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1
Mendel, C., A. Feldmann, and N. Ketterle. "Conservation of the Alpines Steinschaf." Animal Genetic Resources Information 45 (October 2009): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233909990332.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SummaryThe Alpines Steinschaf is an old and traditional sheep breed living in the Alps for several hundred years. In 1985 only a few small flocks of this breed could be identified in special alpine regions in Germany. A breeding programme was established by some interested breeders and official breeding organisations. To maintain rare breeds for the future, it is necessary to develop special programmes for their use and marketing. In 2004 the breeders in Germany and Austria created a programme to market high quality products made of Alpines Steinschaf wool. The project ran very successfully, and the population of the Alpines Steinschaf has been increasing annually since then.
2
Da Ronco, P., and C. De Michele. "Cloudiness and snow cover in Alpine areas from MODIS products." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 4 (April 10, 2014): 3967–4015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-3967-2014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Snow cover maps provide an information of great practical interest for hydrologic purposes: when combined with point values of snow water equivalent (SWE), they allow to estimate the regional snow resource. Earth observation satellites are an interesting tool for evaluating large scale snow distribution and extension. In this context, MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometeron on board Terra and Aqua satellites) daily Snow Covered Area product has been widely tested and proved to be appropriate for hydrologic applications. However, within a daily map the presence of cloudiness can hide the ground, thus preventing snow detection. Here, we considered MODIS binary products for daily snow mapping over Po river basin. Modeling the variability of snow cover duration, distribution and snow water equivalent is a first important step in investigating climate change impacts on the regime of the major Italian river. Ten years (2003–2012) of MOD10A1 and MYD10A1 snow maps have been analyzed and processed with the support of 500 m-resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM). We firstly investigated the issue of cloudiness, highlighting its dependence on altitude and season. Snow maps seem to suffer the influence of overcast conditions mainly in mountain and during the melting season. Such a result is certainly related to satellite crossing times, since cloud coverage over mountains usually increases in the afternoon: however, in Aqua and Terra snow products it highly influences those areas where snow detection is regarded with more interest. In spring, the average percentages of area lying beneath clouds are in the order of 70%, for altitudes over 1000 m a.s.l. Then, on the basis of previous studies, we proposed a cloud removal procedure and its application to a wide area, characterized by high topographic and geomorphological heterogeneities such as northern Italy. While conceiving the new method, our first target was to preserve the daily temporal resolution of the product. Regional snow and land lines were estimated for detecting snow cover dependence on elevation. In cases when there were not enough information on the same day within the cloud-free areas, we improved a temporal filter with the aim of reproducing the micro-cycles which characterize the transition altitudes, where snow does not stand continually over the entire winter. In the validation stage, the proposed procedure has been compared against others, showing improvements in the performance for our case study. At the same time it results quite handy both in terms of input data required and computational effort.
3
Gugerli, Rebecca, Matteo Guidicelli, Marco Gabella, Matthias Huss, and Nadine Salzmann. "Multi-sensor analysis of monthly gridded snow precipitation on alpine glaciers." Advances in Science and Research 18 (February 24, 2021): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-18-7-2021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Accurate and reliable solid precipitation estimates for high mountain regions are crucial for many research applications. Yet, measuring snowfall at high elevation remains a major challenge. In consequence, observational coverage is typically sparse, and the validation of spatially distributed precipitation products is complicated. This study presents a novel approach using reliable daily snow water equivalent (SWE) estimates by a cosmic ray sensor on two Swiss glacier sites to assess the performance of various gridded precipitation products. The ground observations are available during two and four winter seasons. The performance of three readily-available precipitation data products based on different data sources (gauge-based, remotely-sensed, and re-analysed) is assessed in terms of their accuracy compared to the ground reference. Furthermore, we include a data set, which corresponds to the remotely-sensed product with a local adjustment to independent SWE measurements. We find a large bias of all precipitation products at a monthly and seasonal resolution, which also shows a seasonal trend. Moreover, the performance of the precipitation products largely depends on in situ wind direction during snowfall events. The varying performance of the three precipitation products can be partly explained with their compilation background and underlying data basis.
4
Da Ronco, P., and C. De Michele. "Cloud obstruction and snow cover in Alpine areas from MODIS products." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 11 (November 24, 2014): 4579–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4579-2014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Snow cover maps provide information of great practical interest for hydrologic purposes: when combined with point values of snow water equivalent (SWE), they enable estimation of the regional snow resource. In this context, Earth observation satellites are an interesting tool for evaluating large scale snow distribution and extension. MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer on board Terra and Aqua satellites) daily Snow Covered Area product has been widely tested and proved to be appropriate for hydrologic applications. However, within a daily map the presence of cloud cover can hide the ground, thus obstructing snow detection. Here, we consider MODIS binary products for daily snow mapping over the Po River basin. Ten years (2003–2012) of MOD10A1 and MYD10A1 snow maps have been analysed and processed with the support of a 500 m resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM). We first investigate the issue of cloud obstruction, highlighting its dependence on altitude and season. Snow maps seem to suffer the influence of overcast conditions mainly in mountain and during the melting period. Thus, cloud cover highly influences those areas where snow detection is regarded with more interest. In spring, the average percentages of area lying beneath clouds are in the order of 70%, for altitudes over 1000 m a.s.l. Then, starting from previous studies, we propose a cloud removal procedure and we apply it to a wide area, characterized by high geomorphological heterogeneity such as the Po River basin. In conceiving the new procedure, our first target was to preserve the daily temporal resolution of the product. Regional snow and land lines were estimated for detecting snow cover dependence on elevation. In cases when there was not enough information on the same day within the cloud-free areas, we used temporal filters with the aim of reproducing the micro-cycles which characterize the transition altitudes, where snow does not stand continually over the entire winter. In the validation stage, the proposed procedure was compared against others, showing improvements in the performance for our case study. The accuracy is assessed by applying the procedure to clear-sky maps masked with additional cloud cover. The average value is higher than 95% considering 40 days chosen over all seasons. The procedure also has advantages in terms of input data and computational effort requirements.
5
Sun, Weijun, Rensheng Chen, Lei Wang, Yingshan Wang, Chuntan Han, and Baojuan Huai. "How do GPM and TRMM precipitation products perform in alpine regions?" Journal of Geographical Sciences 32, no. 5 (April 22, 2022): 913–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11442-022-1978-5.
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6
Tedesco, Pietro, Fortunato Palma Esposito, Antonio Masino, Giovanni Andrea Vitale, Emiliana Tortorella, Annarita Poli, Barbara Nicolaus, Leonardo Joaquim van Zyl, Marla Trindade, and Donatella de Pascale. "Isolation and Characterization of Strain Exiguobacterium sp. KRL4, a Producer of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from a Tibetan Glacier." Microorganisms 9, no. 5 (April 21, 2021): 890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9050890.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Extremophilic microorganisms represent a unique source of novel natural products. Among them, cold adapted bacteria and particularly alpine microorganisms are still underexplored. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of a novel Gram-positive, aerobic rod-shaped alpine bacterium (KRL4), isolated from sediments from the Karuola glacier in Tibet, China. Complete phenotypic analysis was performed revealing the great adaptability of the strain to a wide range of temperatures (5–40 °C), pHs (5.5–8.5), and salinities (0–15% w/v NaCl). Genome sequencing identified KRL4 as a member of the placeholder genus Exiguobacterium_A and annotation revealed that only half of the protein-encoding genes (1522 of 3079) could be assigned a putative function. An analysis of the secondary metabolite clusters revealed the presence of two uncharacterized phytoene synthase containing pathways and a novel siderophore pathway. Biological assays confirmed that the strain produces molecules with antioxidant and siderophore activities. Furthermore, intracellular extracts showed nematocidal activity towards C. elegans, suggesting that strain KRL4 is a source of anthelmintic compounds.
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Sonnleitner, ST, R. Baumgartner, R. Edelhofer, H. Schennach, M. Bednarska, K. Pister, and G. Walder. "Are Babesia a risk factor for blood products in an alpine area?" Parasites & Vectors 7, Suppl 1 (2014): O37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-7-s1-o37.
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Lettner, H., M. Gastberger, and A. Hubmer. "Long-term dynamics of Cs in dairy products in Austrian Alpine regions." Radioprotection 37, no. C1 (February 2002): C1–433—C1–437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/radiopro/2002081.
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Sun, Wenling, Junqi Zhao, and Jianhua Lyu. "Study on the Design of Garbage Removal Products for Alpine Scenic Spots." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 108 (January 2018): 042011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/108/4/042011.
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10
Agradi, Stella, Alessia Libera Gazzonis, Giulio Curone, Massimo Faustini, Susanna Draghi, Gabriele Brecchia, Daniele Vigo, et al. "Lactation Characteristics in Alpine and Nera di Verzasca Goats in Northern Italy: A Statistical Bayesian Approach." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 5, 2021): 7235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167235.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the last three decades, we assisted in a shift in the dairy product preferences in developed countries, with an increase in goat-derived products consumption. As already seen in the bovine sector, the diffusion of goat milk consumption has led to an abandonment of the local breeds in favor of the more productive cosmopolitan breeds, with an intense reduction in the livestock biodiversity. However, in several studies, it has been shown that local breeds present unique features such as a robust behavior towards the local climate and a high quality of their dairy products. This study aims to assess the differences between the basic lactation variables (milk yield, fat %, protein %, lactose % and somatic cell count) in the Alpine goat and the local breed Verzasca goat from a Bayesian point of observation. Results indicate that the Nera di Verzasca goat has overall lactation characteristics similar toa cosmopolite breed such as the Alpine goat, except for the milk daily yield reduced with respect to Alpine goats (1.68 ± 0.84 and 2.14 ± 1.03, respectively). Moreover, the Verzasca goat showed a tendency to maintain a lower level of somatic cell count along with lactation (798 ± 1734 and 1216 ± 2828, respectively). These findings help to increase the knowledge about the Italian local goat breeds and are important in the optic of biodiversity conservation.
11
Atkin, OK, and DA Day. "A Comparison of the Respiratory Processes and Growth Rate of Selected Australian Alpine and Related Lowland Plant Species." Functional Plant Biology 17, no. 5 (1990): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9900517.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Respiratory processes and growth rates of alpine and lowland species of three genera (Ranunculus, Plantago and Luzula) were compared. Relative growth rates were determined for the first 14 weeks of growth at two temperatures (7-10°C and 12-15°C). Generally, the relative growth rates of the alpine species were lower than those of their lowland relatives. Whole-plant respiration rates were measured and leaf slices from each species were used for a detailed analysis of respiratory pathways. Major differences were found between genera, particularly in their alternative oxidase activity, but respiratory patterns (both whole-plant respiration rates and the relative rates of cytochrome and alternative pathways in leaf slices) were maintained within a given genus, independent of the environmental or geographical origin of each species from that genus. The lack of correlation between growth rates and respiration rates suggests that the alpine plants used their respiratory products less efficiently than did the lowland species.
12
Huang, Renjie, Jianjun Chen, Zihao Feng, Yanping Yang, Haotian You, and Xiaowen Han. "Fitness for Purpose of Several Fractional Vegetation Cover Products on Monitoring Vegetation Cover Dynamic Change—A Case Study of an Alpine Grassland Ecosystem." Remote Sensing 15, no. 5 (February 27, 2023): 1312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15051312.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Long-time series global fractional vegetation cover (FVC) products have received widespread international publication, and they supply the essential data required for eco-monitoring and simulation study, assisting in the understanding of global warming and preservation of ecosystem stability. However, due to the insufficiency of high-precision FVC ground-measured data, the accuracy of these FVC products in some regions (such as the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau) is still unknown, which brings a certain impact on eco-environment monitoring and simulation. Here, based on current international mainstream FVC products (including GEOV1 and GEOV2 at Copernicus Global Land Services, GLASS from Beijing Normal University, and MuSyQ from National Earth System Science Data Center), the study of the dynamic change of vegetation cover and its influence factors were conducted in the three-rivers source region, one of the core regions on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, via the methods of trend analysis and partial correlation analysis, respectively. Our results found that: (1) The discrepancy in the eco-environment assessment results caused by the inconsistency of FVC products is reflected in the statistical value and the spatial distribution. (2) About 70% of alpine grassland in the three-rivers source region changing trend is controversial. (3) The limiting or driving factors of the alpine grassland change explained via different FVC products were significantly discrepant. Thus, before conducting these studies in the future, the uncertainties of the FVC products utilized should be validated first to acquire the fitness of the FVC products if the accuracy information of these products is unavailable within the study area. In addition, more high-precision FVC ground-measured data should be collected, helping us to validate FVC product uncertainty.
13
Falchero, Luca, Giacomo Sala, Alessandra Gorlier, Giampiero Lombardi, Michele Lonati, and Giorgio Masoero. "Electronic Nose analysis of milk from cows grazing on two different Alpine vegetation types." Journal of Dairy Research 76, no. 3 (May 18, 2009): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029909004105.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The nutritional distinctiveness of pasture-fed dairy products is mainly influenced by the transfer of specific chemical compounds from the grass to the milk and by their effect on rumen microflora and animal metabolism. Thus, the pasture-fed origin has to be objectively proven, using fast and reproducible analytical methods applied to finished products, in order to protect consumers against potential frauds. In this work, Electronic Nose patterns of Alpine milks produced by cows grazingTrifolium alpinumandFestuca nigrescenspasture types have been examined, in order to test the potential use of this device for routine control analyses of the botanical origin of milk and dairy products. The data have been treated with different multivariate analyses (MANOVA, LDA) and chemometrics (MPLS). The results allow a very good classification of the milks, according to the two treatments. Such results demonstrate that this device could be successfully applied to PDO dairy products food chain as a tool for the determination of their dietary origin.
14
Boccia, Antonella Caterina, Erica Cusano, Paola Scano, and Roberto Consonni. "NMR Lipid Profile of Milk from Alpine Goats with Supplemented Hempseed and Linseed Diets." Molecules 25, no. 7 (March 25, 2020): 1491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071491.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The supplementation of goat diets with natural products to obtain milk with nutraceutical components is a common practice. In these last years, the influence of supplementation of specifically designed diets has been studied with different analytical tools in order to explore possible beneficial effects in human consumption of animal milk and milk-derived products. In this study, the lipid fraction of milk from Alpine goats undergoing different dietary regimens was studied by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Alpine goats were fed with linseed or hempseed supplements, and after 14 weeks of treatment, milk was collected and analyzed. Results showed that feeding diets supplemented with seeds positively affected the fatty acid composition with a pronounced increase in unsaturated fatty acids for both diets compared to a control diet. Specifically, linolenic acid content was more than doubled for linseed diet compared with the hempseed and control groups, while linoleic acid greatly increased only upon hempseed supplementation. However, a number of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers and higher levels of fatty acids with trans configuration were found in supplemented diets, particularly in the linseed diet.
15
Granado, José, Marianna Harmath, Umberto Tecchiati, Klaus Oeggl, Jörg Schibler, and Angela Schlumbaum. "MtDNA D-Loop Diversity in Alpine Cattle during the Bronze Age." Diversity 13, no. 9 (September 19, 2021): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13090449.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Bronze Age in Europe is characterized by major socio-economic changes, including certain aspects of animal husbandry. In the Alpine region archaeozoological data, though not very abundant, reveal that cattle were the most important domestic animals in this time period. They were probably used differently in the lowlands than at higher altitude, traction became more important and people increasingly exploited them for dairy products rather than for meat. Thus, a crucial question in this context is whether these major events are accompanied by changes in genetic diversity of cattle. Here we report partial mtDNA d-loop data (320 bp) obtained by PCR from 40 alpine cattle excavated at different sites in South Tyrol, Italy, and Grisons, Switzerland. Most cattle belong to the main European taurine T3 haplogroup, but a few members of T2 and Q haplogroups were identified. Moreover, genetic diversity measures and population genetic statistics indicate different cattle histories at different sites, including bottlenecks and potential admixture. However, Bronze Age Alpine cattle appear to be linked to modern rural cattle mainly from Italy.
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Bühler, Y., M. Marty, L. Egli, J. Veitinger, T. Jonas, P. Thee, and C. Ginzler. "Snow depth mapping in high-alpine catchments using digital photogrammetry." Cryosphere 9, no. 1 (February 6, 2015): 229–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-229-2015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Information on snow depth and its spatial distribution is crucial for numerous applications in snow and avalanche research as well as in hydrology and ecology. Today, snow depth distributions are usually estimated using point measurements performed by automated weather stations and observers in the field combined with interpolation algorithms. However, these methodologies are not able to capture the high spatial variability of the snow depth distribution present in alpine terrain. Continuous and accurate snow depth mapping has been successfully performed using laser scanning but this method can only cover limited areas and is expensive. We use the airborne ADS80 optoelectronic scanner, acquiring stereo imagery with 0.25 m spatial resolution to derive digital surface models (DSMs) of winter and summer terrains in the neighborhood of Davos, Switzerland. The DSMs are generated using photogrammetric image correlation techniques based on the multispectral nadir and backward-looking sensor data. In order to assess the accuracy of the photogrammetric products, we compare these products with the following independent data sets acquired simultaneously: (a) manually measured snow depth plots; (b) differential Global Navigation Satellite System (dGNSS) points; (c) terrestrial laser scanning (TLS); and (d) ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data sets. We demonstrate that the method presented can be used to map snow depth at 2 m resolution with a vertical depth accuracy of ±30 cm (root mean square error) in the complex topography of the Alps. The snow depth maps presented have an average accuracy that is better than 15 % compared to the average snow depth of 2.2 m over the entire test site.
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Tolstoy, M., O. Shabatura, N. Kostenko, and Yu Hasanov. "STRUCTURAL AREAS IN EAST EUROPEAN ALPINE FOLDED BELT: CONTRASTING PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF VOLCANIC PRODUCTS." Visnyk of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geology, no. 66 (2014): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2713.66.07.
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Gómez Giménez, Marta, Rogier de Jong, Armin Keller, Beat Rihm, and Michael E. Schaepman. "Studying the Influence of Nitrogen Deposition, Precipitation, Temperature, and Sunshine in Remotely Sensed Gross Primary Production Response in Switzerland." Remote Sensing 11, no. 9 (May 12, 2019): 1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11091135.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Climate, soil type, and management practices have been reported as primary limiting factors of gross primary production (GPP). However, the extent to which these factors predict GPP response varies according to scales and land cover classes. Nitrogen (N) deposition has been highlighted as an important driver of primary production in N-limited ecosystems that also have an impact on biodiversity in alpine grasslands. However, the effect of N deposition on GPP response in alpine grasslands hasn’t been studied much at a large scale. These remote areas are characterized by complex topography and extensive management practices with high species richness. Remotely sensed GPP products, weather datasets, and available N deposition maps bring along the opportunity of analyzing how those factors predict GPP in alpine grasslands and compare these results with those obtained in other land cover classes with intensive and mixed management practices. This study aims at (i) analyzing the impact of N deposition and climatic variables (precipitation, sunshine, and temperature) on carbon (C) fixation response in alpine grasslands and (ii) comparing the results obtained in alpine grasslands with those from other land cover classes with different management practices. We stratified the analysis using three land cover classes: Grasslands, croplands, and croplands/natural vegetation mosaic and built multiple linear regression models. In addition, we analyzed the soil characteristics, such as aptitude for croplands, stone content, and water and nutrient storage capacity for each class to interpret the results. In alpine grasslands, explanatory variables explained up to 80% of the GPP response. However, the explanatory performance of the covariates decreased to maximums of 47% in croplands and 19% in croplands/natural vegetation mosaic. Further information will improve our understanding of how N deposition affects GPP response in ecosystems with high and mixed intensity of use management practices, and high species richness. Nevertheless, this study helps to characterize large patterns of GPP response in regions affected by local climatic conditions and different land management patterns. Finally, we highlight the importance of including N deposition in C budget models, while accounting for N dynamics.
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Haid, Marco, and Julia N. Albrecht. "Sustainable Tourism Product Development: An Application of Product Design Concepts." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 16, 2021): 7957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147957.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study examines sustainable tourism products in tourism destinations. Based on concepts of sustainable product design, our study proposes a framework for sustainable tourism products by adapting an existing Design for Sustainability Framework to consider and analyze the characteristics and themes of sustainable (tourism) products as well as their impact and scope. Using a pragmatic qualitative approach, 15 semi-structured interviews with destination managers from the German-speaking Alpine region formed the empirical basis of the study. The results emphasize key themes and multiple characteristics associated with sustainable tourism products in tourist destinations, addressing all sustainability components and design innovation levels. This study is the first to apply existing sustainable product design concepts to destination contexts and discuss their applicability for sustainable tourism products. For practitioners, this study provides support for the development of sustainable tourism products and contributes to a better understanding of the effects and levels of these products as well as sustainability marketing.
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Weber, Michael, Franziska Koch, Matthias Bernhardt, and Karsten Schulz. "The evaluation of the potential of global data products for snow hydrological modelling in ungauged high-alpine catchments." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 5 (May 27, 2021): 2869–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2869-2021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. For many ungauged mountain regions, global datasets of different meteorological and land surface parameters are the only data sources available. However, their applicability in modelling high-alpine regions has been insufficiently investigated so far. Therefore, we tested a suite of globally available datasets by applying the physically based Cold Regions Hydrological Model (CRHM) for a 10-year (September 2000–August 2010) period in the gauged high-alpine Research Catchment Zugspitze (RCZ), which is 12 km2 and located in the European Alps. Besides meteorological data, snow depth is measured at two stations. We ran CRHM with a reference run with in situ-measured meteorological data and a 2.5 m high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) for the parameterization of the surface characteristics. Regarding different meteorological setups, we used 10 different globally available datasets (including versions of ERA, GLDAS, CFSR, CHIRPS) and additionally one transferred dataset from a similar station in the vicinity. Regarding the different DEMs, we used ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Satellite) and SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) (both 30 m) as well as GTOPO30 (1 km). The following two main goals were investigated: (a) the reliability of simulations of snow depth, specific snow hydrological parameters and runoff with global meteorological products and (b) the influence of different global DEMs on snow hydrological simulations in such a topographically complex terrain. The range between all setups in mean decadal temperature is high at 3.5 ∘C and for the mean decadal precipitation sum at 1510 mm, which subsequently leads to large offsets in the snow hydrological results. Only three meteorological setups, the reference, the transferred in situ dataset and the CHIRPS dataset, substituting precipitation only, showed agreeable results when comparing modelled to measured snow depth. Nevertheless, those setups showed obvious differences in the catchment's runoff regime and in snow depth, snow cover, ablation period, the date, and quantity of maximum snow water equivalent in the entire catchment and in specific parts. All other globally available meteorological datasets performed worse. In contrast, all globally available DEM setups reproduced snow depth, the snow hydrological parameters and runoff quite well. Differences occurred mainly due to differences in radiation model input due to different spatial realizations. Even though SRTM and ALOS have the same spatial resolution, they showed considerable differences due to their different product origins. Despite the fact that the very coarse GTOPO30 DEM performed relatively well on the catchment mean, we advise against using this product in such heterogeneous high-alpine terrain since small-scale topographic characteristics cannot be captured. While global meteorological data are not suitable for sound snow hydrological modelling in the RCZ, the choice of the DEM with resolutions in the decametre level is less critical. Nevertheless, global meteorological data can be a valuable source to substitute single missing variables. For the future, however, we expect an increasing role of global data in modelling ungauged high-alpine basins due to further product improvements, spatial refinements and further steps regarding assimilation with remote sensing data.
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Zhu, Xiaoyan, Yanyan Pei, Zhaopei Zheng, Jinwei Dong, Yao Zhang, Junbang Wang, Lajiao Chen, Russell Doughty, Geli Zhang, and Xiangming Xiao. "Underestimates of Grassland Gross Primary Production in MODIS Standard Products." Remote Sensing 10, no. 11 (November 8, 2018): 1771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10111771.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As the biggest carbon flux of terrestrial ecosystems from photosynthesis, gross primary productivity (GPP) is an important indicator in understanding the carbon cycle and biogeochemical process of terrestrial ecosystems. Despite advances in remote sensing-based GPP modeling, spatial and temporal variations of GPP are still uncertain especially under extreme climate conditions such as droughts. As the only official products of global spatially explicit GPP, MOD17A2H (GPPMOD) has been widely used to assess the variations of carbon uptake of terrestrial ecosystems. However, systematic assessment of its performance has rarely been conducted especially for the grassland ecosystems where inter-annual variability is high. Based on a collection of GPP datasets (GPPEC) from a global network of eddy covariance towers (FluxNet), we compared GPPMOD and GPPEC at all FluxNet grassland sites with more than five years of observations. We evaluated the performance and robustness of GPPMOD in different grassland biomes (tropical, temperate, and alpine) by using a bootstrapping method for calculating 95% confident intervals (CI) for the linear regression slope, coefficients of determination (R2), and root mean square errors (RMSE). We found that GPPMOD generally underestimated GPP by about 34% across all biomes despite a significant relationship (R2 = 0.66 (CI, 0.63–0.69), RMSE = 2.46 (2.33–2.58) g Cm−2 day−1) for the three grassland biomes. GPPMOD had varied performances with R2 values of 0.72 (0.68–0.75) (temperate), 0.64 (0.59–0.68) (alpine), and 0.40 (0.27–0.52) (tropical). Thus, GPPMOD performed better in low GPP situations (e.g., temperate grassland type), which further indicated that GPPMOD underestimated GPP. The underestimation of GPP could be partly attributed to the biased maximum light use efficiency (εmax) values of different grassland biomes. The uncertainty of the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) and the water scalar based on the vapor pressure deficit (VPD) could have other reasons for the underestimation. Therefore, more accurate estimates of GPP for different grassland biomes should consider improvements in εmax, FPAR, and the VPD scalar. Our results suggest that the community should be cautious when using MODIS GPP products to examine spatial and temporal variations of carbon fluxes.
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Marenjak, T. S., N. Poljičak-Milas, J. Piršljin, B. B. Ljubić, and S. Milinković Tur. "Oxidative stability and quality of raw Saanen and Alpine goats milk." Archives Animal Breeding 52, no. 6 (October 10, 2009): 637–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-52-637-2009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The milk composition and concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in fresh and refrigerated raw goat milk of Saanen and Alpine breed at the breeding period were investigated. Low average milk fat, SNF and lactose content were determined in both breeds with no significant differences between breeds regarding the milk yield and milk composition. The significantly higher somatic cell count (SCC) was detected in Saanen goats. The SOD activity and TBARS concentration were significantly higher 14 h after the collection and cold storage in both breeds of dairy goats with no difference between the breeds. In the Alpine goats the TBARS concentration was negatively correlated with urea concentration, and in the milk of the Saanen goats the TBARS was positively correlated with proteins and SCC. The higher SCC in the Saanen goats may have caused higher production of secondary oxidative products catalysed by the enzyme superoxide dismutase from polymorphonuclear granulocytes present in the udder, or by some other enzymes that participate in oxidation of the milk constituents. The energy shortage and protein surplus in the diet of the dairy goats may have induced the higher degree of lipid mobilisation and a consequent increase of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) that are easily prone to oxidation and formation of the secondary oxidative products.
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Park, Sang-Jin, Seung-Gyu Jeong, Yong Park, Sang-Hyuk Kim, Dong-Kun Lee, Yong-Won Mo, Dong-Seok Jang, and Kyung-Min Park. "Phenological Analysis of Sub-Alpine Forest on Jeju Island, South Korea, Using Data Fusion of Landsat and MODIS Products." Forests 12, no. 3 (March 2, 2021): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12030286.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Climate change poses a disproportionate risk to alpine ecosystems. Effective monitoring of forest phenological responses to climate change is critical for predicting and managing threats to alpine populations. Remote sensing can be used to monitor forest communities in dynamic landscapes for responses to climate change at the species level. Spatiotemporal fusion technology using remote sensing images is an effective way of detecting gradual phenological changes over time and seasonal responses to climate change. The spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model (STARFM) is a widely used data fusion algorithm for Landsat and MODIS imagery. This study aims to identify forest phenological characteristics and changes at the species–community level by fusing spatiotemporal data from Landsat and MODIS imagery. We fused 18 images from March to November for 2000, 2010, and 2019. (The resulting STARFM-fused images exhibited accuracies of RMSE = 0.0402 and R2 = 0.795. We found that the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) value increased with time, which suggests that increasing temperature due to climate change has affected the start of the growth season in the study region. From this study, we found that increasing temperature affects the phenology of these regions, and forest management strategies like monitoring phenology using remote sensing technique should evaluate the effects of climate change.
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Pan, Ssu-Chi, Tai-Shan Hu, Ben-Zin Chia, Su-Li Chang, and Hai-Ping Lin. "Does Knowledge Evolution Matter? Reflection on Alpine Tribes Industry, Development, and Transformation." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (June 3, 2022): 6851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116851.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Young aboriginals are emigrating from their homelands to cities to become laborers working in basic production-related jobs, hampering the sustainability of the alpine tribes. This study examines the critical demands of Tungpu Daigaz, an alpine tribe in Taiwan, through in-depth interviews and questionnaires. Based on the analytical results, we propose that for the alpine tribe, the government should further improve transportation, add value to featured tribal products, and close the consensus gap among tribes. Whereas previous studies have recommended strategies, including loans and human resource training, we believe that the improvements should be accomplished through acquisition, transmission, creation, and use. This study establishes a KBD model to construct industrial knowledge for Tungpu Daigaz. Knowledge translation is carried out by integrating new hunter knowledge with tribal opinions. Knowledge transmission is then performed to encourage group learning. Long-term development depends on knowledge creation by tribes. We suggest that the government build a hub for the industries connecting Tungpu hot spring with the tribal resources and enhance sustainable development through tribal mountain guides and the hunting culture of Tungpu Daigaz. The knowledge-hunting developmental model can balance Tungpu Daigaz while developing the culture and wisdom of alpine tribes, solve the problems of tribal development, and ensure environmental protection and sustainable development. This study establishes a circulation system of new hunter knowledge based on a comprehensive understanding of the demands of local development for knowledge creation and skill integration, cooperation with external expertise and young innovative knowledge of tribal youths, and co-management with self-media. This novel KBD model can promote tribe sustainability.
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Cao, Zetao, Hongxia Gao, Zhuotong Nan, Yi Zhao, and Ziyun Yin. "A Semi-Physical Approach for Downscaling Satellite Soil Moisture Data in a Typical Cold Alpine Area, Northwest China." Remote Sensing 13, no. 3 (January 31, 2021): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13030509.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Microwave remote sensing techniques provide a direct measurement of surface soil moisture (SM), with advantages for all-weather observations and solid physics. However, most satellite microwave soil moisture products fail to meet the requirements of land surface studies for high-resolution surface soil moisture data due to their coarse spatial resolutions. Although many approaches have been proposed to downscale the spatial resolution of satellite soil moisture products, most of them have been tested in flat areas where the surface is relatively homogeneous. Thus, those established approaches are often inapplicable for downscaling in cold alpine areas with complex terrain where multiple factors control the variations in surface soil moisture. In this work, we re-inferred and verified the mathematical assumption behind a semi-physical approach for downscaling satellite soil moisture data and extended this approach for cold alpine areas. Instead of directly deriving SM from proxy variables, this approach relies on a relationship between two standardized variables of SM and apparent thermal inertia (ATI), in which the sub grid standard deviation for SM is estimated by a physical hydraulic model taking soil texture data as input. The approach was applied to downscale the soil moisture active passive (SMAP) daily data in a typical cold alpine basin, i.e., the Babao River basin located in the Qilian Mountains of Northwest China. We observed good linearity between the computed ATI and SM observations on most wireless sensor network sites installed in the study basin, which justifies the underlying assumption. The sub grid standard deviations for the SMAP grid estimated through the Mualem-van Genuchten model can broadly represent the real characteristics. The downscaled 1-km resolution results correlated well with the in-situ SM observations, with an average correlation coefficient of 0.74 and a small root mean square error (0.096 cm3/cm3). The downscaled results show more and consistent textural details than the original SMAP data. After removal of biases in the original SMAP data even higher agreements with the observations can be achieved. These results demonstrate the adequacy of the proposed semi-physical approach for downscaling satellite soil moisture data in cold alpine areas, and the resultant fine-resolution data can serve as useful databases for land surface and hydrological studies in those areas.
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Dabovski, Christo, Alexandra Harkovska, Borislav Kamenov, Bozhidar Mavrudchiev, Girgina Stanisheva-Vassileva, and Yotzo Yanev. "A geodynamic model of the Alpine magmatism in Bulgaria." Geologica Balcanica 21, no. 4 (August 30, 1991): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.21.4.3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The territory of Bulgaria covers part of the active continental margin of the Eurasian plate. Several first-order tectonic units may be distmguished: Moesian platform, paraautochthonous margin of the platform, zone of Mid-Mesozoic collage units, Late Cretaceous island-arc system and a system of Cenozoic collisional and post-collisional grabens. The Alpine magmatism is genetically related to the evolution of the Eurasian margin and the Tethyan ocean south of it. The earliest Alpine magmatic activity is represented by Triassic, basic and intermediate, strongly altered volcanics (NW Bulgaria, in boreholes). They are related to initial, embryonal rifting of the Moesian platform. The Triassic and Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous small bodies of basic volcamcs in the SE collage units are interpreted as ensimatic. During the Upper Cretaceous an ensialic island-arc system originated. The related intensive magmatism formed the Srednogoric volcano-intrusive zone (SVIZ). The magmatic rocks are products of complex differentiation processes. Their formation was accompanied by deep-water sedimentation. All magmatic groups, according to SiO2 content, occur. By the K2O/SiO2 ratio they belong to the TH, CA, HKCA, SH, HKTR (high-K transitional) and BG (bulgaritic) series. Longitudinal and transversal zonahties may be traced. In a global aspect SVIZ is one of the most ancient segments of the Alpine-Himalayan volcano-intrusive belt. The bulgaritic petrochemical trend is related to the earliest generation of K-cnriched magmas in the Mediterranean region. The products of the collisional magmatism are exposed in the Macedonian-Rhodope-North Aegean volcanic zone (MRNAVZ) located south of the Late Cretaceous island arc. It originated during the Eocene-Oligocene (37-25 Ma) as a result of the collision between Eurasia and the Apulian promontory of Africa. The magmatic rocks belong dominantly to the intermediate and acid groups and to the CA, HKCA and SH series. The distribution of intermediate and acid rocks in this zone is controlled by the thickness of the crust. In the Eastern and Central Rhodopes the K-content increases from south to north. The volcanic activity in the zone occurred in conditions of intensive block orogeny and was accompanied by terrigenous molasse sedimentation. During the Neogene a zone of transversal faulting developed in the collisional orogen (remainding of Himalayan-type orogen) and parts of the Moesian platform. This zone is marked by small bodies of basic and ultrabasic, Na-alkalinc and subalkalinc rocks. The K-content increases in southward direction, toward the collisional front.
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Gu, Pengfei, Yongxiang Wu, Guodong Liu, Chengcheng Xia, Gaoxu Wang, Jing Xia, Ke Chen, Xiaohua Huang, and Daiyuan Li. "Application of meteorological element combination-driven SWAT model based on meteorological datasets in alpine basin." Water Supply 22, no. 3 (November 22, 2021): 3307–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.397.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Thus far, reanalysis-based meteorological products have drawn little attention to the influence of meteorological elements of products on hydrological modeling. This study aims to evaluate the hydrological application potential of the precipitation, temperature, and solar radiation of the China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets for the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model (CMADS) and Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) in an alpine basin. The precipitation, temperature, and solar radiation of the gauge-observed meteorological dataset (GD), CFSR, and CMADS were cross-combined, and 20 scenarios were constructed to drive the SWAT model. From the comprehensive comparisons of all scenarios, we drew the following conclusions: (1) among the three meteorological elements, precipitation has the greatest impact on the simulation results, and using GD precipitation from sparse stations yielded better performance than CMADS and CFSR; (2) although the SWAT modeling driven by CMADS and CFSR performed poorly, with CMADS underestimation and CFSR overestimation, the temperature and solar radiation of CMADS and CFSR can be an alternative data source for streamflow simulation; (3) models using GD precipitation, CFSR temperature, and CFSR solar radiation as input yielded the best performance in streamflow simulation, suggesting that these data sources can be applied to this data-scarce alpine region.
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Bühler, Y., M. Marty, L. Egli, J. Veitinger, T. Jonas, P. Thee, and C. Ginzler. "Spatially continuous mapping of snow depth in high alpine catchments using digital photogrammetry." Cryosphere Discussions 8, no. 3 (June 23, 2014): 3297–333. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-8-3297-2014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Information on snow depth and its spatial distribution is crucial for many applications in snow and avalanche research as well as in hydrology and ecology. Today snow depth distributions are usually estimated using point measurements performed by automated weather stations and observers in the field combined with interpolation algorithms. However, these methodologies are not able to capture the high spatial variability of the snow depth distribution present in alpine terrain. Continuous and accurate snow depth mapping has been done using laser scanning but this method can only cover limited areas and is expensive. We use the airborne ADS80 opto-electronic scanner with 0.25 m spatial resolution to derive digital surface models (DSMs) of winter and summer terrains in the neighborhood of Davos, Switzerland. The DSMs are generated using photogrammetric image correlation techniques based on the multispectral nadir and backward looking sensor data. We compare these products with the following independent datasets acquired simultaneously: (a) manually measured snow depth plots (b) differential Global Navigation Satellite System (dGNSS) points (c) Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and (d) Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) datasets, to assess the accuracy of the photogrammetric products. The results of this investigation demonstrate the potential of optical scanners for wide-area, continuous and high spatial resolution snow-depth mapping over alpine catchments above tree line.
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Dong, Kun Peng, Hong Lin Liu, and Wei Qing Gong. "Study on Development Strategy of Yesanguan Ecological Vacation Tourism in Badong Country Hubei Province." Applied Mechanics and Materials 357-360 (August 2013): 558–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.357-360.558.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Based on the whole development plan of vocation tourism in Badong country, the development status and problems were analyzed for Yesanguan ecological vacation tourism in western Hubei province. The strategic orientation, strategic targets and measures of Yesanguan ecological vacation tourism are proposed. Through resource integration, administrative merge and unified plan, the new ecotourism products of southeast Badong are formed, and the Yesanguan tourist hub and Lucongpo alpine leisure international club would be built.
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Klimek, Katarzyna, and Marut Doctor. "Are alpine destination management organizations (DMOs) appropriate entities for the commercialization of summer tourism products?" Journal of Destination Marketing & Management 10 (December 2018): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2018.09.005.
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Chen, Jiachao, Zhaoli Wang, Xushu Wu, Xiaohong Chen, Chengguang Lai, Zhaoyang Zeng, and Jun Li. "Accuracy evaluation of GPM multi-satellite precipitation products in the hydrological application over alpine and gorge regions with sparse rain gauge network." Hydrology Research 50, no. 6 (October 18, 2019): 1710–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2019.133.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract With the release of Global Precipitation Measurement Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM products, hydrologists can obtain precipitation data with higher resolution and wider coverage. However, great uncertainties still exist in the accuracy and hydrological utility of these data in alpine and gorge regions with sparse gauge stations. In this study, the Lancang River Basin in China was used as an example, and near real-time products (IMERG-E and IMERG-L) and post-processed products (IMERG-F and TMPA 3B42-V7) were evaluated. Different indexes and methods were applied to evaluate the accuracy of these products. The variable infiltration capacity hydrological model was adopted to evaluate their hydrological utility. The following findings were obtained. (1) Compared with observed precipitation data, the near real-time products tend to underestimate, while the post-processed products tend to overestimate precipitation. The performance of the four products in winter is poor. (2) IMERG products offer improvements in two aspects: first, the near real-time products achieve good accuracy and second, the detectability and the accuracy in gorge areas have been greatly improved. (3) The near real-time products have the potential for hydrological applications. The best simulation result was obtained based on IMERG-F, followed by 3B42-V7, IMERG-E, and IMERG-L. (4) The four products can provide reliable precipitation data for the hydrological application over the Lancang River Basin.
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Zanon, Bruno. "Renewable energy technologies in the Alpine landscape and local communities’ perception of change." Tájökológiai Lapok 16, Suppl. 1 (October 20, 2018): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.56617/tl.3590.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article addresses the issue of social perception of landscape change connected to energy production from renewables, in an Alpine area. The Alpine regions have undergone extensive transformations in the last century, and energy has played a key role in socio-economic phenomena and in landscape change, because of the availability of oil products and the impact of hydroelectric plants. Currently, a variety of renewable energy technologies (RETs) are available, providing new opportunities for mountain areas but producing important effects on the landscape. Their use require a change in the frames of reference of the actors involved and a new perception of landscape values by local communities. The paper analyses how the insertion of RETs in the landscape of Trentino, in the Italian Alps, is impacting on the social perception. The methodology builds on the results of recent research conducted in the province of Trento on the perception of landscape characters. This allows identification of the values at stake when making use of a new technology in the open space, and analysis of how and why impacts are coherent with local communities’ perception of landscape. This analysis makes it possible to frame the crucial issues concerning use of such technologies in the Alpine landscape and to discuss how such a change is perceived, drawing some conclusions of general interest.
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Legat, K., K. Moe, D. Poli, and E. Bollmannb. "EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR 3D MODELLING OF HIGH-ALPINE ENVIRONMENTS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-3/W4 (March 17, 2016): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-3-w4-97-2016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
High-alpine areas are subject to rapid topographic changes, mainly caused by natural processes like glacial retreat and other geomorphological processes, and also due to anthropogenic interventions like construction of slopes and infrastructure in skiing resorts. Consequently, the demand for highly accurate digital terrain models (DTMs) in alpine environments has arisen. Public administrations often have dedicated resources for the regular monitoring of glaciers and natural hazard processes. In case of glaciers, traditional monitoring encompasses in-situ measurements of area and length and the estimation of volume and mass changes. Next to field measurements, data for such monitoring programs can be derived from DTMs and digital ortho photos (DOPs). Skiing resorts, on the other hand, require DTMs as input for planning and – more recently – for RTK-GNSS supported ski-slope grooming. Although different in scope, the demand of both user groups is similar: high-quality and up-to-date terrain data for extended areas often characterised by difficult accessibility and large elevation ranges. <br><br>Over the last two decades, airborne laser scanning (ALS) has replaced photogrammetric approaches as state-of-the-art technology for the acquisition of high-resolution DTMs also in alpine environments. Reasons include the higher productivity compared to (manual) stereo-photogrammetric measurements, canopy-penetration capability, and limitations of photo measurements on sparsely textured surfaces like snow or ice. Nevertheless, the last few years have shown strong technological advances in the field of aerial camera technology, image processing and photogrammetric software which led to new possibilities for image-based DTM generation even in alpine terrain. At Vermessung AVT, an Austrian-based surveying company, and its subsidiary Terra Messflug, very promising results have been achieved for various projects in high-alpine environments, using images acquired by large-format digital cameras of Microsoft’s UltraCam series and the in-house processing chain centred on the Dense-Image-Matching (DIM) software SURE by nFrames. <br><br> This paper reports the work carried out at AVT for the surface- and terrain modelling of several high-alpine areas using DIM- and ALS-based approaches. A special focus is dedicated to the influence of terrain morphology, flight planning, GNSS/IMU measurements, and ground-control distribution in the georeferencing process on the data quality. Based on the very promising results, some general recommendations for aerial photogrammetry processing in high-alpine areas are made to achieve best possible accuracy of the final 3D-, 2.5D- and 2D products.
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Legat, K., K. Moe, D. Poli, and E. Bollmannb. "EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR 3D MODELLING OF HIGH-ALPINE ENVIRONMENTS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-3/W4 (March 17, 2016): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xl-3-w4-97-2016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
High-alpine areas are subject to rapid topographic changes, mainly caused by natural processes like glacial retreat and other geomorphological processes, and also due to anthropogenic interventions like construction of slopes and infrastructure in skiing resorts. Consequently, the demand for highly accurate digital terrain models (DTMs) in alpine environments has arisen. Public administrations often have dedicated resources for the regular monitoring of glaciers and natural hazard processes. In case of glaciers, traditional monitoring encompasses in-situ measurements of area and length and the estimation of volume and mass changes. Next to field measurements, data for such monitoring programs can be derived from DTMs and digital ortho photos (DOPs). Skiing resorts, on the other hand, require DTMs as input for planning and – more recently – for RTK-GNSS supported ski-slope grooming. Although different in scope, the demand of both user groups is similar: high-quality and up-to-date terrain data for extended areas often characterised by difficult accessibility and large elevation ranges. <br><br>Over the last two decades, airborne laser scanning (ALS) has replaced photogrammetric approaches as state-of-the-art technology for the acquisition of high-resolution DTMs also in alpine environments. Reasons include the higher productivity compared to (manual) stereo-photogrammetric measurements, canopy-penetration capability, and limitations of photo measurements on sparsely textured surfaces like snow or ice. Nevertheless, the last few years have shown strong technological advances in the field of aerial camera technology, image processing and photogrammetric software which led to new possibilities for image-based DTM generation even in alpine terrain. At Vermessung AVT, an Austrian-based surveying company, and its subsidiary Terra Messflug, very promising results have been achieved for various projects in high-alpine environments, using images acquired by large-format digital cameras of Microsoft’s UltraCam series and the in-house processing chain centred on the Dense-Image-Matching (DIM) software SURE by nFrames. <br><br> This paper reports the work carried out at AVT for the surface- and terrain modelling of several high-alpine areas using DIM- and ALS-based approaches. A special focus is dedicated to the influence of terrain morphology, flight planning, GNSS/IMU measurements, and ground-control distribution in the georeferencing process on the data quality. Based on the very promising results, some general recommendations for aerial photogrammetry processing in high-alpine areas are made to achieve best possible accuracy of the final 3D-, 2.5D- and 2D products.
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Bausch, Thomas, and Carolin Unseld. "Winter tourism in Germany is much more than skiing! Consumer motives and implications to Alpine destination marketing." Journal of Vacation Marketing 24, no. 3 (February 9, 2017): 203–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1356766717691806.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Winter sports tourism is a key economic factor in many mountain regions worldwide. Research to date has concentrated on economic and environmental questions related to winter sports and winter outdoor activities, with the impacts of climate change and adaptation strategies being the dominant fields of discussion. An analysis of German winter holidays indicates that winter sports are only one of several product types. The fact that the majority of German travellers prefer long-haul warm weather destinations in the winter raises the question of triggering factors for winter holiday trips. A qualitative study based on a Germany-wide online discussion forum analyses all aspects of winter trips. It centres on people’s everyday life during the winter and their linked emotions, travel motives, destination choices and general expectations, in particular with relation to trips to Alpine destinations. The results show that the grey winter weather and factors such as cold, humidity, lack of sun and dull atmosphere are the dominant factors in the desire to escape on a holiday trip. Non-skiers expect snow-covered landscapes and an environment conducive to relaxation-related activities and are therefore likely to be looking for sustainable winter products. This supports Alpine destination managers who are developing sustainable winter products in addition to winter sports in order to become more competitive in the non-skier market.
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Γαλανάκης, Δ., and Μ. Βιδάκης. "IMPACT OF THE GEOLOGICAL AND TECTONIC STRUCTURE IN THE CREATION OF QUARRY PRODUCTS (CALCITIC MARBLES) OF TALEA MOUNTAINS (NORTH - CENTRAL CRETE)." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16378.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Talea mountains (north-central Crete) are consisted of the autochthonous series of the Ionian geotectonic zone. The large recumbert fold of Talea mountain as well as the fracturing of the geological formation are due to an intense folding and thrusting deformation. The marble reserves, in this area, are significant but the geological conditions cause difficulties in their exploitation. The intensive alpine deformation in addition to the intensive karstification of the carbonate rocks resulted to extremely low recovery coefficient
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WATANABE, Yasuyuki, and Masaaki OKUMA. "An Experimental Study on Structural Dynamics of Competitive Alpine Skis between Commercial Products and Custom-made Products for Japanese Top Ski Racers." Proceedings of the Symposium on sports and human dynamics 2018 (2018): C—36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeshd.2018.c-36.
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Teston, Marta, Matteo Orsi, Giovanni Bittante, Alessio Cecchinato, Luigi Gallo, Paola Gatto, Lucio Flavio Macedo Mota, et al. "Added Value of Local Sheep Breeds in Alpine Agroecosystems." Sustainability 14, no. 8 (April 14, 2022): 4698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084698.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study is part of a project (Sheep Al.L. Chain, RDP Veneto Region) aiming to improve the competitiveness of local sheep breed farms through valorization of their links with mountain agroecosystems. We considered two local sheep breeds of the eastern Italian Alps, “Alpagota” and “Lamon”, which have a population of 400 and 3000 heads, respectively, and are used to produce lambs for typical products. A total of 35 farms (17 for Alpagota, with a total of 1652 heads; 18 for Lamon, with a total of 337 heads) were surveyed to collect data on farm organization, flock structure and management (farm questionnaire), land use management (GIS approach), and value chain organization (participatory processes). The link between the two local sheep breeds and mountain agroecosystems is very strong: land use is characterized by a large number of small patches of grasslands in marginal areas. Moving from the results of this study, a set of strategies aiming at improving the competitiveness of these systems have been proposed. Communication to the consumers and to the relevant stakeholders of the added value of local sheep breeds in marginal mountain agroecosystems can contribute to favor the resilience of small ruminant farms and the conservation of Alpine sheep breeds.
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Aichinger-Rosenberger, Matthias, Elmar Brockmann, Laura Crocetti, Benedikt Soja, and Gregor Moeller. "Machine learning-based prediction of Alpine foehn events using GNSS troposphere products: first results for Altdorf, Switzerland." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 15, no. 19 (October 14, 2022): 5821–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5821-2022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Remote sensing of water vapour using the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is a well-established technique and reliable data source for numerical weather prediction (NWP). However, one of the phenomena rarely studied using GNSS are foehn winds. Since foehn winds are associated with significant humidity gradients between two sides of a mountain range, tropospheric estimates from GNSS are also affected by their occurrence. Time series reveal characteristic features like distinctive minima and maxima as well as a significant decrease in the correlation between the stations. However, detecting such signals becomes increasingly difficult for large datasets. Therefore, we suggest the application of machine learning algorithms for the detection and prediction of foehn events by means of GNSS troposphere products. This initial study develops a new, machine learning-based method for detection and prediction of foehn events at the Swiss station Altdorf by utilising long-term time series of high-quality GNSS troposphere products. Data from the Automated GNSS Network Switzerland (AGNES) and various GNSS sites from neighbouring countries as well as records of an operational foehn index are used to investigate the performance of several different classification algorithms based on appropriate statistical metrics. The two best-performing algorithms are fine tuned and tested in four dedicated experiments using different feature setups. The results are promising, especially when reprocessed GNSS products are utilised and the most dense station setup is used. Detection- and alarm-based measures reach levels between 66 %–80 % for both tested algorithms and thus are comparable to those from studies using data from meteorological stations and NWP. For operational prediction, limitations due to the availability and quality of GNSS products in near-real time (NRT) exist. However, they might be mitigated to a significant extent by provision of additional NRT products and improved data processing in the future. Results also outline benefits for the results when including geographically relevant stations (e.g. high-altitude stations) in the utilised datasets.
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Karbou, Fatima, Gaëlle Veyssière, Cécile Coleou, Anne Dufour, Isabelle Gouttevin, Philippe Durand, Simon Gascoin, and Manuel Grizonnet. "Monitoring Wet Snow Over an Alpine Region Using Sentinel-1 Observations." Remote Sensing 13, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13030381.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The main objective of this study was to monitor wet snow conditions from Sentinel-1 over a season, to examine its variation over time by cross-checking wet snow with independent snow and weather estimates, and to study its distribution taking into account terrain characteristics such as elevation, orientation, and slope. One of our motivations was to derive useful representations of daily or seasonal snow changes that would help to easily identify wet snow elevations and determine melt-out days in an area of interest. In this work, a well-known approach in the literature is used to estimate the extent of wet snow cover continuously over a season and an analysis of the influence of complex mountain topography on snow distribution is proposed taking into account altitude, slope, and aspect of the terrain. The Sentinel-1 wet snow extent product was compared with Sentinel-2 snow products for cloud free scenes. We show that while there are good agreements between the two satellite products, differences exist, especially in areas of forests and glaciers where snow is underestimated. This underestimation must be considered alongside the areas of geometric distortion that were excluded from our study. We analysed retrievals at the scale of our study area by examining wet snow Altitude–Orientation diagrams for different classes of slopes and also wet snow Altitude–Time diagrams for different classes of orientations. We have shown that this type of representation is very useful to get an overview of the snow distribution as it allows to identify very easily wet snow lines for different orientations. For an orientation of interest, the Altitude–Time diagrams can be used to track the evolution of snow to locate altitudes and dates of snow loss. We also show that ascending/descending Sentinel-1 image time series are complementary to monitor wet snow over the French alpine areas to highlight wet snow altitude ranges and identify melt-out days. Links have also been made between Sentinel-1 responses (wet snow) and snow/meteorological events carefully listed over the entire 2017–2018 season.
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Li, Zhibin, Lin Zhao, Lingxiao Wang, Defu Zou, Guangyue Liu, Guojie Hu, Erji Du, et al. "Retrieving Soil Moisture in the Permafrost Environment by Sentinel-1/2 Temporal Data on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau." Remote Sensing 14, no. 23 (November 25, 2022): 5966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14235966.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Soil moisture (SM) products presently available in permafrost regions, especially on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP), hardly meet the demands of evaluating and modeling climatic, hydrological, and ecological processes, due to their significant bias and low spatial resolution. This study developed an algorithm to generate high-spatial-resolution SM during the thawing season using Sentinel-1 (S1) and Sentinel-2 (S2) temporal data in the permafrost environment. This algorithm utilizes the seasonal backscatter differences to reduce the effect of surface roughness and uses the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the normalized difference moisture index (NDMI) to characterize vegetation contribution. Then, the SM map with a grid spacing of 50 m × 50 m in the hinterland of the QTP with an area of 505 km × 246 km was generated. The results were independently validated based on in situ data from active layer monitoring sites. It shows that this algorithm can retrieve SM well in the study area. The coefficient of determination (R2) and root-mean-square error (RMSE) are 0.82 and 0.06 m3/m3, respectively. This study analyzed the SM distribution of different vegetation types: the alpine swamp meadow had the largest SM of 0.26 m3/m3, followed by the alpine meadow (0.23), alpine steppe (0.2), and alpine desert (0.16), taking the Tuotuo River basin as an example. We also found a significantly negative correlation between the coefficient of variation (CV) and SM in the permafrost area, and the variability of SM is higher in drier environments and lower in wetter environments. The comparison with ERA5-Land, GLDAS, and ESA CCI showed that the proposed method can provide more spatial details and achieve better performance in permafrost areas on QTP. The results also indicated that the developed algorithm has the potential to be applied in the entire permafrost regions on the QTP.
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Tkachenko, Alina, Ivan Syrokhman, Liudmyla Huba, Yulia Basova, and Khrystyna Kovalchuk. "Quality control and identification of organic biscuits." Technology audit and production reserves 1, no. 3(57) (February 27, 2021): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2021.225531.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The object of research is children’s spelled biscuits Holle (Germany) and Belgian children’s biscuits with pieces of Fleur Alpine chocolate (Belgium). Consumers often buy organic-branded traditional food products through unfair advertising and labeling violations. Due to the fact that organic products are often the subject of counterfeiting, quality expertise is especially important. Also, thanks to the conformity assessment of the labeling given in the work, it is possible to establish whether the product is really organic. The labeling of biscuits was analyzed for compliance with the Law of Ukraine «On Organic Production» and the Law of Ukraine «On Information for Food Consumers». The study showed that the labeling complies with legal requirements in both samples. It was also found that both samples of biscuits meet the requirements of regulatory documents for organoleptic indicators. Organoleptic characteristics were tested: shape, surface, color, taste and smell, appearance in the fault. The tasting assessment was carried out according to a 45-point scale developed by the authors. The total number of points in the tasting score, taking into accounts the weight factor, for Fleur Alpine biscuits was 39.96, which corresponds to a quality level of 0.88; and Holle biscuits – 44, with a quality level of 0.97. Both samples meet the requirements of regulatory documents for such physicochemical indicators as humidity, alkalinity and moisture content. The moisture content of the biscuits was determined in an accelerated manner in an oven. Wetness was determined by the ratio of the weight of the items after wetting to the weight of the dry items. Alkalinity was determined by titration of the product filtrate. The moisture content for Fleur Alpine biscuits was 9.3 % and for Holle biscuits it was 8.0 %. The alkalinity was 1.6 and 1.4 degrees, respectively, and the wetness was also within the normal range with values of 120 and 110 %. The results indicate the quality of the studied samples in terms of organoleptic and physicochemical indicators.
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Tsegaye, Mintesnot, Asmera Adicha, and Tefera Belay. "Determinants of Highland Bamboo (Yushania alpine) Culm Market Supply in Semen Ari District, South Omo Zone of Southern Ethiopia." International Journal of Forestry Research 2022 (November 22, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7069886.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bamboo is among the most significant nontimber forest products that can potentially support Ethiopia’s economic development and environmental protection. However, its potential is constrained by limited understanding of its importance and market development. Thus, this study was conducted to fill the knowledge gap by identifying factors affecting highland bamboo culm market supply in Semen Ari district of the South Omo zone. Multistage sampling technique was employed to draw 183 bamboo producer households from three randomly selected highland bamboo producing sites. Household surveys, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews were used to collect data. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression model. The result indicated that market information, extension service, land allocated for bamboo production, the experience of households in selling bamboo products, market distance, family size, sex of the respondent, and age of household head were variable that significantly affected the supply of bamboo culm to the market. Hence, enhancing the production and productivity of bamboo products through extension, regular training for farmers concerning the processing of bamboo products, improving the relationships of value chain actors, and improving infrastructure could increase producers’ revenue as well as the marketed supply of highland bamboo culms.
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Wen, Yuanyuan, Jun Zhao, Guofeng Zhu, Ri Xu, and Jianxia Yang. "Evaluation of the RF-Based Downscaled SMAP and SMOS Products Using Multi-Source Data over an Alpine Mountains Basin, Northwest China." Water 13, no. 20 (October 14, 2021): 2875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13202875.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Passive microwave surface soil moisture (SSM) products tend to have very low resolution, which massively limits their application and validation in regional or local-scale areas. Many climate and hydrological studies are urgently needed to evaluate the suitability of satellite SSM products, especially in alpine mountain areas where soil moisture plays a key role in terrestrial atmospheric exchanges. Aiming to overcome this limitation, a downscaling method based on random forest (RF) was proposed to disaggregate satellite SSM products. We compared the ability of the downscaled soil moisture active passive (SMAP) SSM and soil moisture and ocean salinity satellite (SMOS) SSM products to capture soil moisture information in upstream of the Heihe River Basin by using in situ measurements, the triple collocation (TC) method and temperature vegetation dryness index (TVDI). The results showed that the RF downscaling method has strong applicability in the study area, and the downscaled results of the two products after residual correction have more details, which can better represent the spatial distribution of soil moisture. The validation with the in situ SSM measurements indicates that the correlation between downscaled SMAP and in situ SSM is better than downscaled SMOS at both point and watershed scales in the Babaohe River Basin. From the TC method, the root mean square error (RMSE) of the CLDAS (CMA land data assimilation system), downscaled SMAP and downscaled SMOS were 0.0265, 0.0255 and 0.0317, respectively, indicating that the downscaled SMAP has smaller errors in the study area than others. However, the soil moisture distribution in the study area shown by the SMOS downscaled results is closer than the downscaled SMAP to the degree of drought reflected by TVDI. Overall, this study suggests that the proposed RF-based downscaling method can capture the variation of SSM well, and the downscaled SMAP products perform significantly better than the downscaled SMOS products after the accuracy verification and error analysis of the downscaled results, and it should be helpful to facilitate applications for satellite SSM products at small scales.
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Dornier, Raphaël, and Chiara Mauri. "Overview: tourism sustainability in the Alpine region: the major trends and challenges." Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 10, no. 2 (April 9, 2018): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/whatt-12-2017-0078.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose This introductory paper aims to provide a broad overview of the significance and contributions of this theme issue. Design/methodology/approach This introductory paper draws from the papers presented at a conference on tourism and local development in the Alpine region (Courmayeur, Italy, June 26-27, 2017). Sustainable tourism from different perspectives was a core topic at this conference, and it is a theme widely discussed in the literature. Findings Sustainability in mountain tourism has many facets, and it involves many aspects of tourism management: mobility and mobility infrastructure; global warming, snow shortage and long-term viability of ski stations; pollution and clean air; price of accessibility; stakeholders’ involvement and networking; and cross-border partnerships. The tourism literature has always been in transition, with many disciplines contributing to its development. Sustainability adds new perspectives that enrich the field and broaden the horizon and discussion. Even though each paper has its own specific conclusion, there are several key themes that emerge from most of the papers. Among these, sustainability is stimulating a re-think of the “classical” products and services provided in mountain destinations, particularly in relation to the winter season. Snow, water and other physical resources typical of mountain regions can no longer be taken for granted, and their progressive scarcity requires a long-term view. Practical implications The findings indicate that it will be necessary to encourage tourists to try and explore the wider range of products and services that a mountain destination can offer. To facilitate this, tourism operators will need to configure a broader and richer experience in the future. The issue of sustainability involves many stakeholders, who can combine their knowledge, competences and activities to maximize the attractiveness of a location while preserving its resources for the future. Originality/value The value of this paper is that it highlights the key themes and perspectives that sustainable tourism is raising.
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Baccolo, Giovanni, Edyta Łokas, Paweł Gaca, Dario Massabò, Roberto Ambrosini, Roberto S. Azzoni, Caroline Clason, et al. "Cryoconite: an efficient accumulator of radioactive fallout in glacial environments." Cryosphere 14, no. 2 (February 14, 2020): 657–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-657-2020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Cryoconite is rich in natural and artificial radioactivity, but a discussion about its ability to accumulate radionuclides is lacking. A characterization of cryoconite from two Alpine glaciers is presented here. Results confirm that cryoconite is significantly more radioactive than the matrices usually adopted for the environmental monitoring of radioactivity, such as lichens and mosses, with activity concentrations exceeding 10 000 Bq kg−1 for single radionuclides. This makes cryoconite an ideal matrix to investigate the deposition and occurrence of radioactive species in glacial environments. In addition, cryoconite can be used to track environmental radioactivity sources. We have exploited atomic and activity ratios of artificial radionuclides to identify the sources of the anthropogenic radioactivity accumulated in our samples. The signature of cryoconite from different Alpine glaciers is compatible with the stratospheric global fallout and Chernobyl accident products. Differences are found when considering other geographic contexts. A comparison with data from literature shows that Alpine cryoconite is strongly influenced by the Chernobyl fallout, while cryoconite from other regions is more impacted by events such as nuclear test explosions and satellite reentries. To explain the accumulation of radionuclides in cryoconite, the glacial environment as a whole must be considered, and particularly the interaction between ice, meltwater, cryoconite and atmospheric deposition. We hypothesize that the impurities originally preserved into ice and mobilized with meltwater during summer, including radionuclides, are accumulated in cryoconite because of their affinity for organic matter, which is abundant in cryoconite. In relation to these processes, we have explored the possibility of exploiting radioactivity to date cryoconite.
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Lopez, Annalaura, Federica Bellagamba, Giovanni Savoini, Vittorio Maria Moretti, and Donata Cattaneo. "Characterization of Fat Quality in Cow Milk from Alpine Farms as Influenced by Seasonal Variations of Diets." Animals 12, no. 4 (February 19, 2022): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12040515.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The production systems linked to mountain animal husbandry have had an environmental, social and cultural role in recent years. Zootechnical systems based on feeding strategies, such as pasture grazing and grass-fed strategies, contribute to a significant increase in the relative amounts of favorable fatty acids (FAs) in animal products, indicating their ability to improve the long-term health of consumers. In this study, we compared different feeding strategies in two small mountain farms in the Piedmont Alpine region, Italy. Particularly, during the summer season, the two farms were distinguished by the exclusive employment of Alpine pasture (farm A), assumed as the best way to improve the quality of the FA profile in milk vs. the supply of daily fresh cut mountain grass plus a reduced implementation with hay and concentrates directly in the barn (farm B). The milk fatty acid profile was analyzed using gas chromatography. The results showed the high quality of alpine milk collected in the two farms. Even with some differences, particularly evidenced when comparing the summer diets, the milk FA profiles in farm A and farm B were favorable from a nutritional point of view in both seasons. Milk samples obtained using the exclusive employment of alpine grazing during summer were represented by an FA profile of higher quality (lower saturated FAs, higher branched FAs and monounsaturated FA, favorable n6/n3 ratio). However, milk obtained using the integrated strategy (fresh grass plus concentrates in the barn farm B) resulted in a more homogenous composition during the summer season, with a higher concentration of polyunsaturated FAs. These outcomes suggested that the integrated strategy, even if related to a lower ability in improving milk FA profile, could represent a valid and cost-effective alternative for mountain farmers to obtain an overall superior quality of milk, which was not strictly linked to the grazing practice. The multivariate analysis showed that information contained in the milk FA profile may provide a valuable tool that can distinguish mountain-grass-based diet.
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Chen, Jianjun, Renjie Huang, Yanping Yang, Zihao Feng, Haotian You, Xiaowen Han, Shuhua Yi, Yu Qin, Zhiwei Wang, and Guoqing Zhou. "Multi-Scale Validation and Uncertainty Analysis of GEOV3 and MuSyQ FVC Products: A Case Study of an Alpine Grassland Ecosystem." Remote Sensing 14, no. 22 (November 17, 2022): 5800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14225800.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fractional vegetation cover (FVC) products provide essential data support for ecological environmental monitoring and simulation studies. However, the lack of validation efforts of FVC products limits their applications. Based on Sentinel-2 data and intensive multi-scale measured FVC data, the accuracies of two FVC products (GEOV3 and MuSyQ) in alpine grassland ecosystems were validated through direct validation and multi-scale validation. Based on the heterogeneity of the underlying surface (HUS) of the monitoring plots, the impact of the HUS of the monitoring plots on the product validation was analyzed. The results showed that: (1) the measured data directly validated that the GEOV3 FVC product performed better than the MuSyQ FVC product; (2) the multi-scale validation method based on high-resolution reference FVC map of Sentienl-2 satellite images validated the accuracy of these two FVC products, which was higher than the accuracy directly validated by FVC measured data, leading to overestimation of the validation results; and (3) the HUS of the monitored plots has a significant impact on the FVC product validation. By quantifying the HUS of the monitored plots and removing the heterogeneous monitoring plots, the uncertainty of the validation results can be reduced. It is necessary to consider the impact of validation methods and the HUS on the validation results in future product validation.
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Liang, Yanan, Yanpeng Cai, Junxia Yan, and Hongjian Li. "Estimation of Soil Respiration by Its Driving Factors Based on Multi-Source Data in a Sub-Alpine Meadow in North China." Sustainability 11, no. 12 (June 13, 2019): 3274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11123274.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Soil respiration (Rs) in high-altitude areas are normally sensitive to varying climatic conditions. The objective of this research was mainly to explore temporal variations in Rs rates and the corresponding controlling factors for the establishment of appropriate fitting models in a sub-alpine meadow of north China. The data was obtained through field measuring and extraction of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) in the geographical unit of the study site over the period of 2007 to 2015. The main results were as follows: (1) seasonal variations in Rs rates, soil temperature (Ts), land surface temperature (LST), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) all produced symmetrical bell type patterns, while soil moisture (Ms) showed a fluctuating pattern, (2) a Ts-exponential model could greatly capture seasonal variations of Rs rates in the study site, reflecting the role of temperature as a dominant driving factor in determining Rs temporal variations in alpine meadow areas, (3) there was no significant difference between the performing indicators evaluating the proposed Ts-exponential model and the LST-exponential model. This indicated great potential for applying remote sensing products to estimate seasonal Rs rates and 4) seasonal variations in Rs rates towards temperature sensitivity (Q10) showed a concave curve and dramatically decreased as the temperature increased from −1 to 11 °C. Overall, the results indicated that attention to significant effects of climatic conditions on Rs, particularly in areas of low temperature, should be warranted. Also, applicability of remote sensing products for estimating Rs was reflected and demonstrated.
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Pétrequin, Pierre, and Seweryn Rzepecki. "The adze-heads from Plemięta, Grudziądz district (Poland): Alpine jades, Armorican products and very long-distance exchanges." Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 68 (2016): 39–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/sa68.2016.003.
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