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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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1

Luzzago, Camilla, Erika Ebranati, Antonio Lavazza, Martina Besozzi, Gianguglielmo Zehender, Paolo Lanfranchi, and Stefania Lauzi. "Identification and Genetic Characterization of a Novel Respirovirus in Alpine Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra)." Animals 10, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040704.

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The Respirovirus genus, family Paramamixoviridae, includes respiratory viral pathogens. Here we report the identification and genetic characterization of a respirovirus in an Alpine chamois showing interstitial pneumonia associated with catarrhal bronchopneumonia. The full-genome characterization of this respirovirus, named ChamoisRV/IT2014, revealed low similarities to caprine respirovirus (77.1%), bovine respirovirus (74.5%) and human respirovirus (72.0%). The phylogenetic analyses based on the full-length genome sequence of the novel isolate and reference respirovirus strains showed that ChamoisRV/IT2014 clustered with caprine respirovirus but formed a separate branch. The phylogenetic tree topology of complete large protein amino acid sequences, representing the current species demarcation criterion for Respirovirus genus, showed a 0.05 branch length of ChamoisRV/IT2014 sequence between the nearest node and the tip of the branch, suggesting that this virus belongs to a novel species. This new isolate in a new host species raises several questions to be addressed on the epidemiological role of chamois and the risks of cross-transmission between wild ruminants and livestock.

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2

Jonas, Tobias, Flavia Geiger, and Hannes Jenny. "Mortality pattern of the Alpine chamois: the influence of snow–meteorological factors." Annals of Glaciology 49 (2008): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756408787814735.

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AbstractEspecially for animals inhabiting alpine areas, winter environmental conditions can be limiting. Cold temperatures, hampered food availability and natural perils are just three of many potential threats that mountain ungulates face in winter. Understanding their sensitivity to climate variability is essential for game management. Here we focus on analyzing the influence of snow and weather conditions on the mortality pattern of Alpine chamois. Our mortality data are derived from a systematic assessment of 6500 chamois that died of natural causes over the course of 13 years. We use population- and habitat-specific data on snow, climate and avalanche danger to identify the key environmental factors that essentially determine the spatio-temporal variations in chamois mortality. Initially, we show that most fatalities occurred in winter, with a peak around March, when typically snow depths were highest. Death causes related to poor general conditions were the major component of seasonal variations. As for the interannual variations in mortality, snow depth and avalanche risk best explained the occurrence of winters with increased numbers of fatalities. Finally, analyzing differences in mortality rates between populations, we identified sun-exposed winter habitats with little snow accumulation as favourable for alpine chamois.

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3

Hronček, Pavel, Peter Urban, Bohuslava Gregorová, Vladimír Čech, and Dana Tometzová. "Anthropogenically Created Alpine Pastures as Landscape Resources for the Alpine Chamois Population in the Western Carpathians Mountain Range: Ďumbier Tatras Case Study." Land 11, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 2177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11122177.

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This study analysed the history of anthropogenically created alpine pastures from the 15th century to the present, as landscape resources for the chamois reintroduction in the second half of the 20th century in the Western Carpathians mountain arc (Slovakia), using the example of the Ďumbier Tatras (the second highest mountain range of the arc). Analysis and reconstructions were carried out on the basis of detailed archival and field research, which showed that grazing herds in the mountain peaks from the Middle Ages to the 20th century created anthropogenically suitable and sufficiently extensive grassy habitats for the chamois reintroduction and the survival of its population. The native chamois population became extinct in the Ďumbier Tatras at the end of the last ice age (about 10,000 years ago). However, anthropogenic deforestation has once again created suitable conditions for its distribution. In the 20th century, a new factor emerged, namely nature conservation and the proclamation of a national park, which meant the end of grazing in the alpine environment and the onset of succession. In the second half of the 20th century, modern tourism became another negative factor for the relocated Alpine chamois population, from the High Tatras back to its quasi-original environment. Tourism development was related to the construction of extensive infrastructure and superstructure in the chamois habitats in the Chopok and Ďumbier massifs. At present, therefore, the preservation of these ‘anthropogenic’ habitats requires active conservation and landscape management.

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4

JOUTSEN, S., E. SARNO, M. FREDRIKSSON-AHOMAA, N. CERNELA, and R. STEPHAN. "PathogenicYersinia enterocoliticaO:3 isolated from a hunted wild alpine ibex." Epidemiology and Infection 141, no. 3 (June 15, 2012): 612–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268812001239.

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SUMMARYOccurrence ofYersiniaspp. in wild ruminants was studied and the strains were characterized to get more information on the epidemiology of enteropathogenicYersiniain the wildlife. In total, faecal samples of 77 red deer, 60 chamois, 55 roe deer and 27 alpine ibex were collected during 3 months of the hunting season in 2011. The most frequently identified species wasY. enterocoliticafound in 13%, 10%, 4% and 2% of roe deer, red deer, alpine ibex and chamois, respectively. Interestingly, oneY. enterocoliticaO:3 strain, isolated from an alpine ibex, carried the important virulence genes located on the virulence plasmid (yadA andvirF) and in the chromosome (ail,hreP,myfA andystA). Most of theY. enterocoliticastrains belonged to biotype 1A of which 14 wereystB positive. Further studies are needed to clarify the importance of alpine ibex as a reservoir of pathogenicY. enterocolitica.

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5

Corlatti, Luca, Alessandro Gugiatti, and Simona Imperio. "Horn growth patterns in Alpine chamois." Zoology 118, no. 3 (June 2015): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.zool.2015.01.003.

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6

Garel, Mathieu, Anne Loison, Jean-Michel Jullien, Dominique Dubray, Daniel Maillard, and Jean-Michel Gaillard. "Sex-specific Growth in Alpine Chamois." Journal of Mammalogy 90, no. 4 (August 14, 2009): 954–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/08-mamm-a-287.1.

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7

Trogu, Tiziana, Nicoletta Formenti, Marianna Marangi, Roberto Viganò, Radames Bionda, Annunziata Giangaspero, Paolo Lanfranchi, and Nicola Ferrari. "Detection of Zoonotic Cryptosporidium ubiquitum in Alpine Wild Ruminants." Pathogens 10, no. 6 (May 25, 2021): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060655.

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Cryptosporidium is a widespread apicomplexan protozoan of major zoonotic importance, characterized by a wide host range, and with relevant economic implications and potential negative effects on livestock and wildlife population dynamics. Considering the recent strong demographic increase of alpine ungulates, in this study, carried out in the Italian Northwestern Alps, we investigated the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in these species and their potential involvement in environmental contamination with Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts. The immune-enzymatic approach revealed a Cryptosporidium prevalence of 1.7% (5/293), 0.5% (1/196) and 3.4% (4/119) in alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), red deer (Cervus elaphus) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), respectively. Positive samples were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification for the COWP and gp60 genes. The presence of Cryptosporidium was confirmed in one chamois and four roe deer. Sequences obtained clustered within Cryptosporidium ubiquitum, currently recognized as an emerging zoonotic species. This finding represents the first detection of zoonotic C. ubiquitum in chamois and in the Alpine environment. Despite the low observed prevalences, environmental contamination by oocysts could play a role as a potential source of infections for humans and livestock.

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8

Corlatti, Luca, Karin Lebl, Flurin Filli, and Thomas Ruf. "Unbiased sex-specific survival in Alpine chamois." Mammalian Biology 77, no. 2 (March 2012): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2011.09.007.

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9

Masini, Federico, and Sandro Lovari. "Systematics, Phylogenetic Relationships, and Dispersal of the Chamois (Rupicapra spp.)." Quaternary Research 30, no. 3 (November 1988): 339–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(88)90009-9.

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The Rupicaprini originated during the Miocene in Asia and dispersed during the late Miocene-early Pliocene, the Villafranchian, and the middle Pleistocene. Rupicapra and Oreamnos spread respectively to Europe and to North America in the middle Pleistocene. The Villafranchian Procamptoceras may be considered to be the closest known form to Rupicapra's ancestor. Rupicapra evolved during the middle and late Pleistocene in west Eurasia. At the beginning of the Würm glaciation the two closely related species R. pyrenaica and R. rupicapra were in existence. The former was already geographically split into Spanish-Pyrenean and central-southern Apennines groups, while the latter species ranged from the Caucasus to the Alpine Arch. R. pyrenaica shows more conservative features and possibly differentiated directly in western Europe from older representatives of the genus that migrated to western Europe in the middle Pleistocene. The cold-adapted Alpine chamois may have differentiated in eastern Europe and then migrated west-ward because of the advent of dry climates in the east Mediterranean and Pontic regions. The Alpine chamois failed to spread to the warmer southernmost regions of Europe that became a refugium area for R. pyrenaica. This dispersal hypothesis explains the morphologic, biometric, electrophoretic, and behavioral differences among modern chamois populations.

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10

Salvadori, Claudia, Guido Rocchigiani, Camilla Lazzarotti, Nicoletta Formenti, Tiziana Trogu, Paolo Lanfranchi, Claudia Zanardello, Carlo Citterio, and Alessandro Poli. "Histological Lesions and Cellular Response in the Skin of Alpine Chamois (Rupicapra r. rupicapra) Spontaneously Affected by Sarcoptic Mange." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3575468.

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Анотація:

Population dynamics of chamois (genusRupicapra, subfamily Caprinae) can be influenced by infectious diseases epizootics, of which sarcoptic mange is probably the most severe in the Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra). In this study, skin lesions and cellular inflammatory infiltrates were characterized in 44 Alpine chamois affected by sarcoptic mange. Dermal cellular responses were evaluated in comparison with chamois affected by trombiculosis and controls. In both sarcoptic mange and trombiculosis, a significantly increase of eosinophils, mast cells, T and B lymphocytes, and macrophages was detected. Moreover, in sarcoptic mange significant higher numbers of T lymphocytes and macrophages compared to trombiculosis were observed. Lesions in sarcoptic mange were classified in three grades, according to crusts thickness, correlated with mite counts. Grade 3 represented the most severe form with crust thickness more than 3.5 mm, high number of mites, and severe parakeratosis with diffuse bacteria. Evidence of immediate and delayed hypersensitivity was detected in all three forms associated with diffuse severe epidermal hyperplasia. In grade 3, a significant increase of B lymphocytes was evident compared to grades 1 and 2, while eosinophil counts were significantly higher than in grade 1, but lower than in grade 2 lesions. An involvement of nonprotective Th2 immune response could in part account for severe lesions of grade 3.

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11

Štefančíková, A., B. Chovancová, B. Hájek, V. Dudiňák, and V. Šnábel. "Revision of chamois infection by lung nematodes under ecological conditions of national parks of Slovakia with respect to ongoing global climate changes." Helminthologia 48, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-011-0022-6.

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AbstractThe aim of our study was to analyze helminth status and to evaluate ecological conditions for infections of chamois with lung nematodes in national parks of Slovakia during global warming. The autopsies and larvoscopic examination of faeces collected from localities inhabited by Tatra chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica) in Tatra National Park (TANAP) and Low Tatras National Park (NAPANT) revealed the presence of following protostrongylids: Muellerius capillaris, Neostrongylus linearis and the specific chamois species Muellerius tenuispiculatus. Same species of lung nematodes were found in introduced chamois of Alpine origin (Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra) in the Slovak National Park Veľká Fatra (NAPVF) and the Slovak Paradise National Park (NAPSR), and in the latter park also geohelminth Dictyocaulus viviparus was sporadically determined. The mean prevalence of lung nematodes in individual parks varied from 70.9 to 97.2 %. The mean number of L1 larvae per 1 g of faeces in Tatra chamois from TANAP in Belianske Tatras and in Alpine subspecies from NAPSR corresponded to a high level of infection (120.3 and 110.1, respectively). In other studied biotopes the mean number of L1 larvae (19.4–42.5) revealed the moderate infection. Although no significant differences concerning levels of infection within the monitored years were observed, the level of infection during the summer was significantly lower than that during spring and autumn periods. The variety of snail species as the intermediate hosts of lung nematodes provide suitable conditions for the development of lung nematodes in the all studied Slovak National Parks. Global climatic changes have also likely contributed to an increase of infectivity rate.

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12

Nesti, I., M. Posillico, and S. Lovari. "Ranging behaviour and habitat selection of Alpine chamois." Ethology Ecology & Evolution 22, no. 3 (August 11, 2010): 215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2010.502316.

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13

Scaglione, F. E., S. Iussich, D. Grande, M. Carpignano, L. Chiappino, A. Sereno, E. Ferroglio, and E. Bollo. "Ameloblastic fibroma in an alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra)." Research in Veterinary Science 99 (April 2015): 196–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.01.006.

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14

De Meneghi, D., E. Ferroglio, E. Bollo, L. Leon Vizcaino, A. Moresco, and L. Rossi. "Dermatophilosis of Alpine Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) in Italy." Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde 144, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0036-7281.144.3.131.

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15

Chirichella, Roberta, Philip A. Stephens, Tom H. E. Mason, and Marco Apollonio. "Contrasting Effects of Climate Change on Alpine Chamois." Journal of Wildlife Management 85, no. 1 (October 19, 2020): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21962.

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16

Takada, Hayato, and Masato Minami. "Food habits of the Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus) in an alpine habitat on Mount Asama, central Japan." Mammalia 83, no. 5 (August 27, 2019): 455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2018-0099.

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Abstract We investigated the food habits of the Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus) in alpine habitats using direct observations at Mount Asama, central Japan. We observed the feeding behavior of 13 identified adult serows throughout the year, from April 2016 to October 2017. The animals’ food habits were evaluated by the feeding probability among 2129 observation bouts. The most important food throughout the year was grasses (feeding probability, 57.6%), followed by forbs (43.5%) and dwarf bamboos (11.4%). However, the feeding probability for each food category drastically changed in relation to the season; in particular, grasses and forbs were especially important foods from spring to autumn, whereas dwarf bamboos and conifers were important in winter. These results suggest that the food habits of the serow are flexible and will vary according to seasonal changes in vegetation. The findings also suggest that the feeding ecology of the serow in an alpine area tends to match that of an intermediate feeder rather than a browser, as was reported by several previous studies conducted in forested habitats. However, the food habits of the serows in the alpine habitats were similar to those of other alpine caprids, such as the mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus), alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) and Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica). This is the first study to demonstrate that the food habits of the serow are variable according to the season and/or population. Similar to other alpine caprids, the flexible food habits of the serow in alpine habitats are likely an adaptation to an environment with a characteristically unstable food supply.

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17

Obber, Federica, Roberto Celva, Martina Libanora, Graziana Da Rold, Debora Dellamaria, Piergiovanni Partel, Enrico Ferraro, et al. "Description of a Sarcoptic Mange Outbreak in Alpine Chamois Using an Enhanced Surveillance Approach." Animals 12, no. 16 (August 15, 2022): 2077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12162077.

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Since 1995, the Alpine chamois (Rupicapra r. rupicapra) population of the Dolomites has been affected by sarcoptic mange with considerable management concerns. In this study, 15 years (2006–2020) of passive surveillance and demographic data were analyzed in order to describe a mange outbreak. Furthermore, an enhanced passive surveillance protocol was implemented in order to evaluate the efficiency of ordinary vs. enhanced surveillance protocol in identifying dead chamois in the field and in reaching a correct diagnosis. Our results confirm the role of mange as a determining factor for chamois mortality, while stressing the importance of a wider view on the factors affecting population dynamics. The enhanced passive surveillance protocol increased the probability of carcass retrieval and identification of the cause of death; however, its adoption may be too costly if applied for long periods on a wide scale. Passive surveillance, in both ordinary and enhanced surveillance protocol, should encompass the use of other strategies in the future to study the eco-epidemiology of the disease in wild Caprinae.

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18

Torres-Blas, Irene, Xavier Fernández Aguilar, Oscar Cabezón, Virginia Aragon, and Lourdes Migura-García. "Antimicrobial Resistance in Pasteurellaceae Isolates from Pyrenean Chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica) and Domestic Sheep in an Alpine Ecosystem." Animals 11, no. 6 (June 5, 2021): 1686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061686.

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has spread worldwide due to the inappropriate use of antimicrobial drugs in human and veterinary medicine, becoming a public health problem. However, little is known about its occurrence and maintenance in wild animals, and very few studies have been carried out in ecosystems subjected to low human pressure. In our study, nasal and lung swabs were collected from hunted Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica), and nasal swabs from sympatric domestic sheep were also collected. The swabs were cultured in agar plates to obtain bacterial isolates from the Pasteurellaceae family. The presence of AMR was assessed in a total of 28 Pasteurellaceae isolates from 45 Pyrenean chamois, and 9 isolates from sympatric domestic sheep found in the National Hunting Reserve of Freser-Setcases (Northeastern Pyrenees, Spain). The isolates belonged to one of the following three species: Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica and Bibersteinia trehalosi. Some P. multocida and M. haemolytica isolates tested positive for AMR. The statistical analysis revealed no differences between the AMR levels from chamois and domestic sheep isolates. However, one P. multocida of chamois origin presented resistance to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, which are antibiotics of critical importance for human health. Further studies are required to elucidate potential routes of dissemination of AMR genes in natural environments and assess any significant persistence in wildlife to design risk mitigation actions.

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19

Fankhauser, Regine, and Peter Enggist. "Simulation of alpine chamois Rupicapra r. rupicapra habitat use." Ecological Modelling 175, no. 3 (July 2004): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.10.020.

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20

Schaschl, Helmut, Franz Suchentrunk, David L. Morris, Hichem Slimen, Steve Smith, and Walter Arnold. "Sex-specific selection for MHC variability in Alpine chamois." BMC Evolutionary Biology 12, no. 1 (2012): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-12-20.

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21

Schnyder, Jasmin, Rolf Ehrbar, Friedrich Reimoser, and Klaus Robin. "Huftierbestände und Verbissintensitäten nach der Luchswiederansiedlung im Kanton St. Gallen." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 167, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2016.0013.

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Ungulate populations and browsing intensities following the reintroduction of lynx in the canton of St. Gallen In the context of the project “Lynx resettlement north-east Switzerland” (LUNO), the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx L.) was reintroduced in the canton of St. Gallen from 2001. As a consequence of reduced roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) and Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra L.) population sizes, one goal was the reduction of browsing intensities in young forest stands. This study investigates interactions between the levels of this trophic cascade by means of data on lynx distribution, roe deer and chamois populations (hunting statistics and population estimations) as well as browsing intensities. The results have shown significantly reduced roe deer and chamois population sizes in the years after lynx reintroduction. The effect of lynx could have worked cumulatively with factors like hunting, weather conditions and diseases (chamois). Within the chamois population, the lynx probably affected primarily the forest chamois, although before and after the lynx presence other causal reasons have been responsible for population decreases. Furthermore, there was noted a significantly positive relationship between hunting statistics (as an indicator of local ungulate population sizes) and browsing intensities, although the size of local ungulate populations was one influencing factor among many more. The browsing intensity of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) was significantly reduced after lynx reintroduction in the core area of lynx distribution. All results have shown significant correlations and suggest an indirect influence of lynx on browsing intensities of silver fir. However, causal connections should be analysed in further studies.

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22

Rughetti, Marco, and Marco Festa-Bianchet. "Compensatory Growth Limits Opportunities for Artificial Selection in Alpine Chamois." Journal of Wildlife Management 74, no. 5 (July 2010): 1024–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2009-335.

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23

Unterthiner, S., F. Ferretti, L. Rossi, and S. Lovari. "Sexual and seasonal differences of space use in Alpine chamois." Ethology Ecology & Evolution 24, no. 3 (July 2012): 257–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2012.658872.

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24

Domenis, L., P. Pecoraro, R. Spedicato, M. Corvonato, S. Peletto, F. Zuccon, and P. Acutis. "Nocardia otitidiscaviarum Pneumonia in an Alpine Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra)." Journal of Comparative Pathology 141, no. 1 (July 2009): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.02.003.

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25

Dematteis, A., L. Rossi, G. Canavese, A. Menzano, and P. G. Meneguz. "Immobilising free-ranging Alpine chamois with xylazine, reversed with atipamezole." Veterinary Record 163, no. 6 (August 9, 2008): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.163.6.184.

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26

Degiorgis, Marie-Pierre, El-Mostafa Abdo, Jacques Nicolet, Joachim Frey, Daniel Mayer, and Marco Giacometti. "IMMUNE RESPONSES TO MYCOPLASMA CONJUNCTIVAE IN ALPINE IBEX, ALPINE CHAMOIS, AND DOMESTIC SHEEP IN SWITZERLAND." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 36, no. 2 (April 2000): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-36.2.265.

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27

Cerutti, M. C., C. V. Citterio, C. Bazzocchi, S. Epis, S. D'Amelio, N. Ferrari, and P. Lanfranchi. "Genetic variability of Haemonchus contortus (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) in alpine ruminant host species." Journal of Helminthology 84, no. 3 (November 5, 2009): 276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x09990587.

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AbstractGenetic variability of the ovine parasite Haemonchus contortus from the Alpine area was investigated using mitochondrial DNA (nd4 gene), internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 and microsatellites, in order to assess whether cross-transmission between domestic and wild ruminants occurs. The dataset was composed of 78 individual adult male H. contortus collected from chamois (Rupicapra r. rupicapra), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), alpine ibex (Capra ibex ibex), domestic goat (Capra hircus) and sheep (Ovis aries) from different alpine areas. The data obtained show low host specificity and high genetic variation within H. contortus populations. The analyses indicate the presence of two mitochondrial haplotype clusters among host species and the absence of cryptic parasite species, confirming H. contortus as a generalist nematode and suggesting that parasite transmission between populations of domestic and wild ruminants normally occurs.

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28

Garel, M., D. M. Forsyth, A. Loison, D. Dubray, J. M. Jullien, K. G. Tustin, D. Maillard, and J. M. Gaillard. "Age-related male reproductive effort in two mountain ungulates of contrasting sexual size dimorphism." Canadian Journal of Zoology 89, no. 10 (October 2011): 929–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z11-062.

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Анотація:

In polygynous ungulates, the reproductive effort of adult males peaks during a short period in which feeding activities are sacrificed for mating activities. Hence, both fat reserves and body mass are predicted to decline markedly during this period. The decline is also predicted to be greater in fat reserves than in body mass because fat is catabolized before muscle, and to increase with the intensity of sexual selection. In contrast, no specific patterns are expected in females for which late gestation and lactation rather than mating are the energetically most demanding periods. We tested these hypotheses in two mountain ungulates of contrasting sexual size dimorphism (SSD): Himalayan tahr ( Hemitragus jemlahicus (H. Smith, 1826)) (SSD = 123%) and alpine chamois ( Rupicapra rupicapra (L., 1758)) (SSD = 26%). As expected, kidney fat declined more rapidly than body mass in adult males of both species. Kidney fat declined faster in adult male tahr compared with adult male chamois. There was no consistent pattern of changes in body mass or kidney fat in female tahr or female chamois. Our results suggest that adult males of species with strong SSD allocate more energy to mating than males of less dimorphic species.

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29

Hamr, Joseph. "Disturbance Behaviour of Chamois in an Alpine Tourist Area of Austria." Mountain Research and Development 8, no. 1 (February 1988): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3673407.

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30

Baumann, Martin, Caroline Babotai, and Jörg Schibler. "NATIVE OR NATURALIZED? VALIDATING ALPINE CHAMOIS HABITAT MODELS WITH ARCHAEOZOOLOGICAL DATA." Ecological Applications 15, no. 3 (June 2005): 1096–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/02-5184.

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31

CASSAR, S., M. GALAN, and A. LOISON. "A set of 21 polymorphic microsatellites in Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra)." Molecular Ecology Notes 7, no. 2 (November 10, 2006): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01569.x.

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32

Hardenberg, Achaz, Bruno Bassano, Alberto Peracino, and Sandro Lovari. "Male Alpine Chamois Occupy Territories at Hotspots Before the Mating Season." Ethology 106, no. 7 (July 2000): 617–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0310.2000.00579.x.

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33

Zimmermann, Liza, Shelley Jambresic, Marco Giacometti, and Joachim Frey. "Specificity of Mycoplasma conjunctivae strains for alpine chamois Rupicapra r. rupicapra." Wildlife Biology 14, no. 1 (March 2008): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2981/0909-6396(2008)14[118:somcsf]2.0.co;2.

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34

Besozzi, Martina, Stefania Lauzi, Davide Lelli, Antonio Lavazza, Chiara Chiapponi, Giuliano Pisoni, Roberto Viganò, Paolo Lanfranchi, and Camilla Luzzago. "Host range of mammalian orthoreovirus type 3 widening to alpine chamois." Veterinary Microbiology 230 (March 2019): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.01.012.

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35

Chirichella, Roberta, Michele Rocca, Alessandro Brugnoli, Andrea Mustoni, and Marco Apollonio. "Fluctuating asymmetry in Alpine chamois horns: an indicator of environmental stress." Evolutionary Ecology 34, no. 4 (May 12, 2020): 573–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10682-020-10051-3.

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36

Bollo, Enrico, Bruno Bassano, Vittorio Peracino, and Bartolomeo Biolatti. "Effect of Emaciation on Liver Histology of Alpine Chamois During Winter." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 35, no. 4 (October 1999): 770–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-35.4.770.

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37

Lovari, S., F. Sacconi, and G. Trivellini. "Do alternative strategies of space use occur in male Alpine chamois?" Ethology Ecology & Evolution 18, no. 3 (July 2006): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2006.9522709.

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38

Mavrot, Fabien, Fridolin Zimmermann, Edy M. Vilei, and Marie-Pierre Ryser-Degiorgis. "Is the development of infectious keratoconjunctivitis in Alpine ibex and Alpine chamois influenced by topographic features?" European Journal of Wildlife Research 58, no. 5 (July 13, 2012): 869–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10344-012-0651-1.

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39

Morin, A., M. Rughetti, S. Rioux-Paquette, and M. Festa-Bianchet. "Older conservatives: reproduction in female Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) is increasingly risk-averse with age." Canadian Journal of Zoology 94, no. 5 (May 2016): 311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2015-0153.

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In long-lived mammals, costs of reproduction may vary with age. The terminal investment hypothesis predicts greater reproductive effort as females approach the end of their life expectancy. We monitored 97 individually marked female Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra (L., 1758)) between 2007 and 2013 to determine how age-specific reproduction affected body mass and subsequent reproductive success. We captured and weighed females between April and August and monitored reproductive success from April to October through mother–kid associations. Reproductive success was strongly age-dependent and peaked at 70% for prime-aged females (4–7 years). Reproductive senescence began at 8 years, earlier than reported by other studies of ungulates. There was no clear evidence of reproductive costs in any age class. Reproductive success was very heterogeneous for old females, suggesting variability in the onset of senescence. Old females were less likely to reproduce in poor years despite being heavier than prime-aged females, suggesting reproductive restraint in late life rather than terminal investment. Female mass remained stable from May to August with no effect of lactation. Our results suggest that chamois reproductive strategy becomes increasingly conservative with age, resulting in no detectable costs of reproduction.

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40

Puorger, Arno, Christian Rossi, Rudolf M. Haller, and Pia Anderwald. "Plastic adaptations of foraging strategies to variation in forage quality in Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 96, no. 3 (March 2018): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2017-0073.

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Foraging efficiency strongly affects individual fitness and is influenced by diverse factors such as food quality and quantity, as well as intra- and inter-specific interactions. We investigated whether Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra (Linnaeus, 1758)) in a protected area in the Swiss Alps adapted their foraging behaviour to forage availability and quality by modeling the bite and step rates of individuals on vegetation nitrogen content, relative plant cover, sex, daytime, air temperature, and slope. Vegetation characteristics were derived using remote sensing data from airborne imaging spectroscopy data sets and feeding locations determined using a theodolite. Chamois increased their bite rates with decreasing forage nitrogen content, decreasing slope, and increasing temperature. Step rates were higher at high temperatures and decreased with increasing relative plant cover. Males showed higher bite rates and lower step rates than females. Daytime had no influence on either bite or step rates. An increase in bite rate may represent a plastic adaptation of foraging behaviour to compensate for lower nutritional quality of the available vegetation. Our results show variability in foraging behaviour according to both vegetation characteristics and physical environment and emphasize the use of remote sensing data to investigate relationships between habitat and subtle behavioural adaptations in ungulates.

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41

Andreoli, Elena, Cristina Roncoroni, Fausto Gusmeroli, Giampaolo Della Marianna, Gianluca Giacometti, Marta Heroldová, Sara Barbieri, and Silvana Mattiello. "Feeding ecology of alpine chamois living in sympatry with other ruminant species." Wildlife Biology 22, no. 3 (May 2016): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2981/wlb.00153.

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42

Nussberger, Beatrice, and Paul Ingold. "Effects of radio-collars on behaviour of alpine chamois Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra." Wildlife Biology 12, no. 3 (September 2006): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2981/0909-6396(2006)12[339:eorobo]2.0.co;2.

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43

Giacometti, Marco, Martin Janovsky, Hannes Jenny, Jacques Nicolet, Luc Belloy, Elinor Goldschmidt-Clermont, and Joachim Frey. "MYCOPLASMA CONJUNCTIVAE INFECTION IS NOT MAINTAINED IN ALPINE CHAMOIS IN EASTERN SWITZERLAND." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 38, no. 2 (April 2002): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-38.2.297.

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44

Corlatti, Luca, Rupert Palme, and Sandro Lovari. "Physiological response to etho-ecological stressors in male Alpine chamois: timescale matters!" Naturwissenschaften 101, no. 7 (June 8, 2014): 577–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00114-014-1195-x.

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45

Pioz, Maryline, Anne Loison, Philippe Gibert, Jean-Michel Jullien, Marc Artois, and Emmanuelle Gilot-Fromont. "Antibodies against Salmonella is associated with reduced reproductive success in female alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, no. 10 (October 2008): 1111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-089.

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Microbial infections that affect reproduction are poorly studied in wildlife because reproductive disorders usually go unnoticed. However, such infections are a major concern in domestic ungulates, which raises the question of their influence on reproductive success and population dynamics of wild ungulates. Three bacterial abortive infections are frequent in domestic ruminants: salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Abortusovis, enzootic abortion caused by Chlamydophila abortus , and Q fever caused by Coxiella burnetii . They induce abortions and neonatal mortality in sheep ( Ovis aries L., 1758), goat ( Capra hircus L., 1758), and cattle ( Bos taurus L., 1758). However, little information is known about these bacteria in wild ungulates, particularly in mountain ungulates that may share alpine pastures with infected domestic ruminants. We investigated the relationship between female serological status against Salmonella, Chlamydophila, and Coxiella and her reproductive success. From 1986 to 2003, the reproductive and serological statuses of 125 female chamois ( Rupicapra rupicapra (L., 1758)) aged 2–10 years were available. Reproductive success was the lowest for 2-year-old females and for females born at the highest density. Moreover, we showed for the first time in a wild ungulate population that females with high titer in antibodies against Salmonella experienced a decrease in their reproductive success. Titers in antibodies against Chlamydophila and Coxiella were not related to the reproductive success of female chamois.

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46

Büntgen, Ulf, Hannes Jenny, J. Diego Galván, Alma Piermattei, Paul J. Krusic, and Kurt Bollmann. "Stable body size of Alpine ungulates." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 7 (July 2020): 200196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200196.

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In many species, decreasing body size has been associated with increasing temperatures. Although climate-induced phenotypic shifts, and evolutionary impacts, can affect the structure and functioning of marine and terrestrial ecosystems through biological and metabolic rules, evidence for shrinking body size is often challenged by (i) relatively short intervals of observation, (ii) a limited number of individuals, and (iii) confinement to small and isolated populations. To overcome these issues and provide important multi-species, long-term information for conservation managers and scientists, we compiled and analysed 222 961 measurements of eviscerated body weight, 170 729 measurements of hind foot length and 145 980 measurements of lower jaw length, in the four most abundant Alpine ungulate species: ibex ( Capra ibex ), chamois ( Rupicapra rupicapra ), red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) and roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus ). Regardless of age, sex and phylogeny, the body mass and size of these sympatric animals, from the eastern Swiss Alps, remained stable between 1991 and 2013. Neither global warming nor local hunting influenced the fitness of the wild ungulates studied at a detectable level. However, we cannot rule out possible counteracting effects of enhanced nutritional resources associated with longer and warmer growing seasons, as well as the animals' ability to migrate along extensive elevational gradients in the highly diversified alpine landscape of this study.

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47

Lovari, Sandro, Sara Franceschi, Gianpasquale Chiatante, Lorenzo Fattorini, Niccolò Fattorini, and Francesco Ferretti. "Climatic changes and the fate of mountain herbivores." Climatic Change 162, no. 4 (August 12, 2020): 2319–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02801-7.

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Abstract Mountains are strongly seasonal habitats, which require special adaptations in wildlife species living on them. Population dynamics of mountain ungulates are largely determined by the availability of rich food resources to sustain lactation and weaning during summer. Increases of temperature affect plant phenology and nutritional quality. Cold-adapted plants occurring at lower elevations will shift to higher ones, if available. We predicted what could happen to populations of mountain ungulates based on how climate change could alter the distribution pattern and quality of high-elevation vegetation, using the “clover community-Apennine chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata” system. From 1970 to 2014, increasing spring temperatures (2 °C) in our study area led to an earlier (25 days) onset of green-up in Alpine grasslands between 1700 and 2000 m, but not higher up. For 1970–2070, we have projected trends of juvenile winter survival of chamois, by simulating trajectories of spring temperatures and occurrence of clover, through models depicting four different scenarios. All scenarios have suggested a decline of Apennine chamois in its historical core range, during the next 50 years, from about 28% to near-extinction at about 95%. The negative consequences of climate changes presently occurring at lower elevations will shift to higher ones in the future. Their effects will vary with the species-specific ecological and behavioural flexibility of mountain ungulates, as well as with availability of climate refugia. However, global shifts in distributional ranges and local decreases or extinctions should be expected, calling for farsighted measures of adaptive management of mountain-dwelling herbivores.

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48

Jánošková, A., and V. Kmeť. "Vancomycin Resistance Genes in Enterococcus spp. Strains Isolated from Alpine Accentor and Chamois." Acta Veterinaria Brno 73, no. 2 (2004): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200473020211.

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49

Gander, Hans, and Paul Ingold. "Reactions of male alpine chamois Rupicapra r. rupicapra to hikers, joggers and mountainbikers." Biological Conservation 79, no. 1 (January 1997): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(96)00102-4.

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50

Dematteis, Andrea, Marco Giovo, Fabrizio Rostagno, Omar Giordano, David Fina, Arianna Menzano, Paolo Tizzani, Giorgio Ficetto, Luca Rossi, and Pier Giuseppe Meneguz. "Radio-controlled up-net enclosure to capture free-ranging Alpine chamois Rupicapra rupicapra." European Journal of Wildlife Research 56, no. 4 (December 9, 2009): 535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10344-009-0343-7.

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