Статті в журналах з теми "Ali (1987-....)"

Several studies have been undertaken in the past to analyse consumption behaviour in Pakistan. These studies have ranged from the fairly simple single equation estimations to complex, extended linear expenditure systems and analyses based on the Almost Ideal Demand System. These included the studies by Aziz-ur Rehman (1%3); Bussink (1970); Ranis (1961); Khan (1970); Ali (1981, 1986); Malik (1982); Siddiqui (1982); Mukhtar (1985); Cheema and Malik (1985); Ahmad et al (1986); and Alderman (1987). Most of these studies are based on the Household Income and Expenditure Survey data. These Surveys provide the single most important source of data on consumption behaviour in Pakistan. However, the analysis in the studies mentioned above are generally confined to single years only. The present study is an attempt to econometrically establish the existence, or otherwise, of rural-urban differences in consumption behaviour in each year for the years in which these survey data are available in published form. 1 Tests are also conducted on appropriately deflated data to establish the existence or otherwise of differences in yeady functions. The former hypothesis has obvious implications for the possibility of estimating overall, or Pakistan-level functions, while the latter has obvious implications for estimating marginal propensities or elasticities based on time-series data.

Neste artigo, seguindo Vygotsky (1978) e os neo-vygotskianos (Cf. Bruner, 1985; Cole, 1985; Edwards & Mercer, 1987 entre outros), apresento o processo de ensino/aprendizagem em sala de aula como ato social construído pelo professor e aluno.Considerado o papel do professor e dos alunos intrisicamente relevante na construção do conhecimento comum, abordarei, também neste artigo, a questão do relacionamento entre estes participantes, discutindo seus direitos e deveres em sala de aula, com relação ao ato internacional ali existente.

The econometric analysis of demand in Pakistan has, until recently, been a relatively neglected field of analysis. Much of the earlier work, reviewed in Ali (1985), consists of linear Engel curves based on grouped data published by the Bureau of Statistics. Ahmad, Leung and Stern (1984), and Ahmad, Ludlow and Stern (1987) use household observations from the 1976 Micro-Nutrient Survey (MNS), to estimate 17 (9 of which are food items) and 13 commodity parameters and elasticities based on a modified linear Expenditure System (LES) using Maximum likelihood methods. The modified LES is a method of obtaining LES parameters without independent price information, analogous to the ELES. This method differs from the ELES in that expenditure information is used, rather than income, see Ahmad, Ludlow and Stern (1987) for details.

Por ocasião da cerimônia de encerramento do Ciclo Especial Estrangeiro de 1986-1987, turma Michel de Montaigne, o Diretor de estágios da Escola Nacional de Administração — ENA, em sessão solene na sala do Conselho de Administração, proferiu discurso de agradecimento pela participação dos trinta e quatro alunos estrangeiros selecionados a integrar o curso regular daquela instituição. Cumpridas as formalidades de praxe, exigidas nesse tipo de situação, o Diretor concluiu sua exposição, desejou boa sorte aos representantes dos vinte e quatro países ali reunidos e declarou serem os alunos do Ciclo Especial Estrangeiro de 1986-1987 uma “espécie em extinção”.

Despite being shaken by the Arab Spring, authoritarian structures still exist in the regions of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Th is situation highlights the importance of studying the continuity of authoritarian structures more comprehensively. In addition to approaches that reduce authoritarianism to intra-state factors, literature has developed over the last decade emphasizing the importance of international factors. This literature in particular emphasizes the politics, economics, and diplomacy established by the West and that ties are effective in the continuity of authoritarianism in non-Western countries. This study attempts to explain Ben Ali’s period and the continuity of authoritarianism in Tunisia in the context of this developing new literature. Although Tunisia underwent a relatively positive transformation process after the Arab Spring, Ben Ali’s authoritarian rule was supported by the West as a model of an economic miracle and democratic stability; this administration managed to survive for 23 years. The study’s main argument can be expressed as follows: While the economic liberalization process imposed on Tunis by Western actors caused an increase in socio-economic inequalities, the instrumentalization of democracy by the West again served to suppress civil and political freedoms. Instead of focusing on the obstacles and opportunities in front of the transition to democracy in the post-Arab Spring period, examining theinternational factors influencing the continuity of authoritarianism in the Ben Ali period will shed light on how authoritarian structures still survive in MENA.

Transnational Monopoly Capitalism: Keith Cowling and Roger Sugden; Wheatsheaf Books Ltd, Brighton, 1987, pp. 178, ISBN 0-7450-0191-2 (cloth) £22.50 and 0-7450-0267-6 (Pbk) £8.95. Trade Theory and Policy: Ali M. El-Agraa; Macmillan Press, London, 1984, pp. 118, ISBN 0-333-36020-6, £33.00. The Stability of the International Monetary System: W.M. Scammell; Macmillan Education Ltd., London, 1987, pp. 162, ISBN 0-333-38577-2 (hardcover) £20.00 and 0-333-38578-0 (Pbk) £6.95. The Economics of the Common Market, Sixth Edition: Dennis Swann; Pelican Books, London, 1988, pp. 326, ISBN 0-14-022781-4, £6.95.

India accounts 18.5% of the world milk production and ranked first in milk production. Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) produce 54% of total milk production of India. However, mastitis remains the most expensive production disease of the buffaloes. The present study was based on the lactation records of Murrah buffaloes maintained at Cattle and Buffalo Breeding Farm of LPM Section, ICAR-Indian veterinary research institute, Izatnagar over a period of 10 years (2005–2014). The aim of present study was to find best fitted lactation model explaining the lactation behaviour of Murrah buffaloes in healthy and mastitis condition. The data consisted of 80068 daily test day milk yield records of 296 Murrah buffaloes. Different standard lactation curve models such as Ali and Schaeffer (1987), Cobby and Le Du (1978), Sikka (1950), Mitscherlich × Exponential (Rook et al. 1993), Mixed log (Guo and Swalve 1995), Wilmink (1987) and Wood (1967) models were fitted by Proc NLIN Procedure of SAS 9.3. The goodness of fit was judged by the high value of R2 adj and low value of MSPE, AIC and BIC. Durbin-Watson test was used to test autocorrelation and Shapiro-Wilk’s test and Kolmogorov Smirnov test was used to test the normality of the residuals. Based on the analysis of the data Ali and Schaeffer model was the best fitted model to explain the lactation behaviour of the healthy as well as mastitic Murrah buffaloes.

Résumé Kouaouci (Ali). - Tendances et facteurs de la natalité algérienne entre 1970 et 1986 La population algérienne a connu un taux d'accroissement naturel excédant 3% par an et, cela, pendant plus de vingt ans, entre 1966 et 1987, ce qui a fait quasiment doubler sa taille de 12 à 23 millions. Durant cette période, à partir de 1970, la natalité a décliné mais à un rythme moins rapide que la mortalité. Ce n'est qu'en 1985-86 que des signes de ralentissement de la croissance ont été observés. Utilisant les données de 1970 (ÉSNP) et de 1986 (ENAF), cet article s'attache à mettre en évidence l'impact des facteurs de la natalité (structure, proportions de mariées et fécondité légitime) et des variables intermédiaires de la fécondité (allaitement, contraception et avortement/stérilité) dans les différences de niveaux et de tendances observées entre secteurs d'habitat et entre 1970 et 1986.

This study aims to provide an overview of the life journey and progress of Ali Mukhni from a teacher and his role in leading Padang Pariaman Regency as a Deputy Regent and Regent for 15 years. The author is interested in taking Ali Mukhni's character to write his biography because he has had a career in Padang Pariaman Regency for 15 years and during that time Ali Mukhni has contributed a lot to the progress of Padang Pariaman Regency. For this reason, the first step is to collect data from oral and written sources. The second stage is source criticism, both internal and external sources. Next, the third stage is data analysis and interpretation. Finally, the fourth stage is to describe the results of research in the form of scientific writing in accordance with the rules of historical research. The conclusion of this study is that Ali Mukhni is a character from Pauh Village, Padang Pariaman Regency. Ali Mukhni started his career as a sports teacher in 1982-1987 at SMA 1 Teluk Kuantan, in 1988-1995 STM Negeri Bengkulu, in 1995-2000 SMA Negeri 10 Padang,in 2000-2004 SMAN 1 V Koto Kampung Dalam. Ali Mukhni also served as Deputy Regent in 2005-2010 for five years. Until finally Ali Mukhni served as Regent of Padang Pariaman for two terms until his retirement. Ali Mukhni had many roles for Padang Pariaman Regency.

Résumé Kouaouci (Ali). - Essai de reconstitution de la pratique contraceptive en Algérie durant la période 1967-1987 L'enquête nationale algérienne sur la fécondité (ENAF) est la première enquête de grande envergure ayant permis de mesurer l'extension de la pratique contraceptive dans les divers groupes de la population algérienne distingués par l'âge, la durée du mariage, le nombre d'enfants déjà nés, l'habitat, etc. Mais, en outre, quelques questions rétrospectives sur la pratique au cours des divers intervalles entre naissances permettent de retracer la diffusion de ces comportements au fil du temps et d'en préciser les intentions (arrêt ou espacement). On voit alors comment cette dynamique a anticipé sur la reconnaisance politique de l'intérêt d'une régulation des naissances et s'est installée en dépit des préceptes religieux.

V italijanščini v zadnjem času opažamo nenehen porast rabe manj pogoste vrste leksikalnih spojenk iz lastnih imen in samostalnikov. čeprav so spojenke v službi poimenovalne in opisne funkcije (v smislu Andersona 2007), so tvorjene znotraj nesistemske morfologije, pri čemer posebej pomembno vlogo igrata pomenska koncepta, katerih nosilka je vsaka od izhodiščnih besed. Razumevanje spojenk iz lastnih imen in samostalnikov je odvisno od razvezovalčeve neposredne ali posredne izkušnje z dano zunajjezikovno resničnostjo. Pomembno je, da spojenke nastajajo iz potrebe po relevantnosti (Sperber/Wilson 1990) in kažejo različne stopnje morfotaktične in morfosemantčne transparentnosti (Thornton 1986; Dressler 1987, 1999), zaradi katere si jih je moč zapomniti (Lehrer 2003). V pričujočem članku se vprašanja spojenk iz imen in samostalnikov lotevamo v okviru teorije naravnosti (Thornton 1986; Dressler etal. 1987; Dressler 1999). V nadaljevanju bomo videli, da, čeprav spojenke niso tvorjene na podlagi gramatikalnih pravil, vseeno lahko v skladu z načelom jasne prepoznavnosti /ang. salience/ (Dressler 1987) za najbolj prototipične primere ugotovimo nekaj splošno veljavnih teženj in smernic. Omejili smo se na morfosintaktično transparentne spojenke in podali tipologijo italijanskih manj pogostih spojenk iz imen in samostalnikov, ki delujejo kot poimenovalne enote. Naš namen je bil na eni strani zamejiti kategorijo, na drugi pa ovrednotiti že obstoječe tipologije. Čeprav se zavedamo kontinuuma morfotaktične transparentnosti znotraj prototipiske kategorije zunajsistemskih besednih krajšav, smo se rahlo oddaljili od pristopa Ronnenberger-Siboldove (2006) in predlagali, da bi razlikovali med spojenkami (ang. blends) na eni strani in zloženimi krni (ang. clipped compounds) na drugi. Na ravni morfosemantične transparentnosti in konceptualne motiviranosti se opiramo na koncepte kognitivne slovnice, kognitivne teorije metafore in teorij konceptualnega spajanja (cf. Lakoff/Johnson 1980; Langacker 1987; Ruiz de Mendoza 1998, 2000; Kemmer 2003), kar nam bo služilo za oblikovanje nekaterih uvodnih opažanj glede specifičnih podvrst in spojenk iz osebnih imen, kakršne najdemo še zlasti v časopisnem in medijskem jeziku (npr. Berluscotti < Berlusconi + Bertinotti, Berlingotti < Berlinguer + Bertinotti). Analiza pokaže, da zaenkrat še ne moremo govoriti niti o aplikaciji niti o razširitvi obstoječih shematskih vzorcev.

Pentachlorophenol is used as an industrial wood preservative for utility poles, crossarms, fence posts, and other purposes (79%);for NaPCP (12%); and miscellaneous, including mill uses, consumer wood preserving formulations and herbicide intermediate (9%) (CMR, 1980). As a wood preservative, pentachlorophenol acts as both a fungicide and insecticide (Freiter, 1978). The miscellaneous mill uses primarily involve the application of pentachlorophenol as a slime reducer in paper and pulp milling and may constitute ∼6% of the total annual consumption of pentachlorophenol (Crosby et al., 1981). Sodium pentachlorophenate (NaPCP) is also used as an antifungal and antibacterial agent (Freiter, 1978). Pentachlorophenol also is used as a general herbicide (Martin and Worthing, 1977). Photolysis and microbial degradation are the important chemical removal mechanisms for pentachlorophenol in water. In surface waters, pentachlorophenol photolyzes rapidly (ECETOC, 1984; Wong and Crosby. 1981; Zepp et al., 1984); however, the photolytic rate decreases as the depth in water increases (Pignatello et al., 1983). Pentachlorophenol is readily biodegradable in the presence of accli-mated microorganisms; however, biodegradation in natural waters requires the presence of microbes that can become acclimated. A natural river water that had been receiving domestic and industrial effluents significantly biodegraded pentachlorophenol after a 15-day lag period, while an unpolluted natural river water was unable to biodegrade the compound (Banerjee et al., 1984). Even though pentachlorophenol is in ionized form in natural waters, sorption to organic particulate matter and sediments can occur (Schellenberg et al., 1984), with desorption contributing as a continuing source of pollution in a contaminated environment (Pierce and Victor, 1978). Experimentally determined BCFs have shown that pentachlorophenol can significantly accumulate in aquatic organisms (Gluth et al., 1985; Butte et al., 1985; Statham et al., 1976; Veith et al., 1979a,b; Ernst and Weber, 1978), which is consistent with its widespread detection in fish and other organisms. Direct photolysis may be an important environmental sink for pen tachlorophenol present in the atmosphere. The detection of pen tachlorophenol in snow and rain water (Paasivirta et al., 1985; Bevenue et al., 1972) suggests that removal from air by dissolution is possible. Soil degradation studies indicate that pentachlorophenol is biodegrad able; microbial decomposition is an important and potentially domin ant removal mechanism in soil (Baker et al., 1980; Baker and Mayfield, 1980; Edgehill and Finn, 1983; Kirsch and Etzel, 1973; Ahlborg and Thunberg, 1980). The degree to which pentachlorophenol leaches in soil is dependent on the type of soil. In soils of neutral pH, leaching may be significant, but in acidic soils, adsorption to soil generally increases (Callahan et al. , 1979; Sanborn et al. , 1977). The ionized form of pentachlorophenol may be susceptible to adsorption in some soils (Schellenberg et al., 1984). In laboratory soils, pen tachlorophenol decomposes faster in soils of high organic content as compared with low organic content, and faster when moisture content is high and the temperature is conducive to microbial activity. Half- lives are usually ∼2-4 weeks (Crosby et al., 1981). Monitoring studies have confirmed the widespread occurrence of pentachlorophenol in surface waters, groundwater, drinking water and industrial effluents (see Table 2). The U.S. EPA's National Urban Runoff Program and National Organic Monitoring Survey reported frequent detections in storm water runoff and public water supplies (Cole et al., 1984; Mello, 1978). Primary sources by which pen tachlorophenol may be emitted to environmental waters may be through its use in wood preservation and the associated effluents and its pesticidal applications. Pentachlorophenol can be emitted to the atmosphere by evaporation from treated wood or water surfaces, by releases from cooling towers using pentachlorophenol biocides or by incineration of treated wood (Skow et al., 1980; Crosby et al., 1981). Pentachlorophenol has been detected in ambient atmospheres (Caut reels et al., 1977), in snow and rain water (Paasivirta et al,. 1985; Bevenue et al., 1972) and in emissions from hazardous waste incinera tion (Oberg et al., 1985). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Total Diet Study (conducted between 1964 and 1977) found pen tachlorophenol residues in 91/4428 ready-to-eat food composites (See Tables 4 and 5). The average American dietary intake of pen tachlorophenol during 1965-1969 was estimated to range from <0.001-0.006 mg/day (Duggan and Corneliussen, 1972). The most likely source of pentachlorophenol contamination in many food prod ucts may be the exposure of the food to pentachlorophenol-treated wood materials such as storage containers (Dougherty, 1978). Acute toxicity data indicated that salmonids are more sensitive to the toxic effects of pentachlorophenol than other fish species, with LC50 values of 34-128 μ g/l for salmonids and 60-600 μ g/l for other species. More recent data showed that carp larvae, bluegills, channel catfish and knifefish also had LC50 values < 100 μ gl (see Table 10). The most sensitive marine fishes were pinfish larvae, the goby, Gobius minutus, and eggs and larvae of the flounder, Pleuronectes platessa, all with LC50 values <100 μ g/l (Adema and Vink, 1981). The most sensitive freshwater invertebrate species were the chironomid, Chironomus gr. thummi (Slooff, 1983) and the snail, Lymnaea luteola (Gupta et al., 1984). The most sensitive marine invertebrates were the Eastern oyster (Borthwick and Schimmel, 1978), larvae of the crusta ceans, Crangon crangon and Palaemon elegans (VanDijk et al. , 1977), and the copepod, Pseudodiaptomus coronatus (Hauch et al., 1980), all with LC50 values <200 μ g/l. In chronic toxicity tests, the lowest concentration reported to cause adverse effects was 1.8 μ g/l (NaPCP), which inhibited growth of sockeye salmon (Webb and Brett, 1973). The marine species tested displayed similar thresholds for chronic toxicity. Both acute and chronic toxicity increased at lower pH, probably because a lower pH favors the un-ionized form of pentachlorophenol, which is taken up more readily and is therefore more toxic than ionized pentachlorophenol (Kobayashi and Kishino, 1980; Spehar et al., 1985). Data concerning the effects of pentachlorophenol on aquatic plants were highly variable. Therefore, it was difficult to draw conclusions from these data. Pentachlorophenol did not appear to bioaccumulate in aquatic or ganisms to very high concentrations. BCFs for pentachlorophenol were <1000 for most species tested. The highest BCF was 3830 for the polychaete, Lanice conchilega (Ernst, 1979). Some species appear to have an inducible pentachlorophenol-detoxification mechanism, as evidenced in several experiments in which pentachlorophenol tissue levels peaked in 4-8 days and declined thereafter despite continued exposure (Pruitt et al., 1977; Trujillo et al., 1982). A study by Niimi and Cho (1983) indicated that uptake of waterborne pentachlorophenol from gills was much greater than uptake from food, indicating that bioconcentration of pentachlorophenol through the food chain is unlikely. Biomonitoring data of Lake Ontario fishes showed that similar pentachlorophenol levels were found in predators andforage species. Studies with experimental ecosystems have indicated that ecological effects may occur at pentachlorophenol levels as low as those causing chronic toxicity in sensitive species in single-species tests. The lowest concentration that caused adverse effects in these studies was 15.8 μ g/l, which caused a reduction in numbers of individuals and species in a marine benthic community (Tagatz et al., 1978). Pentachlorophenol is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of rats, mice, monkeys and humans (Braun et al. , 1977, 1978; Ahlborg et al., 1974; Braun and Sauerhoff, 1976). Peak plasma concentrations are reached within 12-24 hours after oral administration to monkeys (Braun and Sauerhoff, 1976), but 4-6 hours after oral administration to rats (Braun et al., 1977). After oral administration, the highest concentration of radioactivity was found in the liver and gastrointesti nal tract of monkeys (Braun et al., 1977). In rats and mice, tet rachlorohydroquinone was identified in the urine (Jakobson and Yllner, 1971; Braun et al., 1977; Ahlborg et al., 1974) as well as unmetabolized pentachlorophenol and glucuronide-conjugated pen tachlorophenol. Although Ahlborg et al. (1974) reported that oxidative dechlorination of pentachlorophenol occurs in humans, as evidenced by the presence of tetrachlorohydroquinone in the urine of workers occupationally exposed (probably by inhalation), analysis of human urine after ingestion of pentachlorophenol revealed the presence of conjugated pentachlorophenol and unmetabolized pentachlorophenol (Braun et al., 1978). The primary route of excretion after oral administrtation of all species studied is in the urine (Braun et al. , 1977, 1978; Ahlborg et al., 1974; Larsen et al., 1972; Braun and Sauerhoff, 1976). Although urinary excretion followed second-order kinetics in rats (Larsen et al., 1972; Braun et al., 1977) except in females receiving a single high dose (100 mg/kg) of pentachlorophenol, urinary excretion of pentachlorophenol in humans and monkeys followed first-order kinetics (Braun and Sauerhoff, 1976; Braun et al., 1978). Enterohepatic circulation played an importation role in the pharmacokinetics of pen tachlorophenol. The half-life of pentachlorophenol in the plasma is longer in female rats and monkeys than it is in male rats and monkeys (Braun et al. , 1978; Braun and Sauerhoff, 1976). Because many preparations of pentachlorophenol are contaminated with small but measurable amounts of highly toxic substances, such as dibenzodioxins, special attention must be paid to the composition of the pentachlorophenol solution tested. In studies where technical and purified pentachlorophenol have been evaluated (Schwetz et al., 1974; Goldstein et al., 1977; Kimbrough and Linder, 1978; Knudsen et al., 1974; Johnson et al., 1973; Kerkvliet et al., 1982), only the results of the experiments using purified pentachlorophenol were reported in detail. Oral exposure to pentachlorophenol was not carcinogenic in mice (BRL, 1968; Innes et al., 1969) or rats (Schwetz et al., 1977), regardless of the composition of the pentachlorophenol solution tested. Although there are a few studies that suggest pentachlorophenol may be mutagenic in B. subtilis (Waters et al., 1982; Shirasu, 1976), in yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Fahrig et al., 1977) and in mice, as evidenced by the coat-color spot test (Fahrig et al., 1977), no evidence of mutagenicity was reported in S. typhimurium (Anderson et al. , 1972; Simmon et al., 1977; Lemma and Ames, 1975; Moriya et al. , 1983; Waters et al., 1982; Buselmaier et al., 1973) or in E. coli (Simmon et al., 1977; Fahrig, 1974; Moriya et al., 1983; Waters et al., 1982) with or without metabolic activation. Three teratogenicitylreproductive toxicity studies (Schwetz et al., 1974, 1977; Courtney et al., 1976) indicate that pentachlorophenol is fetotoxic in rats at oral dose levels ≥5 mg/kg/day. At the highest dose tested (500 ppm) in a fourth teratogenicity/reproductive toxicity study (Exon and Koller, 1982), there was a statistically nonsignificant decrease in litter size. The lowest dose tested (5 mg/kg/day) by Schwetz et al. (1977) was the lowest dose at which any evidence offetotoxicity, as indicated by delayed ossification, was observed. No adverse fetal or reproductive effects were reported at ≤3 mg/kg/day (Schwetz et al., 1977; Exon and Koller, 1982). In subchronic and chronic toxicity studies, adverse effects occurred primarily in the liver (Kerkvliet et al., 1982; Johnson et al., 1973; Knudsen et al. , 1974; Goldstein et al. , 1977; Kimbrough and Linder, 1978; Schwetz et al., 1977), the kidney (Johnson et al., 1973; Kimbrough and Linder, 1978; Schwetz et al., 1977) and the immune system (Kerkvliet et al., 1982). Knudsen et al. (1974) reported increased liver weights in female rats and centrilobu lar vacuolization in male rats exposed to diets containing ≧50 ppm commercial pentachlorophenol, which contained 282 ppm dioxins. In the remaining studies, increased liver weight (Johnson et al., 1973) and increased pigmentation of hepatocytes (Schwetz et al., 1977) were observed at oral doses of≥10 mg/kg/day (∼90%), and SGPT levels significantly increased in rats ingesting 30 mg/kg/day pentachloro phenol (∼90%) for 2 years (Schwetz et al., 1977). Increased kidney weight unaccompanied by renal histopathology was reported in rats exposed to dietary concentration ≧20 ppm of pentachlorophenol (>99%) for 8 months (Kimbrough and Linder, 1978) and in rats ingesting 30 mg/kg/day (∼90%) for 90 days (Johnson et al., 1973). Increased pigmentation of the renal tubular epithelial cells was re ported in rats ingesting 10 or 30 mg/kg/day pentachlorophenol for 2 years (Schwetz et al., 1977). Although decreased immunocompetence was reported in mice exposed to dietary levels of 50 or 500 ppm of pentachlorophenol (>99%) for 34 weeks (Kerkvliet et al., 1982), the decrease was statistically significant only at the higher dose. An ADI of 0.03 mg/kg/day or 2.1 mg/day for a 70 kg human was derivedfrom the NOAEL of 3 mg/kg/day in rats in the chronic dietary study by Schwetz et al. (1977). An uncertainty factor of 100 was used. An RQ of 100 was derived based on the fetotoxic effects of pen tachlorophenol in rats in the study by Schwetz et al. (1974). Based on guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment (U.S. EPA, 1984b) and inadequate evidence for animal carcinogenicity or absence of human cancer data, pentachlorophenol is classified as Group D, meaning that it is not classified as a human carcinogen.

The survey of these two sites was resumed on 1 July 1987. The Cremna season, directed by Stephen Mitchell, ran until 25 July; from 27 July to 20 August the team worked at Sagalassus under Marc Waelkens. The other participants were Mustafa Büyükkolancı, Sarah Cormack, Christopher Lightfoot and Edwin Owens (archaeologists), William Hargrove and Claire Robinson (student assistants), Anthea Cudworth, Robin Fursdon, Duncan Mallace, and Mark Willy (surveyors), Greg Horsley (epigraphist), and Kirsty Norman (conservator). Our representative was Sabri Aydal of Antalya Museum, who also provided valuable and expert assistance to the surveyors. We are grateful, as in previous seasons, to many local people for help and support: to Selçuk Başer, Ali Harmankaya and the staff of the Burdur Museum; to the officers of the Emniyet Müdürlüǧü at Burdur and of the Jandarma at Bucak and Aǧlasun; to the villagers at Çamlık, and to Sabit Kaya, Kaymakam of Aǧlasun, who provided us with accommodation. The work was funded by the British Academy, the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, the Craven Committee of Oxford University, the Roman Society, and the National Fund for Scientific Research (Belgium). Above all we are grateful to the Director General of Antiquities and Museums in Turkey, Nurettin Yardımcı, and to his staff, especially to Nimet Berkok and Mustafa Karahan, for granting permission for the survey and for much other assistance.

Pir Ali Muhammad Rashdi was an eminent Politician, literary figure, writer, journalist and a biographer, born in 15th August 1905 and died on 14th March 1987۔ He wrote more than one thousand articles in several News Papers like Jang, Wagan, Al-Rashid, Sindh Zamindar etc and he produced more than twenty books like Uhee Denhin Uhee Shenih and Cheen jee (diary), Now I want to critical view on his articles that were published in Daily Jang from 1964 to 1968, and they are selected۔

In 1987 Tunisian prime minister Zine al-'Abidine Ben 'Ali seized power from the ailing president, Habib Bourguiba. Less well-known is that Ben 'Ali's coup had preempted another coup plot planned for the following day. This article recounts the story of this latter plot, led by the November 8th Group, a coalition of about 200 individuals in the military, security forces, and the Islamic Tendency Movement (MTI). Drawing on memoirs and interviews, the article explores the plotters' motivations, post-takeover plans, and ultimate failure. It highlights how Bourguiba's coup-proofing strategies shaped the plot and its outcome, concluding with a discussion on the foiled coup's lasting impact on Tunisian civil-military relations.

Na krajnjem jugu velebitskog Podgorja, između Visočice i Kruščice, na području PP Velebit, nalazi se špilja s četiri jamska ulaza. Od glavnog, najvećeg ulaznog otvora (veličine 40 x 50 m), koji čini jama duboka sedamdesetak metara, špilja se pruža u smjeru sjeverozapada, gotovo pravocrtno, u duljini 900 m i dubine 195 m. Širina špiljskog kanala je 20 – 80 m što je čini posebno zanimljivom. Prvi ju je istražio, opisao te izradio njezin nacrt Senjanin Ivan Krajač 1932., a nastavili speleolozi iz Zagreba. U istraživanju Velebita 1961. zagrebački su speleolozi ponovno istražili špilju i topografski ju snimili. Jedno samostalno istraživanje obavio je Jerko Malinar (SO PDS Velebit iz Zagreba) 1978. i negdje pri kraju špilje pronašao novi kanal sa sifonskim jezerom, ali ga nije snimio. Ekipa zagrebačkih speleologa posjetila je Vrtlinu 2000. god. radi fotografiranja, i usput tražila nove dijelove, ali Malinarov kanal nije pronašla. Zadarski planinar Slavko Tomerlin 1987. ugradio je (uz pomoć speleologa) čeličnu sajlu za pridržavanje kod silaza niz strmu stijenu ulazne jame, duboke četrdesetak metara (do vrha sipara). Špilju su posjećivali i planinari i speleolozi, a zadnjih godina mnogo puta i biospeleolozi, proučavajući floru ulaznog dijela špilje i faunu njezine unutrašnjosti. Najveća zanimljivost špilje su golemi podzemni prostori s golemim kamenim blokovima palim sa stropa, ali i prekrasni špiljski ukrasi (saljevi, stalagmiti i stalaktiti u raznim bojama, te ekscentrične sige s velikim vidljivim kristalima). Još je 1932. Ivan Krajač predlagao špilju za turističko uređenje, što je prijedlog i danas, kada za to postoje mnogo veće tehničke mogućnosti.

This article is the result of library research. This research is included in the category of normative legal research. This research discussion aims to explain the istiḥān argument against the draft criminal sanctions law for perpetrators of illegal marriages. The researcher analyzed the data using istihsān bi al-maqāsid sharī'ah theory. The findings of this study are that the draft law regarding the provision of criminal sanctions against perpetrators of illegal marriages is not effectively implemented. This argument is based on the reading of legal material data with the theory of Istiḥsān bi maṣlaḥat al-mursalah. The legal reasoning put forward by Toeri istihsan is first, there are still many inadequate facilities in serving the implementation of Law Number 1 of 1974; second, less than optimal bureaucracy and background problems or motivation in carrying out marriages outside the institution of marriage registrar officials as well as conflicting government regulations with one another. The research data is read with the istiḥsān theory and results in the absence of mashlahah if the rules of criminal sanctions are applied. Keywords: Perpetrators of illegal marriages, Draft law, istiḥsān Daftar Pustaka Al Amin, Habibi. "Penciptaan Adam; Mendialogkan TafsiR Marah Labid dengan Teori Keadilan Gender." An-Nuha: Jurnal Kajian Islam, Pendidikan, Budaya Dan Sosial 1.1 (2014): 17-44. Al Amin, Habibi. "Tafsir Sufi Lata’ if al-Isyarat." SUHUF 9.1 (2016): 59-77. Al Amin, Habibi. "Guardians Concept in Qur'an Perspective." Shakhsiyah Burhaniyah: Jurnal Penelitian Hukum Islam 6.1 (2021): 95-114. Abd. al-Rahman al-Jazairi, 1969. al-Fiqh ‘ala al-Madzahib al-’Arba’ah, Kairo: Maktabah al- Tijariyyah. Abd. Rahman Dahlan, 2011. Ushul Fiqh, Cet. Ke-3, Jakarta: Amzah. Abdul Wahab Khallaf, Ilmu Ushulul Fiqh, Terj. Noer Iskandar Al-Bansany, dkk, 1989. “Kaidah-Kaidah Hukum Islam”, Jakarta: CV Rajawali. Abdurrahman Al-Jaziri, 1986. Kitab ‘ala Mazahib al-Arba’ah. (Beirut Libanon: Dar Ihya al-Turas al-Arabi. Abdurrahman, 2001. Kompilasi Hukum Islam, Jakarta : Akademika Pressindo. Abu Thayyib Muhammad Syamsul Haq, t.th. Awn al-Ma’bud ‘An Syarh Sunan Abu Dawud, Juz II, Beirut : Dar al-Im al-Malayin. Adillah, Siti Ummu. 2011. Analisis Hukum Terhadap Faktor-faktor yang melatarbelakangi Terjadinya Nikah Siri dan Dampaknya terhadap Perempuan (istri) dan Anak-anak. Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, Vol. 11. Al-Ainaini, Badran Abu. T.th. Ushul Fiqh al-Islamiy. Mesir: Mu‟assasah Syabab alIskandariyah. Alam, Syariful. 2011. Kontroversi Rancangan Undang Undang Hukum Materiil Peradilan Agama (RUU HMPA) (Studi Pandangan Para Kiai Ponorogo tentang Sanksi Pidana Perkawinan yang tidak dicatatkan), Tesis (Malang: Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim. Al-Amidi, Abu al-Hasan ‘Ali bin Abi ‘Ali (t.t.), al-Ihkam fi Us ul al-Ahkam, j. 4. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah. Al-Amidy, Abu al-Hasan Ali. 1983. Al-Ihkam fi ushul al-ahkam. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah. Al-Asyqor, Usamah. T.th. Mustajaddat Fiqhiyyah fi Qodhoya Zawaj wa Tholaq. Al-Bazdawi, ALauddi Abdul Aziz. 1991. Kasyfu al-Asrar Syarhu Ushul al-bazdawi, Tahqiq Muhammad al-Mu’tshim Billahi. Beirut: Dar al-kitab al-‘Arabi. Al-Bukhari, ‘Ala’ al-Din ‘Abd al-‘Aziz bin Ahmad bin Muhammad, (1997), Kasyf al-Asrar ‘an Us ul Fakhr al-Islam al- Bazdaw I , j. 4. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah. Al-Dimsyaqy, Ibnu Qudamah. 1978. Raudhah an-nadhir wa junnah al-anadhir. Beirut: Muassasah al-Risalah. Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid Muhammad bin Muhammad (1997), al-Musta sfa min ‘Ilm al-Us ul, j. 1. Beirut: Mu’assah al-Risalah. Ali Ahmad al-Jurjani, 1974. Hikmah al-Tasyre’ wa Falsafatuhu, Beirut, Dar al-Fikri. Al-Jazari, Syamsuddin Muhammad Ibn Yusuf. 1993. Mi‟râj Al-Minhâj Syarh Minhâj Al-Wushûl Ila Ilmi Al-Ushûl Li Al- Qâdhî Al-Baidhâwî, cet I. jilid II. Al-Mahalli, Jalal al-Din Muhammad bin Ahmad (1999), Jam‘ al-Jawami‘, j. 2. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah. Al-Qadi al-‘Idid, ‘Abd al-Rahman bin Ahmad al-Iiji (2000), “Syarh al-‘I did ‘ala Mukhtasar al-Muntaha al-Us uli”. Beirut:Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah. Al-Qathan, Manna’. 1996. Tarikh Tasyri‟ Al-Islami (At-Tasyri‟ Wa Al-Fiqh), Muassasah Risalah. Al-Tufi, Sulayman bin ‘Abd al-Qawi bin al-Karim. (1987). Syarh Mukhtasar al-Rawdah. j. 3. Kaherah: Muassasah al-Risalah. Al-Zarkasyi, Badr al-Din Muhammad bin ‘Abdullah, (2000), al-Bahr al-Muhit fi Us ul al-Fiqh, j. 4. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah. Amnawaty dan Wati Rahmi Ria, 2008. Hukum dan Hukum Islam. Bandar Lampung: Penerbit Universitas Lampung. Andi Hamzah, 1983. Suatu Tinjauan Ringkas Sistem Pemidanaan di Indonesia, Jakarta: Akademika Pressindo. Aziz, Amir Abdul. 1997. Ushûl Fiqh Al-Islâmî, t.tp: Darussalam. Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, Muhammad bin ‘Umar bin al-Husayn, (1992), al-Mahs ul fi Us ul al-Fiqh, j. 6. Beirut: Mu’assah al-Risalah. Fakhr al-Din al-Raziy,t.th. Mafatih al-Ghayb (Tafsir al-Kabir), Juz III, Beirut : Mu’assah al-Risalah. Ibn al-Hajib, Jamal al-Din ‘Uthman bin ‘Umar (2000), “Mukhtasar al-Muntaha al-Us uli”, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah. Ibn al-Najjar, Taqi al-Din Muhammad bin Ahmad (1997), Syarh al-Kawkab al-Munir, j. 4. Riyadh: Maktabah al-‘Abaykan. Ibn al-Qayyim al-Jauziyyah, t.th. I’lam al-Muwaqqi’in, Jilid VI, Beirut : Dar al-Fikr. Ibn Qudamah, ‘Abdullah bin Ahmad. (1987). Rawdah al-Na zir. j. 3. Kaherah: Mu’assasah al-Risalah. Ibnu Nujaim, t.th. al-Asybah wa Nadhair, Beirut : Dar al-Fikr. Taufiqurrahman, Zaky Fajar, and Habibi Al Amin. "Desain Pembelajaran Literasi Kitab Kuning Melalui Metode Sorogan dalam Meningkatkan Pemahaman Agama Islam." Syntax Literate; Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia 6.2 (2021): 1467-1474.

Pisec uvodoma opiše izkušnje ob nastajanju Pravil slovenskega pravopisa (1987), pri katerem je več let sodeloval in zavzemal odklonilno stališče npr. do svojilnih pridevnikov hibridnega tipa Horačev, Properčev (ali Leibničev itd). V nadaljevanju razčlenjuje dileme ob naglaševanju antičnih geografskih in lastnih imen, ki so presenetljivo podobne tistim, s katerimi so se srečevali že antični in poznejši gramatiki ob naglaševanju grških imen v latinščini. V slovenski tradiciji se je namreč tudi pri izvirno grških imenih udomačil večkrat latinski akcent, pri nekaterih pa se je po ovinku prek francoščine ali nemščine ugnezdil akcent, ki nima opore ne v grščini ne v latinščini. Pisec se zavzema za ohranitev ustaljenih akcentov pri pogosto rabljenih, že dolgo udomačenih antičnih imenih. Pri redkejših imenih pa naj bo strokovnjakom dana pravica, da lahko ohranjajo prvotni antični akcent, ne da bi bila taka praksa a priori izključena iz organizma žive slovenščine s slabšalno oznako „citatna“ oblika. Še zlasti pa se zavzema za pravico knjižnih prevajalcev, da v poetičnih prevodih prilagajajo akcent osebnih imen ritmiki in zakonitostim heksametra ali drugih antičnih metričnih obrazcev.

This research aims to explain how Indonesia's Diplomatic Relations with Brunei Darussalam developed in the 1984-1998 period. The research method used is a historical method consisting of heuristics, source criticism or verification, interpretation and historiography. In collecting sources, the author uses sources from contemporary newspapers and source books related to the discussion. The results of this research are that Indonesia and Brunei Darussalam have had good relations since the time of the kingdoms in the archipelago. One proof of this good relationship is the kinship between the Brunei Royal family and the Majapahit Kingdom. During the Guided Democracy era, Indonesia and Brunei had cold relations due to differences in political views between President Sukarno and the Sultan of Brunei Sir Omar Ali Saifuddin III regarding the movement for the Unitary State of North Kalimantan led by A.M. Azahari. During President Suharto's time, Indonesia restarted diplomatic relations with Brunei Darussalam which began in 1981 until official diplomatic relations in January 1984. In its development until May 1998, Indonesia's diplomatic relations with Brunei Darussalam went well with a high spirit of friendship. This can be seen through various collaborations in various fields such as politics, economics, education and tourism. The political and economic fields are the most impressive areas in diplomatic relations between the two countries. One of them is that Brunei Darussalam provided an interest-free loan to Indonesia in 1987.

The article discusses the typical features in the dramatic opus of writer Rudi Šeligo. Many of his literary texts and essays were created as a response to the challenges of the time of their creation and against the stifling socialist politics. These works helped in the formation of an independent critical public, and spoke in favour of the establishment and operation of a legal state. As far as drama is concerned, Šeligo was proof of the liveliness, vivacity, and capacity of Slovene playwriting. He belonged to the magical theatre whose aim was to bring to life the oppressed and forgotten human being, the human being of magical-mythic culture. With it, the author pointed to that which is most lacking in this day and age. In his plays Čarovnica iz Zgornje Davče (The Witch from Zgornja Davča, 1977), Lepa Vida (Beautiful Vida, 1977) and Svatba (The Wedding, 1981) the playwright made prominent the multi-faceted symbolic meaning, the so-called non-verbal expressions, i.e. facial language, body-space movement, make-up, lighting, and set effects, convinced that the staging of a play has to surpass the dramatic text. In his plays Ana (1984) and Volčji čas ljubezni (Wolfish Time of Love, 1988) he portrays the abuse of a human being as an individual in the revolution, while in Slovenska savna (The Slovene Sauna, 1987) he writes about the torments of the boring Slovene middle class. His plays Razveza ali sveta sarmatska kri (A Divorce or the Holy Sarmat Blood, 1995) and Kamenje bi zagorelo (The Stones Would Catch Fire, 2000), both linked to the bloody disintegration of the former Yugoslav Republic, are an expression of the writer’s protest against political fanaticism. In all his plays Rudi Šeligo pays special attention to his female characters that remain cheated of their longings.

A list of 21 species of macroscopic marine algae (Chlorophyta, Phaeopyta, Rhodophyta) is presented. AlI of them founded in Tramandaí and Imbé, north coast of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The cited marine algae were obteined from the substrate, by scraping method, during the years of 1983 and 1984. Sporadical collecting was effected also throughout 1985, 1986 and 1988.

Abstract Paclobutrazol was applied to soil around 5-year-old ‘Redhaven’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees at rates of 0, 1.1, 2.2, and 4.4 g a.i./tree in Dec. 1982. Trunk and shoot growth suppression in 1983 were related to application rate, but there was no treatment effect in 1984 or 1985. Yield and fruit size were not influenced in 1983 by treatment, but treated trees produced less fruit than control trees in 1985. Rate of defoliation was negatively related to concentration in 1984, and bloom development was positively related to concentration in 1985 following a single treatment in 1982. Chemical names used: β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-l,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).

Lemdana wernaarti n.sp. from connective tissue around the lower trachea of Bubo virginianus and Asio otus in Ontario, Canada, is distinguished by a single pair of caudal papillae, a preanal swelling, and a spicular length ratio of 4:1. The generic diagnosis of Lemdana Seurat, 1917 is emended and Singhfilaria Rasheed, 1960, Ameeria Ali, 1961, and Lemdanella Sonin, 1963, are placed in its synonymy. Eight valid species are recognized, including Lemdana pavonica (Rasheed, 1960) n.comb., Lemdana sultanae (Ali, 1961) n.comb., and Lemdana hayesi (Anderson and Prestwood, 1969) n.comb. Four additional species (Lemdana subspirallis (Diesing, 1851); Lemdana behningi Levashov, 1929; Lemdana lomonti Desportes, 1947; and Lemdana dartevellei Ezzat and Tadros, 1958) are considered species incertae sedis, and Eulimdana cypseli (Annett, Dutton, and Elliott, 1901) n.comb. is proposed for Lemdana cypseli (Annett, Dutton, and Elliot, 1901) Bartlett and Anderson, 1980. Splendidofilaria caperata Hibler, 1964 and a bossate Splendidofilaria sp. were also found in Asio otus; this is the first report of S. caperata in nonpasseriform birds. A key is given to the 16 genera containing filarioids parasitizing birds. Literature references to recent generic reviews and subsequent species descriptions are given and the following are proposed: Aproctella thahari (Gupta and Kumar, 1977) n.comb. for Carinema thahari Gupta and Kumar, 1977; Chandlerella hepatica (Schmidt and Kuntz, 1970) n.comb. for Parornithofilaria hepatica Schmidt and Kuntz, 1970; Aprocta pitangi (Vicente, Pinto, and Noronha, 1981) n.comb. for Ornithofilaria pitangi Vicente, Pinto, and Noronha, 1981; and Aprocta longispiculum (Ilyas, 1980) n.comb. for Splendidofilaria longispiculum Ilyas, 1981. The number of valid species in each genus is also indicated; only six genera have more than 10 species and five genera are monotypic.

AbstractThis article examines changes in Tunisian political and societal life that allowed the country's second attempt at political opening (beginning in 2011) to introduce deeper, more long-lasting changes in its political system as compared to the first attempt (beginning in 1987).1 The article argues that three such changes in particular—the increased role of regime moderates; the development of a network of civil society groups and political activists; and the use of inclusion, negotiation, and consensus—allowed the second attempt to unfold differently. The article also briefly discusses developments in the international context between the two attempts. The article contributes to existing studies of regime change and political transition as well as to historical considerations of Tunisian political developments more broadly.

The occasion for the present article was the appearance for sale in a London auction of the portrait, apparently by the Scottish painter Sir William Allan 1782–1850), reproduced here on p1. I. It represented a young Persian gentleman in mid-nineteenth-century dress. On the back was a label in a later hand, which read:‘Muzjd [read Mirza?] Mohammed AH Bey / Professor of Oriental Languages / University of Hazan / Painted by Sir William All…’.On 26 March 1987 the present writer received an inquiry from the cataloguer, Karen Taylor, seeking help with the identification of the sitter and his place of residence. Some rapid inquiries were made at the time, from which it appeared that the university was probably that of Kazan in eastern Russia, and that the sitter may have had some connexion with a teacher of Persian known to the celebrated Russian Orientalist V. V. Bartol'd. However, records relating to Kazan then available in London were insufficient to support a definite identification. The portrait was sold as Lot no. 352 in the auction held on 4th November 1987, and was reproduced in the catalogue of the sale.Subsequent research, and inquiries in Russia, have brought forth fuller information about the sitter, a person whose career was unusual and distinguished, and who may be considered one of the founders of Oriental Studies at St. Petersburg. In spite of the time which has passed since the sale, it seems worth while to put the resulting information on record.

Kliniku za dječje bolesti Zagreb čini sklop zgrada u zapadnom dijelu bloka Klaićeva, Kačićeva, Deželićeva i Medulićeva ulica. Još od 1951. godine, kada je zgrada Fischerova Sanatorija (1909.) prenamijenjena u Dječju bolnicu, kontinuirano se traži način da se izvorni sadržaji prilagode novim namjenama i novim tehnologijama. Dogradnjama 1956. (V. Turina), 1964. (S. Jovičić) i 1987. (M. Vodička) te nizom sporadičnih adaptacija i rekonstrukcija prostor se pokušava objediniti u tehnološku cjelinu. Formalno je zadržana prepoznatljivost sklopa, ali parcijalne dogradnje i realizirani programi nisu osigurali potpunu funkcionalnost bolnice kao cjeline.

Abstract This study aims to highlight the difficulties of translating Al-Mušākalah in the Holy Qurʾan into English by selecting six pairs that involve this phenomenon. It examines the accuracy of the English renditions of these expressions in five well-known English translations of the Holy Qurʾan, namely: Sahih International (1997), Yusuf Ali (1982), Abdel-Haleem (2005), Al-Hilali & Khan (2018), and Shakir (1987), based on a number of popular exegeses in the Islamic world. The English equivalents selected by the translators were looked up in Collins English Dictionary to check their compatibility with the interpretations given in the exegeses. The study found that the translators could not fully reflect the slight differences between the homonymous pairs in some cases. The translation of Al-Hilali and Khan was the most successful in achieving the intended meanings, followed by Yusuf Ali’s. Shakir and Abdel-Haleem had almost the same level of accuracy, and Sahih International translation was the least consistent with the Qurʾanic interpretations.

The number of Arabic documents and manuscripts of historical significance found in the Sudan is constantly growing. The national repository for such material is the National Records Office (NRO) in Khartoum, but a substantial collection of photographed, photocopied, and microfilmed documents has also been built up at the Department of History, University of Bergen, Norway. Most of this material has been brought together as a result of fieldwork in various parts of the Sudan in connection with historical research. However, at the end of the 1970s the NRO launched a campaign to collect private documents in the rural areas, with good results. Another step in the same direction was taken in 1986, when a four years' cooperative project between the Department of History, University of Bergen, Norway, and the NRO in Khartoum, was started. Organized joint field expeditions were planned and carried out from 1987 onwards for the purpose of locating and photographing private documents. This project is financed by the Norwegian Aid Agency (NORAD) and the University of Bergen, and is part of a larger program of cooperation with the University of Khartoum. Bjørkelo is the project leader on the Bergen side and Dr. Ali S. Karrar is the local coordinator in the NRO. The 1987 expedition went to al-Matamma, al-Dāmar, Berber, Ghubush, and Kadabās in the north and photographed 196 documents. The following year various religious centres of the Gezira were visited and another 96 documents were photographed. Research on these acquisitions is planned or in progress.

In the main experiment, the effectiveness of tetrapion, glyphosate and 2,2-DPA in selectively removing Eragrostis curvula from a Phalaris aquatica pasture was determined by applying each at three rates in July 1980, September 1980, December 1980 and March 1981 near Braidwood, New South Wales. Auxiliary experiments were conducted from April 1981 to April 1983 to determine the reliability of herbicide effect on E. curvula. Tetrapion (2.25 and 3.375 kg/ha a.i.) was the most effective herbicide in killing E. curvula and promoting P. aquatica and Trifolium subterraneum. It was more selective when applied in September 1980 and December 1980 than when applied in July 1980 or March 198 1. Re-infestation by E. curvula seedlings in the 3 years after spraying with tetrapion amounted to a maximum of 3% of ground cover. In the auxiliary experiments, tetrapion was effective on all nine occasions of application, which demonstrated its reliability and effectiveness at any time of the year. Glyphosate (1.08 and 1.62 kg/ha a.i.) was effective in killing E. curvula in March 1981 but this result could not be repeated in March 1982 or March 1983 or in nine other applications at other times in these years. 2,2-DPA (maximum rate 22.2 kg/ha a.i.) was ineffective in killing E. curvula at four times of application. Recovery of the P. aquatica pasture after treatment declined in the order: tetrapion >2,2-DPA>glyphosate.

Ivan Raos (Medov Dolac kraj Imotskoga, 1921. – Split, 1987.) hrvatski je književnik vrlo raznolikoga, tematski i stilski vrlo razvedenoga opusa. Među Raosovim je romanima i Kraljičin vitez (1976.), za koji stručnjaci kažu da je povijesna fikcija u feljtonskom obliku. U podnaslovu romana piše “roman iz doba kraljice Jelene”. Na kraju romana Kraljičin vitez Raos je napisao “Napomenu”, u kojoj žali što za hrvatsku povijest nemamo više izvora. No književnika Raosa nisu povijesna znanja zanimala samo kao građa za njegova djela, nego ga je povijesna znanost zanimala kao takva, posebice znanost o hrvatskoj prošlosti i nije odolio da u rečenoj “Napomeni” ne predbaci hrvatskoj historiografiji nedosljednosti u rekonstruiranju događaja iz hrvatske povijesti. U ovom se radu najviše govori o tome kako Raos prikazuje hrvatske glagoljaše i kako vidi njihov odnos sa svećenicima latinskoga obreda. Na više mjesta u romanu upozorava na skromnost naših kulturnih spomenika i naše pismenosti, ali nas poziva da svoje volimo, da svoje istražujemo, da se svojim ponosimo, da ne padnemo pod utjecaj onih koji bi neprekidno u nama htjeli razvijati osjećaj maline i nemoći, ali isto tako da pokušamo realno vidjeti dimenzije svega ostvarenoga i da pri usporedbi s ostvarenjima drugih sredina ne iskazujemo navijačke strasti.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap masalah sosial masyarakat Balbala setelah distrik ini resmi menjadi salah satu bagian dari Djibouti City pada tahun 1987. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif dengan memanfaatkan teori sosiologi sastra dari Swingewood berupa refleksi sosial. Data penelitian meliputi data primer—berupa kata, kalimat, maupun paragraf—dan data sekunder—berupa pernyataan-pernyataan dari buku-buku, literatur-literatur, catatan-catatan, dan laporan penelitian—. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode pengumpulan data berupa penandaan data primer pada objek material dan pencarian data sekunder dengan studi pustaka; metode analisis data menggunakan deskriptif analitik dan sosiologi sastra; metode penyajian data menggunakan metode penyajian informal. Hasil penelitian ini adalah ditemukan beberapa masalah sosial masyarakat Balbala, yaitu banyaknya pengungsi, merajalelanya kemiskinan, maraknya kasus pelacuran, banyaknya orang dengan gangguan jiwa (ODGJ) terlantar, budaya tato sebagai representasi kejahatan, dan munculnya tradisi mengunyah Khat. Berbagai masalah sosial tersebut koheren dengan fakta-fakta kemanusiaan yang terjadi di Distrik Balbala.

Este artigo apresenta uma proposta de leitura do livro Terra sem Mal – um mistério bufante e deleitoso (2015), de Waldo Motta, poeta brasileiro contemporâneo. Nessa obra, sob uma perspectiva religiosa, homoerótica e escatológica, Waldo ressignifica o tema da busca da Yvy marã’ey ou Terra sem Mal – crença guarani que anuncia a existência de uma terra indestrutível –, afirmando que esta terra prometida pode ser encontrada no próprio corpo, em sua parte traseira. A partir do pensamento de Georges Bataille (1987, 2007), a obra de Motta pode ser considerada como um projeto cujo objetivo se traduziria na busca pelo êxtase místico, alcançado por meio da sexualidade vivida em sua plenitude.

This work focuses on a contextualized understanding of ‘autocratic authoritarianism’ in Tunisia without approaching its peculiarities in reference to the ideal type of capitalist-liberal democracy and teleological democratization assumptions but instead on its own merits as a Tunisian civilian dictatorship (1957–2010). This latter is reminiscent of French colonial authoritarianism (1881–1956) and traditional beylic monarchic absolutism (1705–1957). For more than half a century, the Tunisian autocratic political system functioned as state-manufactured nationalist-populist authoritarianism associated with a presidential hegemonic ruling party, two successive autocratic presidents and their subservient oppressive elites. The diachronic survey of Tunisia’s political system encompasses the early years of autocracy, under the autocratic rule of the first president of the Republic Bourguiba, 1957–87, as well as the various stages of its consolidation into a police-security state with the second autocrat-President, Ben Ali, 1987–2011. This study also explores the reasons behind the durability of the ruling authoritarian-autocratic elites who played a decisive role in shaping state-society relations under the first and second president and left an indelible mark on the Tunisian polity beyond the 2010 ‘popular uprisings’. Therefore, the question is how, throughout the 2010 ‘Jasmine Revolution’, anti-democratic forces mutated in Tunisian politics in such a way that the end of ‘autocracy’, brought about by people’s uprisings, did not translate into social transformations, economic gains and ‘popular sovereignty’? Put more bluntly, why does the ‘revolution’ remain ‘unfinished’ and the transition ‘endless’ or ‘blocked’?

Ключові слова: освіта, вища освіта, педагогічні заклади вищої освіти, Уманський педагогічний університет. Анотація У статті висвітлено історичні та історіографічні дослідження, які стосуються розвитку та реформування вищої педагогічної освіти загалом та Уманського державного педагогічного університету зокрема. Показано узагальнювальні праці вчених з історії вищої педагогічної освіти, про особливості становлення і розвитку педагогічних інститутів та діяльність їх структурних підрозділів і науково-педагогічних кадрів в Україні, зокрема на Черкащині. Проаналізовано праці, присвячені історії Уманського державного педагогічного університету імені Павла Тичини, де розглянуто окремі періоди діяльності інституту, його підрозділів та окремих викладачів. Посилання 70 rokiv Drohobytskomu universytetu, 2010 – 70 rokiv Drohobytskomu pedahohichnomu universytetu imeni Ivana Franka. Molod i rynok [70 years of Drohobych Pedagogical University named after Ivan Franko]. 2010. № 9. S 5-7. [in Ukrainian]. 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In this essay, I analyze the changes that were brought to the handwritten draft of the first political address that Ben Ali, the current president of Tunisia (then the newly appointed Prime Minister), delivered on November 7, 1987 across the airwaves, to announce the deposition of President Bourguiba (1956–1987), and to proclaim himself the successor of the deposed ‘old’ and ‘sick’ president. Through the description and linguistic analysis of some excerpts, I demonstrate how the linguistic changes capture the processes whereby the new ‘presidential’ voice and discursive authority are being crafted in front of our eyes and how the speaker is being initiated, linguistically and pragmatically, into how and when to appropriate “the colloquy of other voices” (Farmer 1995: 318), their discourses and words, and how and when to subtly speak their own voice and words while respecting the pragmatics of appropriateness and appropriation, i.e. norms of what can be said, what cannot be stated or acknowledged, and what can be appropriated and how and when it can be appropriated in order to find a balance between competing voices (Bakhtin 1986), words, and linguistic habituses (Bourdieu 1991). By the same token, the analysis explores the intricate interweaving of text and discourse regulation, valuation of forms of speaking and styles of speaking, and political ideology. The analysis of the linguistic changes offers fertile ground to conceptualize ways to bridge the gap between the micro-analysis of linguistic patterns and the macro-processes of social and political factors, knowing that “much of the meaning and hence communicative value that linguistic forms have for their speakers lies in the ‘indexical’ connections between the linguistic signs and the contextual factors of their use” (Kroskrity 2000:7).

Članek prikaže, kako se z osebnim spominom najlaže približamo kolektivnemu spominu. Takšno je tudi sporočilo francoskega umetnika Christiana Boltanskega (roj. l. 1944). Njegove instalacije sugerirajo tragično usodo žrtev druge svetovne vojne, in sicer tako, da so na njih razstavljeni predmeti, ki vzbudijo empatijo do kolektivnih spominov na osebni ravni prek čustvenega spomina (nošena oblačila, stare fotografije in knjige itd.). Na drugi strani platna nemškega slikarja Anselma Kieferja (prav tako roj. l. 1944) spomine na drugo svetovno vojno obudijo na podlagi kolektivnih (germanskih) mitov in osebnih spominov na povojni čas. V zadnjem delu članka avtorica obravnava opus slovenskega slikarja Zorana Mušiča (1909–2005), zlasti serijo del Nismo poslednji (1970–1987), ki jih je umetnik ustvaril na podlagi svojih bolečih izkušenj v koncentracijskem taborišču Dachau. Članek se zaključi z razmislekom o simbolni vrednosti umetnosti, o tem, ali simbolno vrednotenje neke umetnine zmanjšuje njeno konkretno vrednost.

Članek prikaže, kako se z osebnim spominom najlaže približamo kolektivnemu spominu. Takšno je tudi sporočilo francoskega umetnika Christiana Boltanskega (roj. l. 1944). Njegove instalacije sugerirajo tragično usodo žrtev druge svetovne vojne, in sicer tako, da so na njih razstavljeni predmeti, ki vzbudijo empatijo do kolektivnih spominov na osebni ravni prek čustvenega spomina (nošena oblačila, stare fotografije in knjige itd.). Na drugi strani platna nemškega slikarja Anselma Kieferja (prav tako roj. l. 1944) spomine na drugo svetovno vojno obudijo na podlagi kolektivnih (germanskih) mitov in osebnih spominov na povojni čas. V zadnjem delu članka avtorica obravnava opus slovenskega slikarja Zorana Mušiča (1909–2005), zlasti serijo del Nismo poslednji (1970–1987), ki jih je umetnik ustvaril na podlagi svojih bolečih izkušenj v koncentracijskem taborišču Dachau. Članek se zaključi z razmislekom o simbolni vrednosti umetnosti, o tem, ali simbolno vrednotenje neke umetnine zmanjšuje njeno konkretno vrednost.

O tema deste artigo refere-se às memórias da Associação de Leitura do Brasil (ALB), entidade que, há quase quatro décadas, congrega interesses relativos à leitura e ao livro como interfaces da educação. A associação tem promovido, ao longo dos anos, um conjunto de iniciativas em prol da leitura e do livro no Brasil através de eventos significativos como o Congresso de Leitura do Brasil (COLE) e publicações como a revista Leitura: Teoria e Prática, editada desde 1982. A análise centralizou o período de criação da entidade até sua consolidação, cuja extensão inclui as primeiras edições dos Congressos de Leitura do Brasil (1978 a 1981), a fundação da ALB (1981) e as eleições da primeira diretoria da entidade em 1983. Os referenciais teóricos utilizados aqui como suporte metodológico fazem parte do domínio da História Cultural.

摘要1987年台灣報禁解除，政府新聞局對於雜誌的控管僅限於色情刊物。台灣女性消費者藉由其視域(the visual field)的力量，複製到觸域(the contact zone)的親身體驗，卻於其全球化的過程中，盡情擁抱歐美名牌精品，睥睨忽視其傳統服飾之存在性。 此「國際中文版」的意涵，真有文化交流認知功用，抑或只是「哈日哈歐」的仿擬複製(simulation)？ 本文所希冀的正是一個從「存有論」、「認識論」的角度思考自解嚴之後，台灣於另一文化帝國主義之下的視覺權力矛盾性，嘗試探索於建國百年之際，此蕞爾小島女性追求視覺想像與身體自主之內在衝突。關鍵字: 視覺權力, 現代衝突性, 國際中文版, 文化帝國主義, VOGUEIzvlečekPo odpravi nadzora nad časopisnimi licencami na Tajvanu leta 1987 je vladni urad za informiranje nadziral le pornografske publikacije. Tajvanske bralke so pri branju ženskih modnih revij »izrezale« vizualno polje s kontekstom kitajskega prevoda in ga »zlepile« s kontaktnim poljem osebnih izkušenj. Medtem ko so strastno prevzemale ameriške in evropske dizajnerske kolekcije, so brezbrižno ignorirale obstoj tradicionalnih oblačil. Ali »kitajska mednarodna izdaja« tako razkriva kognitivno funkcijo kulturnih izmenjav ali gre le za manijo v posnemanju Japonske/Zahoda? Pričujoči članek z vidika ontologije in epistemologije proučuje protislovje vizualne moči v drugem kulturnem imperializmu Tajvana ter poskuša raziskati kulturne konflikte, vizualno predstavo in notranje konflikte bralk na otoku Formosa.Ključne besede: vizualna moč, moderni konflikti, kitajska mednarodna izdaja, kulturni imperializem, VOGUE

Between 1982 and 1984 studies were conducted into captan disappearance from the fruit of field- and greenhouse-grown tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). Captan was applied to field-grown tomatoes at 1.8 kg ha−1 a.i. in August 1982 and 1983, and to greenhouse tomatoes at 1.9 kg ha−1 in May 1983 and 1984. Initial residues in both cases were below 1.5 mg kg−1. Significant declines in residue occurred by day 2 (1983) or day 3 (1982) for field-grown tomatoes and residues were below 0.1 mg kg−1 by day 14 (1982) or day 15 (1983). The decline in field tomatoes was correlated with rainfall. With greenhouse tomatoes the residue did not significantly decline by day 15 in 1983 and significantly increased by day 15 in 1984.Key words: Tomato (field and greenhouse), Lycopersicon esculentum L., captan, residue decline

Metaphors are an essential part of human experience. Each person depends on their everyday experience in relation to the linguistic system so that an image is created in their mind. The purpose of this study is to investigate metaphors of emotions in the Glorious Quran from a cognitive perspective. Throughout conceptual metaphors, readers structure and understand the abstract concepts in terms of more concrete ones. They perform more significant functions when they are used in the language of the Glorious Qur’an which has intellectual, psychological and aesthetical significances. Using a three-dimensional model to analyze the data which consists of the following; First, Lakoff and Johnson's Metaphors We Live By in its two editions (1980) and (2003). Second, Arabic data depends on Al-Hayani (Metaphor in The Glorious Qur'an: Its Patterns and Rhetorical Meanings) (2016) who classifies meanings into three types; intellectual, psychological and aesthetic. Third, Newmarks' (1988) model of translation is also adopted. In this study, six Ayahs contain different types of emotions from the Glorious Quran are analyzed. The miraculous nature of the Glorious Qur'an is represented by its language which, unlike ordinary language, underlies variety of meanings. As a result, three translations are chosen; Pickhtall (1930), Ali (1987) and Hilali and Khan (1996). This study concludes that metaphors of emotions have a decisive role in our daily experience.

In Tunisia under Ben Ali (1987–2011), marked human rights rhetoric coincided with intense repression. This points to a more general puzzle: what happens when authoritarian regimes uphold their repressive power maintenance agendas while simultaneously trying to avoid negative international consequences? This article argues that authoritarian decision-makers attempt to evade negative consequences from international audiences by applying cushioning strategies in the form of obfuscation, rhetorical justification and/or procedural justification. In that way, they adapt their repressive tactics and manipulate the visibility and perception of their repressive behavior. Ben Ali’s main strategy was to obfuscate, i.e. to deny and cover repression. However, as international audiences are far from applying the same yardstick to all human rights violations, ruling elites often repress targets differently depending on whether audiences have links and sympathy. Again, this becomes apparent in the Tunisian case study, from which hypotheses are generated for future research.

The present systematic review examines Glenn Fulcher’s contributions, works, philosophy, and research in language testing and assessment. The data includes his published articles, book chapters, books and interviews (except the one in this special issue) relevant to language testing and assessment from 1987 to March 2022. This study is conducted in two stages: From the sources, Ali Panahi and Hassan Mohebbi derived 127 commonly used main themes, 43 statistical and instrumental concepts, and 14 domains to create a framework for the analysis. We discovered that his research interests were wide-ranging. However, there was a focus on assessing speaking, rating scale design, validity, language assessment literacy and pedagogy, and the broader understanding of the role of assessment from a philosophical and societal perspective. Our analysis provides an overall understanding of the main themes, key concepts and major implications of Glenn Fulcher’s work. In the second stage of the study, Glenn presents his personal discussion and reflection of this systematic review.

Abstract Metalaxyl plus PCNB or metalaxyl plus tolclofos-methyl were field tested in 1985–1987 in Oklahoma for their effect on pod rot of Florunner and Spanco peanut caused by Pythium spp. and Rhizoctonia solani. Total a.i. (kg/ha) of metalaxyl and PCNB applied in 1985, 1986 and 1987 were 1.12 and 11.2, 1.12 and 11.2 and 0.92 and 7.40. respectively. Total a.i. (kg/ha) of metalaxyl plus tolclofos-methyl applied in 1986 and 1987 were 1.34 and 3.36 and 1.12 and 2.24, respectively. Fungicides reduced pod rot severity on both cultivars at 2–8 wks prior to harvest; at harvest, however, none of the reductions were significant (P≤0.05). Yield increases were measured from 111–579 kg/ha, but few increases were significant (P≤0.05). Fungicides generally reduced the number of Pythium propagules in soil at several sampling dates, but few of the reductions were significant (P≤0.05). In 1986 and 1987 populations of Pythium spp. in soil peaked at 60 and 75 days, respectively, then declined. At these peaks treated soils generally had fewer Pythium propagules than nontreated soils. Populations of Pythium spp. were not significantly reduced at harvest. Populations of R. solani were highly variable over the seasons and control was erratic from year to year. In combination with metalaxyl, tolclofos-methyl was no more effective than PCNB in reducing pod rot or populations of R. solani. Populations of R. solani at harvest were not significantly (P≤0.05) reduced by the fungicide combinations.

U cilju utvđivanja efekata koje na percepciju bračnog kvaliteta, kod žena, ima bračni lokus kontrole, uz praćenje efekata bračne nestabilnosti i dužine braka, ispitana je 1821 žena, starosti od 19 do 75 godina. Bračni lokus kontrole je meren Skalom doživljaja lične efikasnosti u rešavanju bračnih konflikata (Perceived efficacy in solving intimate conflict scale: Fincham & Bradbury, 1987), bračna nestabilnost je izražena Indeksom bračne nestabilnosti (Martial Instability Index: Booth, Johnson, & Edwards, 1983), a percipirani kvalitet braka je meren Skalom prilagođenosti u bračnom odnosu (Dyadic Adjustment Scale – DAS: Spanier, 1976). U obradi prikupljenih podataka, primenjene su četiri hijerarhijske regresione analize, u kojima su kriterijske varijable bile subdimenzije kvaliteta bračnog odnosa: konsenzus, dijadno zadovoljstvo, afektivno-seksualna usaglašenost i kohezivnost. U cilju kontrole uticaja prediktorskih varijabli, u analizu je u prvom koraku uključena dužina braka, u drugom bračana nestabilnost, a u trećem koraku je ispitan odnos bračnog lokusa kontrole i pojedinačnih dimenzija kvaliteta braka. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata možemo zaključiti da je doživljaj lične efikasnosti u rešavanju bračnih konflikata, kod žena, dobar pokazatelj prvenstveno stepena njihovog zadovoljstva brakom, ali i njihove procene stepena slaganja sa bračnim partnerom po pitanjima koja su od značaja za svakodnevno funkcionisanje. S druge strane, na osnovu procene bračnog lokusa kontrole u manjoj meri možemo zaključivati o bračnoj kohezivnosti i stepenu afektivno-seksualne usaglašenosti supružnika. Procena bračne nestabilnosti povećava stepen razumevanja različitih aspekata kvaliteta braka, dok je doprinos samog vremena koje su supružnici proveli u braku, iako statistički značajan, praktično zanemariv.