Статті в журналах: "Alloy additive"

1

Gneiger, Stefan, Johannes A. Österreicher, Aurel R. Arnoldt, Alois Birgmann, and Martin Fehlbier. "Development of a High Strength Magnesium Alloy for Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing." Metals 10, no. 6 (June 10, 2020): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10060778.

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Due to their high specific strength, magnesium alloys are promising materials for further lightweighting in mobility applications. In contrast to casting and forming processes, additive manufacturing methods allow high degrees of geometrical freedom and can generate significant weight reductions due to load-specific part design. In wire arc additive manufacturing processes, large parts can be produced with high material utilization. Process-inherent high melt temperatures and solidification rates allow for the use of magnesium alloys which are otherwise complicated to process; this enables the use of unconventional alloying systems. Here, we report the development of a Mg-Al-Zn-Ca-rare earth alloy for wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). Compared to parts made of commercially available filler wire, the newly developed alloy achieves a higher strength (approx. +9 MPa yield strength, +25 MPa ultimate tensile strength) in WAAM.

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2

Wen, Shifeng, Jie Gan, Fei Li, Yan Zhou, Chunze Yan, and Yusheng Shi. "Research Status and Prospect of Additive Manufactured Nickel-Titanium Shape Memory Alloys." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 11, 2021): 4496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164496.

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Nickel-titanium alloys have been widely used in biomedical, aerospace and other fields due to their shape memory effect, superelastic effect, as well as biocompatible and elasto-thermal properties. Additive manufacturing (AM) technology can form complex and fine structures, which greatly expands the application range of Ni-Ti alloy. In this study, the development trend of additive manufactured Ni-Ti alloy was analyzed. Subsequently, the most widely used selective laser melting (SLM) process for forming Ni-Ti alloy was summarized. Especially, the relationship between Ni-Ti alloy materials, SLM processing parameters, microstructure and properties of Ni-Ti alloy formed by SLM was revealed. The research status of Ni-Ti alloy formed by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), electron beam melting (EBM), directional energy dedication (DED), selective laser sintering (SLS) and other AM processes was briefly described, and its mechanical properties were emphatically expounded. Finally, several suggestions concerning Ni-Ti alloy material preparation, structure design, forming technology and forming equipment in the future were put forward in order to accelerate the engineering application process of additive manufactured Ni-Ti alloy. This study provides a useful reference for scientific research and engineering application of additive manufactured Ni-Ti alloys.

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3

Wahlmann, Benjamin, Dominik Leidel, Matthias Markl, and Carolin Körner. "Numerical Alloy Development for Additive Manufacturing towards Reduced Cracking Susceptibility." Crystals 11, no. 8 (July 31, 2021): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11080902.

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In this work, we investigated the viability of established hot cracking models for numerically based development of crack-resistant nickel-base superalloys with a high γ′ volume fraction for additive manufacturing. Four cracking models were implemented, and one alloy designed for reduced cracking susceptibility was deduced based on each cracking criterion. The criteria were modeled using CALPHAD-based Scheil calculations. The alloys were designed using a previously developed multi-criteria optimization tool. The commercial superalloy Mar-M247 was chosen as the reference material. The alloys were fabricated by arc melting, then remelted with laser and electron beam, and the cracking was assessed. After electron beam melting, solidification cracks were more prevalent than cold cracks, and vice versa. The alloys exhibited vastly different crack densities ranging from 0 to nearly 12 mm−1. DSC measurements showed good qualitative agreement with the calculated transition temperatures. It was found that the cracking mechanisms differed strongly depending on the process temperature. A correlation analysis of the measured crack densities and the modeled cracking susceptibilities showed no clear positive correlation for any crack model, indicating that none of these models alone is sufficient to describe the cracking behavior of the alloys. One experimental alloy showed an improved cracking resistance during electron beam melting, suggesting that further development of the optimization-based alloy design approach could lead to the discovery of new crack-resistant superalloys.

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4

Hussein, Suhair G., Adnan N. Abood, and Nabeel Kadim Abdel Sahib. "Effect of SiC Powder Additive on Mechanical Properties of Al-Pb Alloy Produced by Mechanical Alloying." Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences 21, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.29194/njes.21030389.

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One of the major usages for Al–Pb alloy are bearing alloys because of its lubricant behavior of Pb phase component. Applications of these alloys are in heavy duty, such as boring mills, presses, lathes, milling machines and hydraulic pump bushings. In present work, SiC powder was selected as additive for improving the mechanical properties of Al-Pb alloy that produced by mechanical alloying method. The percentage weight of SiC powder are (2.5, 5,10, 15 %) which mixing together with Al- Pb alloy for two hours in ball milling device, then compacted and sintering to obtain the improved alloy, and examine the mechanical properties (compressive strength and microhardness) of produced alloy. Results show that the additive of SiC powder on the Al-Pb alloy lead to improve the microhardness which increased with increased the percentage of additive, in the other hand, the compressive strength had a reverse effective with increased the percentage of SiC powder.

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5

Asmael, M. B. A., Roslee Ahmad, Ali Ourdjini, and S. Farahany. "Effect of Elements Cerium and Lanthanum on Eutectic Solidification of Al-Si-Cu near Eutectic Cast Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 845 (December 2013): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.845.118.

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The properties of Al-Si-Cu cast alloys are strongly affected by eutectic Al-Si and Al-Cu phases. The characteristic parameters of these two phases with additions cerium 1wt % (Ce) and lanthanum1 wt % (La) were investigated in Al-11Si-2Cu near eutectic alloy using computer-aided cooling curve thermal analysis. As a result, the La additive showed the highest (TNAl-Si) while the Ce additive showed very little effect. In addition, the growth temperature (TGAl-Si) is decreased by adding Ce compared to the base alloy and La addition. Additives showed an increase of recalescence magnitude (TRAl-Si). Addition La and Ce increased the nucleation and growth temperature of Al-Cu phase. The microstructure analysis on the silicon morphology showed that 1 wt % La and 1 wt % Ce additions play refiner role in Al-Si-Cu near eutectic alloys. Findings are also confirmed by aspect ratio of eutectic silicon phase.

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6

Prashanth, Konda Gokuldoss, and Zhi Wang. "Additive Manufacturing: Alloy Design and Process Innovations." Materials 13, no. 3 (January 23, 2020): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13030542.

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7

Liu, Shunyu, and Yung C. Shin. "Additive manufacturing of Ti6Al4V alloy: A review." Materials & Design 164 (February 2019): 107552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.107552.

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8

Knoll, Helene, Sörn Ocylok, Andreas Weisheit, Hauke Springer, Eric Jägle, and Dierk Raabe. "Combinatorial Alloy Design by Laser Additive Manufacturing." steel research international 88, no. 8 (December 19, 2016): 1600416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.201600416.

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9

Lindwall, Greta, and Wei Xiong. "CALPHAD-Based Methods for Alloy Additive Manufacturing." Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion 42, no. 1 (February 2021): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11669-021-00870-4.

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10

Langelandsvik, Geir, Odd M. Akselsen, Trond Furu, and Hans J. Roven. "Review of Aluminum Alloy Development for Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing." Materials 14, no. 18 (September 17, 2021): 5370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14185370.

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Processing of aluminum alloys by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) gained significant attention from industry and academia in the last decade. With the possibility to create large and relatively complex parts at low investment and operational expenses, WAAM is well-suited for implementation in a range of industries. The process nature involves fusion melting of a feedstock wire by an electric arc where metal droplets are strategically deposited in a layer-by-layer fashion to create the final shape. The inherent fusion and solidification characteristics in WAAM are governing several aspects of the final material, herein process-related defects such as porosity and cracking, microstructure, properties, and performance. Coupled to all mentioned aspects is the alloy composition, which at present is highly restricted for WAAM of aluminum but received considerable attention in later years. This review article describes common quality issues related to WAAM of aluminum, i.e., porosity, residual stresses, and cracking. Measures to combat these challenges are further outlined, with special attention to the alloy composition. The state-of-the-art of aluminum alloy selection and measures to further enhance the performance of aluminum WAAM materials are presented. Strategies for further development of new alloys are discussed, with attention on the importance of reducing crack susceptibility and grain refinement.

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11

CASADEBAIGT, Antoine, Daniel MONCEAU, and Jonathan HUGUES. "HIGH TEMPERATURE OXIDATION OF TI-6AL-4V ALLOY FABRICATED BY ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING. INFLUENCE ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032103006.

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Titanium alloys, such as Ti-6Al-4V alloy, fabricated by additive manufacturing processes is a winning combination in the aeronautic field. Indeed, the high specific mechanical properties of titanium alloys with the optimized design of parts allowed by additive manufacturing should allow aircraft weight reduction. But, the long term use of Ti-6Al-4V alloy is limited to 315 °C due to high oxidation kinetics above this temperature [1]. The formation of an oxygen diffusion zone in the metal and an oxide layer above it may reduce the durability of titanium parts leading to premature failure [2, 3]. In this study, Ti-6Al-4V alloy was fabricated by Electron Beam Melting (EBM). As built microstructure evolutions after Hot Isostatic Pressure (HIP) treatment at 920 °C and 1000 bar for 2h were investigated. As built microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V fabricated by EBM was composed of Ti-α laths in a Ti-β matrix. High temperature oxidation of Ti-6Al-4V alloy at 600 °C of as-built and HIP-ed microstructures was studied. This temperature was chosen to increase oxidation kinetics and to study the influence of oxidation on tensile mechanical properties. In parallel, two other oxidation temperatures, i.e. 500 °C and 550°C allowed to access to the effect of temperature on long-term oxidation.

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12

Polishetty, Ashwin, Basil Raju, and Guy Littlefair. "Secondary Machining Characteristics of Additive Manufactured Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-4V." Key Engineering Materials 779 (September 2018): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.779.149.

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Titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V is a popular alloy used in wide range of design applications mostly in aerospace and biomedical industry due to its advantageous material properties. This research is based on threading operation in a cylindrical workpiece of Ti-6Al-4V additive manufactured by Selective Laser Melting (SLM) technique. Secondary machining is described as the operations that are performed on the workpiece after a primary machining in order to achieve a required finish and form. Common secondary operations after drilling includes threading, reaming and knurling. Threading is a significant machining process in almost all applications of Titanium alloys. The development of an efficient threading process for Titanium alloys and enhancing existing methods may lead to a wider application of additive manufactured Titanium alloys. The aim of this research is to find out favorable threading conditions for Titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V to obtain better machinability. Threads are tapped into the workpiece using variable machining parameters such as spindle speed and depth of cut. Statistical data are collected and analyzed by qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the threads. The outputs under consideration to evaluate efficiency of the secondary machining include surface texture (roughness (Ra)), dimensional accuracy (thread geometry) and power required (cutting force).

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13

Zhang, Tianlong, Zhenghua Huang, Tao Yang, Haojie Kong, Junhua Luan, Anding Wang, Dong Wang, Way Kuo, Yunzhi Wang, and Chain-Tsuan Liu. "In situ design of advanced titanium alloy with concentration modulations by additive manufacturing." Science 374, no. 6566 (October 22, 2021): 478–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abj3770.

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Fine-scale strengthening swirls Creatively combining different alloys using additive manufacturing methods has the potential to produce materials with interesting properties. Zhang et al . use laser powder bed fusion to combine small amounts of 316L stainless steel into Ti64 titanium alloy. This process creates an alloy with a distinctive microstructure that retains high strength while substantially improving ductility. The design strategy should be useful for improving mechanical properties in other alloy system as well. —BG

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14

Michalik, Rafał, and Tomasz Mikuszewski. "The Influence of Addition of the Rare Earth Elements on the Structure and Hardness of AlZn12Mg3.5Cu2.5 Alloy." Solid State Phenomena 226 (January 2015): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.226.39.

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Aluminium alloys are characterized by a number of advantageous properties , which include: low density ,high relative strength , high electrical and thermal conductivity , ease of machining and good dumping features. Particular interesting are high-strength aluminum alloys of zinc, magnesium and copper. These alloys are used mainly in aircraft, building &structure, electrical, electrical power and automotive industry. A significant problem associated with the use of high-strength aluminium-zinc alloys is their insufficient resistance to corrosion. Improvement of corrosion resistance can be obtained by application of alloy micro-additives. The article shows results of examinations related to influence of rare earth additive on the structure and hardness of AlZn12Mg3.5Cu2.5 alloy. The scope of examination included: structure testing using scanning microscope, X – ray microanalysis, hardness test. Examinations have shown higher hardness of samples with rare earth additives. Was found , that rare earth addition influences on more fine –grained structure of the AlZn12Mg3.5Cu2.5 alloy.

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15

Ageeva, E. V., A. Yu Altukhov, R. A. Latypov, and G. R. Latypova. "X-ray spectral microanalysis of hardened additive products made of electroerosion cobalt-chromium alloys." MATEC Web of Conferences 329 (2020): 02014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032902014.

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This article presents the results of an X-ray spectral microanalysis of cobalt-chromium alloys based on particles of the of the tungsten nickel iron alloy dispersed by electric erosion, obtained in alcohol. It has been experimentally proved that a part of oxygen is present in the cobalt-chromium alloy of particles of the cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy dispersed by electric erosion. All other elements are distributed relatively evenly over the volume of particles. It is shown that Co, Cr and Mo are the main elements of the (CoCrMo) alloy dispersed by electric erosion.

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16

Young, R. S., B. Scott, Congxiao Wei, and M. N. Obrovac. "LiF as an Alloy Component or Slurry Additive in Si-Alloy Anodes." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 167, no. 16 (December 12, 2020): 160524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abcf56.

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17

Grigoryev, Alexey, Igor Polozov, Anatoliy Popovich, and Vadim Sufiyarov. "Application of additive technologies for synthesis of titanium alloys of Ti-Al, Ti-Al-Nb systems of elemental powders." SHS Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184400037.

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Additive technologies are one of the drivers for development of new industrial revolution. For developing additive production it is necessary to expand the nomenclature of materials used in the form of powders. One of the ways for synthesizing new alloys in additive technologies is applying a mixture of powders as primary components; the powders correspond in their composition to the given alloy. The technology of selective laser melting enables synthesizing the necessary alloy by means of layer by layer melting of a powder mixture. A study of the process of Ti-5Al and Ti-6Al-7Nb titanium alloys synthesis of elemental powders by means of selective laser melting was undertaken in this work. Microstructure, chemical composition, mechanical properties of the synthesized alloys were studied and also the influence of thermal processing on the microstructure of the Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy obtained of elemental powders was explored.

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18

Aydogan, Beytullah, and Himanshu Sahasrabudhe. "Enabling Multi-Material Structures of Co-Based Superalloy Using Laser Directed Energy Deposition Additive Manufacturing." Metals 11, no. 11 (October 27, 2021): 1717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11111717.

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Cobalt superalloys such as Tribaloys are widely used in environments that involve high temperatures, corrosion, and wear degradation. Additive manufacturing (AM) processes have been investigated for fabricating Co-based alloys due to design flexibility and efficient materials usage. AM processes are suitable for reducing the manufacturing steps and subsequently reducing manufacturing costs by incorporating multi-materials. Laser directed energy deposition (laser DED) is a suitable AM process for fabricating Co-based alloys. T800 is one of the commercially available Tribaloys that is strengthened through Laves phases and of interest to diverse engineering fields. However, the high content of the Laves phase makes the alloy prone to brittle fracture. In this study, a Ni-20%Cr alloy was used to improve the fabricability of the T800 alloy via laser DED. Different mixture compositions (20%, 30%, 40% NiCr by weight) were investigated. The multi-material T800 + NiCr alloys were heat treated at two different temperatures. These alloy chemistries were characterized for their microstructural, phase, and mechanical properties in the as-fabricated and heat-treated conditions. SEM and XRD characterization indicated the stabilization of ductile phases and homogenization of the Laves phases after laser DED fabrication and heat treatment. In conclusion, the NiCr addition improved the fabricability and structural integrity of the T800 alloy.

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19

Ioroi, Kazushige, Yasuyuki Kaneno, and Takayuki Takasugi. "Effect of Ta addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of dual two-phase Ni3Al-Ni3V intermetallic alloy–Retraction." MRS Advances 4, no. 25-26 (2019): 1509–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.140.

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ABSTRACTMechanism for the hardening of two-phase Ni3Al-Ni3V intermetallic alloy to which 2 at.% Ta was added in different substitution manners for Ni, Al and V was presented, based on the microstructural observation, alloying behavior and lattice properties of the additive in the constituent phases. The hardening behavior was explained in terms of solid solution hardening in which the mixture rule in the volume fraction of the two constituent phases and the atomic size misfit evaluated from the changes of the lattice parameters were incorporated. Consequently, the hardening for the alloys in which the additives were substituted for Ni and V was attributed to solid solution hardening. On the other hand, the hardening for the alloy in which the additive was substituted for Al was attributed to the hardening due to microstructural refining in addition to the solid solution hardening.

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20

Uhlmann, Eckart, Robert Kersting, Tiago Borsoi Klein, Marcio Fernando Cruz, and Anderson Vicente Borille. "Additive Manufacturing of Titanium Alloy for Aircraft Components." Procedia CIRP 35 (2015): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2015.08.061.

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21

Zhao, Xingke, Lan Lan, Hongbo Sun, Jihua Huang, and Hua Zhang. "Mechanical properties of additive laser-welded NiTi alloy." Materials Letters 64, no. 5 (March 2010): 628–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2009.12.025.

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22

Agapovichev, Anton, Anton Sotov, Victoria Kokareva, and Vitaly Smelov. "Possibilities and limitations of titanium alloy additive manufacturing." MATEC Web of Conferences 224 (2018): 01064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822401064.

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This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of an important, rapidly emerging, additive manufacturing technology. Paper deals with the literature review of the Medical and Aerospace application of Additive Manufacturing from Ti alloys and its benefits and limitations. The study also demonstrate and compare the mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V samples produced by different technologies.

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23

Zhukov, A. S., B. K. Barakhtin, V. V. Bobyr, and A. D. Titova. "Structural studies of additive hard magnetic alloy Alnico24." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 919 (September 26, 2020): 022021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/919/2/022021.

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24

Raza, Tahira, Joel Andersson, and Lars-Erik Svensson. "Varestraint weldability testing of additive manufactured alloy 718." Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 23, no. 7 (February 12, 2018): 606–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2018.1437338.

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25

Hack, Harvey, Richard Link, Erik Knudsen, Brad Baker, and Scott Olig. "Mechanical properties of additive manufactured nickel alloy 625." Additive Manufacturing 14 (March 2017): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2017.02.004.

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26

Mahamood, R. M., and E. T. Akinlabi. "Corrosion behavior of laser additive manufactured titanium alloy." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 99, no. 5-8 (August 24, 2018): 1545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-2537-1.

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27

Caba, Stefan. "Aluminum Alloy for Additive Manufacturing in Automotive Production." ATZ worldwide 122, no. 11 (October 23, 2020): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s38311-020-0285-y.

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28

Wu, Bintao, Zengxi Pan, Yu Ziping, Stephen van Duin, Huijun Li, and Edward Pierson. "Robotic skeleton arc additive manufacturing of aluminium alloy." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 114, no. 9-10 (April 19, 2021): 2945–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07077-4.

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29

Ma, Liyan, and Jia Niu. "A comparison of corrosion behaviors of additive manufacturing cobalt-chromium alloy in different solutions." Metallurgical Research & Technology 116, no. 3 (2019): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2019005.

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The corrosion behavior of selective laser melted CoCr alloy in 0.9% NaCl, phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and artificial saliva (AS) solutions were studied by using open circuit potential, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The potentiodynamic polarization tests were shown the lowest current density of the CoCr alloy in 0.9% NaCl, while the highest one was measured in PBS solution. CoCr alloys were passivation in all solutions, and the protective scale formed on CoCr alloy in 0.9% NaCl solution possessed the superior corrosion resistance according to EIS results.

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30

Alasad, Mahmoud, and Mohamad Yahya Nefawy. "The Effect of Heat Treatments and Nickel Additive on The Microstructure and Hardness of 7075 Aluminum Alloy." مجلة جامعة فلسطين التقنية خضوري للأبحاث 7, no. 2 (September 15, 2019): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.53671/ptukrj.v7i2.76.

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The aluminum alloys of the 7xxx series consist of Al with Zn mainly, Mg and Cu. 7xxx aluminum alloys has high mechanical properties making it distinct from other aluminum alloys. In this paper, we examine the effect of adding Nickel and heat treatments on the microstructure and hardness of the 7075 aluminum alloy. Were we added different percentages of nickel [0.1, 0.5, 1] wt% to 7075 Aluminum alloy, and applied various heat treatments (artificial aging T6 and Retrogression and re-aging RRA) on the 7075 alloys that Containing nickel. By applying RRA treatment, we obtained better results than the results obtained by applying T6 treatment, and we obtained the high values of hardness and a smoother microstructure for the studied alloys by the addition of (0.5 wt%) nickel to alloy 7075.

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Alasad, Mahmoud, and Mohamad Yahya Nefawy. "The Effect of Heat Treatments and Nickel Additive on The Microstructure and Hardness of 7075 Aluminum Alloy." مجلة جامعة فلسطين التقنية للأبحاث 7, no. 2 (September 15, 2019): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.53671/pturj.v7i2.76.

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The aluminum alloys of the 7xxx series consist of Al with Zn mainly, Mg and Cu. 7xxx aluminum alloys has high mechanical properties making it distinct from other aluminum alloys. In this paper, we examine the effect of adding Nickel and heat treatments on the microstructure and hardness of the 7075 aluminum alloy. Were we added different percentages of nickel [0.1, 0.5, 1] wt% to 7075 Aluminum alloy, and applied various heat treatments (artificial aging T6 and Retrogression and re-aging RRA) on the 7075 alloys that Containing nickel. By applying RRA treatment, we obtained better results than the results obtained by applying T6 treatment, and we obtained the high values of hardness and a smoother microstructure for the studied alloys by the addition of (0.5 wt%) nickel to alloy 7075.

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32

Tassa, Oriana, Laura Alleva, and Roberto Sorci. "Powders for Additive Manufacturing: From Design to Certification." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 1473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.1473.

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Rina Consulting Centro Sviluppo Materiali (CSM) has been involved in the study and development of powder metallurgy for different applications, thanks to its participation in many research industrial and funded projects. The entire metal powder production chain takes place within the company's own researcher and facilities. This allows to produce high quality powders starting from alloy design, VIGA atomization and chemical, rheological and particle size analysis. In recent years, the development has mainly concerned manufacturing processes. Currently only a limited number of metal alloys can be processed by AM. For that reason, the alloy design becomes a really important topic to enlarge AM capabilities to other materials and applications. Starting from commercial Thermodynamic and Kinetic codes and proprietary models on solidification and micro-segregation, the alloy chemical composition can be fine-tuned to optimize the microstructure, considering the target properties of the material and the relevant AM processing windows, taking into account also the post process treatment conditions. Moreover, the knowledge of the production plants allows CSM to have a wide vision on the realization and the characterization of the metal powders focusing to achieve the best powder quality suitable for AM applications. Finally, AM is a relatively “new” process, standardization is still an ongoing activity involving several communities and organizations like ASTM, AWS and ISO; in this contest CSM has already designed the guidelines for qualification and certification processes and has created a dedicated laboratory to qualify powders of AM players.

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33

Sheshukov, O. Yu, and V. V. Kataev. "Influence of titanium and zirconium on structure and heat-resistance of low-carbon iron-aluminium alloys." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 64, no. 9 (October 9, 2021): 685–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2021-9-685-692.

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The paper considers the effect of introducing ferroalloys containing titanium and zirconium on the structure and heat-resistance of low-carbon ferroalloys. Theoretically and experimentally, it has been proven that addition of 1.0 mass. % of titanium and 0.1 mass. % of zirconium to a low-carbon iron-aluminum melt containing 12 – 14 mass. % of aluminum, grinds its structure increasing temporary resistance and heat-melting. Titanium and zirconium are strong carbide-forming elements. When introduced into a low-carbon iron-aluminium alloy, they form a large number of crystallization centers, thus affecting its microstructure, allowing to get shredded and more equal grain compared to an alloy without additive. This in turn increases the strength limit of processed alloy. In addition, the use of titanium as a modifying additive in a low-carbon ferroalloy allows increasing its heatresistance, which exceeds several times the heat-resistance of famous chrome-nickel steel of 20Kh23N18 grade. As a result, a new technology for obtaining titanium and zirconium was developed based on research of the effect of their modifying additives on the structure and heat-resistance of low-carbon iron-aluminum alloys.

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34

Zhou, Siyu, Ke Wu, Guang Yang, Fangbin Deng, Ning Hou, Lanyun Qin, and Wenyi Wei. "Grain-refining of wire arc additive manufactured aluminum alloy with Nb powder addition." Materials Research Express 8, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 026520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/abe6d5.

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35

Schimbäck, D., P. Mair, M. Bärtl, F. Palm, G. Leichtfried, S. Mayer, P. J. Uggowitzer, and S. Pogatscher. "Alloy design strategy for microstructural-tailored scandium-modified aluminium alloys for additive manufacturing." Scripta Materialia 207 (January 2022): 114277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.114277.

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36

Bhujangrao, Trunal, Fernando Veiga, Alfredo Suárez, Edurne Iriondo, and Franck Girot Mata. "High-Temperature Mechanical Properties of IN718 Alloy: Comparison of Additive Manufactured and Wrought Samples." Crystals 10, no. 8 (August 9, 2020): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10080689.

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Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is one of the most appropriate additive manufacturing techniques for producing large-scale metal components with a high deposition rate and low cost. Recently, the manufacture of nickel-based alloy (IN718) using WAAM technology has received increased attention due to its wide application in industry. However, insufficient information is available on the mechanical properties of WAAM IN718 alloy, for example in high-temperature testing. In this paper, the mechanical properties of IN718 specimens manufactured by the WAAM technique have been investigated by tensile tests and hardness measurements. The specific comparison is also made with the wrought IN718 alloy, while the microstructure was assessed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Fractographic studies were carried out on the specimens to understand the fracture behavior. It was shown that the yield strength and hardness of WAAM IN718 alloy is higher than that of the wrought alloy IN718, while the ultimate tensile strength of the WAAM alloys is difficult to assess at lower temperatures. The microstructure analysis shows the presence of precipitates (laves phase) in WAAM IN718 alloy. Finally, the effect of precipitation on the mechanical properties of the WAAM IN718 alloy was discussed in detail.

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37

Dzogbewu, Thywill Cephas. "Additive manufacturing of TiAl-based alloys." Manufacturing Review 7 (2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mfreview/2020032.

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The ever-increasing demand for developing lightweight, high-temperature materials that can operate at elevated temperatures is still a subject of worldwide research and TiAl-based alloys have come to the fore. The conventional methods of manufacturing have been used successfully to manufacture the TiAl-based alloy. However, due to the inherent limitations of the conventional methods to produce large TiAl components with intricate near-net shapes has limit the widespread application and efficiency of the TiAl components produced using conventional methods. Metal additive manufacturing such as Electron Beam Melting technology could manufacture the TiAl alloys with intricate shapes but lack geometrical accuracy. Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technology could manufacture the TiAl-based alloys with intricate shapes with geometrical accuracy. However, the inherent high rate of heating and cooling mechanisms of the LPBF process failed to produce crack-free TiAl components. Various preheating techniques have been experimented, to reduce the high thermal gradient and residual stress during the LPBF process that causes the cracking of the TiAl components. Although these techniques have not reached industrial readiness up to now, encouraging results have been achieved.

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38

Prashantha, S., U. S. Mallikarjun, and S. M. Shashidhara. "Preparation and Characteriszation of Cu-Al-Be Shape Memory Alloys with Cr as Grain Refining Additive." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 700–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.700.

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Cu-Al-Be ternary alloy was prepared by ingot metallurgy route. Cu-Al-Be SMAs exhibit good shape memory properties. With the addition of Cr as quaternary alloying element to the ternary Cu-Al-Be alloys, their shape memory properties have been improved. The ternary alloy was added with 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4wt. % Cr. The influence of the quaternary alloy was analyzed by Optical microscope, Hardness, Strain recovery and transformation temperature. With increase in Cr content, good grain refinement and less hardness have been observed. Good strain recovery was found in 0.2 % wt. Cr added alloy.

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39

Kalashnikova, Tatiana, Andrey Chumaevskii, Kirill Kalashnikov, Evgeny Knyazhev, Denis Gurianov, Alexander Panfilov, Sergey Nikonov, Valery Rubtsov, and Evgeny Kolubaev. "Regularities of Friction Stir Processing Hardening of Aluminum Alloy Products Made by Wire-Feed Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing." Metals 12, no. 2 (January 19, 2022): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12020183.

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Friction stir processing of additive workpieces in the sample growth direction (the vertical direction) and the layer deposition direction (the horizontal one) was carried out. The hardening regularities of aluminum-silicon alloy A04130 and aluminum-magnesium alloy AA5056 manufactured by electron beam additive technology were studied. For each material, 1 to 4 subsequent tool passes were performed in both cases. It was found that the formation of the stir zone macro-structure does not significantly change with the processing direction relative to the layer deposition direction in additive manufacturing. The average grain size in the stir zone after the fourth pass for AA5056 alloy in the horizontal direction was 2.5 ± 0.8 μm, for the vertical one, 1.6 ± 0.5 μm. While for the alloy A04130, the grain size was 2.6 ± 1.0 μm and 1.8 ± 0.7 for the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. The fine-grained metal of the stir zone for each alloy in different directions had higher microhardness values than the base metal. The tensile strength of the processed metal was significantly higher than that of the additively manufactured material of the corresponding alloy. The number of tool passes along the processing line is different for the two selected alloys. The second, third and fourth passes have the most significant effect on the mechanical properties of the aluminum-magnesium alloy.

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40

Iatecola, Amilton, Guilherme Arthur Longhitano, Luiz Henrique Martinez Antunes, André Luiz Jardini, Emilio de Castro Miguel, Miloslav Béreš, Carlos Salles Lambert, et al. "Osseointegration Improvement of Co-Cr-Mo Alloy Produced by Additive Manufacturing." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 5 (May 14, 2021): 724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13050724.

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Cobalt-base alloys (Co-Cr-Mo) are widely employed in dentistry and orthopedic implants due to their biocompatibility, high mechanical strength and wear resistance. The osseointegration of implants can be improved by surface modification techniques. However, complex geometries obtained by additive manufacturing (AM) limits the efficiency of mechanical-based surface modification techniques. Therefore, plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) is the best alternative, creating nanotopography even in complex structures. In the present study, we report the osseointegration results in three conditions of the additively manufactured Co-Cr-Mo alloy: (i) as-built, (ii) after PIII, and (iii) coated with titanium (Ti) followed by PIII. The metallic samples were designed with a solid half and a porous half to observe the bone ingrowth in different surfaces. Our results revealed that all conditions presented cortical bone formation. The titanium-coated sample exhibited the best biomechanical results, which was attributed to the higher bone ingrowth percentage with almost all medullary canals filled with neoformed bone and the pores of the implant filled and surrounded by bone ingrowth. It was concluded that the metal alloys produced for AM are biocompatible and stimulate bone neoformation, especially when the Co-28Cr-6Mo alloy with a Ti-coated surface, nanostructured and anodized by PIII is used, whose technology has been shown to increase the osseointegration capacity of this implant.

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Romankiewicz, Remigiusz, and Ferdynand Romankiewicz. "Influence of modifcation on the refinement of primary silicon crystals in hypereutectic silumin AlSi21CuNi." Production Engineering Archives 19, no. 19 (June 1, 2018): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30657/pea.2018.19.07.

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Abstract On the paper the influence of modifying micro additives on the refinement of primary silicon crystals in the hypereutectic AlSi21CuNi piston silumin have been examined. As the modifiers there were used micro additives of Phosphorus in the form of AlCu19P1.4 and CuP12 pre-alloys, sulfur in the form of CuS and iron in the powdered form. The modifying micro additives were used separately and together. Micro additions of iron were used together with phosphorus. Sulfur micro addition provided the fragmentation of the primary silicon crystals, but not as effective as the phosphorus micro additive. The best effect of fragmentation of the primary silicon crystals was ensured by the combined addition of phosphorus in the form of AlCu19P1,4 pre alloy with a micro additive of powdered iron which reduced the average size of the primary silicon crystals from 114 μm to 20 μm.

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42

Al nefawy, Mohamad Yehea, Fouad El dahiye, and Mahmoud Al Assaad. "The Effect of Heat Treatments and Nickel Additive on The Microstructure and Tensile Properties of 7075 Aluminum Alloy." Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences 27, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2020.27.2.014.

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The aluminum alloys of the 7xxx series consist of Al with Zn mainly, Mg and Cu. 7xxx aluminum alloys has high mechanical properties making it distinct from other aluminum alloys. The effect of adding Nickel and heat treatments on the microstructure, formed phases and tensile properties of the 7075 aluminum alloy were studied in this paper. Different percentages of nickel [0.1, 0.5, 1] wt% was added to 7075 Aluminum alloy, and various heat treatments (artificial aging T6 and Retrogression and re-aging RRA) was applied on the 7075 alloys that containing nickel. The results obtained by applying of RRA treatment were better than the results of T6 treatment, the tensile properties increased and the microstructure became softer by adding nickel to the studied alloys. The maximum tensile strength of 7075 aluminum alloy was (UTS = 437 Mpa) when RRA heat treatment was applied and 0.5% nickel was added.

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43

Bucko, Mihael, Uros Lacnjevac, and Jelena Bajat. "The influence of substituted aromatic aldehydes on Zn-Mn alloy electrodeposition." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 78, no. 10 (2013): 1569–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc130118025b.

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Additives are necessary in the electrodeposition of Zn-Mn alloys at high current density, in order to reduce hydrogen evolution reaction and prevent dendrite formation. The influence of two aromatic aldehydes, 4-hydroxy-benzaldehyde and 3,4-dimethoxy-benzaldehyde, as the additives in Zn-Mn plating electrolyte, is examined in this work. The coatings characterization by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, as well as the examination of additives effect by electrochemical methods, indicate a complex involvement of additive molecules in hydrogen evolution, as well as in Zn2+ and Mn2+ reduction. Consequently, the levelling action can be achieved and the chemical composition of the Zn-Mn alloy can be tailored, by adding the proper additive type and concentration in the plating electrolyte.

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44

Przondziono, Joanna, Witold Walke, Eugeniusz Hadasik, and Stanisław Lalik. "Potentiodynamic Tests of Magnesium Alloy AZ31 with Lithium Additive." Solid State Phenomena 211 (November 2013): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.211.93.

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The purpose of the study is to assess electrochemical corrosion resistance of magnesium alloy AZ31 with additives of 4.5, 7.5 and 15 % lithium in NaCl solutions. Corrosion tests were performed in solutions with concentration 0.01 2 M NaCl with application of electrochemical testing system VoltaLab®PGP201. Resistance to electrochemical corrosion was evaluated on the ground of registered anodic polarisation curves by means of potentiodynamic method. Results of performed tests show unequivocally deterioration of corrosion characteristics of the alloy together with increase of molar concentration of NaCl solution. As chloride ions concentration increases, decrease of corrosion potential and polarisation resistance, as well as increase of corrosion current density are observed. Deterioration of corrosion characteristics of AZ31 alloy was shown with the increase of lithium content. It must be highlighted that irrespective of molar concentration of NaCl solution, there is also presence of pitting corrosion in the tested alloy. It proves that magnesium alloy AZ31-Li is not resistant to that type of corrosion. Test results prove that it is necessary to apply protective films on elements made of magnesium alloy with lithium additive.

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45

Huang, Xin, Qian Bai, Yong Tao Li, and Bi Zhang. "Machining Finish of Titanium Alloy Prepared by Additive Manufacturing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 872 (October 2017): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.872.43.

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Surface finish plays a critical role in functional performance of machined components. This study investigates machining finish of Ti-6Al-4V alloy prepared by Additive Manufacturing (AM) with a series of slot-milling experiments. The study compares the machined AMed part with that made of the conventional wrought Ti-6Al-4V. The microstructure of AMed parts is acicular α and Widmanstatten α lath structures compared to lamellar α structure of that in the wrought parts. Due to the unique microstructure from AM process, the AMed parts present higher strength and lower ductility. Therefore, a lower surface roughness is obtained in the milling of AMed parts compared to its counterpart of wrought parts. In addition, the machined surface of AMed parts possesses a topography of discontinued ridges. It is believed that the topography is due to low ductility of AMed part. The results show that the machined AMed part presents better surface finish. The study provides a guidance to optimization of machining parameters for AMed Ti-6Al-4V alloys.

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46

Nesterenkov, V. M., V. A. Matvejchuk, M. O. Rusynik, and A. V. Ovchinnikov. "Application of additive electron beam technologies for manufacture of parts of VT1-0 titanium alloy powders." Paton Welding Journal 2017, no. 3 (March 28, 2017): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tpwj2017.03.01.

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47

Nakajima, Kenya, Marc Leparoux, Hiroki Kurita, Briac Lanfant, Di Cui, Masahito Watanabe, Takenobu Sato, and Fumio Narita. "Additive Manufacturing of Magnetostrictive Fe–Co Alloys." Materials 15, no. 3 (January 18, 2022): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15030709.

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Fe–Co alloys are attracting attention as magnetostrictive materials for energy harvesting and sensor applications. This work investigated the magnetostriction characteristics and crystal structure of additive-manufactured Fe–Co alloys using directed energy deposition. The additive-manufactured Fe–Co parts tended to exhibit better magnetostrictive performance than the hot-rolled Fe–Co alloy. The anisotropy energy ΔK1 for the Fe–Co bulk, prepared under a power of 300 W (referred to as bulk−300 W), was larger than for the rolled sample. For the bulk−300 W sample in a particular plane, the piezomagnetic constant d was large, irrespective of the direction of the magnetic field. Elongated voids that formed during additive manufacturing changed the magnetostrictive behavior in a direction perpendicular to these voids. Magnetic property measurements showed that the coercivity decreased. Since sensors should be highly responsive, Fe–Co three-dimensional parts produced via additive manufacturing can be applied as force sensors.

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48

Buciumeanu, Mihaela, Allen Bagheri, Filipe Samuel Silva, Bruno Henriques, Andrés F. Lasagni, and Nima Shamsaei. "Tribocorrosion Behavior of NiTi Biomedical Alloy Processed by an Additive Manufacturing Laser Beam Directed Energy Deposition Technique." Materials 15, no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15020691.

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The purpose of the present study was to experimentally assess the synergistic effects of wear and corrosion on NiTi alloy in comparison with Ti-6Al-4V alloy, the most extensively used titanium alloy in biomedical applications. Both alloys were processed by an additive manufacturing laser beam directed energy deposition (LB-DED) technique, namely laser engineered net shaping (LENS), and analyzed via tribocorrosion tests by using the ball-on-plate configuration. The tests were carried out in phosphate buffered saline solution at 37 °C under open circuit potential (OCP) to simulate the body environment and temperature. The synergistic effect of wear and corrosion was found to result in an improved wear resistance in both materials. It was also observed that, for the process parameters used, the LB-DED NiTi alloy exhibits a lower tendency to corrosion as compared to the LB-DED Ti-6Al-4V alloy. It is expected that, during the service life as an implant, the NiTi alloy is less susceptible to the metallic ions release when compared with the Ti-6Al-4V alloy.

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49

Wang, Dawei, Zhiguo Liu, and Wenrui Liu. "Experimental Measurement of Vacuum Evaporation of Aluminum in Ti-Al, V-Al, Ti6Al4V Alloys by Electron Beam." Metals 11, no. 11 (October 23, 2021): 1688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11111688.

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Titanium alloys have been widely used in aerospace engineering due to their excellent mechanical properties, especially their strength-to-weight ratio. In addition, Ti6Al4V (TC4) alloy is the most widely used among α+β alloys. The main three elements of TC4 alloy are titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al) and vanadium (V). Since the boiling point of aluminum is much lower than the melting point of the other two elements, the consistency of TC4 alloy during smelting, additive manufacturing and surface treatment is difficult to control. Therefore, in order to study the difficult problem of composition control in TC4 alloy production, we measured the vacuum evaporation of Al, Ti and V in Ti-Al, V-Al and TC4 alloys, and tracked the changes of molten pool temperature, heating time and weight. According to the results, the Al started to evaporate near 1300 ± 10 °C in vacuum and totally evaporated after 225 s heating to 1484 °C at 10−2 Pa. However, V and Ti barely evaporated below 2000 °C. The Al in Ti-Al alloy started to evaporate at 1753 ± 10 °C and lost 20.6 wt.% aluminum during 500 s at 1750~1957 °C. The Al in V-Al alloy started to evaporate at 1913 ± 10 °C and lost 26.4 wt.% aluminum during 543s at 1893~2050 °C. The Al in TC4 alloy started to evaporate at 1879 ± 10 °C and lost 79.6 wt. % aluminum after 113 s at 1879~1989 °C. The results indicate that smelting TC4 alloy with Ti-Al and V-Al alloys by EBM below 1900 °C improves the consistency and performance. Additionally, the lowest loss of Al occurred in the additive manufacturing of TC4 alloy below 1900 °C.

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Lykov, P. A., and L. A. Glebov. "Characteristics of Powders from Different Aluminum Alloys for Additive Technologies Obtained by Gas Atomization." Solid State Phenomena 316 (April 2021): 564–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.316.564.

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Selective laser melting (SLM) is one of the additive manufacturing technologies that allows us to produce complex shape metallic objects from powder feedstock. Al-alloys are very promising materials in selective laser melting. In this paper, atomized metal powders of various aluminum alloys are investigated: 1) deformable alloys АК4, АК6; 2) cast alloys АК9ph, АК12; 3) deformable hardened alloy D16. As a part of the work, the particle shape, particle size distribution and technical characteristics of the powders were investigated, and also the compliance of materials with the requirements of additive technologies (SLM) was determined.

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