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Статті в журналах з теми "Alien"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 30 липня 2024

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1

Kipping, David, and Jason Wright. "Deconstructing Alien Hunting." Astronomical Journal 167, no. 1 (December 18, 2023): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ad0cbe.

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Abstract The search for extraterrestrial (alien) life is one of the greatest scientific quests, yet it raises fundamental questions about just what we should be looking for and how. We approach alien hunting from the perspective of an experimenter engaging in binary classification with some true- and confounding-positive probabilities (TPP and CPP). We derive the Bayes factor in such a framework between two competing hypotheses, which we use to classify experiments as either impotent, imperfect, or ideal. Similarly, the experimenter can be classified as dogmatic, biased, or agnostic. We show how the unbounded explanatory and evasion capability of aliens poses fundamental problems to experiments directly seeking aliens. Instead, we advocate framing the experiments as looking for that outside of known processes, which means the hypotheses we test do not directly concern aliens per se. To connect back to aliens requires a second level of model selection, for which we derive the final odds ratio in a Bayesian framework. This reveals that it is fundamentally impossible to ever establish alien life at some threshold odds ratio,  crit , unless we deem the prior probability that some as-yet-undiscovered natural process could explain the event is less than ( 1 +  crit ) − 1 . This elucidates how alien hunters need to carefully consider the challenging problem of how probable unknown unknowns are, such as new physics or chemistry, and how it is arguably most fruitful to focus on experiments for which our domain knowledge is thought to be asymptotically complete.

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2

Lebon, André. "La présence étrangère en Europe occidentale - Dénombrement et méthode." Revue française d'administration publique 47, no. 1 (1988): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rfap.1988.2070.

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Alien Census-Taking and Statistical Methods in Western Europe. With the exception of the UK, which ignores ‘alien’ as a statistical criterion, there are almost 12 500 000 aliens legally resident in Western Europe. Statistical analysis also reveals that (a) aliens constitute a non-negligible subpopulation in both host and source countries, and (b) individual nationalities are concentrated in different host countries. Detailed analysis requires a clear definition of the alien categories included and excluded for statistical purposes as well as the statistical techniques applied. Another serious issue is that the term ‘alien’ is becoming unworkable and will have to be re-defined or replaced.

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3

Biran, Iftah, Tania Giovannetti, Laurel Buxbaum, and Anjan Chatterjee. "The alien hand syndrome: What makes the alien hand alien?" Cognitive Neuropsychology 23, no. 4 (June 2006): 563–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02643290500180282.

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4

Lim, Catherine. "Alien." Manoa 17, no. 1 (2005): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/man.2005.0007.

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5

Lum, Silas. "Alien." Psychoanalytic Perspectives 17, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 405–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1551806x.2020.1801063.

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6

Castellani, Maria Beatrice, Lorenzo Lastrucci, Lorenzo Lazzaro, Rossano Bolpagni, Alice Dalla Vecchia, and Andrea Coppi. "The incidence of alien species on the taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity of lentic and lotic communities dominated by Phragmites australis (Cav.) Steud." Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, no. 423 (2022): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2022001.

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This study aims to investigate, for the first time, the multiple diversity harbored in plant communities dominated by P. australis, discriminating between lentic and lotic habitats. We focused on the incidence of alien species on taxonomical, phylogenetic and functional diversity. Although it was hypothesized that ecological differences between habitats (lentic vs. lotic) could lead to plant adaptive trade-offs, results showed that the P. australis dominance affected overall plant diversity in the same way in both target habitats. Similarly, the two compared habitats hosted a similar alien species richness and relative abundance. Different results were observed based on whether the alien species richness or their relative abundance were considered regarding the incidence of alien species. Increasing alien species richness in lentic habitats resulted in increased taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity. Instead, in lotic habitats, it promoted a decrease in taxonomic and functional diversity. In contrast, the increase in the relative abundance of alien species resulted in increased taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity in both habitats. Choosing relative abundance vs richness of aliens in lotic stands can have a different impact in evaluating the effect of aliens on various components of diversity.

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7

Sennikov, Alexander N., and Georgy A. Lazkov. "Alien Plants of Kyrgyzstan: The First Complete Inventory, Distributions and Main Patterns." Plants 13, no. 2 (January 18, 2024): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13020286.

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The first inventory of casual and naturalised alien plants of Kyrgyzstan is based on an overview of published data, which were re-assessed and re-evaluated using modern standards. Altogether, 151 alien species were registered in the country, of which nearly 40% became naturalised. The total number of alien plant species and the proportion of casual aliens are relatively low due to the harsh climatic conditions (high aridity and continentality) and predominantly high elevations. The highest number of alien plant species in Kyrgyzstan originated from the Mediterranean, which can be explained by some common climatic features between this area and Central Asia, but half of the ten most harmful aliens originated from the Americas. The intensity of plant invasions was the greatest during the period of the Russian Empire and the USSR, and this rapid accumulation of alien plants continues in independent Kyrgyzstan. The uneven distribution of alien plants in Kyrgyzstan is explained by different elevations and climatic conditions across its regions, as well as by the concentration of agricultural activities and human population along warm lowland depressions. More research is required to uncover pathways and particular times of introduction and to produce detailed distribution maps.

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8

Switat, Mustafa. "An “Alien” or a Stranger Indeed?" Acta Universitatis Sapientiae Social Analysis 7, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aussoc-2017-0003.

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AbstractWith respect to the current migration crisis in Europe, the term “alien” is generally identified with the Arab or Muslim (for many people: Arab = Muslim) communities. The article contains an analysis of the origins, history, and effects of this phenomenon, illustrated with the example of the Arabs in Poland – a country where both of those communities are small, where there are few immigrants as a rule, and which is not directly impacted by the refugee crisis. In general, there were no negative experiences in Polish–Arabic relations, but—due to the lack of knowledge and personal interactions with members of the Arab (Muslim) diaspora—many Poles perceive them as aliens. Why are they aliens? When did they start being aliens? And if they have always been aliens, then are they aliens indeed? In the paper, I will present an analysis of the way members of the Arab diaspora are perceived as aliens and their sense of alienness in Poland. The analysis is based on the field study of this community, with emphasis on the differences between the Arab migration to Poland/Eastern European countries and their migration to other European states. Additionally, a new theory of inclusion of an alien will be presented along with proposals concerning how to “tame” an alien for the sake of a common, conflict-free existence—because “alien” often simply means the unknown and/or the unwanted to be known.

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9

Levin, Sam C., Raelene M. Crandall, Tyler Pokoski, Claudia Stein, and Tiffany M. Knight. "Phylogenetic and functional distinctiveness explain alien plant population responses to competition." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1930 (July 2020): 20201070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1070.

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Several invasion hypotheses predict a positive association between phylogenetic and functional distinctiveness of aliens and their performance, leading to the idea that distinct aliens compete less with their resident communities. However, synthetic pattern relationships between distinctiveness and alien performance and direct tests of competition as the driving mechanism have not been forthcoming. This is likely because different patterns are observed at different spatial grains, because functional trait and phylogenetic information are often incomplete, and because of the need for competition experiments that measure demographic responses across a variety of alien species that vary in their distinctiveness. We conduct a competitor removal experiment and parameterize matrix population and integral projection models for 14 alien plant species. More novel aliens compete less strongly with co-occurring species in their community, but these results dissipate at a larger spatial grain of investigation. Further, we find that functional traits used in conjunction with phylogeny improve our ability to explain competitive responses. Our investigation shows that competition is an important mechanism underlying the differential success of alien species.

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10

KHAPUGIN, A., I. ESINA, and T. SILAEVA. "THE UPDATED CHECK-LIST OF ALIEN PLANT SPECIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF MORDOVIA: A PATH FROM 2010 TO 2023." Russian Journal of Biological Invasions 16, no. 2 (June 14, 2023): 225–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35885/1996-1499-16-2-225-237.

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The monitoring and inventory of the composition of alien plant species is an important step towards obtaining complete information about the biological diversity in a study area. By February 2023, the backbone reference on the alien flora composition in the Republic of Mordovia was the book “Vascular plants of the Republic of Mordovia (synopsis of flora)” published in 2010. This study was aimed to update the list of alien plant species for both the Republic of Mordovia and each municipal district by the nowadays (February 2023). The study was mainly focused on species (69 taxa) replenished the alien flora of the Republic of Mordovia in 2010-2023, and formation of the updated list of the alien flora of the region. The largest number of new species was found in the Saransk urban district (29 species), Temnikov district (25 species), Romodanovo district (11 species), and Ichalki district (10 species). The largest number of these species (74.6% of all floristic novelties) is ergasiophygophytes and xeno-ergasiophygophytes escaping to the wild. The main part of xenophytes is not naturalised plants (i. e. colonophytes and ephemerophytes). Four species ( Amaranthus paniculatus , Dianthus chinensis , Malva neglecta , Rosa dumalis , R. pratorum ) previously considered as aliens in the Republic of Mordovia were excluded from the list of the alien flora. As a result of the study, the alien flora of the Republic of Mordovia currently includes 456 species from 271 genera and 70 families. The highest number of alien species was found in the Saransk urban district (342 species), Ruzaevka district (272 species), and Temnikov district (244 species). At the same time, floras of Elniki district (133 species), Dubenki district (132 species), Atyuryevo district (124 species), and Bolshoe Ignatovo district (117 species) include the lowest number of alien species. This is probably caused by an underestimation of their alien flora, and this fact underlines the need for additional special investigations of aliens. Lists of the alien flora of both the Republic of Mordovia and each municipal district are available as a dataset in Zenodo. This material is intended to serve as a backbone reference for further studies of the alien flora in the Republic of Mordovia.

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11

Pérez-Postigo, Isabel, Jörg Bendix, Heike Vibrans, and Ramón Cuevas-Guzmán. "Diversity of alien roadside herbs along an elevational gradient in western Mexico." NeoBiota 65 (May 28, 2021): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.65.67192.

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Growing numbers of alien plant species threaten natural ecosystems worldwide. Mexico, as a megadiverse country, has lower numbers of alien species than other regions in America. However, there is a lack of information on the factors that determine the diversity patterns of alien species and their relative importance in the vegetation. The diversity of alien roadside herbs was analysed along an elevational gradient in western Mexico, including their relationship with environmental factors. Three hundred and seventeen herbaceous species were found in 37 sampling sites; 10% were aliens. The proportion of alien species in the ruderal herbaceous communities was lower than the average for this vegetation type in the country. Absolute species richness of natives was significantly and positively correlated with elevation. Absolute species richness of aliens was not significantly correlated with elevation, still; higher values were found at lower elevations. Generalised linear models for relative species richness and relative abundance of aliens with elevation had positive estimates near 0, which, though statistically significant, indicated a weak relationship. Other environmental co-factors, such as the distance to roads and highways, climatic variables, and disturbance indicators, were included in a random forest model. No clear correlation patterns were found. This seemingly random distribution of alien herbaceous plants in the region might be caused by the relatively recent introduction of most of the species. They have not yet had time to expand their distribution to their potential maximum. The early stage of the naturalisation process allows us to minimise the further spread of some species with targeted management and prevent them from becoming invasive.

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12

García-Díaz, Pablo, Peter Hodum, Valentina Colodro, Michelle Hester, and Ryan D. Carle. "Alien mammal assemblage effects on burrow occupancy and hatching success of the vulnerable pink-footed shearwater in Chile." Environmental Conservation 47, no. 3 (April 22, 2020): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892920000132.

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SummaryAlien species are a driver of biodiversity loss, with impacts of different aliens on native species varying considerably. Identifying the contributions of alien species to native species declines could help target management efforts. Globally, seabirds breeding on islands have proven to be highly susceptible to alien species. The breeding colonies of the pink-footed shearwater (Ardenna creatopus) are threatened by the negative impacts of alien mammals. We combined breeding monitoring data with a hierarchical model to separate the effects of different alien mammal assemblages on the burrow occupancy and hatching success of the pink-footed shearwater in the Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile. We show that alien mammals affected the rates of burrow occupancy, but had little effect on hatching success. Rabbits produced the highest negative impacts on burrow occupancy, whereas the effects of other alien mammals were more uncertain. In addition, we found differences in burrow occupancy between islands regardless of their alien mammal assemblages. Managing rabbits will improve the reproductive performance of this shearwater, but research is needed to clarify the mechanisms by which alien mammals affect the shearwaters and to explain why burrow occupancy varies between islands.

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13

Kallimanis, Athanasios, Ioannis P. Kokkoris, Ioannis Bazos, Thomas Raus, Arne Strid, and Panayotis Dimopoulos. "What Insight Does the Alien Plant Species Richness in Greece Offer for the Different Invasion Biology Hypotheses?" Diversity 15, no. 10 (October 8, 2023): 1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15101067.

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Biological invasions are one of the main threats to biodiversity, but they also offer insights on different ecological processes, as highlighted by the hypotheses posited to explain the phenomenon. We explore the relative importance of different hypotheses using biotic (native diversity) and abiotic factors (climate and landscape configuration) as proxies driving the spatial pattern of alien plant biodiversity in Greece. The strongest predictor of alien species richness is native species richness. Landscape heterogeneity boosts this relationship, but native and alien species prefer different conditions. Landscape composition and configuration explain more of the variance of alien diversity than of native diversity, with native diversity increasing at more naturally vegetated areas and alien diversity at agricultural lands. Climate is associated more strongly with native diversity than with alien diversity, with native diversity increasing in colder regions and alien diversity in warmer regions. The transportation network was associated with higher alien species richness but not with native species richness, highlighting the importance of propagule/colonization pressure. These differences might indicate that aliens occupy part of the niche space that is not preferred by the natives and thus allow us to speculate on the role of limiting similarity as a driving force.

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14

Dolado, A. M., C. Castrillo, D. G. Urra, and E. Varela de Seijas. "Alien hand sign or alien hand syndrome?" Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 59, no. 1 (July 1, 1995): 100–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.59.1.100.

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15

Andracki, Thaddeus. "Sasquatch and Aliens: Alien Encounter by Charise Mericle Harper." Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books 67, no. 9 (2014): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bcc.2014.0395.

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16

Hartwell, Laura M. "On the Linguistic Argument for the Adoption of the Library Subject Heading Noncitizen." International Journal of Legal Information 50, no. 1-2 (2022): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jli.2022.17.

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This linguistic study contributes to the decades-long discussion on the inappropriateness of the Library of Congress Subject Heading illegal aliens by examining its absence in a corpus of US Supreme Court oral arguments and by evaluating automatic translation tool results related to keywords as well as a corpus extract. This linguistic study confirms the ideological bias of the illegal aliens subject heading compared to a plethora of other expressions that legal scholars may use to describe the situations implied under the more neutral umbrella term noncitizen. The automatic translation results for alien and illegal alien also support the notion that the term illegal alien is confined to a United States historical context, which hinders its international comprehension as a subject heading.

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17

Omer, Ali, Maha Kordofani, Haytham H. Gibreel, Petr Pyšek, and Mark van Kleunen. "The alien flora of Sudan and South Sudan: taxonomic and biogeographical composition." Biological Invasions 23, no. 7 (March 19, 2021): 2033–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-021-02495-7.

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AbstractStudies on plant invasions depend on local and regional checklists of the alien flora. However, global overview studies have shown that some regions, including many African countries, remain understudied in this regard. To contribute to filling this gap, here we present the first checklist of alien plants of Sudan and South Sudan (the Sudans). We analysed the taxonomic and geographical composition of the species on this list. Our result show that of the 113 alien species in Sudans (99 in Sudan and 59 in South Sudan), 92 (81.4%) are naturalized and 21 (18.6%) are just casual aliens. The number of naturalized species represent 2.2% of the total flora of the Sudans (4096). The alien species belong to 44 families and 85 genera, and many of them are native to Southern America and Northern America (85.8%). Annual and perennial herbs are the prevailing life forms in the alien flora of the Sudans (68.1%), and, among the casual species, perennial herbs are underrepresented whereas woody tree species are over-represented. Alien plants of the Sudans are mostly used for medicinal and environmental purposes globally. The naturalized plants predominantly occur in man-made disturbed habitats, such as agricultural and ruderal habitats. This first overview of the alien flora of the Sudans should stimulate further research and recording of the alien flora to better understand the drivers and consequences of alien plants in the Sudans.

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18

Hanson, Robin, Daniel Martin, Calvin McCarter, and Jonathan Paulson. "If Loud Aliens Explain Human Earliness, Quiet Aliens Are Also Rare." Astrophysical Journal 922, no. 2 (November 30, 2021): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac2369.

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Abstract If life on Earth had to achieve n “hard steps“ to reach humanity's level, then the chance of this event rose as time to the nth power. Integrating this over habitable star formation and planet lifetime distributions predicts >99% of advanced life appears after today, unless n < 3 and max planet duration <50 Gyr. That is, we seem early. We offer this explanation: a deadline is set by loud aliens who are born according to a hard steps power law, expand at a common rate, change their volume appearances, and prevent advanced life like us from appearing in their volumes. Quiet aliens, in contrast, are much harder to see. We fit this three-parameter model of loud aliens to data: (1) birth power from the number of hard steps seen in Earth’s history, (2) birth constant by assuming a inform distribution over our rank among loud alien birth dates, and (3) expansion speed from our not seeing alien volumes in our sky. We estimate that loud alien civilizations now control 40%–50% of universe volume, each will later control ∼ 105–3 × 107 galaxies, and we could meet them in ∼200 Myr–2 Gyr. If loud aliens arise from quiet ones, a depressingly low transition chance (<∼10−4 ) is required to expect that even one other quiet alien civilization has ever been active in our galaxy. Which seems to be bad news for the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence. But perhaps alien volume appearances are subtle, and their expansion speed lower, in which case we predict many long circular arcs to find in our sky.

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19

Bordbar, Farzaneh, and Pierre Meerts. "Patterns in the alien flora of the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a comparison of Asteraceae and Fabaceae." Plant Ecology and Evolution 153, no. 3 (November 23, 2020): 373–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2020.1754.

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Background and aims – This work provides the first pattern analysis of the alien flora of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (D.R. Congo), using Asteraceae and Fabaceae as a case study. Methods – Based on herbarium collections, existing databases, and literature data, a database of 38 alien species of Asteraceae and 79 alien species of Fabaceae has been assembled. Patterns in the introduction pathway, phylogeny, life form, morpho-functional traits, geographic origin, and occurrence in D.R. Congo are explored. Key results – America is the main source continent in both families, but Asia is also an important donor of Fabaceae. Taxonomic spectrum discrepancies between the alien and the native flora reflect the continent of origin. Sixty-six percent of alien Asteraceae have been accidentally introduced, most of which being annual weeds of disturbed soil. In contrast, 90% of alien Fabaceae have been deliberately introduced for forestry, agriculture, or environmental purposes, most of which being phanerophytes. Traits were compared between pairs of congeneric alien and native species. For Asteraceae, a sharp discrepancy was found in the life form spectrum (aliens: mostly therophytes; natives: phanerophytes). For Fabaceae, alien species had larger leaves and larger pods compared to their native congeners. The number of specimens in collections was positively correlated with the time since the date of first collection for both families. The Guineo-Congolian region has the highest number of alien Fabaceae, while alien Asteraceae are overrepresented in the Zambezian region.Conclusions – Contrasting patterns between alien Asteraceae and Fabaceae in the flora of D.R. Congo in terms of life forms, trait divergence compared to the native flora, and occurrence, reflect the divergent biological attributes and relations to humans of the two families. The striking discrepancies between the two families call for analyses of patterns of alien flora at family level and warn against global generalisations.

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20

CINAR, M. E., M. BILECENOGLU, B. OZTURK, T. KATAGAN, and V. AYSEL. "Alien species on the coasts of Turkey." Mediterranean Marine Science 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2005): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.187.

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The compilation of data on alien species reported from the Turkish coasts yielded a total of 263 species belonging to 11 systematic groups, of which Mollusca had the highest number of species (85 species), followed by Crustacea (51), fishes (43) and phytobenthos (39). The Black Sea is represented by a total of 20 alien species, the Sea of Marmara by 48 species, the Aegean Sea by 98 species and the Levantine Sea by 202 species. The majority of aliens found in the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara were transported via shipping, whereas the Levantine coast is extensively subjected to Lessepsian migration. Benthic habitats (soft and hard substrata) comprise 76% of the total alien species and the pelagic environment is inhabited by thirty-nine species. Almost 50% of aliens collected from the Turkish coasts were found only at 0-10 m depth. Eight species occur at depths deeper than 100 m. The impacts of aliens on the benthic and pelagic ecosystems are presented.

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21

Lazarina, Maria, Mariana A. Tsianou, Georgios Boutsis, Aristi Andrikou-Charitidou, Elpida Karadimou, and Athanasios S. Kallimanis. "Urbanization and Human Population Favor Species Richness of Alien Birds." Diversity 12, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12020072.

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Human activities like urbanization and agriculture affect spatial biodiversity patterns. The presence and activities of humans richly benefit alien species, but native species usually decline in human-impacted areas. Considering that the richness of alien and native species are inter-related, we explored the effect of human population density, human-related land uses (agricultural and urban), and natural land area on avian (alien and native) species richness of Massachusetts for two time periods using Generalized Additive Models. Avian alien species richness increased with native species richness in both time periods. Despite the predominant role of native species richness as a major driver of alien species richness, human activities play an important additional role in shaping species richness patterns of established aliens. Human-related land uses (urban and agricultural) and human population favored alien species richness in both time periods. Counter to expectations, human activities were also positively associated to native avian species richness. Possible explanations of these patterns may include habitat heterogeneity, increased availability of resources, and reduced predation risk.

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22

Seebens, Hanno, Tim M. Blackburn, Ellie E. Dyer, Piero Genovesi, Philip E. Hulme, Jonathan M. Jeschke, Shyama Pagad, et al. "Global rise in emerging alien species results from increased accessibility of new source pools." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 10 (February 5, 2018): E2264—E2273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1719429115.

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Our ability to predict the identity of future invasive alien species is largely based upon knowledge of prior invasion history. Emerging alien species—those never encountered as aliens before—therefore pose a significant challenge to biosecurity interventions worldwide. Understanding their temporal trends, origins, and the drivers of their spread is pivotal to improving prevention and risk assessment tools. Here, we use a database of 45,984 first records of 16,019 established alien species to investigate the temporal dynamics of occurrences of emerging alien species worldwide. Even after many centuries of invasions the rate of emergence of new alien species is still high: One-quarter of first records during 2000–2005 were of species that had not been previously recorded anywhere as alien, though with large variation across taxa. Model results show that the high proportion of emerging alien species cannot be solely explained by increases in well-known drivers such as the amount of imported commodities from historically important source regions. Instead, these dynamics reflect the incorporation of new regions into the pool of potential alien species, likely as a consequence of expanding trade networks and environmental change. This process compensates for the depletion of the historically important source species pool through successive invasions. We estimate that 1–16% of all species on Earth, depending on the taxonomic group, qualify as potential alien species. These results suggest that there remains a high proportion of emerging alien species we have yet to encounter, with future impacts that are difficult to predict.

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23

Chiswick, Barry R. "Illegal Immigration and Immigration Control." Journal of Economic Perspectives 2, no. 3 (August 1, 1988): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.2.3.101.

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The Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) was passed in the closing days of the 1986 legislative session. The primary purpose of IRCA is to remove illegal aliens from the U.S. labor market. It has two primary policy instruments. One is granting legal status or amnesty for certain illegal aliens, thereby in part “wiping the slate clean.” The other is imposing penalties, referred to as employer sanctions, against employers who “knowingly” hire illegal aliens. Employer sanctions are intended to reduce the demand for illegal alien labor. The first sections of this paper develop an economic analysis of the illegal alien labor market, including the determinants of illegal migration and the impact on the economy. Then, that model is applied to the major provisions of IRCA and used to describe its likely consequences. A concluding section argues that because IRCA does not address the economic realities it is not likely to accomplish its objectives. The partial amnesty and impotent employer sanctions have not solved the illegal alien dilemma.

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24

Capinha, César, Franz Essl, Hanno Seebens, Henrique Miguel Pereira, and Ingolf Kühn. "Models of alien species richness show moderate predictive accuracy and poor transferability." NeoBiota 38 (June 6, 2018): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.38.23518.

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Robust predictions of alien species richness are useful to assess global biodiversity change. Nevertheless, the capacity to predict spatial patterns of alien species richness remains largely unassessed. Using 22 data sets of alien species richness from diverse taxonomic groups and covering various parts of the world, we evaluated whether different statistical models were able to provide useful predictions of absolute and relative alien species richness, as a function of explanatory variables representing geographical, environmental and socio-economic factors. Five state-of-the-art count data modelling techniques were used and compared: Poisson and negative binomial generalised linear models (GLMs), multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), random forests (RF) and boosted regression trees (BRT). We found that predictions of absolute alien species richness had a low to moderate accuracy in the region where the models were developed and a consistently poor accuracy in new regions. Predictions of relative richness performed in a superior manner in both geographical settings, but still were not good. Flexible tree ensembles-type techniques (RF and BRT) were shown to be significantly better in modelling alien species richness than parametric linear models (such as GLM), despite the latter being more commonly applied for this purpose. Importantly, the poor spatial transferability of models also warrants caution in assuming the generality of the relationships they identify, e.g. by applying projections under future scenario conditions. Ultimately, our results strongly suggest that predictability of spatial variation in richness of alien species richness is limited. The somewhat more robust ability to rank regions according to the number of aliens they have (i.e. relative richness), suggests that models of aliens species richness may be useful for prioritising and comparing regions, but not for predicting exact species numbers.

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25

IKTISANOV, Valery, and Fedor SHKRUDNEV. "Alien Invasion." Энергетическая политика, no. 4 (2020): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.46920/2409-5516_2020_4146_68.

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Pina-Cabral, João. "I Alien." Social Analysis 66, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 85–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/sa.2022.660205.

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What is it to be alien? This article considers the debate concerning alienation/de-alienation launched by Hegel and revisited a half-century ago by Jacques Derrida. It examines the systemic reduction of legal rights of presence that migrants in contemporary Europe regularly encounter. Such experiences lead people to undergo a ‘loss of presence’ in the sense that they question their relationship with the world and the people around them. As Ernesto de Martino proposed, these occurrences constitute a ‘subjective alienation’ brought about by ‘objective alienation’. In this way, they impact one’s personal ontogeny, producing what I call a ‘habitus of migrancy’. As a contribution toward ethnographic theory, the article engages the role of long-term self-reflection in anthropological analysis.

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27

White, Luise, David M. Jacobs, Edith Fiore, Raymond E. Fowler, Budd Hopkins, Karla Turner, and Whitley Strieber. "Alien Nation." Transition, no. 63 (1994): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2935328.

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Valentine, Michael. "Alien Attitudes." Science News 139, no. 14 (April 6, 1991): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3975301.

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Kaltiso, Sheri-Ann O., Jennifer Y. Hong, and Andrés Patiño. "Alien Encounter." Annals of Emergency Medicine 79, no. 1 (January 2022): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2021.06.020.

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30

Schuck, Peter H., and Peter Brimelow. "Alien Rumination." Yale Law Journal 105, no. 7 (May 1996): 1963. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/797238.

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31

Watson, David. "Alien Flytrap." British Journal of General Practice 64, no. 622 (April 26, 2014): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp14x679840.

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32

BONS-STORM, Riet. "Resident Alien." Journal of the European Society of Women in Theological Research 4 (January 1, 1996): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/eswtr.4.0.2002991.

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Nazareth, Peter, and Simon Tay. "Alien Asian." World Literature Today 71, no. 4 (1997): 876. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40153507.

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Gaba, Martin. "Alien world." Nursing Standard 11, no. 1 (September 25, 1996): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.11.1.18.s32.

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35

Rose, S. O. "Alien Invasion." History Workshop Journal 77, no. 1 (February 6, 2014): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbu002.

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Wodiczko, Krzysztof. "Alien Staff." Assemblage, no. 23 (April 1994): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171229.

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37

Dow, Mark. "Alien watch." Index on Censorship 25, no. 3 (May 1996): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03064229608536097.

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38

Scollon, Erik. "Alien She." Journal of Modern Craft 8, no. 2 (May 4, 2015): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17496772.2015.1057408.

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39

Scott, Joanna Vecchiarelli. "Alien Nation." European Journal of Political Theory 3, no. 2 (April 2004): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474885104041045.

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40

Rudokvas, Anton D. "The Alien." Rechtsgeschichte - Legal History 2006, no. 08 (2006): 059–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12946/rg08/059-069.

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41

Grüter, Thomas, and Ulrich Kraft. "Alien Friends." Scientific American Mind 16, no. 1 (April 2005): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamericanmind0405-58.

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42

T.M.B. "Alien Influence." Scientific American 261, no. 1 (July 1989): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0789-26a.

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43

Palecanda, Vaneeta. "Alien 2." Meridians 3, no. 1 (September 1, 2002): 274–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15366936-3.1.274.

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44

Leonard, J. L. "Alien hosts." Measurement Science and Technology 1, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 307–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/1/3/218.

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45

Tipler, Frank J. "Alien life." Nature 354, no. 6351 (November 1991): 334–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/354334a0.

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46

Reed, Isaac Ariail. "Alien Rule." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 45, no. 4 (June 24, 2016): 451–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094306116653953aa.

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47

Dorame, Katie. "Alien Apostles." Boom 5, no. 4 (2015): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/boom.2015.5.4.4.

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In her series of oil paintings and pen-and-ink drawings Alien Apostles, Tongva artist Katie Dorame reimagines the arrival of Spanish missionaries in California as an alien invasion. In her works, alien missionaries used baptism as a tool, baptizing neophytes with glowing green holy water, supernaturally branding them forever.

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48

Lubick, Naomi. "Alien encounters." Nature 484, no. 7394 (April 2012): 405–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nj7394-405a.

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49

Edmondson, John. "Alien plants." New Journal of Botany 6, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20423489.2016.1185303.

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50

Starkey, Natalie. "Alien volcanoes." New Scientist 248, no. 3311 (December 2020): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(20)32136-9.

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