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1
Shekhanov, Ruslan F. "PROTECTIVE ABILITY OF TIN-NICKEL COATINGS." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 60, no. 10 (November 16, 2017): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.20176010.5605.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The calculation of the corrosion current of the steel – plating allowed us to estimate the protective properties and the porosity of the Tin-Nickel coatings. Measured in 3% NaCl solution the potential of steel electrode covered by tin alloy-Nickel thickness of 5, 10, 15 µm, respectively, has values of -277 mV, -314 mV, -355 mV, and the potential of steel 0.8 KP was 440 mV relative to the standard hydrogen electrode. At a thickness of 15 µm and at the mentioned potential the current density of corrosion for system steel – coating from tin-Nickel oxalate electrolyte was 2.3 µa/cm2, and for the coating from fluoride-chloride electrolyte was 7.5 µA/cm2. Therefore, the protective ability of tin-Nickel coatings obtained from oxalate-sulfate electrolytes is 3 times higher than similar coatings from fluoride-chloride electrolyte. Corrosion tests in salt spray chamber for Sn-Ni coatings obtained from oxalate-ammonium electrolyte confirmed the high corrosion resistance of tin-Nickel coatings when the ratio of the metals in the electrolyte was Ni/Sn = 5/1. The coatings obtained from oxalate electrolytes, distinguished by small size grains, in contrast to the coatings deposited from fluoride-chloride electrolyte. The increase in the microhardness of the coatings contributes a more microcrystalline surface topography of the alloy tin-Nickel deposited from oxalate-sulfate electrolytes, as it was evidenced by the results of crystallographic calculations. The test of specimens for microhardness showed that the samples obtained from oxalate-sulfate electrolytes are a bit harder (255 MPa) than samples obtained from fluoride-chloride electrolyte (245 MPa). The study of the structure of the coatings was performed using scanning electron microscope. SEM data showed that coatings obtained from the fluoride-chloride electrolyte have the pores, whereas poros are practically absent for caotings obtained from oxalate-ammonium. Probably, for these reasons the tin-Nickel coating obtained from oxalate-ammonium electrolyte better resists to corrosion in comparison with similar coating prepared from fluoride-chloride electrolyte. The technological process of depositing tin-nickel alloy from said weakly acid electrolyte is twice as effective and high-speed as compared to alkaline tinning, since the electrochemical equivalent of tin (II) is twice as high as for tin (IV) deposited from the alkaline electrolyte. It has been established that coatings obtained from oxalate-ammonium electrolytes, due to increased polarization during electrodeposition, are finer-grained, corrosion-resistant in comparison with coatings obtained from fluoride-chloride electrolytes. High dissipation ability of oxalate-ammonium electrolytes makes it possible to deposit tin-nickel coatings on composite products. The new technological processes studied in the result of the work made it possible to improve the physical and chemical properties of the coatings, to reduce material costs and to reduce environmental pollutionForcitation:Shekhanov R.F. Protective ability of tin-nickel coatings. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 10. P. 75-81
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Harchegani, R. K., and A. R. Riahi. "Effect of Cerium Chloride on the Self-Corrosion and Discharge Activity of Aluminum Anode in Alkaline Aluminum-air Batteries." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 030542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac5c06.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
One of the key impediments to aluminum (Al) as an anode in alkaline Al-air batteries is self-corrosion, which limits the battery’s efficiency due to the capacity loss and lifespan reduction. Thus, it is vital to find an efficient electrolyte additive that reduces self-corrosion in Al anodes. In this study, the effect of adding 0.5 to 1.5 wt% of cerium chloride to 4 mol l−1 KOH electrolyte on the self-corrosion of pure Al anode was investigated using electrochemical experiments. The results show that the addition of cerium chloride to the electrolyte reduces self-corrosion of the Al anode with a negligible effect on the anode activity. Cerium chloride forms cerium hydroxide (Ce (OH)3) in the alkaline electrolyte, which is adsorbed on the Al surface. Therefore, the corrosion potential increased, and self-corrosion current density decreased. As the cerium chloride concentration increased, the Al anode efficiency increased from 43.8% to 76.1%, and the capacity density increased from 1294 to 2244 mAh g−1. Furthermore, increasing the immersion time of the Al anode in the electrolyte containing cerium chloride increased the self-corrosion resistance and provided the self-healing properties for the anode.
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Проценко, В. С., Т. Е. Бутырина, Д. А. Богданов, С. А. Корний та Ф. И. Данилов. "Электрохимический синтез композиционных покрытий Ni/TiO2 из низкотемпературного эвтектического растворителя и электрокаталитические свойства осадков". Elektronnaya Obrabotka Materialov 57, № 6 (грудень 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.52577/eom.2021.57.6.01.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Kinetics of electrodeposition of composite Ni/TiO2 coatings was studied using the electrolyte based on a deep eutectic solvent (DES) containing choline chloride, ethylene glycol, water additive, and nickel chloride. Degussa P 25 nanopowder was used as a dispersed phase in the electrolyte (1–10 g dm3). The developed electrolyte allows depositing composite coatings with the content of titanium dioxide reaching ~ 10 wt.%. The electrolytic deposition of the composite was shown to obey Guglielmi's kinetic model. The main parameters of co-deposition of TiO2 particles into a nickel matrix were determined in the framework of this kinetic model. The co-deposition of titanium dioxide was found to inhibit the reaction of the nickel ions discharge. Electrocatalytic properties of the prepared composite Ni/TiO2 coatings were evaluated with respect to the hydrogen evolution reaction in an aqueous alkaline solution. A noticeable improvement in the electrocatalytic activity was observed when titanium dioxide particles were introduced into an electrodeposited nickel matrix.
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Samsudin, Asep Muhamad, Sigrid Wolf, Michaela Roschger, and Viktor Hacker. "Poly(vinyl alcohol)-based Anion Exchange Membranes for Alkaline Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 10, no. 3 (February 12, 2021): 435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.33168.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Crosslinked anion exchange membranes (AEMs) made from poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as a backbone polymer and different approaches to functional group introduction were prepared by means of solution casting with thermal and chemical crosslinking. Membrane characterization was performed by SEM, FTIR, and thermogravimetric analyses. The performance of AEMs was evaluated by water uptake, swelling degree, ion exchange capacity, OH- conductivity, and single cell tests. A combination of quaternized ammonium poly(vinyl alcohol) (QPVA) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDMAC) showed the highest conductivity, water uptake, and swelling among other functional group sources. The AEM with a combined mass ratio of QPVA and PDDMAC of 1:0.5 (QPV/PDD0.5) has the highest hydroxide conductivity of 54.46 mS cm-1. The single fuel cell tests with QPV/PDD0.5 membrane yield the maximum power density and current density of 8.6 mW cm-2 and 47.6 mA cm-2 at 57 °C. This study demonstrates that PVA-based AEMs have the potential for alkaline direct ethanol fuel cells (ADEFCs) application.
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Othman, Raihan, Farouq Ahmat, Muhd Amlie Ibrahim, Assayidatul Laila Nor Hairin, and Hanafi Ani Mohd. "Effect of Bath Formulation and Plating Current Density on Electrodeposited Zinc Anode’s Capacity in Zinc-Air Cell." Advanced Materials Research 576 (October 2012): 484–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.576.484.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Zinc anode is electrodeposited from a 2-M zinc chloride electrolytic bath with varying ammonium chloride supporting electrolyte concentrations (0-5 M) and plating current density (0.1 – 0.6 A cm-2). The total charge quantity supplied during electrodeposition is fixed at 150 mAh. Alkaline zinc-air cell is fabricated using the electrodeposited zinc anode and characterized according to its discharge capacity at constant load current of 20 mA. The effect of various qualities of zinc electrodeposits on the cell discharge performance is discussed. It is found that zinc electrodeposits prepared from electrolytic bath of 5-M ammonium chloride and 0.5 A cm-2 plating current density produced zinc-air cell with the highest output energy i.e. 24 mWh. We observe that the influence of plating current density is more prominent than the plating bath formulation on the zinc anode performance in the cell.
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Ismail, W. M. I. W., N. S. W. Zulkefeli, and M. N. Masri. "A Sight of Zinc Corrosion in Various Alkaline Media." Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) 4, no. 2 (August 13, 2021): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v4i2.614.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This review concentrates on corrosion properties that expose to zinc by various alkaline media. The assumption has been advanced that zinc corrodes electrochemically in the first stage of exposition, but the chemical corrosion prevails after a longer time. Different types of electrolyte had been tested on zinc such as sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. Each of alkaline media can produced corrosion product such as zinc hydroxide chloride, zinc hydroxide carbonate, zinc oxide, and zinc hydroxide. The production of corrosion products is depending on the carbon dioxide content that introduced to the air. Potassium hydroxide is the highest and active alkaline where it contains the highest ionic conductivity potassium ions, K+ after hydronium, H3O+ among the cations and hydroxide, OH ? has the highest ionic conductivity among the anions.
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Ganiev, I. N., O. Kh Niyezov, N. M. Mulloeva та B. B. Eshov. "INFLUENCE OF ALKALINE – EARTH METALS ON ANODIC BEHAVIOR OF ALLOY ССУЗ IN NEUTRAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE ELECTROLYTE NaCl". Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), № 1 (6 квітня 2018): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2018-1-84-89.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The anodic behavior of a lead-antimony alloy (3 wt% Sb) doped with alkaline-earth metals was investigated in potentiostatic method in the potentiodynamic mode at a potential sweep rate of 2 mV/s and it was shown that with an increase in the content of alkaline earth metals in the alloy (SSUZ), the potentials of free Corrosion and pitting are slightly shifted to the positive region. As the concentration of the chloride ion in the electrolyte increases, these potentials decrease. The current density of corrosion and, accordingly, the corrosion rate of alloys with an increase in the content of alkaline earth metals are reduced by 75–85%, and the concentration of chloride ion increases.In transition from alloys with calcium to alloys with strontium, the corrosion rate of alloys increases by 20–30%, and to alloys with barium it decreases by 25–30%.
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Tikhonov, Robert Dmitrievich. "Features of the Electrochemical Deposition of Films from a Triple System of CoNiFe." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2021.6.2.2081.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The nature of phenomena that occurs in the electrolyte during the electrochemical deposition of CoNiFe films and the mechanism leading to the difference in the relative content of elements in the electrolyte and film was clarified. This clarification was obtained with the help of a spectrophotometric study of chloride electrolytes and the electrochemical deposition of CoNiFe films at 70 °C. An experimental study of the absorption spectra and the pH values of the FeCl2, NiCl2 and CoCl2 salt solutions at concentrations of 0.005 to 1 mol/l showed the complex nature of the ion-formation balance in single-component and mixed solutions and the dependence of ion formation on acidic and alkaline additives. The deposited CoNiFe film was made from a chloride electrolyte with a component content ratio of 1:1:1 at both high (0.5 mol/l) and low (0.006 mol\l) concentrations of each component. The content of each component in the film after the electrochemical deposition of the three component solution (FeCl2, CoCl2, and NiCl2 at equal concentrations) did not correspond to the composition of the electrolyte. The mechanism for the abnormal deposition of Co, Fe, Ni occurred due to the incomplete ionization of atoms and the differences in the mobility of ions. The magnetic susceptibility of the films formed in the triple CoNiFe system was higher than that of a permalloy. Therefore, the triple system shows promise for use in magnetic field converters.
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Tikhonov, Robert Dmitrievich. "Features of the Electrochemical Deposition of Films from a Triple System of CoNiFe." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2021.6.2.2081.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The nature of phenomena that occurs in the electrolyte during the electrochemical deposition of CoNiFe films and the mechanism leading to the difference in the relative content of elements in the electrolyte and film was clarified. This clarification was obtained with the help of a spectrophotometric study of chloride electrolytes and the electrochemical deposition of CoNiFe films at 70 °C. An experimental study of the absorption spectra and the pH values of the FeCl2, NiCl2 and CoCl2 salt solutions at concentrations of 0.005 to 1 mol/l showed the complex nature of the ion-formation balance in single-component and mixed solutions and the dependence of ion formation on acidic and alkaline additives. The deposited CoNiFe film was made from a chloride electrolyte with a component content ratio of 1:1:1 at both high (0.5 mol/l) and low (0.006 mol\l) concentrations of each component. The content of each component in the film after the electrochemical deposition of the three component solution (FeCl2, CoCl2, and NiCl2 at equal concentrations) did not correspond to the composition of the electrolyte. The mechanism for the abnormal deposition of Co, Fe, Ni occurred due to the incomplete ionization of atoms and the differences in the mobility of ions. The magnetic susceptibility of the films formed in the triple CoNiFe system was higher than that of a permalloy. Therefore, the triple system shows promise for use in magnetic field converters.
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Naidu Gopu, Ganesh, and Sofi Androse Joseph. "Corrosion Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete—A Review." Fibers 10, no. 5 (April 21, 2022): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib10050038.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Corrosion study of conventional reinforcement in concrete has been accorded wider importance in the last few decades based on the losses occurring in monitoring concrete structures. It is well known that the presence of chloride ions is one of the most significant factors contributing to the corrosion of reinforcing steel. Practically, it is observed that in the marine environment, the activating substances such as chlorides that penetrate the steel can counteract the passivity locally when the electrolyte is highly alkaline. The concrete cover is changed chemically when chloride ionspenetrate into the material, whereupon the pore solution is neutralized. Based on numerous studies, it is evident that steel fibers and glass fibers have less impact on cracked sections in a chloride environment and can oppose chloride infiltration. Glass fibers, when exposed to repeated freeze and thaw conditions, protect the passive layer. This review article highlights the corrosion behavior of reinforced concrete involving various factors such as cracking behavior, transportation, electric conductivity, resistivity, and diffusion of chloride ions in the presence of steel and glass fibers.
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Mundra, Shishir, and John L. Provis. "Mechanisms of passivation and chloride-induced corrosion of mild steel in sulfide-containing alkaline solutions." Journal of Materials Science 56, no. 26 (June 16, 2021): 14783–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06237-x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe pore fluid within many concretes is highly alkaline and rich in reduced sulfur species, but the influence of such alkaline-sulfide solutions on the surface film formed on steel reinforcement is poorly understood. This study investigates the critical role of HS− in defining mild steel passivation chemistry. The surface film formed on the steel in alkaline-sulfide solutions contains Fe(OH)2 and Fe–S complexes, and the critical chloride concentration to induce corrosion increases at high sulfide concentration. However, this behavior is dependent on the duration of exposure of the steel to the electrolyte, and the nature of the sulfidic surface layer.
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Bobreshova, Olga V., Anna V. Parshina, and Ksenia A. Polumestnaya. "Potentiometric Multisensory Systems with Novel Ion-Exchange Polymer-Based Sensors for Analysis of Drugs." International Journal of Electrochemistry 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/392735.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper examines potentiometric multisensory systems that consist of novel cross-sensitive PD-sensors (Potential Donnan-sensors). The analytical signal of PD-sensors is the Donnan potential at the ion-exchange polymer/electrolyte test solution interface. The use of novel sensors for the quantitative analysis of multicomponent aqueous solutions of amino acids, vitamins and medical substances is based on protolytic and ion-exchange reactions at the interfaces of ion-exchangers and test solutions. The potentiometric sensor arrays consist of PD-sensors and ion-selective electrodes. Such systems were developed for the multicomponent quantitative analysis of lysine monohydrochloride, thiamine chloride and novocaine hydrochloride solutions that contained salts of alkaline and alkaline-earth metals, as well as for mixed solutions of nicotinic acid and pyridoxine hydrochloride. Multivariate methods of analysis were used for sensor calibration and the analysis of the total response of sensor arrays. The errors of measurement of the electrolytes in aqueous solutions did not exceed 10%. The developed multisensory systems were used to determine the composition of a therapeutic “Mineral salt with low content of sodium chloride” and to determine concentrations of novocaine in sewage samples from a dental clinic.
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Lee, Siaw Foon, Jose Fullea García, Seong Shan Yap, and David Hui. "Pitting corrosion induced on high-strength high carbon steel wire in high alkaline deaerated chloride electrolyte." Nanotechnology Reviews 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 973–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0060.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Electrochemical response causing pitting corrosion of high-strength high carbon steel wire in deaerated electrolyte at pH 13.4 due to different chloride ion (Cl−) concentrations was investigated using open circuit potential, cyclic potentiodynamic polarization, and anodic potentiostatic application (APA) within the passive zone. Results showed that the higher the Cl− concentration, the more negative the corrosion potential becomes. In the high alkaline pH 13.4 without the presence of free oxygen gas the Cl− concentration could reach up to 1 M not showing pitting potential. An inverse relationship between anodic potentials (APs) and Cl− concentrations was found and the rate of corrosion within passive period was almost a constant, not influenced by the Cl− concentrations. Faraday´s law failed to predict the mass loss when active pitting corrosion occurred. Green rust and hydrogen gas were observed during active pitting corrosion under APA. Pitting corrosion mechanism in the deaerated high alkaline electrolyte was then proposed. This work deduces that in the deaerated electrolyte at pH 13.4 with the presence of Cl−, it is essential to apply the APs within the safety margin on the high-strength high carbon steel wire to avoid active pitting corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement.
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Negrea, Sorina, Lidia Ani Diaconu, Valeria Nicorescu, Sorina Motoc (m. Ilies), Corina Orha, and Florica Manea. "Graphene Oxide Electroreduced onto Boron-Doped Diamond and Electrodecorated with Silver (Ag/GO/BDD) Electrode for Tetracycline Detection in Aqueous Solution." Nanomaterials 11, no. 6 (June 14, 2021): 1566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11061566.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A new electrochemical sensor designed by modifying the commercial boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode with graphene oxide (GO) reduced electrochemically and further electrodecorated with silver (Ag), named the Ag/GO/BDD electrode, was selected among a series of the BDD, GOelectroreduced onto BDD (GO/BDD) and silver electrodeposited onto BDD (Ag/BDD) electrodes for the detection of tetracycline (TC) in aqueous solution. The best results regarding the sensitivity of 46.6 µA·µM−1·cm−2 and the lowest limit of detection of 5 nM was achieved using square-wave voltammetry (SWV) operated at the step potential of 5 mV, modulation amplitude of 200 mV and the frequency of 10 Hz in alkaline medium. The application of the alkaline supporting electrolyte-based procedure is limited for water monitoring due to the presence of chloride that interferes with TC detection; however, it can be applied for quantitative determination of pharmaceutical formulations. 0.1 M Na2SO4 supporting electrolyte eliminated chloride interference and can be used for the application of Ag/GO/BDD in practical detection of TC in water.
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Ya, Myanovska, Kamkina L, Ivaschenko V, Ankudinov R, and Dvorkovyy O. "Investigation of the influence of electrochemical action on the recovery of hematite in the composition of oxidized ferrous quartzites." Theory and practice of metallurgy 1, no. 1 (January 21, 2019): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.34185/tpm.1.2019.09.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of the work is to develop methods for the treatment of oxidized quartzite, using methods of electochemical effects on hematite grains, converting it into magnetite for further magnetic separation. In laboratory conditions, the basic parameters of the process of recovery of hematite component of oxidized quartzite in aqueous suspension to magnetite with its magnetic properties have been established. When conducting the process of recovery of hematite to magnetite, the possibility of replacement of high-alkaline electrolytes with neutral salts formed by solutions has been established.The influence of structural features of experimental reactors on the recovery of hematite to magnetite has been developed and analyzed; the ability of membrane materials to effectively separate the anolytic and catholic spaces; the influence of electrode materials - anode and cathode, on the magnetization process; electrical parameters of electrical influence on the course of the process; composition of the electrolyte in the process of magnetization. The fiberglass membrane was shown to have a better ability to separate the anolytic and katholyte; maximum degrees of magnetization obtained when using electrodes from low carbon steels; optimal values of the degree of recovery of hematite in laboratory conditions were obtained at 15-25 V and 2.0-4.0 A. The thermodynamic possibility and realization of the processes of reduction of oxidized ores in aqueous solutions of electrolytes at low temperatures with obtaining the magnetic phase are shown. For electrolysis, high alkaline electrolytes can be replaced by electrolytes based on chloride and sulfate salts. The best results are obtained using NH4Cl ammonium chloride.
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Dove, Patricia M., and Colin M. Craven. "Surface charge density on silica in alkali and alkaline earth chloride electrolyte solutions." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 69, no. 21 (November 2005): 4963–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2005.05.006.
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Hernández, Eddisson Francisco, Prisciliano Felipe de Jesus Cano-Barrita, Frank Manuel León-Martínez, and Andres Antonio Torres-Acosta. "Performance of cactus mucilage and brown seaweed extract as a steel corrosion inhibitor in chloride contaminated alkaline media." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 64, no. 5 (September 4, 2017): 529–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-02-2016-1646.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose This paper aims to present experimental results related to the performance of cactus mucilage (CM) and brown seaweed extracts (SEs) to inhibit reinforcing steel bar (rebar) corrosion in saturated calcium hydroxide alkaline solutions (pH = 12.5). Design/methodology/approach Electrochemical cells were prepared using CM solutions at 0.5, 1 and 1.38 per cent concentration (w/v), SE solutions at 0.5, 1, 1.38, 2 and 3 per cent concentration (w/v), sodium alginate at 1 per cent concentration (w/v) and calcium nitrite at 11.3 per cent (v/v). Each cell contained six deformed reinforcing steel bars of 9.5 mm nominal diameter. The experiments were performed at 23 ± 2°C in two stages. The first stage was aimed at stabilizing the rebar until passivation was reached. The second stage included adding NaCl in six steps from 0.5 to 16 g/L. Half-cell potential, linear polarization resistance and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were monitored during both stages. Findings The electrochemical test results indicated that both additions reduce the corrosion rate of rebars and pitting in an alkaline media with chloride ions (16 g/L NaCl). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results for rebars in natural-added solutions showed higher charge transfer resistance and double layer capacitance values, indicative of the formation of a second interface between the rebar and the electrolyte. Research limitations/implications The information obtained was for alkaline solutions only. Further investigation is performed using concrete as the alkaline electrolyte. Practical implications CM and SE may be suitable low-cost corrosion inhibitors for steel in concrete. Social implications The use of botanical or algae products for this application will encourage people to consider its production for this particular application. Also, the possible harvest in an environmental friendly way will diminish in the future the use of biohazards and toxic inhibitors. Originality/value This investigation is a continuation of a one presented in 2007, which uses only nopal mucilage. This new investigation corroborates what was concluded in the early investigation and incorporates a new natural by product, algae, as a possible corrosion inhibitor product.
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Terleeva, O. P., A. I. Slonova, A. B. Rogov, V. V. Kokovkin, and I. V. Mironov. "Effect of chloride and sulphate anions as minor impurities in silicate alkaline electrolyte on plasma electrolytic oxidation of aluminium alloys." Materials Research Express 6, no. 1 (October 9, 2018): 015009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aae3f4.
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Han, J., and K. Ogle. "Editors' Choice—Dealloying of MgZn2Intermetallic in Slightly Alkaline Chloride Electrolyte and Its Significance in Corrosion Resistance." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 164, no. 14 (2017): C952—C961. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0341714jes.
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Zemnukhova, Ludmila A., O. D. Arefieva, and Anastasia A. Kovshun. "Treatment of Alkaline Waste Water Generated by the Hydrolysis of Rice Husk." Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (September 2013): 2087–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.2087.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article shows the results of research on finding ways to purify waste water produced by alkaline hydrolysis of rice waste - rice husk. Two methods were used: baromembrane filtration and electrochemical oxidation of organic substances. It was found that in the results of baromembrane processing of hydrolyzate on the membranes mainly stay silicon compounds partially sorbing organic substances contained in the feedstock. Through the membranes there pass the major part of microbiologically oxidated organic matter, so its difficult to reach the required waste water treatment stage. The use of electrochemical oxidation of organic substances extracted by alkaline hydrolysis of rice husks into a solution allows more qualitatively treat the solution. A range of indicators (chemical oxygen demand, permanganate demand, polyphenols) evaluating the content of organic compounds in the desilicated solution showed that in order to remove them effectively enough electrolyte concentration of sodium chloride is 4 g L-1, formed by the desilication and dilution of the solution with the distilled water 1:10.
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Sulaiman, N. S., N. I. Khalid, E. M. H. Fauzi, N. Ab Aziz, N. A. Yusof, S. Sobri, and N. Z. N. Hasnan. "Revamp of existing lab-scale electrolytic cell design for electrolyzed water study in cleaning application." Supplementary 6 4, S6 (December 31, 2020): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(s6).040.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The lab-scale electrolytic cell was designed to produce acidic and alkaline electrolyzed water for cleaning study. Electrolyzed water (EW) was produced by electrolysis of a dilute sodium chloride solution. The generation of free chlorine, pH and oxidation-reduction potential from the electrolysis process by the electrolytic cell were far from the expected value. Thus, the lab-scale electrolytic cell was revamped by using the acrylic slot to hold the electrode plate and a membrane holder without metal screws. This revamp work is to reduce the resistance for current flow with the aim to increase the value of chemical properties (pH, oxidation-reduction potential, free chlorine) for acidic and alkaline electrolyzed water. Findings have shown that the current was increased from 0.013A to 2.5A after the revamp process. As a result of the revamp, the value of pH, oxidationreduction potential and free chlorine for acidic electrolyzed water was increased by 1.7 times, 2.7 times, and 20 times higher than previous results respectively. While for alkaline electrolyzed water, the value of pH and oxidation-reduction potential was increased by 1.4 times and 6.2 times higher than previous results respectively.
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Han, Junsoo, та Kevin Ogle. "Cathodic Dealloying of α-Phase Al-Zn in Slightly Alkaline Chloride Electrolyte and Its Consequence for Corrosion Resistance". Journal of The Electrochemical Society 165, № 7 (2018): C334—C342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0581807jes.
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Yan, X. Y., and D. J. Fray. "Using electro-deoxidation to synthesize niobium sponge from solid Nb2O5 in alkali–alkaline-earth metal chloride melts." Journal of Materials Research 18, no. 2 (February 2003): 346–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2003.0045.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The method of electro-deoxidation was applied to reduce solid Nb2O5 directly to niobium metal, in the form of sponge, in the eutectic CaCl2–NaCl and BaCl2–NaCl systems, respectively. The direct electrochemical reduction of solid Nb2O5 was achieved by electrolysis in the chloride melts at temperatures between 850 and 950 °C and at a controlled potential of 3.1 V, well below the decomposition potentials of the melts used. The obtained results demonstrated that the method is applicable for preparing niobium sponges directly from solid Nb2O5 under the present experimental conditions. The niobium sponge prepared was proven to possess as remarkable superconducting properties. The parameters affecting the rate and the extent of electro-deoxidation were investigated experimentally, including initial particle sizes of the starting Nb2O5 powders, compaction pressure, sintering temperature and times, electrolysis temperature and duration, and electrolyte systems. The mechanism by which the Nb2O5 pellets were electro-deoxidized to the niobium sponges was also discussed on the basis of the present experimental observations.
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Kadhim, Khalid Jawad, and Ban A. Hatem. "Synthesis and spectral characterization of new azodyederived from benzimidazole and its complexation with selected transition metal ions." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 11, no. 3 (April 3, 2015): 3412–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v11i3.870.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The preparation and spectral characterization of new ligand containing benzimidazole as organic heterocyclic azo dye compound 2-[6-(benzimidazolyl)azo]-2,4-di chloro phenol (BIADClP) was prepared by coupling reaction benzimidazole diazonium chloride with 2,4-di chloro phenol in alkaline alcoholic solution. The structure of azo dye ligand has been characterize by spectral studies such as 1H-NMR ,mass spectrum ,FT-IR, UV-Visb. and element analysis. New six complexes with Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) ions were prepared and identification by several physiochemical techniques; such as C.H.N element, magnatic susceptibility, atomic absorption, molar conductivity, IR and electronic spectra. The used techniques showed the formation of all complexes 1:2 [M:L] complexes and suggested octahedral geometry with d2sp3 hybridization of Co(III) and sp3d2 with residule chelat complexes.The coordination number of the metal ion is found to be six with binding through the phenolate O, azo N3 and with the imidazole N3 atom.All complexes that non electrolyte and no conductive species excepted the Co(III)-complexes is 1:1 electrolyte
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Mamyrbekova, А., А. Mamyrbekova, M. К. Kassymova, A. Zh Aitbayeva, and O. N. Chechina. "STUDY OF KINETICS OF COPPER OXIDATION BY ELECTROLYSIS UNDER NON-STATIONARY CONDITIONS." SERIES CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 447, no. 3 (June 12, 2021): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-1491.50.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Data on the study of the kinetics and mechanism of copper electro-oxidation -reduction processes in alkaline and neutral solutions were obtained in this work. Patterns of the electrochemical oxidation of copper using alternating current were established. Based on the data of polarisation measurements kinetic parameters were calculated: the heterogeneous rate constant, the effective activation energy of copper electro-oxidation, which allow to establish the course of the metal oxidation process in alkaline and neutral environments and its characteristics. Potentiodynamic measurements in alkaline solutions at a copper anode indicate the formation of Cu2O, CuO и Cu(OH)2. Anodic dissolution of copper in neutral salt solutions includes two main stages: the formation of Cu(I) and Cu(II) ions. It was found that the product of oxidation at high potentials is the Cu(II) ion. The nature of the anion electrolyte affects the rate of copper anodic oxidation, while the process occurs more efficiently in solutions of sulfate and sodium chloride and is accompanied by significant polarisation. Based on the study of kinetics the possibility of obtaining powders of metal oxide was shown, which further allowed to determine the parameters of the electrolysis process in non-stationary conditions in order to obtain highly dispersed materials based on copper oxides with specific physico-chemical properties.
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Gao, Xiang-Dong, Xiao-Min Li, Sam Zhang, Wei-Dong Yu, and Ji-Jun Qiu. "ZnO submicron structures of controlled morphology synthesized in zinc-hexamethylenetetramine-ethylenediamine aqueous system." Journal of Materials Research 22, no. 7 (July 2007): 1815–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2007.0250.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The morphology of ZnO submicron crystals formed in a weak alkaline environment (pH value less than 11.0) was systematically studied for the first time. ZnO submicron particles with different morphologies (flowers, rod, and wire) were synthesized from an aqueous solution by adopting ethylenediamine as the source of hydroxyl group, hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) as the additive, and potassium chloride (KCl) as the background electrolyte. The effects of primary experimental parameters such as HMT and KCl addition, precursor concentration, and reaction temperature on the microstructure, crystallinity of the resultant particles, and their distribution on substrate are discussed in this paper. In the flowerlike structure, the particle size is more controlled by the precursor concentration, and the microstructure is modulated by increasing the concentration of HMT and the reaction temperature. The introduction of ZnO seed layer on substrate promotes even distribution of ZnO flowers. High concentration KCl electrolyte inhibits formation of the flowerlike structure and promotes the growth of submicron ZnO crystals in rod or wire shape. Mechanism studies indicate that the degree of supersaturation of Zn(OH)2 and the adsorption of organic/inorganic species on the surface of ZnO are the prime factors influencing the nucleation, growth rate, and eventual morphology.
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Zanotto, F. P., and M. G. Wheatly. "THE EFFECT OF AMBIENT pH ON ELECTROLYTE REGULATION DURING THE POSTMOULT PERIOD IN FRESHWATER CRAYFISH PROCAMBARUS CLARKII." Journal of Experimental Biology 178, no. 1 (May 1, 1993): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.178.1.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The effects of ambient pH on postmoult net fluxes of Ca, acidic/basic equivalents (H+, NH4+/OH-, HCO3-), Na and Cl-, total body Ca, haemolymph pH and electrolyte status were assessed in the freshwater crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard). Variables were monitored for 5 days postmoult in acidic (pH 5.2; H2SO4) or alkaline (pH 9.2; KOH) artificial tap water (ATW) and compared with those in control (pH 7.4) tap water. In control ATW there was an initial net influx of Ca (+2700 micromole kg-1 h-1) and titratable basic equivalents (+5000 micromole kg-1 h-1) that declined with time. Calcium uptake accounted for 40 % of total body Ca (0.49 mmol g-1); haemolymph Ca concentration remained constant. Haemolymph pH was initially relatively alkalotic (7.7) but recovered within 24 h. A 20 % haemolymph dilution by water uptake at ecdysis necessitated uptake of Cl- and Na for the first 2–3 days postmoult (+1000 micromole kg-1 h-1). In acidic ATW, Ca and basic equivalent uptake were both 60 % reduced during the first 3–4 days and total body Ca was reduced by 37 %. Chloride and Na uptake and haemolymph [Cl-] were decreased. In alkaline ATW, Ca and basic equivalent uptake were elevated by 30 % for the first 2 days and haemolymph alkalosis was maintained. Sodium and Cl- balance were unaffected. Thus, ambient pH affects Ca and basic equivalent fluxes associated with postmoult calcification. Regulation of Na and Cl- levels is also impaired in acidic ATW.
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Qiao, Jinli, Jing Zhang, and Jiujun Zhang. "Anion conducting poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) membranes with high durable alkaline stability for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells." Journal of Power Sources 237 (September 2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.02.059.
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Bucko, Mihael, Sanja Stevanovic, Milorad Tomic, Miomir Pavlovic, and Jelena Bajat. "The peculiarities of electrochemical deposition and morphology of ZnMn alloy coatings obtained from pyrophosphate electrolyte." Chemical Industry 65, no. 3 (2011): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind101214003b.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The first successful attempt to electrodeposit ZnMn alloy coatings from alkaline bath was made only a few years ago. In this kind of solution, potassium pyrophosphate (K4P2O7) serves both as a complexing agent and as the basic electrolyte. The aim of this work was to study the electrodeposition process and properties of ZnMn alloy coatings deposited from pyrophosphate solution, with a new kind of alkaline pyrophosphate bath. Namely, chloride salts were used as the source of metal ions and ascorbic acid was used as reducing agent. The composition of the plating solution was as follows: 1 mol dm-3 K4P2O7 + 0.017 mol dm-3 ascorbic acid + 0.05 mol dm-3 ZnCl2 + 0.05 mol dm-3 MnCl2?4H2O. Cathodic processes during the alloy electrodeposition were investigated using linear voltammetry. The influence of addition of small amounts of ascorbic acid on the cathodic processes was established. It was shown that this substance inhibits hydrogen evolution and increases the current efficiency of alloy deposition. The current efficiency in the plating bath examined was in the range of 25 and 30%, which was quite higher as compared to the results reported in the literature for electrodeposition of ZnMn alloy from pyrophosphate bath. Electrodeposition of ZnMn alloys was performed galvanostatically on steel panels, at current densities of 20120 mA cm-2. The coatings with the best appearance were obtained at current densities between 30 and 80 mA cm-2. The surface morphology studies, based on atomic force microscopy measurements, showed that morphology of the deposits is highly influenced by deposition current density. ZnMn coating deposited at 30 mA cm-2 was more compact and possessed more homogeneous structure (more uniform agglomeration size) than the coating deposited at 80 mA cm-2. Such dependence of morphology on the current density could be explained by the high rate of hydrogen evolution reaction during the electrodeposition process.
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Prošek, Tomáš, Jiří Lieberzeit, Alan Jarvis, and Lionel Kiener. "Atmospheric Stress Corrosion Cracking of Stainless Steel Rock Climbing Anchors, Part 2: Laboratory Experiments." CORROSION 75, no. 11 (August 17, 2019): 1371–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/3242.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Atmospherically-induced stress corrosion cracking (AISCC) in the presence of chloride deposits has been responsible for considerable incidents of rock climbing anchors breaking under minimal loads in seaside locations, putting climbers lives at stake. However, to date, failures due to AISCC have only been documented in anchors made of Type 304/304L and similar, and no rigorously documented failures have been shown to occur to Type 316/316L anchors. In order to support preparation of a new standard classifying anchors according to their corrosion resistance, the influence of environmental parameters such as periodic washing of chloride deposits, electrolyte pH, and type of rock on AISCC initiation and crack growth rate was studied in laboratory conditions by exposing U-bent specimens of stainless steel Types 321, 304, and 316L with MgCl2 deposits in air at 40°C to 50°C and at 35% to 45% relative humidity. The type of rock and electrolyte pH were not critical parameters for AISCC. Alkaline conditions only slightly prolonged stable crack initiation period and decreased the crack growth rate. Periodic washing in sufficiently short intervals was capable of significantly retarding or even arresting AISCC. The crack growth rate in Type 316L stainless steel was 2- to 3-fold slower than in the molybdenum-free Types 304 and 321. These last two effects are quite likely responsible for the lack of failures observed in Type 316/316L. In view of the lifetime expectancy of rock climbing anchors and other safety-relevant members, the crack growth rate was unacceptably high in all studied materials and their installation should be avoided in vulnerable seaside regions.
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Gurgul, Magdalena, Anton S. Lytvynenko, Magdalena Jarosz, Karolina Gawlak, Grzegorz D. Sulka, and Leszek Zaraska. "Hierarchical Nanoporous Sn/SnOx Systems Obtained by Anodic Oxidation of Electrochemically Deposited Sn Nanofoams." Nanomaterials 10, no. 3 (February 26, 2020): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10030410.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A simple two-step electrochemical method for the fabrication of a new type of hierarchical Sn/SnOx micro/nanostructures is proposed for the very first time. Firstly, porous metallic Sn foams are grown on Sn foil via hydrogen bubble-assisted electrodeposition from an acidulated tin chloride electrolyte. As-obtained metallic foams consist of randomly distributed dendrites grown uniformly on the entire metal surface. The estimated value of pore diameter near the surface is ~35 µm, while voids with a diameter of ~15 µm appear in a deeper part of the deposit. Secondly, a layer of amorphous nanoporous tin oxide (with a pore diameter of ~60 nm) is generated on the metal surface by its anodic oxidation in an alkaline electrolyte (1 M NaOH) at the potential of 4 V for various durations. It is confirmed that if only optimal conditions are applied, the dendritic morphology of the metal foam does not change significantly, and an open-porous structure is still preserved after anodization. Such kinds of hierarchical nanoporous Sn/SnOx systems are superhydrophilic, contrary to those obtained by thermal oxidation of metal foams which are hydrophobic. Finally, the photoelectrochemical activity of the nanostructured metal/metal oxide electrodes is also presented.
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Korolev, A. A., S. V. Sergeichenko, K. L. Timofeev, G. I. Maltsev, and R. S. Voinkov. "Pyroelectrometallurgical processing of bismuth-containing oxides." iPolytech Journal 25, no. 6 (January 11, 2022): 795–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2021-6-795-806.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this work, we substantiate and develop a general pyroelectrometallurgical technology for processing bismuth dross and oxides (the intermediate products of lead bullion refining by the Betterton-Kroll process) to obtain crude bismuth. The research focuses on bismuth dross (3–5% Bi; 80–85% Pb) remelted at 500–600°С in the presence of NaNO3 and NaOH, as well as the obtained alkaline melt (bismuth oxides, 1–5% Bi; 60–70% Pb). The conducted experiments allowed us to determine optimal parameters of the main steps of processing bismuth oxide, as well as the characteristics of obtained products. Reduction smelting of bismuth oxides at 1150°C (with the addition of sodium carbonate, quartz and fine coke in the amount of 66, 25 and 5% of bismuth oxides mass, respectively) is proposed, leading to bismuth lead formation. Its decoppering is carried out at 350–600°C with 2.0% sulfur (by its weight), added to the melt. We propose to carry out the alkaline treatment of the decoppered Pb-Bi alloy at 500oC in contact with sodium hydroxide, sodium nitrate and sodium chloride, taken in amounts up to 10.2, 8.3 and 1.4% by weight of bismuth lead, respectively. Subsequent electrolysis comprises electrolytic processing of purified Pb-Bi alloy ingots at 550oC. The electrolyte consists of a melt with the following composition, %: NaCl – 7, KCl – 35, PbCl2 – 18 and ZnCl2 – 40. As a result, two end products were obtained by the proposed bismuth oxide processing. The anodic product at the second stage of electrolysis, crude bismuth (yielded 1.1% by the weight of oxides) contains 93.62% Bi and 4.14% Pb, extraction from oxides amounts to 19.0% Bi and 0.1% Pb. About 1.2% Bi and 9.1% Pb of their initial content in the oxides are transferred to the cathodic product containing 0.033% Bi and 97.83% Pb (the yield equalled 5.1% of the oxides).
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Zhang, Yuansong, Cong Li, Xiaoxia Cai, Jinshui Yao, Mei Li, Xian Zhang, and Qinze Liu. "High alkaline tolerant electrolyte membrane with improved conductivity and mechanical strength via lithium chloride/dimethylacetamide dissolved microcrystalline cellulose for Zn-Air batteries." Electrochimica Acta 220 (December 2016): 635–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.10.103.
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Nayak, Simantini, P. Ulrich Biedermann, Martin Stratmann, and Andreas Erbe. "In situ infrared spectroscopic investigation of intermediates in the electrochemical oxygen reduction on n-Ge(100) in alkaline perchlorate and chloride electrolyte." Electrochimica Acta 106 (September 2013): 472–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.05.133.
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Santarosa, Bianca P., Gabriela N. Dantas, Danilo O. L. Ferreira, Marina G. Carvalho, Mirian Rodrigues, Priscilla F. V. Pereira, Andreza A. Silva, and Roberto C. Gonçalves. "Comparison of electrolyte and acid-base balances of Dorper breed ewes between single and twin pregnancies." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 39, no. 10 (October 2019): 789–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5952.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT: During pregnancy there are modifications in the metabolic profile of sheep that may predispose to the occurrence of metabolic disorders, of which pregnancy toxaemia (PT) is highlighted. Blood gas analysis is detects changes in acid-base and electrolyte balance effectively. The objectives of this study were to study the acid-base and electrolyte balance of sheep during gestation and in the immediate peripartum (up to 48 hours postpartum), comparing single gestation with twins. Sixty healthy sheep of Dorper breed, two to five years old were raised in a semi-intensive system and were divided in two experimental groups: Group 1: 30 ewes, with ultrasonographic diagnosis of single fetus gestation; Group 2: 30 ewes, with ultrasonographic diagnosis of twin pregnancy. The experimental moments were defined as: MI-immediately after artificial insemination (control); MG30 - 30 days of gestation; MG90 - 90 days of gestation; MG120 - 120 days of gestation; MG130 - 130 days of gestation; MG140 - 140 days of gestation; MP - lambing; MPP1 - 24h postpartum; MPP2 - 48h postpartum. At all times 1mL of blood was collected per jugular vein puncture for blood gas evaluation in a portable equipament (I-Stat®). The pH, carbon dioxide pressure (PCO2), bicarbonate (HCO3-), base excess (BE), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), ionized calcium (Ca+2), lactate, anion gap (AG) were mensured and strong ion difference (SID) were calculed. This work showed that there were changes in acid-base and electrolyte balance in pregnant ewes, due to the decrease in BE, HCO3-, TCO2 and increase of lactate and AG during gestation, but the pH remained normal and did not present any difference among moments in both groups. Comparing the groups, single-gestation ewes presented higher alkaline expenditure at delivery than twin-gestation, evidenced by lower levels of BE and HCO3-. Lower Na+ levels were observed in prepartum; drop in K+ values with advancing gestation; hyperchloremia and hypocalcemia during gestation according to the reference standards for species; decreased iCa+2 levels in the final third of gestation in both groups. It was concluded that the ewes of this study were healthy until the last moment analyzed (48h postpartum), although have shown greater consumption of the alkaline reserve in the peripartum, being more explicit in the single gestation animals. In addition, this situation can be physiological and result in increased energy demand during gestation, more exacerbated by peripartum.
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Samsudin, Asep Muhamad, and Viktor Hacker. "Preparation and Characterization of PVA/PDDA/Nano-Zirconia Composite Anion Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells." Polymers 11, no. 9 (August 26, 2019): 1399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11091399.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) contribute significantly to enhance the performance and efficiency of alkaline polymer electrolyte fuel cells (APEFCs). A sequence of composite anion exchange membranes (AEMs) consisting of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA), and nano-zirconia (NZ) has been prepared by a solution casting technique. The effect of zirconia mass ratio on attribute and performance of composite AEMs was investigated. The chemical structures, morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties of AEMs were characterized by FTIR, SEM, thermogravimetric analysis, and universal testing machine, respectively. The performance of composite AEMs was verified using water uptake, swelling degree, ion-exchange capacity, and OH− conductivity measurement. The nano-zirconia was homogeneously dispersed in the PVA/PDDA AEMs matrix. The mechanical properties of the composite AEMs were considerably enhanced with the addition of NZ. Through the introduction of 1.5 wt.% NZ, PVA/PDDA/NZ composite AEMs acquired the highest hydroxide conductivity of 31.57 mS·cm−1 at ambient condition. This study demonstrates that the PVA/PDDA/NZ AEMs are a potential candidate for APEFCs application.
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Kear, Gareth, Hãi-Zhèn Wú, Mark S. Jones, and Frank C. Walsh. "Direct-Current Methods for the Estimation of Corrosion Rates in Aqueous Timber Preservatives." Australian Journal of Chemistry 61, no. 6 (2008): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch07429.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As part of a program to assess the durability of metals in timber preservatives, direct-current electrochemical analyses have been carried out using mild steel, American Iron and Steel Institute 316 stainless steel and galvanized steel immersed in three liquid timber preservatives containing dissolved copper as a biocide. The aqueous preservatives examined were copper–chrome–arsenate (Cu–Cr–As), copper azole (Cu-Tebucanazole), and alkaline copper quaternary (Cu-didecylthyl ammonium chloride). These preservatives are known commercially as CCA, CuAz, and ACQ-B, respectively. Despite previous assumptions, neither polarization resistance- nor Tafel slope-based analyses are suitable methodologies for the universal derivation of absolute values of corrosion rate. An alternative approach is suggested based on anodic linear sweep voltammetry. The results show that the hot-dipped zinc coating was found to be the most active material in terms of the polarization behaviour, especially within the CCA-based electrolyte. There is a strong qualitative correlation between the electrochemical data and corrosion rates estimated using the American Wood Preservers’ Association E-17 standard test for aqueous treatment solutions.
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Frings-Meuthen, Petra, Judith Buehlmeier, Natalie Baecker, Peter Stehle, Rolf Fimmers, Francisca May, Goetz Kluge, and Martina Heer. "High sodium chloride intake exacerbates immobilization-induced bone resorption and protein losses." Journal of Applied Physiology 111, no. 2 (August 2011): 537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00454.2011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We examined, in immobilization, the effect of a diet high in sodium chloride (NaCl) on bone markers, nitrogen balance, and acid-base status. Eight healthy male test subjects participated in a 14-day head-down-tilt bed rest (HDBR) study. During the bed rest period they received, in a randomized crossover design, a high (7.7 meq Na+/kg body wt per day) and a low (0.7 meq Na+/kg body wt per day) NaCl diet. As expected, 24-h excretion of urinary calcium was significantly greater in the high-NaCl-intake HDBR phase than in the low-NaCl-intake HDBR phase ( P < 0.001). High NaCl intake caused a 43–50% greater excretion of the bone resorption markers COOH- (CTX) and NH2- (NTX) terminal telopeptide of type I collagen in HDBR than low NaCl in HDBR (CTX/NTX: P < 0.001). Serum concentrations of the bone formation markers bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (bAP) and NH2-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP) were identical in both NaCl intake phases. High NaCl intake led to a more negative nitrogen balance in HDBR ( P < 0.001). Changes were accompanied by increased serum chloride concentration ( P = 0.008), reduced blood bicarbonate ( P = 0.017), and base excess ( P = 0.009) whereas net acid excretion was lower during high than during low NaCl intake in immobilization ( P < 0.001). High NaCl intake during immobilization exacerbates disuse-induced bone and muscle loss by causing further protein wasting and an increase in bone resorption. Changes in the acid-base status, mainly caused by disturbances in electrolyte metabolism, seem to determine NaCl-induced degradation processes.
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Olgar, S., F. Oktem, A. Dindar, A. Kilbas, UD Turkoglu, H. Cetin, I. Altuntas, et al. "Volatile solvent abuse caused glomerulopathy and tubulopathy in street children." Human & Experimental Toxicology 27, no. 6 (June 2008): 477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327108092292.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Substance misuse among street children is a significant problem in developing countries. Volatile substances are the most abused agents. According to case reports, chronic renal diseases are common among substance-abusing street children. In this study, we examined the renal findings of 42 volatile substance–abusing street children and compared them with results from 49 healthy children (control). The street children’s weight, height, and blood pressure were lower than the controls’ ( P < 0.05). However, their blood alkaline phosphatase and creatinine phosphokinase levels were higher ( P < 0.05), and total blood protein, creatinine, and phosphorus levels were lower than the controls’ ( P < 0.05). Furthermore, the street children’s glomerular filtration rates were within normal limits ( P < 0.05), their urinary N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG), β2-microglobulin, microalbumin, protein, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and chloride excretions were higher, and tubular phosphate reabsorption were lower than the controls’ ( P < 0.05). Volatile substances have been charged with causing distal tubular disease, but increased urinary protein, NAG, β2-microglobulin, microalbumin, and electrolyte excretions also result from glomerular, proximal, and distal tubular influences. We believe that increased volatile substance products in the renal parenchyma are responsible for glomerular and tubular damage. Volatile substance–abusing street children should be examined for glomerular and proximal tubular function and distal tubular acidosis.
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Yu, Zexin, Zixi Xie, Tianyu Zhang, Gongbing Yue, Haibao Liu, Qiuyi Li, and Liang Wang. "Influence of Potassium-Based Alkaline Electrolyzed Water on Hydration Process and the Properties of Cement-Based Materials with Fly Ash." Materials 14, no. 22 (November 17, 2021): 6956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14226956.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Alkaline electrolyzed water, a kind of clean green water with excellent characteristics such as high activity, strong alkalinity, high ion penetrating ability, electrical charge, and good molecule adsorption, was significant to the resource utilization of industrial fly ash waste. This paper studies highly active potassium-based alkaline electrolyzed water’s impact, compared with ordinary water, on the cement hydration process using microstructural methods such as a hydration heat test, differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image analysis. Fly ash cement-based materials were first prepared with alkaline electrolyzed water as the mixing water. The alkaline electrolyzed water’s influence on fly ash paste workability and the mechanical properties of fly ash mortar for varying fly ash proportions were ratified. Then alkaline electrolyzed water with the best pH value was selected to prepare fly ash concrete, and its durability was studied. The test results showed that it is feasible to increase the utilization rate of fly ash by using alkaline electrolyzed water. Furthermore, it promoted the process of cement hydration, increased the rate of the hydration reaction, and the promotion effect increased with the increase in pH value of the alkaline electrolyzed water, and also promoted the effective decomposition of the vitreous shell of fly ash to stimulate its early activity. Concurrent tests with ordinary water paste showed that the water requirement for normal consistency and setting time with alkaline electrolyzed water paste were significantly less. Alkaline electrolyzed water also solved the problem related to the low early strength of fly ash mortar. Furthermore, using alkaline electrolyzed water with an optimum pH value of 11.5 to prepare fly ash concrete effectively reduced concrete’s carbonation depth and carbonation rate and lessened the chloride ion migration coefficient.
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von Canstein, H., Y. Li, K. N. Timmis, W. D. Deckwer, and I. Wagner-Döbler. "Removal of Mercury from Chloralkali Electrolysis Wastewater by a Mercury-Resistant Pseudomonas putidaStrain." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 12 (December 1, 1999): 5279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.12.5279-5284.1999.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT A mercury-resistant bacterial strain which is able to reduce ionic mercury to metallic mercury was used to remediate in laboratory columns mercury-containing wastewater produced during electrolytic production of chlorine. Factory effluents from several chloralkali plants in Europe were analyzed, and these effluents contained total mercury concentrations between 1.6 and 7.6 mg/liter and high chloride concentrations (up to 25 g/liter) and had pH values which were either acidic (pH 2.4) or alkaline (pH 13.0). A mercury-resistant bacterial strain, Pseudomonas putida Spi3, was isolated from polluted river sediments. Biofilms of P. putida Spi3 were grown on porous carrier material in laboratory column bioreactors. The bioreactors were continuously fed with sterile synthetic model wastewater or nonsterile, neutralized, aerated chloralkali wastewater. We found that sodium chloride concentrations up to 24 g/liter did not inhibit microbial mercury retention and that mercury concentrations up to 7 mg/liter could be treated with the bacterial biofilm with no loss of activity. When wastewater samples from three different chloralkali plants in Europe were used, levels of mercury retention efficiency between 90 and 98% were obtained. Thus, microbial mercury removal is a potential biological treatment for chloralkali electrolysis wastewater.
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Milisavljevic, Smiljka, and Rastko Vukicevic. "Electrochemical chlorination of some 5-unsaturated steroids." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 69, no. 11 (2004): 941–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0411941m.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Five 5-unsaturated steroids were subjected to constant current electrolysis (50 mA) in a dichloromethane solution of tetraethylammonium chloride in an undivided electrolytic cell at room temperature, using a graphite stick as the anode and a cooper spiral as the cathode. The addition of electrochemically generated elemental chlorine onto the double bond of cholesterol derivatives (5-cholestene, cholesteryl acetate, cholesteryl benzoate and 3-chloro-5-cholstene) gave the corresponding 5?,6? -dichlorosteroids, in good yields (70?73 %). The obtained compounds (5?,6? -dichlorocholestane, 5?,6? -dichlorocholestane-3? -yl acetate, 5?,6? -dichlorocholestane-3? -yl benzoate and 3?, 5?,6? -trichlorocholestane) were characterized by physical and spectral data (IR, 1 H?NMR and 13 C?NMR). However, under the same reaction conditions, cholesterol produced amixture of products from which the expected dichloro derivative (3 ? -hydroxy- 5 ?,6 ? -dichlorocholestane) could not be isolated. This compound was prepared by alkaline hydrolysis of 5?,6?-dichlorocholestan-3? -yl acetate and 5?,6? -dichlorocholestan- 3? -yl benzoate in methanol.
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Hu, Ruigan, Fuyue Liu, Haoqi Qiu, He Miao, Qin Wang, Houcheng Zhang, Fu Wang, and Jinliang Yuan. "High-Property Anode Catalyst Compositing Co-Based Perovskite and NiFe-Layered Double Hydroxide for Alkaline Seawater Splitting." Processes 10, no. 4 (March 29, 2022): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10040668.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The progress of high-efficiency non-precious metal anode catalysts for direct seawater splitting is of great importance. However, due to the slow oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics, competition of chlorine evolution reaction (ClER), and corrosion of chloride ions on the anode, the direct seawater splitting faces many challenges. Herein, we develop a perovskite@NiFe layered double hydroxide composite for anode catalyst based on Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3 (BSCF) and NiFe layered double hydroxide (NiFe-LDH) heterostructure. The optimized BSCF@CeO2@NiFe exhibits excellent OER activity, with the potential at 100 mA cm−2 (Ej = 100) being 1.62 V in the alkaline natural seawater. Moreover, the electrolytic cell composed of BSCF@CeO2@NiFe anode shows an excellent stability, with negligible attenuation during the long-term overall seawater splitting with the remarkable self-recovery ability in the initial operation stage, and the direct seawater splitting potential increasing by about 30 mV at 10 mA cm−2. Our work can give a guidance for the design and preparation of anode catalysts for the direct seawater splitting.
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Hirai, T., J. Yamaki, T. Okada, and A. Yamaji. "Inhibiting effects of Al corrosion by polymer ammonium chlorides in alkaline electrolyte." Electrochimica Acta 30, no. 1 (January 1985): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(85)80059-1.
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Liu, Yu, Chaoyuan Wang, Zhengxiang Shi, and Baoming Li. "Cleaning and Bacteria Removal in Milking Systems by Alkaline Electrolyzed Oxidizing Water with Response Surface Design." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 5 (2019): 1251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13482.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. A wash cycle using an alkaline solution with a dissolved chemical detergent is a standard clean-in-place (CIP) process for cleaning milking systems. However, long-term chemical use may corrode equipment and create difficulties in wastewater treatment. This study investigated the potential for using alkaline electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water as an alternative to alkaline chemical detergent for removal of microorganisms and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) on milking system materials. Laboratory trials were performed based on a Box-Behnken response surface design to assess the cleaning effect of alkaline EO water on three materials typically used in milking systems: stainless steel, rubber gasket, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) hose. Results showed that alkaline EO water treatment was generally enhanced with increased treatment time, temperature, and pH, and their interaction effects were also observed in ATP removal. However, treatment time did not have a dominant role in cleaning PVC hose. Response surface models were developed to reliably predict detected microorganisms and relative light units (RLU) on the three materials after alkaline EO water treatment. Based on the response surface models, the three parameters for alkaline EO water cleaning were optimized as treatment time of 10.0 min, temperature of 61.8°C, and pH of 12, after which microorganisms and RLU were nearly undetectable. Alkaline EO water treatment with the optimized parameters had an equivalent or better cleaning ability compared to the commercial detergent, suggesting its potential as a cleaning and bacteria removal agent for milking systems. Keywords: Alkaline electrolyzed oxidizing water, Cleanliness, Milking system, Response surface model.
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Li, Kai, Qun Fan, Hongyuan Chuai, Hai Liu, Sheng Zhang, and Xinbin Ma. "Revisiting Chlor-Alkali Electrolyzers: from Materials to Devices." Transactions of Tianjin University 27, no. 3 (April 13, 2021): 202–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12209-021-00285-9.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractAs an energy-intensive industry, the chlor-alkali process has caused numerous environmental issues due to heavy electricity consumption and pollution. Chlor-alkali industry has been upgraded from mercury, diaphragm electrolytic cell, to ion exchange membrane (IEM) electrolytic cells. However, several challenges, such as the selectivity of the anodic reaction, sluggish kinetics of alkaline hydrogen evolution, degradation of membranes, the reasonable design of electrolytic cell structure, remain to be addressed. For these reasons, this paper mainly reviews the research progress of the chlor-alkali industry from materials to devices, including hydrogen evolution anode, chlorine evolution cathode, IEM, and electrolytic cell system. Finally, the research directions and prospects in the chlor-alkali industry are proposed for its further improvement.
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Ortiz-Aparicio, José Luis, Yunny Meas, Gabriel Trejo, Raúl Ortega, Thomas W. Chapman, Eric Chainet, and Patrick Ozil. "ZnCo-Electrodeposition Baths Based on Alkaline Chloride-Gluconate Electrolytes Containing Quaternary Ammonium Compounds." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 156, no. 11 (2009): K205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3208010.
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Yang, Chun-Chen, Gwo-Mei Wu, and Sheng-Jen Lin. "Alkaline blend polymer electrolytes based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/tetraethyl ammonium chloride (TEAC)." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 36, no. 6 (March 23, 2006): 655–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10800-006-9117-z.
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Dobrianskyi, D. V., R. I. Ilnytskyi, G. L. Gumeniuk, А. І. Zavatska, and О. О. Ilyk. "Application of sodium hydrocarbonate solution on purpose of correction acid-base state in patient with comorbid pathology – COPD and community-acquired pneumonia." Infusion & Chemotherapy, no. 3.1 (October 11, 2020): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32902/2663-0338-2020-3.1-25.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background. Community-acquired pneumonia is a frequent complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), especially in patients with small weight. Respiratory acidosis is a natural manifestation of COPD, which clinically is characterized by dominated obstructive pulmonary ventilation. Respiratory acidosis is a form of acid-base deviation which associated with insufficient excretion of carbon dioxide by the lungs. But in patients with comorbid pathology (COPD and community-acquired pneumonia) in addition to respiratory acidosis also can be evolved a metabolic acidosis (MA) conditioned by tissue hypoxia, intense systemic inflammation with next disturbances in correlation between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators, accelerating catabolic processes. The severity of acid-base deviation in patients with the possibility of developing decompensated acidosis depends not only on the degree of obstructive ventilation disorders, but also increasingly to the gravity of community-acquired pneumonia which causes severe acidotic metabolic changes.
Objective. To evaluate the expediency of application 4.2 % buffered sodium bicarbonate solution (Soda-buffer) in the case of mixed acidosis in patients with comorbid pathology: COPD which is compounded by community-acquired pneumonia.
Materials and methods. To all patients with comorbid pathology aged from 18 to 75 were prescribed the drug Soda-buffer manufactured by “Yuria-Pharm” (Ukraine), which contains 42 mg of sodium bicarbonate intravenously at a rate of 1.5 mmol/kg per hour (4.2 % Soda-buffer – 3 ml/kg per hour) under control of blood pH, acid-base and water-electrolyte (water-salt) balance of the body.
Results and discussion. Qualified treatment of patients with comorbid pathology (COPD and community-acquired pneumonia) should be comprehensive and directed towards the struggle against the manifestations of obstructive ventilation disorders and hypoxemia, lower respiratory tract infection, intense inflammatory process in the lung parenchyma and bronchial tree. The complex treatment includes not only modern antibacterial drugs in combination with systemic glucocorticoids, but also methods of correction of metabolic, hemodynamic and coagulation disorders. With the aim of acidosis correction the most effective way is using infusion solutions which contain sodium bicarbonate. Due to dissociation of sodium bicarbonate has released a bicarbonate anion that binds hydrogen ions to form of carbonic acid, which then decomposes into water and carbon dioxide. In case of severe respiratory insufficiency oxidation of sodium hydrocarbonate can contribute increasing of hypercapnia by the connection with the accumulated CO2. It was found that 4.2 % buffered sodium bicarbonate solution in the comprehensive therapy of patients with comorbid pathology of COPD and community-acquired pneumonia helps to restore acid-base balance, reduce metabolic disorders and improve the clinical condition of patients. In the matter of normalization of the function of external respiration and reduction of the manifestations of respiratory insufficiency, usually substantially reduces not only respiratory, but also MA. Therefore, during correction of concomitant MA by Soda-buffer we should compensate the deficiency of bases not more than half percentage. In situation with rapid balancing of acidosis, particularly in the case of impaired pulmonary ventilation, the rapid release of CO2 may exacerbate cerebral acidosis. It’s a well known fact that small uses of Soda-buffer together with other infusion solutions with an acidic pH are provided a neutralizing agent and prevent the appearance of post-infusion phlebitis after administration of widely used infusion solutions (glucose fluids of different concentrations, chloride solution, ciprofloxacin and some other fluoroquinolones).
Conclusions. Soda-buffer (4.2 % sodium bicarbonate buffered solution) is an effective infusion agent for the correction of MA in patients with comorbid pathology (COPD and community-acquired pneumonia) in condition of provided effective gas exchange. This solution is a physiological bicarbonate buffer that maintains a constant pH level, prevents abrupt alkalization of the blood and provides a smooth correction of acidosis at the same time with increasing alkaline blood reserves. The drug also increases the excretion of sodium and chlorine ions, osmotic diuresis, alkalizes urine.
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Cabral, Marta, Nuno Climaco, João P. Ribeiro, Paulo A. Pessoa, Carlos A. Nogueira, and Fernanda Margarido. "Evaluation of Physical Processing in the Recycling of Spent Domestic Batteries." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 1748–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.1748.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Domestic-type batteries sample was tested aiming at its characterization and the evaluation of the feasibility of physical separation of its main components. The sample was essentially constituted by saline and alkaline types (Zn-MnO2 based systems, >90% w/w) and cylindrical shape (> 90% w/w). The mass balance of alkaline battery samples indicated as main battery components the steel case materials (25 %), the electrodes (71%) and the connector and separator/insulating materials (4 %), while the corresponding values to the saline type are 16%, 72% and 12% respectively. Despite electrochemical principles are similar, internal constitution of saline and alkaline batteries is different. Differences in electrolytes are also relevant (KOH in alkaline type and chloride salts in saline type) affecting therefore the mass balances in the chemical treatment. Fragmentation of batteries was done aiming at to evaluate the efficiency of the liberation of different components, namely scrap and electrodes. Results obtained are very promising considering the good efficiency reached on the physical separation treatment and consequently the chemical step will be necessarily improved.