are certain types of sentences which are variously referred to as 'elliptical sentences' (Turkish eksiltili cümleler), 'incomplete sentences' (Uzbek to'liqsiz gaplar), 'cut-off sentences' (Turkish kesik cümleler), etc., for which the grammarians provide elaborated semantic and syntactic analyses. The current work attempts to present an alternative approach for the analysis of such sentences. The distribution of morphemes in incomplete sentences is examined closely, based on which a system of analysis that can handle a variety of incomplete sentences in an integrated manner is proposed from a morphological point of view. It aims to aid grammarians as well as researchers in area studies by providing a simple description of incomplete sentences in agglutinative languages. The linguistic data are taken from Turkish, Uzbek, and Japanese, with special reference to (Bukharan) Tajik.

This thesis analyses 'incomplete sentences' in languages which utilise distinctively agglutinative components in their morphology. In the grammars of the languages dealt with in this thesis, there are certain types of sentences which are variously referred to as 'elliptical sentences' (Turkish eksiltili c�mleler), 'incomplete sentences' (Uzbek to'liqsiz gaplar), 'cut-off sentences' (Turkish kesik c�mleler), etc., for which the grammarians provide elaborated semantic and syntactic analyses. The current work attempts to present an alternative approach for the analysis of such sentences. The distribution of morphemes in incomplete sentences is examined closely, based on which a system of analysis that can handle a variety of incomplete sentences in an integrated manner is proposed from a morphological point of view. It aims to aid grammarians as well as researchers in area studies by providing a simple description of incomplete sentences in agglutinative languages. The linguistic data are taken from Turkish, Uzbek, and Japanese, with special reference to (Bukharan) Tajik.

In the past twenty years boot camps have been evaluated for effectiveness on reducing recidivism, crowding, and costs to the Departments of Corrections. Program and offender characteristics have been studied. This analysis intends to determine how well studied boot camps are, why there is so much disagreement in the findings, and what impact, if any, boot camp programming has had in corrections.

COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
A presente dissertação tem como objetivo analisar a importância da Prestação de Serviços à Comunidade como modalidade de Pena Alternativa e seus benefícios, tanto para os apenados como para a comunidade e a sociedade. Para tanto, iniciamos a discussão traçando um quadro sócio-histórico dos tipos de penalidades desde a Antiguidade até os dias atuais mostrando suas reais funções políticas e econômicas nas mais diversas sociedades. Seguimos analisando as Penas e Medidas Alternativas apresentando seu processo de implantação nas leis brasileiras e a diferenciação entre as duas expressões. Apresentamos como são aplicadas as Penas e Medidas Alternativas e como se deu o processo de instalação da Prestação de Serviços à Comunidade na Central de Penas e Medidas Alternativas da comarca de Duque de Caxias, local onde foi realizada a pesquisa de campo. Assim, constituem-se como elementos norteadores da pesquisa os limites e as possibilidades relacionados ao cumprimento e a efetivação da Prestação de Serviços à Comunidade, assim como são analisadas as instituições parceiras que participam diretamente da realização dessa modalidade de pena. Por fim, analisamos a contribuição do Serviço Social na Prestação de Serviços à Comunidade, apresentando o processo histórico de sua inserção no Sistema Judiciário, e procuramos analisar como essas penas são monitoradas no dia-a-dia e qual a postura do Serviço Social frente a essa temática.
This dissertation aims to analyze the importance of the Community Service Penalty as a form of Alternative Penalty and its benefits, as for inmates as the community and society. For this, we started the discussion by drawing a picture of social and historical types of penalties since the ancient history until the present day, showing their actual political and economic functions in diverse societies. We analyze the Sentencing Alternative Measures showing its implementation process in Brazilian laws and the distinction between the two expressions. We present how the Sentencing Alternative Measures are applied and how was the installation of the Community Service Penalty on the Sentencing and Alternative Measures Centre in the town of Duque de Caxias, where the field research was conducted. Therefore, the guiding elements of the research are the limitations and the possibilities related to the accomplishment and the effectiveness of the Community Services Penalty, as well as the analysis of the partner institutions that participated directly in the realization of this type of penalty. Finally, we analyze the contribution of Social Service over the Community Service Penalty, presenting the historical process of their integration into the Judicial System, how these sentences are monitored daily, and what is the attitude of the Social Service about this theme.

Філатова-Сухова, А. М. Довічне ув’язнення в Україні : магістерська робота : 081 Право / А. М. Філатова-Сухова; керівник роботи Коломієць Н. В.; Національний університет «Чернігівська політехніка», кафедра кримінального права та правосуддя. – Чернігів, 2020. – 159 с.
В даній роботі досліджено наслідки, які несе для особи призначення покарання у виді довічного позбавлення волі та його відповідність міжнародним ратифікованим Україною договорам та Конвенції про захист прав людини та основоположних свобод. В першому розділі розкривається суть поняття довічного позбавлення волі та проводиться порівняльний аналіз даного виду покарання в країнах Європи та світу, наведено умови за яких може бути призначене та скорочено таке покарання. Другий розділ присвячено побутовим умовам та режимним правилам виправних колоній в яких особи відбувають покарання у виді довічного позбавлення волі. В третьому розділі надається оцінка судовій вітчизняній та європейській практиці по справам довічників. Наукова новизна одержаних результатів полягає в тому, що робота являє собою дослідження найсуворішого виду покарання в Україні в контексті його відповідності міжнародним стандартам захисту прав людини. Основні положення і висновки роботи обговорювалися на міжкафедральному науково-практичному семінарі на тему: «Правнича наука: традиції та вектори розвитку», який проходив 23 квітня 2020 року в Навчально-науковому інституті права і соціальних технологій Чернігівського національного технологічного університету на юридичному факультеті. Результати проведеного дослідження викладені в 1 науковій праці.
This work examines the consequences for a person of life imprisonment and its compliance with international treaties ratified by Ukraine and the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The first section reveals the essence of the concept of life imprisonment and comparative analysis of this type of punishment in Europe and the world, the conditions under which such punishment can be imposed and reduced. The second section is devoted to the living conditions and regime rules of penal colonies in which persons serve life sentences. The third section provides an assessment of domestic and European judicial practice in life sentenced prisoner’s cases. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is that the work is a study of the most severe type of punishment in Ukraine in the context of its compliance with international human rights standards. The main provisions and conclusions of the work were discussed at the interdepartmental scientific-practical seminar on Legal Science: traditions and vectors of development, which took place on April 23, 2020 at the Educational and Scientific Institute of Law and Social Technologies of Chernihiv National Technological University. The results of the study are presented in this scientific work.

The aim of this study was to determine the role of visual language input on PCS sentence construction. Thirty-nine participants were divided into two comparable groups and exposed to two inputs of presentations of PCS to investigate the impact of each input on the sentence construction of the participants. In the SVO input the sequence of buttons was in the normal English word order sequence (Subject-Verb-Object) and in the SOV input the word order was Subject-Object-Verb. Both input groups had to answer six questions by using PCS as well as speech. The findings indicated that the participants did not sequence their output to match the word order of the unfamiliar SOV input. The participants receiving the SOV condition used fewer PCS elements than the participants receiving the SVO condition. The participants receiving the SVO and SOV inputs gave similar spoken answers. Reasons for these findings are discussed, as are the implications for further research.
Dissertation (M (Augmentative and Alternative Communication))--University of Pretoria, 2006.
Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (CAAC)
unrestricted

La sanction des infractions délictuelles constitue le nœud gordien d’une politique pénale contemporaine largement désapprouvée. Privilégiée, la peine privative de liberté manifeste de multiples défaillances portant atteinte à sa crédibilité. Les peines d’emprisonnement inférieures ou égales à cinq ans exécutées principalement en maison d’arrêt sont les plus problématiques car nombreuses. Elles sont le plus souvent inadaptées à la délinquance contemporaine. Si des alternatives, déjà anciennes et d’autres plus récentes, existent, elles ne sont que peu prononcées alors même que leur utilité sociale en matière de réinsertion et de lutte contre la récidive ne paraît plus à prouver. La punition hors les murs de l’infraction délictuelle est une thématique politique et législative récurrente. Cependant, elle ne parvient pas à s’ancrer véritablement dans le paysage judiciaire français ; son enracinement étant notamment freiné par le défaut d’adhésion des magistrats en partie conditionné par des mécanismes procéduraux pourvoyeurs de peine privative de liberté. L’heure du changement de paradigme a pourtant sonné dès lors que la peine d’emprisonnement ne permet pas d’agir sur les causes de l’acte infractionnel et du passage à l’acte. Il est également temps de soulager une situation carcérale exsangue ne permettant plus à l’Administration pénitentiaire d’assurer convenablement ses missions de garde et de réinsertion. Albert Camus écrivait qu’une société se juge à l’état de ses prisons, la société française ne peut persister à épandre une telle incarnation de sa politique pénale. Aussi, au travers de mécanismes procéduraux perfectionnés, de l’influence d’exemples positifs du droit comparé, grâce au faire-valoir des ressources intrinsèques des services pénitentiaires d’insertion et de probation, à la rédaction nouvelle d’articles fondamentaux du Code pénal et au déploiement de moyens adéquats, la punition hors les murs des délits passibles de cinq ans d’emprisonnement devient accessible et tangible
The penalty of the criminal breaches constitutes the Gordian knot of a widely disapproved contemporary penal policy. Privileged, the custodial sentence shows multiple failures striking a blow at its credibility. The lower prison sentences or five-year-old equals executed mainly in detention center are the most problematic because numerous. They are badly adapted for the contemporary crime. If alternatives, already older and others more recent, exist, they are only little pronounced even though their social utility regarding rehabilitation and regarding fight against the repeat offense does not any more appear to prove. The punishment outside the walls of the criminal breach is a recurring political and legislative theme. Nevertheless, it does not succeed in anchoring really in the French judicial landscape; its implanting being slowed down in particular by the defect of membership of the magistrates partially conditioned by procedural mechanisms suppliers of custodial sentence. The hour of the change of paradigm nevertheless rang since the prison sentence does not allow to act on the causes of the unlawful act and the acting out. It’s also necessary time to relieve a pale prison situation not allowing anymore the Prison Service to assure suitably its missions of guard and rehabilitation. Albert Camus wrote that a society judges itself in the state of its prisons, the French society cannot persist in spreading such an embodiment of its penal policy. So, through sophisticated procedural mechanisms, the influence of positive examples of the comparative law, thanks to the use of the intrinsic resources of the prison departments of insertion and probation, to the new writing of fundamental articles of the Penal code and to the deployment of adequate means, the punishment outside the walls of the offences punished for five years of detention becomes accessible and tangible

Tiriamoji problema. Šiame darbe gvildenama alternatyvių laisvės atėmimui bausmių veiksmingumo problema. Esminis nagrinėjamų bausmių aspektas yra pažeidėjo elgesio kontrolės galimybės laisvėje. Asmens kontrolė laisvėje grindžiama žmogaus gebėjimo keisti savo elgesį idėja. Problemų, padidinančių nusikalstamo elgesio recidyvo riziką sprendimas, pasikeitimas reikalauja iš nuteistojo valios ir pastangų (motyvacijos keistis). Vadinasi, alternatyvių laisvės atėmimui bausmių poveikis nuteistajam turi sąlygoti jo elgesio pasikeitimą. Tokiu būdu nuteistajam teismo nustatytos individualios alternatyvios laisvės atėmimui bausmės sąlygos (įpareigojimai ir/ar draudimai) turi formuoti atitinkamą jo elgesio kryptį. Paskirtos bausmės sąlygos turėtų pažeidėjui formuoti užduotį spręsti nusikalstamą elgesį paskatinusias problemas ir riboti elgesį, kuris yra glaudžiai susijęs su nusikalstama veikla. Alternatyvių laisvės atėmimui bausmių veiksmingumo problema atskleidžiama nagrinėjant jų skyrimo ir vykdymo sąlygų gebėjimą paveikti nusikalstamą elgesį paskatinusius veiksnius ir tokiu būdu mažinti nusikalstamų veikų recidyvą. Analizuojant temą įžvelgiama tinkamos alternatyvios laisvės atėmimui bausmės parinkimo (individualizavimo) ir nuoseklaus taikymo problema. Teismui, sprendžiant alternatyvios laisvės atėmimui bausmės skyrimo klausimą, reikia nustatyti ne tik skiriamos bausmės trukmę, bet ir tinkamumą konkrečiam asmeniui: ar paskirtos sąlygos (jų kiekis ir pobūdis) yra pakankamos, kad būtų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The problem under study. The problem of efficiency of alternative to imprisonment (non-custodial) sanctions is investigated in the present study. The fundamental advantage of this kind of punishment is the possibility to control offenders‘ behavior in the community. This idea is based on the personal ability to change, which depends on an offender‘s will and efforts to change himself and to start solving the problems, which have caused the offending behavior (motivation to change). Therefore, imposed alternative sanctions should affect the changes in offenders‘ behavior. The individual conditions (obligation and/or restrictions) of the sanction, imposed by a court, should direct an offender‘s efforts to change. The problem of efficiency of alternative sanctions is discovered, while studying, how the conditions of imposition and execution of these sanctions could affect the criminogenic factors and, therefore, could reduce recidives of crime. Analyzing these aspects we can observe the problem of individualization of punishment, or finding the appropriate sanction, and the problem of coherent application of the sanction. A court, imposing non-custodial sanction, should not only state a term of its application, but also should decide, if the imposed obligations (their amount and character) are sufficient to supervise the offender in the community. The imposition of non-custodial sanctions to a great extend determs the process of execution of it. Particularly, if the conditions... [to full text]

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The main objective of this dissertation is to understand the Legislative activities and your interaction among Judiciary and Executive in terms of enforcement of criminal sanction. The considered assumption is that the process of creation of laws about sanction management in Brazil is recurrent the selection of prisons sentences, and the management way created by LEP (Law of Penal Execution) is subject of few proposals of legislative reform. This study includes an empirical research of legislative proposals presented to National Congress between 1984 and 2011 related to the enforcement of criminal sanction. The second chapter of the dissertation contains a quantitative analysis of these proposals, through the systematization of general data (type of proposition, length of the procedure for approval, federal state of origin and author) to identify, when possible, the increase or decrease trend of social exclusion through the use of more or less frequence of imprisonment. The qualitative analysis focus on the concepts of management of criminal sanction and individualization of punishment. The third chapter introduces the concept of management of criminal sanction, review of legislative historical creation of legal degree to accomplishment of sanction until the creation of LEP in 1984, and reinforces a qualitative study of task divisions about accomplishment of sanction from an empirical material. The fourth chapter introduces the idea of individualization of sanction, as approached in a judicial activity, which interacts in a dynamic and constant way with legislative and administrative activities, especially while the accomplishment of prison sentencing. From this concept, new legislative proposals present a new arrangement of distribution of tasks among the three powers regarding enforcement of criminal sanction. The conclusion of this dissertation is that the creation process of criminal laws in Brazil recognizes the use of freedom private sanction, considering the extension of minimum prison quorum or the extinction of subjective rights, in a situation that the judge has no many possibilities to actuate in case.
A presente dissertação tem por objetivo compreender a atividade legislativa e a articulação entre os Poderes Legislativo, Judiciário e Executivo no momento de cumprimento da pena pelo condenado. Parte-se da hipótese de que no processo de criação de leis sobre gestão da sanção no Brasil é recorrente a seleção de penas prisionais e que a atividade de determinação da quantidade e da qualidade da pena no caso concreto é objeto de disputa entre legislador, juiz e administrador penitenciário. Para investigar esta hipótese, a pesquisa comporta um levantamento empírico de proposições legislativas apresentadas no Congresso Nacional entre 1984 e 2011 relacionadas ao cumprimento da sanção criminal. O segundo capítulo da dissertação contém uma análise quantitativa destas proposições, por meio da sistematização dos dados gerais (tipo de proposição, tramitação, estado de origem e autor) e identifica, quando possível, as medidas tendentes a ampliar ou reduzir a exclusão social por meio do uso mais ou menos frequente da pena de prisão. O terceiro capítulo introduz o conceito de gestão da sanção, revisa o histórico legislativo de criação de um diploma legal voltado ao cumprimento da pena até a criação da LEP (1984) e empreende um estudo qualitativo sobre a divisão de tarefas sobre cumprimento da pena a partir do material empírico. O quarto capítulo apresenta a ideia de individualização da pena, conceito abordado da perspectiva de uma atividade judicial que interage de forma dinâmica e constante com as atividades legislativas e administrativas, especialmente durante o cumprimento da pena de prisão. A partir deste conceito são retomadas proposições legislativas que, em alguma medida, abordam o arranjo ou o rearranjo da divisão de tarefas entre os três poderes. Ao final, conclui-se que o processo de elaboração de normas penais no Brasil valoriza o uso da pena de privativa de liberdade, por meio da ampliação das frações mínimas prisionais ou da vedação de direitos subjetivos, situação na qual o juiz tem pouco espaço para atuar no caso concreto.

Thesis (LLM.) -- University of Limpopo, 2019
This mini-dissertation seeks to evaluate the best interests of the child as a separate factor that influences the sentencing of a primary caregiver. When a parent is in conflict with the law, the child stands to be affected sentence that the court may impose on the caregiver. A custodial sentence has the potential of affecting the child’s right to parental care. Therefore, in the event where a custodial sentence is appropriate, alternative care of the child by other persons become a possible option. The author recommends that after applying the principles articulated in S v M and making use of a child impact report; the right of the child to parental care should carry more weight. Thus, courts should duly consider the best interest of the child as an independent factor when negative effects to the child are associated with the sentence. Where appropriate, with either a non-custodial sentence or adequate alternative care (in the case of imprisonment).

A busca por alternativas à prisão é antiga, e a vigilância eletrônica surgiu como uma solução tecnológica. O contexto cultural dos Estados Unidos no fim do século XX propiciou o surgimento do monitoramento eletrônico, influenciado também pelo utilitarismo e pela cultura do controle do delito. O monitoramento deve respeitar os princípios do Estado Democrático de Direito (dignidade humana) e estar vinculado aos fins preventivos da pena (prevenção especial positiva). Por si só não reduz a população carcerária e não diminui a reincidência, mas as vantagens econômicas e os bons resultados obtidos por outros países não podem ser desprezados. Assim, a experiência estrangeira revela bons resultados no uso da vigilância junto a programas de acompanhamento social. No Brasil, o monitoramento eletrônico foi introduzido por lei na execução penal e como medida cautelar. Interessante seria que fosse estabelecido como modo de execução da prisão (alternativa aos estabelecimentos penitenciários). Poderia ser previsto ainda para a execução das penas restritivas de direitos que demandam fiscalização, consolidando um sistema alternativo de penas capaz de promover a prevenção e substituir o cárcere para delitos menores. O monitoramento eletrônico restringe direitos fundamentais e, assim, deve ser previsto em lei, limitado à restrição imposta, aplicado se necessário e com a menor visibilidade possível.
The search for alternatives to prison is old, and electronic surveillance has emerged as a technological solution. The cultural context of the United States at the end of the twentieth century has propitiated the emergence of electronic monitoring, also influenced by utilitarism and by the culture of offense control. Monitoring should respect the principles of Democratic Rule of Law (human dignity) and to be linked to the preventive purposes of sentence (positive special prevention). By itself it does not decrease the prison population and it does not reduce recidivism, but the economic gains and the good results obtained by other countries can not be ignored. Thus, foreign experience shows good results in the use of surveillance along with programs of social support. In Brazil, the electronic monitoring was introduced by law in criminal enforcement and as a precautionary measure. It would be interesting if it could be established as a way of prison enforcement (alternative to prisons). It could be also expected to enforce restrictive penalties of rights that require monitoring, consolidating an alternative system of penalties that can promote prevention and replace the prison for minor offenses. The electronic monitoring restricts fundamental rights and thus it should be provided by law, limited to the restriction, applied when it is necessary with the least visibility.

Предмет истраживања и рада на докторској дисертацији „Нове алтернативе казни затвора у кривичном законодавству Републике Србије“ представља анализа појма, садржаја, услова за изрицање, извршења и ефеката нових алтернативних кривичних санкција и мера. Прописивањем нових алтернатива казни затвора новелирано кривично законодавство Републике Србије сврстава се у ред савремених кривичноправних система које карактерише успостављање хуманијих начина реаговања на блаже облике криминалног понашања и развој алтернативног концепта кажњавања учинилаца лакших кривичних дела.Циљ истраживања представља критичка анализа нормативног садржаја нових алтернатива казни затвора у српском кривичном законодавству и компаративна нормативна анализа решења из упоредних система, преиспитивање усклађености легислативних решења са основним стандардима у овој области представљеним у међународним актима Уједињених нација и Савета Европе, утврђивање делотворности и ефеката примене нових алтернатива казни затвора у нашем кривичноправном систему, преиспитивање оправданости увођења и реалних домета нових алтернатива казни затвора у супростављању блажим облицима криминалитета, као и утврђивање утицаја њихове примене на функционисање целокупног система кривичног правосуђа у Републици Србији.Структуру докторске дисертације чини седам поглавља у којима су обрађена најзначајнија питања која се односе на прописивање и примену нових алтернатива казни затвора. Први део посвећен је утврђивању појма и разлозима настанка нових алтернативних кривичних санкција и мера, као одговора на „кризу казне затвора“. У другом делу разматрају се традиционалне алтернативе овој казни и утврђује њихов домен примене у нашем кривичноправном систему. Трећи део посвећен је настанку и развоју нових алтернатива казни затвора у упоредном праву, а четврти најзначајнијим међународним актима у области прописивања и примене нових алтернатива казни затвора. Пети, централни, део истраживања представљају нове алтернативне кривичне санкције у нашем кривичном законодавству: рад у јавном интересу, кућни затвор, казна одузимања возачкеНове алтернативе казни затвора у кривичном законодавству Републике СрбијеXIдозволе и систем новчане казне у дневним износима, односно њихова теоријска и критичка нормативна анализа, као и утврђивање ефеката њихове досадашње примене и утицаја на функционисање система кривичног правосуђа. У шестом делу анализирају се специфичне нове алтернативне мере у упоредном праву којима се потенцијално може остварити алтернација изрицања казне затвора, односно извршења казне у пенитенцијарној установи, док је седми део посвећен специфичним алтернативним мерама у нашем кривичноправном систему, односно новим основама за ослобођење учиниоца од казне, стварном кајању и поравнању учиниоца и оштећеног (жртве), институту условног отпуста, начелу опортунитета кривичног гоњења и кућном притвору.У складу са постављеним циљевима овог научног истраживања, а након свеобухватне анализе предмета проучавања и на основу лонгитудиналног истраживања изречених и извршених нових алтернативна казни затвора у периоду десетогодишње примене, потврђене су и научно објашњене две основне и шест радних хипотеза.У закључним разматрањима докторске дисертације сублимирају се резултати истраживања и представљају предлози de lege ferenda, како би се у измењеном нормативном и институционалном оквиру омогућила ефикаснија примена нових алтернатива казни затвора у пракси кривичног правосуђа, али и остварио утицај на делотворније функционисање кривичноправног система у Републици Србији.Кључне речи: нове алтернативе казни затвора, алтернативне кривичне санкције, рад у јавном интересу, кућни затвор, алтернативне мере, кривично законодавство Републике Србије.
Predmet istraživanja i rada na doktorskoj disertaciji „Nove alternative kazni zatvora u krivičnom zakonodavstvu Republike Srbije“ predstavlja analiza pojma, sadržaja, uslova za izricanje, izvršenja i efekata novih alternativnih krivičnih sankcija i mera. Propisivanjem novih alternativa kazni zatvora novelirano krivično zakonodavstvo Republike Srbije svrstava se u red savremenih krivičnopravnih sistema koje karakteriše uspostavljanje humanijih načina reagovanja na blaže oblike kriminalnog ponašanja i razvoj alternativnog koncepta kažnjavanja učinilaca lakših krivičnih dela.Cilj istraživanja predstavlja kritička analiza normativnog sadržaja novih alternativa kazni zatvora u srpskom krivičnom zakonodavstvu i komparativna normativna analiza rešenja iz uporednih sistema, preispitivanje usklađenosti legislativnih rešenja sa osnovnim standardima u ovoj oblasti predstavljenim u međunarodnim aktima Ujedinjenih nacija i Saveta Evrope, utvrđivanje delotvornosti i efekata primene novih alternativa kazni zatvora u našem krivičnopravnom sistemu, preispitivanje opravdanosti uvođenja i realnih dometa novih alternativa kazni zatvora u suprostavljanju blažim oblicima kriminaliteta, kao i utvrđivanje uticaja njihove primene na funkcionisanje celokupnog sistema krivičnog pravosuđa u Republici Srbiji.Strukturu doktorske disertacije čini sedam poglavlja u kojima su obrađena najznačajnija pitanja koja se odnose na propisivanje i primenu novih alternativa kazni zatvora. Prvi deo posvećen je utvrđivanju pojma i razlozima nastanka novih alternativnih krivičnih sankcija i mera, kao odgovora na „krizu kazne zatvora“. U drugom delu razmatraju se tradicionalne alternative ovoj kazni i utvrđuje njihov domen primene u našem krivičnopravnom sistemu. Treći deo posvećen je nastanku i razvoju novih alternativa kazni zatvora u uporednom pravu, a četvrti najznačajnijim međunarodnim aktima u oblasti propisivanja i primene novih alternativa kazni zatvora. Peti, centralni, deo istraživanja predstavljaju nove alternativne krivične sankcije u našem krivičnom zakonodavstvu: rad u javnom interesu, kućni zatvor, kazna oduzimanja vozačkeNove alternative kazni zatvora u krivičnom zakonodavstvu Republike SrbijeXIdozvole i sistem novčane kazne u dnevnim iznosima, odnosno njihova teorijska i kritička normativna analiza, kao i utvrđivanje efekata njihove dosadašnje primene i uticaja na funkcionisanje sistema krivičnog pravosuđa. U šestom delu analiziraju se specifične nove alternativne mere u uporednom pravu kojima se potencijalno može ostvariti alternacija izricanja kazne zatvora, odnosno izvršenja kazne u penitencijarnoj ustanovi, dok je sedmi deo posvećen specifičnim alternativnim merama u našem krivičnopravnom sistemu, odnosno novim osnovama za oslobođenje učinioca od kazne, stvarnom kajanju i poravnanju učinioca i oštećenog (žrtve), institutu uslovnog otpusta, načelu oportuniteta krivičnog gonjenja i kućnom pritvoru.U skladu sa postavljenim ciljevima ovog naučnog istraživanja, a nakon sveobuhvatne analize predmeta proučavanja i na osnovu longitudinalnog istraživanja izrečenih i izvršenih novih alternativna kazni zatvora u periodu desetogodišnje primene, potvrđene su i naučno objašnjene dve osnovne i šest radnih hipoteza.U zaključnim razmatranjima doktorske disertacije sublimiraju se rezultati istraživanja i predstavljaju predlozi de lege ferenda, kako bi se u izmenjenom normativnom i institucionalnom okviru omogućila efikasnija primena novih alternativa kazni zatvora u praksi krivičnog pravosuđa, ali i ostvario uticaj na delotvornije funkcionisanje krivičnopravnog sistema u Republici Srbiji.Ključne reči: nove alternative kazni zatvora, alternativne krivične sankcije, rad u javnom interesu, kućni zatvor, alternativne mere, krivično zakonodavstvo Republike Srbije.
The subject of a research and doctoral thesis “New alternatives to imprisonment in criminal legislation of the Republic of Serbia” is the analysis of the concept, content, condition of imposition, execution and effects of the new alternative criminal sanctions and measures. Introduction of the new alternatives to imprisonment in criminal justice system ranks the Republic of Serbia legislation among contemporary criminal systems, which are characterized by the establishment of more humane ways of responding to milder forms of criminal behavior and the development of an alternative concept of treatment and punishment for perpetrators of minor offences.The objectives of the research are a critical and comparative analysis of normative content for the new alternatives to imprisonment in criminal legislation, reassessment of the compliance with minimal standards provided in international documents, determination of the effectiveness of the imposition and implementation of the new alternatives to imprisonment, reassessment of the justification and possible scope of resisting milder forms of criminality, as well as determination of the impact of their implementation in the functioning of the entire criminal justice system of the Republic of Serbia.The doctoral dissertation consists of seven chapters which are mostly addressed to the important issues relating to the regulation and implementation of the new alternatives of imprisonment. The first part is devoted to the determination of the concept and the reasons for the emergence of new alternative criminal sanctions and measures, as a response to the "crisis of the imprisonment." The second part deals with the traditional alternatives to prison sentence and determines their scope of application in our criminal justice system. The third part is dedicated to the appearance and development of the new alternatives to imprisonment in comparative law, and the fourth is dealing with most important international instruments in this domain, provided by United Nations and Council of Europe. The fifth, and the central, part of the research presents the new alternative criminal sanctions in our criminal law: community service, house arrest, the penalty of seizure of driver's license and a system of day-fines, their theoretical and critical normative analysis, as well as the effects of their application andНове алтернативе казни затвора у кривичном законодавству Републике СрбијеXIIIthe impact on the functioning in our criminal justice system. The sixth part deals with the specific new alternative measures in the comparative law, which potentially can achieve alteration of imprisonment or the execution of a prison sentence in the penal institution, while the seventh part deals with the specific alternative measures in our criminal justice system, and the effects and the impact on their implementation.In accordance with the objectives of the research, after comprehensive analysis of the subject, and on the basis of longitudinal research of imposed and implemented new alternatives in the past decade, we confirmed and scientifically explained two basic and six operating hypothesis.In the concluding remarks of the doctoral dissertation we sublimate the research results and present the proposals de lege ferenda, in order to influence the creation of a different normative and organizational framework for the implementation of the new alternatives to imprisonment, but also to make an impact on the effective functioning of the criminal justice system in the Republic of Serbia.Key words: new alternatives to imprisonment, alternative criminal sanctions, community service, house arrest, alternative measures, criminal legislation of Republic of Serbia

La notion de réparation est de plus en plus présente en droit pénal. Indépendamment de la réparation au sens civil du terme, la réparation évolue au cœur de mesures alternatives, communément appelées « troisième voie », et constitue parfois l’essence de certaines peines. La question de la place de la réparation en droit pénal est ainsi soulevée : la réparation est-elle une alternative à la justice pénale ou une composante de la justice pénale ? L’étude comparative des droits français, anglais et libanais apporte un éclairage intéressant à la question. Elle permettra d’analyser les différentes approches en matière de réparation et d’enrichir la réflexion sur la place de la réparation en droit pénal. Ainsi, dans une première partie, l’étude des manifestations de la réparation comme alternative à la justice pénale fait apparaître la réparation comme nouveau mode de réponse pénale. Dans une seconde partie, envisager la réparation comme une composante de la justice pénale permet de révéler des caractères propres à la réparation qui en font une notion autonome qui mérite d’être définie. La réparation pénale redéfinit ainsi aujourd’hui les contours de la justice pénale
The concept of reparation is becoming more common in criminal law. In fact, reparation is evolving, independently of the civil aspect of the notion, at the heart of alternative measures, commonly known as a “third way”, and in the essence of some sentences. This brings us to questioning the place of the notion of reparation in criminal law: is reparation an alternative to criminal justice or a component of criminal justice? The comparative study of French law, English law and Lebanese law will shed the light on some interesting aspects of the question. It will open the possibility to analyze the different approaches in terms of reparation and to enrich the study of the reparation’s position in criminal law. In a first part, the study of the reparation’s expressions in criminal law will reveal the concept of reparation as a new response to offences. In a second part, the idea of considering reparation as a component of criminal justice will reveal the notion’s special characteristics that make reparation an autonomous concept that needs to be defined. Nowadays, reparation in criminal law redefines the outlines of criminal justice

Thesis (L.L.D.)--University of Pretoria, 2005.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on July 22, 2006). "Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Laws (LLD) in the Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria." Includes bibliographical references (p. 355-386).

Le développement des modes alternatifs de règlement des différends dans les contrats administratifs est une nécessité. En effet, l’encombrement des juridictions administratives, conjugué au besoin d’un règlement des différends plus consensuel et apaisé, plaide en faveur de l’émergence d’une justice alternative. Néanmoins, l’ordre public encadrant l’activité des personnes publiques, et protégé par des normes impératives, impose que le développement des modes alternatifs soit régulé. À ce titre, l’étude du droit positif démontre que ce phénomène n’est pas inconnu dans le règlement des différends intéressant les contrats administratifs. Par exemple, les parties à un différend peuvent déjà librement recourir aux modes amiables (médiation, conciliation ou transaction), et quelques dérogations au principe d’interdiction faite aux personnes publiques de recourir à l’arbitrage sont prévues. Cela étant, les lacunes et les défaillances du régime actuel des modes alternatifs dans les contrats administratifs (absence de véritable statut du médiateur, défaut d’encadrement de la conciliation inter partes, complexité de la notion de concessions réciproques ou, encore, difficulté pour le juge administratif d’asseoir sa compétence en matière d’arbitrage international...) complexifient leur compréhension et leur mise en œuvre et risquent, par suite, d’accroître les violations de l’ordre public. Il est donc nécessaire de proposer un régime pérenne des modes alternatifs permettant d’assurer, d’une part, la protection des normes impératives du droit public et, d’autre part, la liberté des parties dans le choix et la conduite d’une justice alternative. Pour cela, leur futur régime devra autoriser l’arbitrage dans les contrats administratifs et le doter de garanties procédurales prenant en compte sa nature spécifique mais, aussi, certaines caractéristiques inhérentes aux personnes publiques et au droit administratif. De même, les procédures de médiation et de conciliation devront être améliorées afin d’assurer aux parties, un encadrement souple et favorable à la conclusion de transactions équilibrées et sécurisées. Enfin, ce régime devra définitivement consacrer le rôle du juge administratif. À cet effet, ce dernier pourra être amené à assister les parties dans la mise en œuvre des modes alternatifs (création d’un juge administratif d’appui dans l’arbitrage, combinaison des procédures de référé avec les modes amiables...). Le juge administratif devra être aussi chargé du contrôle de conformité de la solution alternative à l’ordre public. Cette attribution de compétence, qui résonne de plus fort en matière d’arbitrage international, est indispensable à la protection de l’intérêt public. Ce n’est qu’à ces conditions, que le développement des modes alternatifs de règlement des différends pourra prendre toute sa place dans les contrats administratifs
The development of alternative dispute resolution in administrative contracts is a necessity. Indeed, the congestion of the administrative courts, combined with the need for a more consensual and calm settlement of disputes, pleads in favour of the emergence of an alternative justice. Nevertheless, the public order governing the activities of public bodies, and protected by imperative norms, requires that the development of alternative methods be regulated. As such, the study of positive law shows that this phenomenon is not unknown in the settlement of disputes concerning administrative contracts. For instance, the parties to a dispute can already freely resort to amicable methods (mediation, conciliation or settlement agreement), and some exceptions to the principle prohibiting public bodies from resorting to arbitration are provided for. However, the voids and shortcomings of the current system of alternative dispute resolution in administrative contracts (lack of proper status of the mediator, paucity of framework for inter partes conciliation, complexity of the concept of reciprocal concessions or, difficulty for the administrative judge to assert its competence in international arbitration...) make its understanding and implementation more complex and more prone to increasing public order violations. It is therefore necessary to propose a sustainable regime of alternative methods to ensure, on the one hand, the protection of peremptory norms of public law and, on the other hand, the freedom of the parties in the choice and conduct of an alternative justice. For that purpose, the future regime will have to authorize arbitration in administrative contracts and endow it with procedural guarantees taking into account its specific nature but also certain characteristics inherent in public entities and administrative law. Furthermore, the mediation and conciliation procedures will have to be improved in order to provide the parties with a flexible framework conducive to the conclusion of balanced and secure settlement agreements. Finally, this regime must definitively establish the role of the administrative judge. To this end, that judge may be called upon to assist the parties in the implementation of alternative methods (creation of an administrative support judge in arbitration, combination of interim reliefs with amicable procedures...). The administrative judge must also be responsible for checking the compliance of the alternative solution to the public order. This attribution of jurisdiction, which is resonates all the more in international arbitration, is fundamental for the protection of the public interest. It is only under these conditions that the development of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms can take its place in administrative contracts

Environ vingt milliards d’euros, tel est le coût de la délinquance économique et financière en France. Phénomène proche de la criminalité organisée et pourtant toujours mal défini, délinquance atypique aux caractères spécifiques, elle demeure un espace où seuls quelques initiés parviennent à déjouer les malversations commises par des criminels précurseurs quant à leur modes opératoires. Gangrène du système socio-économique, elle tend à être appréhendée aujourd’hui dans l’hexagone, mais les réformes successives et novatrices ne sont pas synonymes d’une répression adaptée. Si le système judiciaire s’est doté de dispositifs de lutte fondés sur la spécialisation de plusieurs juridictions pénales, l’enquête judiciaire, berceau de toute répression, demeure majoritairement soumise aux règles de procédures du droit commun. Comme l’attestent les retours d’expériences, à une criminalité d’exception s’opposent des pouvoirs d’investigations basiques pourtant susceptibles d’être améliorés par l’adaptation de dispositifs éprouvés
Twenty billions : that is the cost of financial and economic crime in France. This is close to organised crime, but it still remains an ill-defined phenomenon, an atypical delinquency with specific features, an area where only few initiate persons succeed in twarthing misbehaviours committed by pioneer criminals in regard to the modus operandi they use. Financial and economic crime plagues the social and economic system, and although this tends to be contained in France, successive and innovative reforms haven’t ensured a more appropriate criminal justice response. Judicial system has been provided with specialized penal courts, but judicial inquiry, the cradle of fight against crime, still remains subject to ordinary criminal procedural rules. As feedbacks show, basic investigation powers contrast with exceptional delinquency, whereas they could be improved by the adaptation of the tested investigation devices

The topic of my thesis are the alternatives to unconditional sentence of imprisonment, while the main emphasis is given to conditional sentence, conditional sentence with supervision, house arrest, a sentence of community service and financial penalty, which means alternative punishments in narrow sense. The aim of my thesis is to describe and summarize the legislation concerning alternative sanctions to unconditional sentences of imprisonment, and to assess the usage of alternative sanctions, as well as to present proposals de lege ferenda. The paper consists of introduction, six chapters, and conclusion. The first chapter analyses the concept of punishment, its purpose and elemental principles that apply for imposing sentences. The introduction to the second chapter focuses on disadvantages of imposing unconditional sentence of imprisonment. It also deals with short-term punishments. It mentions international approaches to alternative measurements, especially the activity of the UN and the Council of Europe. Furthermore, this chapter describes the system of alternative measures. It presents process alternatives, known as diversions, and substantive alternatives, including alternatives to punishment and alternative sanctions. The conclusion of the second chapter deals with the alternative...

This thesis describes and analyses a conditional sentence as a criminal punishment. The penalty exists under Czech legislation as a suspended sentence of imprisonment and a suspended sentence of imprisonment with supervision. The essence of the conditional sentence lies in a decision of a court that finds an offender guilty and sentences him to imprisonment, but the execution of the sentence is suspended if the court taking into account the character and circumstances of the offender has a reasonable belief that execution of the sentence is not necessary to induce the offender to lead an upright life. According to statistics, the conditional sentence is the most frequently imposed criminal sentence in the Czech Republic. The first chapter describes the conditional sentence as an alternative sentence, as well as principles of restorative justice. The next chapter deals with the essence of the conditional sentence and its arguable legal status. Despite the fact that legal theory considers the conditional sentence as a distinct type of punishment, the Criminal Code indicates that it shall be only one of the form of the sentence of imprisonment. The third chapter includes some worldwide historical facts concerning the conditional sentence and its influence by a probation as well as historical evolution...

My thesis is called The Alternative Punishments in czech criminal law. I have chosen this topic as using alternative forms of sanctions alongside with traditional punishments is a product of the last decades in our legal order and remains very actual question untill now. The crime rate is constantly rating therefor it is necessary to react on it adequally with providing a wide range of sanctions. As one of the governing principles in czech criminal law is a principle of humanity the alternative punishments take a pricipal place in our legal order. The main purpose of my thesis is to analyse and clarify the particular forms of alternative punishments. Those sanctions bring a lot of advantages for convicted in contrary to other traditional punishments as they are not issolated from society and have a chance to re-educate themselves. The alternative punishments are useful and cheaper than short-term confinement. This thesis focuses on the analysis of the actual legislation, assesses changes brought by the new criminal code and defines proposals which would imporove the legislation in future. The thesis is composed of eight chapters. First chapter is subdivided into three parts. The first part deals with the term and purpose of the punishment, the second analysis theory of punishment and the third one discusses...

This master thesis examines the influence of short-term prison sentences on social and psychological development of individuals imprisoned in prison. It is struggling to find and define phenomena that may affect the personality of the individual in prison facili-ties.The thesis defines the professional key concepts that relate to the topic penitertiary environment. It is specifically about those concepts, which are known only to a small circle of people (mainly people who are involved in prisonry). Specifically, the notions of punishment, convicted persons, treatment programs, penitentiary problems or institu-tionalization. It also describes the psychological and social aspects with which the pri-soners face in prison.The issue of short-term prison deals with the practical part of the thesis as the respondents were using individuals who were sentenced to imprisonment of up to one year. Information is processed through interviews and questionnaires records (it is possible to write even a case study).

The theme of my diploma thesis is the efficiency of the probation supervision of the system of justice. My aim is to inform wheather and in which way the probation supervision helps to reduce the risk of crime's relapse. This diploma thesis is divided into two parts. The first one is theoretical whereas the second one is practical. In the theoretical paragraph I explain the aims and reasons of probation supervision. The wide scope of taking advantages of this care is also mentioned. I describe all activities connected with the above. The pecularities of youngters's probation supervision are pointe dout, as well. Last but not least I inform about the course of the probation supervision and try to compare alternative sanctions to the imprisonment. A statistic survey of probation supervision in last few years makes a part of my thesis, too. The second part of my thesis is based on my practice in the centre of probation and mediation care. I mention the results of my research among the members of the working team in the above organisation and social worker's for youngsters and adults. I inform about their points of view of this care and connected probléme and thein cooperation. The next paragraph show the way of life of several clients of probation and mediation care. I inform about their situation, crime,...

Text in Afrikaans
Gevangenis oorbevolking is ʼn probleem waarmee die Suid-Afrikaanse korrektiewe stelsel reeds vir baie jare worstel. Suid-Afrika is een van die lande met die hoogste gevangenis bevolking in die wêreld. Een van die grootste probleme wat tot die situasie bydra, is die aantal oortreders wat nie in staat is om borg te betaal nie. ʼn Ander probleem is die aantal verhoorafwagtendes wat in aanhouding is. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Witskrif van die Departement van Korrektiewe Dienste, is vasberade om die rehabilitering van die oortreder te bevorder. Die fokus van die studie wentel om die rehabilitasie van die oortreder en die vraag of hierdie doelwit binne die korrektiewe stelsel haalbaar is. Heelwat klem word op die noodsaaklikheid van alternatiewe vonnisse geplaas asook rehabilitasie as strafoogmerk tydens vonnisoplegging. Dit is die navorser se mening dat die korrektiewe stelsel nie die geskikste plek is vir die rehabilitering van die oortreder nie.
Criminology
D. Litt. et Phil. (Penology)

M.A. (Social Work)
In the recent past people became more aware of the fact that serious crimes are being committed against children. Statistics show that sexual molestation is one of the most prevalent types of offences committed against children. Society demands that such an offender must be punished in a suitable manner. Recent developments in South Africa in regard to alternative sentences led to correctional supervision. The motivation for this study was to establish differences between people who was sentenced to imprisonment and people who was sentenced to correctional supervision for committing sexual crimes against children by using three different Hudson scales, namely, depression, self-esteem, and sexual discord.

碩士
國立交通大學
管理學院科技法律學程
99
Electric Monitoring is an alternative which uses electronic equipment to execute location-based monitoring, like home detention monitoring, or movement surveillance which, for example, tracks offenders’ exact locations and specific time by using GPS. In other words, it uses the modern technology substitute traditional imprison supervision, and has been widely employed overseas in every phase of criminal jurisdiction and procedure for years. One of the criminal executions is alternative to imprisonment, which can effectively alleviate the situation of excess prisoners, and save correctional expenses. According to Sexual Assault Prevention Act in Taiwan, Electric Monitoring has been applying only to certain probationers committing sexual crimes and parolees under the regulations of probation since 2006. However, The long-existing problem of excess prisoners in the correction system of Taiwan not only interferes with the performance of correction and re-education of prisoners, but jeopardizes its preventive function of recidivism, and also indicates a breach of human rights. This thesis conducts literature review, questionnaire survey with law enforcement officers, and field interviews with five senior prosecutors from different jurisdictions to study of Electric Monitoring. It includes the variety of equipments, ways of execution in foreign countries, and the current practical operation in Taiwan. In addition, this study also reflects to the impressions of the participants about Electric Monitoring, and their evaluation on such-- an alternative to imprisonment.

In this dissertation the problems surrounding the sentencing stage and factors which influence the sentence are briefly considered. The emphasis is on the use and value of a pre-sentence report in determining suitable sentences other than imprisonment. Historical background in the use of pre-sentence reports in South Africa, England and America is briefly referred to. Relevant concepts, such as individualisation of punishment, are considered in relation to possible sentences such as compensation, fines, community service, and correctional supervision. It is concluded that the provisions of sections 274 and 276A of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1 977 are not enough to regulate the use of pre-sentence reports in South Africa. It is further concluded that legislation is needed in this area, but in the meantime, our courts should work towards developing guidelines based on the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1 977.
Criminal & Procedural Law
LL.M (Law)

A presente dissertação versa sobre a suspensão da execução da pena de prisão e a sua aplicação no âmbito dos crimes de cariz sexual. Procurou-se perceber se, atendendo às particularidades dos crimes sexuais e dos seus perpetradores e às suas repercussões comunitárias, é prudente um recurso tão frequente a este instituto. Para isso, analisaram-se as circunstâncias que rodeiam um comportamento sexual agressivo e o que o propulsiona. Abordou-se também o sentimento comunitário perante tais crimes. Apesar de se tratar de um tópico que reclama um tratamento multidisciplinar, concluiu-se que este tipo de crimes e de agressores estão a ser considerados à luz de dados que não representam a realidade.
The present dissertation deals with the suspension of the execution of the prison sentence and its application in sexual crimes. It was sought to realize if, considering the particularities of sexual assault and their perpetrators and their public repercussions, it is prudent to resort so frequently to this institute. To this end, the circumstances that surround an agressive sexual behaviour and what causes it were analysed. The public reaction to such crimes was also addressed. Although it is a topic that requires a multidisciplinary treatment, it was concluded that this types of crimes and offenders are being considered in the light of data that doens´t represent the reality.

The aim of this dissertation is to place the phenomenon of the overpopulation of South African prisons in perspective and to rectify the current situation in search of possible solutions. Since 1981, when this phenomenon reached unmanageable proportions, government has made numerous amnesties. This was only a short-term alleviation of the problem due to the high levels of recidivism. Correctional supervision as a sentence option was advocated by both the Lansdowne and Viljoen Commissions, enacted during 1986 and finally implemented during 1991. Initial expectations soon became blurred by factors such as insufficient development programmes and specialised personnel, enormous caseloads and the exclusion of supervision cases from development programmes. This study endeavours to analyse the current application of correctional supervision to determine the stumbling blocks and to create a foundation for new perspectives and possible solutions.
Penology
M.A. (Penology)

碩士
嶺東科技大學
財經法律研究所
104
This study aimed to explore the current legal construction and issues regarding the promotion of the social labor system in Taiwan, especially whether there are a lot of difficulties in the management of social labor and their practices. Implementing cooperative partnership helps to improve communications among the three parties, make the overall atmosphere warmer and more harmonic, and reduce confrontations, so that social labor can see things from not just their angle and perspective during their social labor service period. The research found that impaired familial, marital, school and occupational bonding with delinquent peer’s accompanying leaded individuals into criminal career. Nevertheless, those impacts would transform themselves into fair controlled bonding after the appearance of important others in their lives, transition of critical life events and enhancement of self–awareness, and then brought about regular life style; stopped their criminal career and facilitated reintegration. However, due to hasty policy formulation and implementation, they are obviously still plenty of rooms for improvement ,such as: the system operation efficiency, the counseling skills among inmates’ enlightenment education, the coordination between supervisory and executive agencies, advanced training and better welfare and fringe benefit of related personnel etc. Finally, the main purposes of my research is to improve the whole system and to reassure a more productive and harmonious society.

碩士
玄奘大學
法律學系碩士班
106
This thesis explores the alternatives to death penalty that are in line with the public opinion and does not contradict the modern penalty theory。It establishes a set of empirical research related to the multiple development of death penalty alternatives，and compares the advantages and disadvantages of different death penalty alternatives. In recent years，regardless of doctrine or practice，the death penalty has abolished the current obstacles，which is inconsistent with public opinion and violates people’s feelings。Through long-term trend research，it is found that if there is an alternative to death penalty in line with public opinion，it can greatly increase the willingness of the public to abolish the death penalty。 However，the current domestic alternatives，whether it is parole but increased imprisonment，or not released on parole Life imprisonment, no public opinion can be obtained，and more than half agree to abolish the death penalty。In view of this，this paper establishes three kinds of domestic Centered on Imprisonment，Suspended Death And Caning。Some scholars have proposed specific death penalty alternatives，which are used in combination with long-term free punishment，as a new alternative to death penalty，and by questionnaire。Conduct an empirical study of opinion polls to verify the impact of the death penalty alternative on public opinion support。

My diploma work is structured in ten chapters. The first chapter claryfies essence of the suspended sentence. The historical development of the suspended sentence follows. The third chapter refers to changes in the new criminal code. Following two chapters describe legal conditions at putting this punishment. The sixth chapter refers to the suspended sentence close by juvenile offenders. Forms of decision and the executing action are theme of the seventh chapter. The following chapter concerns in the Probation and Mediation Service. The ninth chapter in basic features sketches alternatives to unsuspended sentence. The final chapter think of using the suspended sentence in system of alternative punishments.

ISSUE OF THE LIFE IMPRISONMENT SUMMARY The purpose of this diploma thesis is to analyse the issue of life incarceration and some of the matters, which are related to this kind of punishment. I have decided to choose this topic because I have always been interested in the question of how society should punish the most serious crimes. Moreover, this punishment was introduced into the Czech legal framework not that long time ago, so in my opinion, there is still much space for its improvement. The life incarceration, which is the severest punishment possible within the Czech legal frame-work can be imposed by court only in the cases of the most serious crimes such as aggravated murder, terrorist attack or high treason. It was implemented in 1990 by the Criminal Code Amendment Act, which abolished the death penalty and replaced it with the life sentence. This thesis is divided into seven main chapters. The first part defines the basic terms, also it explains the purpose of punishment and deals with the system of punishments available according to our Criminal Code. Next chapter shows us briefly the evolution of punishments, especially of the life imprisonment, from the oldest civilizations up to the present. The third and fourth part are the core parts of this thesis, because they concern with the actual...

The topic of this thesis is the issue of the life imprisonment and the main aim is to analyze this punishment in Czech legal environment and to point the possible improvements that could be done in this legal area. Since this kind of punishment has been involved in Czech system of punishments for only 24 years now, it gives enough space for its study and that is why I chose it as the topic of my thesis. This thesis consists of six main chapters. In the first one my task was to enlighten the meaning of the basic terms which are necessary to apprehend in order to be able to understand the problematic of punishments in general. Other half of this chapter is dedicated to the evolution of understanding the term "punishment" itself and the main opinions of the prominent philosophers such as Cesare Beccaria, Ch.L.Montesquieu, J. Locke and others. Second chapter describes the history of the highest penalty and criminal law in general in Czechoslovakia and Czech Republic in the years 1918 - 2009. In this period of time the significant historical events influenced the Czech law, especially the creation of independent Czechoslovak republic, the period of World War II, consequential rise of communism and its fall more than 50 years later..All of these events had main significance for the journey to death...

Death Penalty - Summary As the theme of my thesis, I've chosen the death penalty. The death penalty is phenomenon that accompanies mankind from the earliest time. Although the capital punishment is currently on decline and it has been abolished in many countries of the world, it is still a topic that arouses passionate debate. In the Czech Republic, the death penalty was abolished more than twenty years ago, but the majority of the population in the opinion polls calling for its renewal. Therefore I decided to mainly deal with the question of the acceptability of the death penalty, and to work with the alternatives offered by our legal system. In the introduction of my thesis I've determined the range of subtopics, which I will pursue and I have asked the questions that I had during work to answer. The whole thesis is divided into eight main chapters, which are further divided into subchapters. The first chapter is devoted to the concept and purpose of the punishment. The first subchapter deals with the concept of punishment. I summarize here the historical theories about the purpose of punishment, both retributive theory, utilitarian theory and combined theories. In the last subchapter I describe the purpose of punishment in today's Czech criminal law. The second chapter briefly describes the death...

碩士
國立東華大學
特殊教育學系
100
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sentence expression through augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) for a three-year-old non-verbal preschooler with autism. The multiple probe design of single subject research method was adopted in this study. The independent variable was the high-tech ACC training programs. The dependent variables were the accuracy of sentence expression, the performance of mean length of utterances (MLU) and oral expression using U-PEN. The researcher implemented the high-tech ACC training programs in three different locations including rehabilitation center, participant’s kindergarten and her family. Data was collected during baseline, treatment and maintain phases. Visual analysis,Tyron’s C statistics and qualitative data were used for analyzing as the results. The results of this study were as follows: 1. After the implementation of high-tech ACC training programs, the participant’s accuracy of sentence expression using U-PEN was improved and maintained in multiple locations. 2. After the implementation of high-tech ACC training programs, the participant’s MLU was improved and maintained in multiple locations. 3. After the implementation of high-tech ACC training programs, the performance of participant’s oral expression including motivation for active communication, verbal learning, and social interactions with peers was improved in multiple locations.

Quantified decision-making refers to the scaling of factors such as crime seriousness, risk assessment, violation severity, and punitive responses or intensity of surveillance. As such, it is largely based on the justice principle, according to which the punitive response should be commensurate with the crime committed. This study consequently looks at the applicability of a retributive stance towards probation, and suggests a quantified, or structured, approach to decision-making in probation with special reference to the South African situation. Referring to historical and ideological precedents, it is maintained that the current crisis in corrections - referring to the congestion of prison facilities and the negative spin-offs related to it - can, to a large extent, be ascribed to an over reliance on imprisonment as a sentencing option. It is argued that imprisonment can be seen as a failure in terms of both its basic motives, and more importantly, with regard to its unintended consequences, necessitating a search for viable sentencing alternatives. With regard to probation, and Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP) in particular, this study recognizes its limitations, but maintains that probation still holds the greatest potential as a workable alternative to incarceration. In view of South African corrections, that is plagued by prison overcrowding, on the one hand, and certain structural shortcomings, on the other, a structured probation system is proposed that will evade the weaknesses of subjective decisionmaking, which often act to intensify the crisis. It is proposed that quantified decision-making tools be developed that will replace both sentencing and revocation decisions. It is further suggested that an effective risk prediction instrument be developed to guide the probation process.
Penology
D. Litt. et Phil.

The Diploma thesis deals with the topic of conditionally suspended sentence of imprisonment as a separate type of punishment which is not considered merely as a variation of an unconditional imprisonment sentence. It analyses the individual elements of this institute, its history and development, the conditions of imposing and methods of termination. It also includes a comparison with foreign legislation that should bring suggestions for a better and more efficient execution of conditionally suspended sentence of imprisonment. The thesis is divided into eight chapters. The first chapter deals with general knowledge of conditionally suspended sentence of imprisonment as an alternative punishment and its legal nature. In the second chapter is outlined the historical development of the institute both in the world and in the territory of Czechoslovakia, respectively the Czech Republic. The third chapter is a major part of the thesis and describes the conditions under which conditionally suspended sentence of imprisonment may be imposed, as well as examining the probation period, adequate restraints and adequate duties or compensation for the damage or detriment caused by the offense, or the unjust enrichment gained by the crime. Following chapter relates to the decision on conditionally suspended...