Дисертації з теми "Algae Effect of heavy metals on"
Щоб переглянути інші типи публікацій з цієї теми, перейдіть за посиланням: Algae Effect of heavy metals on.
Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями
Ознайомтеся з топ-50 дисертацій для дослідження на тему "Algae Effect of heavy metals on".
Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.
Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.
Переглядайте дисертації для різних дисциплін та оформлюйте правильно вашу бібліографію.
1
Linnane, Kevin. "The effects of heavy metals on marine algae - animal interactions." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440576.
Повний текст джерела
2
Nightingale, Leigh. "The toxic effect of heavy metals on algal biomass (Spirulina sp.) and carbonic anhydrase activity, an enzyme which is central to algal application in metal precipitation." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007858.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Acid rmne drainage (AMD) is a major pollution problem througbout the world, adversely affecting both surface and groundwaters. AMD is principally associated with the mining of sulphide ores. The most commonly associated minerals being sulphur, copper, zinc, silver, gold, lead and uranium. As conventional methods for removing heavy metals from wastewater are often prohibitively expensive, the implementation of biological processes for the removal of heavy metals has become a realistic practice. The objectives of this project was firstly to establish the effect of copper, lead and nickel, heavy metals commonly found in AMD waters, on the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which is an integral part of the carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM) and secondly, to determine the feasibility of using the alkalinity generated by Spindina for the precipitation of heavy metals from solution. Initially, batch flask experiments were performed and it was found that the algae were able to utilise the bicarbonate supplied in the medium, under CO, limiting conditions, through the induction of their CCM, resulting in the generation of carbonate. The effect of the inhibitors, acetazolamide (AZ) and ethoxyzolamide (EZ), were also investigated in order to determine the importance of carbonic anhydrase (CA) in inorganic carbon accumulation and photosynthesis. Results obtained were consistent with those observed in literature and it was found that at IOOf.LM AZ and EZ, complete inhibition of photosynthesis and carbonic anhydrase occurred, with no oxygen being evolved. The results obtained from the inhibitor experiments substantiate the findings that carbonic anhydrase is an important part of the CCM, and that the dehydration of bicarbonate to carbon dioxide and hydroxide ions, is in fact an enzymatic process regulated by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase and is essential for efficient photosynthesis. The effect of heavy metals on Spirulina was also investigated. Lead, copper and nickel were all found to cause a reduction in the synthesis of chlorophyll a, which resulted in a decrease in photosynthetic efficiency and eventually death of the culture. The morphology of the algae was also severely affected by heavy metals, with degradation and aJmost complete disintegration of the algal filaments occurring. Using the Wilbur-Anderson assay method, carbonic anhydrase activity was found to be lower in the experimental flasks containing heavy metals, than the control flasks, reducing the algae's ability to utilise the bicarbonate in solution for effective photosynthesis. The Wilbur-Anderson assay method did not prove to be a reliable method for measuring changes in enzyme activity as results were found to be erratic. Therefore attempts were made to use an oxygen electrode as an alternative method for determining the effects of various parameters on enzyme activity and photosynthesis, this proved to be more successful. Because of the toxic effects of heavy metals on Spirulina it was decided that the use of the biogenic alkalinity generated by the algae for the precipitation of heavy metals may be successfully employed as an alternative method for bioremediation and metal recovery. Carbonate reacts readily with metals, therefore the carbonate produced by this algal system was used for the precipitation of metals. It was possible to categorise the precipitation reactions observed into three groups, namely those metals which, a) precipitate as hydroxides, b) precipitate as carbonates generated from the dissociation of bicarbonate and c) metals which can only precipitate if there is free carbonate present in solution.
3
Wong, Nga Cheung. "Effects of algae (Isochrysis galbana) and humic acids on copper toxicity to polychaete (Hydroides elegans) larvae." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2005. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/665.
Повний текст джерела
4
Butler, Reece. "Effect of Heavy Metals Found in Flue Gas on Growth and Lipid Accumulation for Green Algae Scenedesmus obliquus." DigitalCommons@USU, 2011. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1159.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study evaluated the effect of several heavy metals that are present in flue gases on the algae, focusing on the growth and accumulation of lipids in the algae that can be converted to biodiesel. Concentrations for the heavy metals were calculated based on literature and assumptions. Metals were tested individually first at the highest concentrations that might be present (reference concentrations). The metals and their reference concentrations were: arsenic at 1.56 mg/L, cadmium at 0.3 mg/L, chromium at 2.6 mg/L, cobalt at 0.32 mg/L, copper at 2.62 mg/L, lead at 1.09 mg/L, nickel at 5.08 mg/L, mercury at 0.2 mg/L, selenium at 0.2 mg/L, and zinc at 8.8 mg/L. At these concentrations, most of the metals had a negative effect on the growth and lipid content of the algae. All of the metals were then tested at lower concentrations. At 1/20 the reference concentrations, the metals enhanced growth as well as lipid accumulation in the algae. At higher concentrations there was a negative effect.
5
Rhora, Jennifer. "Effect of Chromium VI on the Production and Behavior of Lytechinus variegatus (Echinodermata: Echiniodea)." Scholar Commons, 2005. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/833.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Small amounts of chromium (VI) are carcinogenic in mammals. Concentrations of Cr in marine algae and seagrasses range from 0.06-7.17 /g DW and 0.1-30.6 g/g DW respectively. To test for an effect of these concentrations, production (change in organic material), righting response, feeding rates, absorption efficiency and fecal production were measured in Lytechinus variegatus from Sarasota fed prepared diets containing 0, 4.1, and 32g Cr/ g DW and individuals from Ft. DeSoto fed diets containing 0, 41 and 82g Cr/ g DW. The urchins were fed for 4-5 weeks, with weekly measurements of their feeding rates, absorption efficiency and fecal production. At the end of the experiment the urchins were righted to note any changes in behavior. Their gonads, gut, lantern and test with spines were weighed and ashed to calculate gonadal and gut indices and inorganic and organic percentage and content. After five weeks individuals in all treatments from experiment one showed no significant results. Urchins in all treatments from experiment two showed a significant decrease Individuals in all treatments had a significant increase in wet (P<0.001) and dry (P=0.005) weights as well as total organic material (P<0.001) in the gut of the urchins recieveing 82µg Cr/ g DW. There was significant decrease in the feeding rate (P<0.001) and absorption efficiency (P<0.001), countered by a significant increase in fecal production. The righting times were significantly different between the 0µg Cr/ g dry weight, 82µg Cr/ g DW and initial (P=0.031), but not the 41µg Cr/ g DW. Chromium in the feed at the concentrations used in this experiment does not affect the production or absorption efficiency of Lytechinus variegatus, but it does affect feeding rates, fecal production and righting response.
6
Udeozor, Jude Onyeka, and Jude Onyeka Udeozor. "Application of Industrial Wastewater Effluent in Growth of Algae -- Effects of Heavy Metals on the Growth Rate, Fatty Acid and Lipid Content of Chlorella Sorokiniana and Scenedesmus Obliquus." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626388.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Growing interest in biofuel production from non-fossil fuel sources has resulted in several studies exploring different raw material sources as feedstock, including many algae species, for large-scale production of biofuel. Algae are promising feedstock due to advantages such as its short growth cycle, high biomass production, and lipid content. However, there are still challenges to overcome in order to use algae for commercial biofuel production. One of these challenges is the requirement for a large quantity of water and nutrients needed for growing large quantities of the algae.
This work explores a potential solution to this challenge by studying the possibility of using industrial wastewater to grow algae for biofuel production. However, many industrial wastewaters, including effluents from semiconductor processing plants, are known to contain heavy metals that are toxic to humans and the environment. In this work, the effects of four of such metals ions, As(V), As(III), Ga(III), and In(III) on Chlorella sorokiniana and Scenedesmus obliquus strains were studied. In particular, the heavy metal toxicity on the strains, effects on its growth rate, biomass yield, lipid content and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were studied. Also, the effect of controlling pH on growth rate, biomass yield, lipid content, and FAME was studied for Chlorella sorokiniana in the presence of Ga(III).
The results of the study confirmed the toxicity of these metals on both strains. However, Ga(III) and In(III) had the highest effect, while As(V) showed the least toxicity to the strains, with Chlorella sorokiniana withstanding concentrations of As(V) as high as 140mg/L. The heavy metals were slightly more toxic to Scenedesmus obliquus compared to Chlorella sorokiniana. In addition, the heavy metals reduced the growth rate of both strains. High percent changes in growth rate (more than 50%) were seen in cultures containing Ga(III) and In(III). Furthermore, concentration measurements with Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP) before, during, and at the end of the growth period, showed that Scenedesmus obliquus adsorbed higher amounts of the heavy metals compared to Chlorella sorokiniana. Microalgae biosorption of heavy metals limits its end use, hence making Scenedesmus obliquus a less favorable option for this study, but may be a better choice for wastewater treatment applications.
The effects of the four metals on the lipid content and FAME profile of Chlorella sorokiniana were studied. The result showed an increase in Chlorella sorokiniana lipid content in the presence of In(III), but a decrease in the presence of As(V) and As(III). The heavy metals had effects on the strain’s FAME compositions. The fatty acid composition included C16:0, C16:1, C16:2, C16:3, C18:0, C18:1, ω-6, C18:2, ω-6, and C18:3, ω-3 accounting for more than 97% of the total FAME composition. Furthermore, controlling the pH of the culture in the presence of Ga(III) at 6.5 led to higher adsorption of the heavy metal, increase in lipid content, but no significant change in FAME composition.
7
Beaugeard, Marie. "Biosorption of heavy metals by red algae (Palmaria palmata)." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31190.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The research presented in this thesis entailed an investigation of heavy metal uptake by Palmaria palmata, a red marine alga. The alga was dry and organically certified. The heavy metals of interest were those commonly found in the wastewaters of the printed wiring board industry, namely Cu2+Pb2+, Cd2+, Zn 2+ and Ni2+. The ultimate objective of the work was to determine whether or not the factors expected to influence the metal uptake to the greatest extent could be optimized within functional ranges, leading eventually to process design (beyond the scope of this thesis). These factors were pH, temperature, initial concentration of metal in aqueous solution, and contact time. A number of preliminary experiments were performed to establish a basis for the design of the optimization studies.Although it was not possible to adequately define optimal regions of operation for the biosorption of heavy metals by Palmaria palmata , general trends were elucidated, and the limitations of the methodology used were clarified. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
8
Alexander, Leslie M. "Some effects of copper and cadmium on Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) Link." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1014.
Повний текст джерела
9
Whiston, Andrew James. "Uptake of heavy metals by marine microalgae, with a view towards wastewater detoxification." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14212.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Treatment of waste water by freshwater microalgae is rapidly becoming a popular sewage treatment practice throughout the world, but only a few studies have been made into the use of marine strains or of their potential for heavy metal removal. This study examines the heavy metal tolerance of a range of marine microalgal species and examines some of the biological processes involved in metal uptake. Initially over 350 marine microalgal species/isolates were screened for (a) growth in the presence of heavy metals (10 ppm), (b) growth in the presence of wastewater (1:1 sewage : seawater), and (c) heavy metal uptake. Of the microalgae examined, only one isolate, Tetraselmis sp. (TSAW92) was found to satisfy all of the screening conditions. Metal uptake was found to be a biphasic process, with an initial rapid saturable metabolism-independent stage followed by a slower nonsaturable metabolism-dependent stage. Using a novel filtration technique metal uptake was measured at ten second intervals. The results show that most of the metal uptake occurs within one minute after exposure. The second stage of metal uptake was found to be associated with the extracellular release of up to three copper binding proteins of ca. 28, 30, 55 kDa. Protein release was specifically induced by the presence of heavy metals and was not due to metal mediated increases in cell membrane permeability. Two practical applications of Tetraselmis sp. (TSAW92) metal uptake were investigated. First dried biomass was evaluated in a simple packed column. Second, live cells were grown on a wastewater treatment raceway (2m), upstream of a Dunaliella salina stocked nutrient removal raceway. Dried Tetraselmis sp. (TSAW92) was capable of removing copper from a 1:1 seawater : sewage solution to a final loading of 30% at an efficiency of approaching 100%. Over four weeks live TSAW92 removed 100% of the applied copper to a final loading of 37%, and, after the second stage, the raceway was found to remove 95% of the applied nitrogen and 87% of the applied phosphorus. This thesis shows that marine microalgae are capable of removing heavy metals from wastewater in vitro, on raceways, and as dried biomass. Live marine microalgae on raceways were further found to remove inorganic nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous). In addition work is presented which suggests that copper uptake by the marine chlorophyte Tetraselmis sp. (TSAW92) is mediated through extracellular copper binding proteins.
10
Wainaina, Steven. "Effect of heavy metals on syngas fermentation." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-10203.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The goal of this work was to establish the suitable and limiting concentrations of Zn, Cu and Mn compounds during syngas fermentation. The results showed that cells encased in polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes had a faster accumulation of methane in reactors containing fermentation medium dosed with 5 mg/L of each heavy metal compared to free cells. It was also revealed that total inhibition of biohydrogen production occurred in medium containing 5 mg/L Cu, 30 mg/L Zn and 140 mg/L Mn while the most suitable metal concentration level was 0.1 mg/L Cu, 0.6 mg/L and 2.8 mg/L Mn. In addition, a comparison test showed that for the most suitable metal concentration in the medium, rate of performance at pH 6 and 7 was higher than at pH 5.
11
Selepe, Mamaropeng Marcus. "The removal of toxic heavy metals from aqueous solutions by algal extracellular polysaccharides." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004054.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study investigated the possible use of algal extracellular polysaccharide as a biosorbent for removal of heavy metals (copper and lead) from aqueous solutions as a means of bioremediation for metal containing effluents. This biopolymer has good biosorbent properties and a potential to provide a cost effective, selective and efficient purification system. A variety of environmental conditions induce the production of extracellular polysaccharides in algae. The production of exopolysaccharides by Dunaliella cultures was induced by nitrogen deficient conditions. A high ratio of carbon to nitrogen source considerably enhanced the polysaccharide release. Purified extracellular polysaccharide samples exhibited a monosaccharide composition consisting of the following sugars: xylose, arabinose, 2-0-methyl mannose, mannose, glucose and galactose. The relative abundance (%) of these sugars were calculated relative to xylose. The major sugar constituent was 2-0-methyl mannose, which was present at approximately 160% relative to xylose. The percentage relative abundance of other sugars was as follows: 18.8; 86.8; 85.3 and 22.3% for arabinose; mannose; glucose and galactose respectively. The identity of the various constituents were confirmed by mass spectrometry. The ability of Dunaliella exopolysaccharides to accumulate metals was investigated. The following parameters were studied because they affect metal uptake: solution pH, biomass concentration, temperature, time and metal concentration. The uptake of both copper and lead were pH dependent. However, metal uptake was not significantly affected by temperature. Kinetic studies showed that Dunaliella extracellular polysaccharides exhibit good bioremediation properties. Metal uptake was rapid. In addition, the exopolysaccharide has good metal binding capacity with an uptake capacity for lead of 80 mg/g from a solution containing initial lead concentration of approximately 40 mg/l. Competition studies revealed that the presence of a second metal in solution inhibits uptake of the other metal compared to uptake in single metal solution of that particular metal. The presence of lead inhibited the uptake of copper from approximately 65% in single metal solution to 10% in binary metal solution. The presence of copper also inhibited lead uptake, though not to the same extent. Higher concentrations of lead could not completely prevent removal of copper from solution and visa versa. The same was true for lead which could not be displaced by a four-fold concentration of copper. Instead, a certain percentage of copper was always removed showing that lead did not compete with copper for these binding sites. In conclusion it appears that, copper and lead bind to different sites on Dunaliella exopolysaccharides and that they exhibit selective or preferential removal of lead.
12
Omar, F. A. "The effect of heavy metals on growth of marine phytoplankton." Thesis, Swansea University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.638366.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A study has been made on the effect of zinc, calcium and copper on the growth and 14C fixation of Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Dunaliella primolecta. Experiments were carried out to examine the uptake of 65Zn by Phaeodactylum and Dunaliella in laboratory culture, to investigate the processes involved, its relationship to metabolism, and the factors affecting it. Also, experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of these metals on chlorophyll concentration and protein content of Phaeodactylum and Dunaliella. It has been found that the organisms displayed varying degrees of tolerance to the presence of the metals zinc, cadmium and copper in the growth medium. Of the three metals copper was found to be more effective upon the growth, 14C fixation, zin-65, chlorophylla concentration and protein content of Phaeodactylum and Dunaliella.
13
Salah, Sharif Ali. "Heavy metals uptake by wheat under two transpiration rates." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33838.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The present project aimed at measuring plant heavy metal uptake as a function of transpiration rates and dissolved heavy metal level in the soil solution. Two experiment was conducted separately in two season (Spring and Fall 2000). In these two experiments, young wheat plants ( Triticum aestivum) were irrigated with nine different solutions containing Cd and Zn. The study was conducted in two chambers where relative humidity was controlled to obtain two different levels of transpiration rates. Each control chambers contained 27 pots filled with sand and seeded with wheat plants, each nine triplicated pots receiving a different treatment: three Cd treatments with levels of 0.01, 0.10, and 0.50 mg/L; one Zn treatment with level of 25mg/L and four treatment combinations of Cd/Zn with levels of 0.01 Cd/25Zn, 0.10Cd/25ZN, 0.50Cd/25Zn and 0.50Cd/50Zn mg/L. The transpiration rate of the plants was monitored over a period of 30 days, measured from the emergence of the plants by weighing the pots daily. On day 15 and 30, three plants were removed from each pot, to weigh their dry matter production and to analyze their heavy metal uptake. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
14
Claus, Sonia Carmel, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and of Science Food and Horticulture School. "Heavy metals in biota from temperate Australian estuaries." THESIS_CSTE_SFH_Claus_S.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/503.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The detection of anthropogenic impacts in our estuaries has become a critical social, political and scientific concern in recent years. Work has focussed on the effects of these impacts on the spatial and temporal patterns of biotic assemblages and searched for bioindicators and biomarkers of pollutants that may act as early warning signs. The estuaries in temperate Southeastern Australia have a diversity of biotic assemblages living in the soft sediment. One of the most abundant macroinvertebrates is the little studies mussel, Xenostrobus securi that is found living with an assemblage of benthic biota including amphipods, crabs, isopods and tanaids, bivalves and gastropods. Two commercial fish species bream and mullet also inhabit these estuaries. Numerous stormwater drains can be found entering the estuaries through the mangrove forests lining the shores. Along with inputs of freshwater, stormwater drains are thought to be responsible for the entry of heavy metals into estuaries. These heavy metals have the potential to alter the patterns of biotic assemblages and bioaccumulate in the tissues of miacroinvertebrates, mussels and fish living within temperate estuaries. Over the time of this study the concentrations of heavy metals in the sediment tissues and shell of X.Securis varies spatially and temporally. Although this study adds substantially to current knowledge there is still more that is needed to establish X. Securis as a bioindicator. Questions remain about uptake, depuration and response to environmental gradients of heavy metals in X. Securis. Before X Securis can be used routinely in monitoring heavy metal contamination these questions need to be further investigatedDoctor of Philosophy (PhD)
15
McCluskey, Seánín Marie. "The effect of heavy metals on antibiotic resistance in the environment." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2014. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=24354.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Antibiotic resistance is a significant clinical problem, with bacterial infections becoming increasingly difficult to treat. Efforts, such as reducing the use of antibiotics, have proved unsuccessful, and we now face the prospect of a future without antibiotics. The natural environment acts as a reservoir for resistance genes. The selection and maintenance of resistance could counteract clinical efforts to reduce antibiotic resistance. Heavy metals have been linked to antibiotic resistance by genetic mechanisms whereby metals potentially select for and maintain antibiotic resistance, even in the absence of the antibiotic itself. Here, the role of heavy metals in enhancing, or maintaining, antibiotic resistance in the environment is investigated. Background levels of metals in soil were found to correlate to antibiotic resistance gene abundances, implying the effect heavy metals in the environment have on antibiotic resistance is more intrinsic than anticipated. Using controlled microcosm studies, the influence of pollution levels on antibiotic resistance was further investigated.
16
Lawton, Michelle. "The effect of heavy metals on differentiated neuronal and glial cells." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2007. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/219/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Heavy metal poisoning poses a serious health risk among populations worldwide. The symptoms presented by exposure are varied and depend upon the species of the metal, the age of the individual and the exposure dose. All heavy metals have debilitating effects on the CNS. Children are especially sensitive to the neurological effects due to the intense growth and activity of a developing nervous system and inadequately developed defences. The aims of this study were to determine the effects of sub-lethal concentrations of numerous heavy metals on neuronal and glial cell differentiation. Using established cellular models, the toxicity of zinc, lead, mercury, methylmercury and thimerosal were investigated using assays of cell viability and morphology on differentiating N2a and C6 cells. Initial research revealed thimerosal, methylmercury and cadmium to be the most toxic compounds tested, in terms of their ability to inhibit the outgrowth of neurites in both cell lines at sub-lethal concentrations. Although cadmium chloride showed similar patterns of toxicity to the mercury compounds, thimerosal and MeHgCl were chosen for further investigation at a molecular level. Methylmercury chloride a common environmental pollutant and thimerosal; a preservative found in many medicines, were chosen for further investigation, as previous work has demonstrated the health risks posed by the two organic mercury compounds but little is known about non-lethal changes that occur in the nervous system, especially with thimerosal. Both thimerosal and MeHgCl inhibited MTT reduction and neurite outgrowth after 4 and 24 hours exposure at sub-lethal concentrations (0.1 and 1 µM). The inhibition of neurite outgrowth by sub-lethal concentrations of MeHgCl and thimerosal was accompanied by cytoskeletal changes in the cells. At 4 hours in C6 cells there was no change in the levels of tyrosinated a-tubulin, whereas in N2a cells the level of tubulin tyrosination was shown to be reduced compared to the control. Both cell lines exhibited a fall in total a-tubulin, tyrosinated a-tubulin and total ß-tubulin after 24 hours of exposure to organic mercury compounds, indicating proteolysis and/or reduced synthesis of the tubulin subunit. N2a cells also showed a decrease in the levels of phosphorylation in the neurofilament heavy chain after 4 hours of exposure to thimerosal and MeHgCl, whereas after 24 hours there appeared to be proteolytic degradation, as the total neurofilament heavy chain levels were reduced compared to the untreated controls. Reduced levels of tubulin and NFH were confirmed by immunofluorescence staining of fixed cell monolayers. Western blotting analysis also indicated increased ERK activation in glial cells incubated with 0.1 and 1 µM thimerosal for 4 hours, followed by reduced activation after 24 hours exposure, whereas exposure to MeHgCl decreased the levels of ERK activation at both time points. In the neuronal cell line ERK activation was suppressed at both 4 and 24 hours and with both concentrations of the organic mercury compounds. As ERK activation plays a key role in the regulation of neurite outgrowth and NFH phosphorylation, both of which were inhibited by the addition of thimerosal and MeHgCl, the findings are consistent with a role for disrupted ERK signalling in the sub-lethal toxicity of these compounds. Both thimerosal and MeHgCl caused redistribution of SERCA and ryanodine receptors, both of which are mechanisms by which intracellular Ca2+ concentrations are maintained. As the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) houses both SERCA and ryanodine receptors, the reorganisation may indicate that organic mercury compounds cause redistribution of the ER. Such disruption may lead to sustained increases in intracellular Ca2+, causing elevated activity in Ca2+ dependant enzymes. Indeed, western blotting analysis and enzyme assays showed that calpain activity (particularly calpain 1) increased in response to sub-lethal concentrations of the organic mercury compounds. As calpains target cytoskeletal proteins, the increased activity may be at least partly responsible for reduced levels of tubulin and NFH.
17
Kwan, Sai-ping, and 關世平. "Heavy metals in Hong Kong rabbitfish (Siganus canaliculatus)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31221038.
Повний текст джерела
18
Silva, Jean Ferreira. "Modelagem para remoção de metais pesados atraves de algas : analise para um componente em processos batelada e continuo." [s.n.], 2000. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/267621.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Orientador: Osvaldir Pereira TarantoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenhariaa Quimica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-26T12:18:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_JeanFerreira_M.pdf: 3341187 bytes, checksum: 23040a974ec5a8dffb2801cb1dc12887 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000
Resumo: Os efluentes de muitos processos industriais possuem elevados teores de metais pesados, que em grande parte são lançados nos mananciais, levando à poluição dos recursos hídricos. Existem vários processos de tratamento destes efluentes, mas, em especial, um vem merecendo destaque: o processo de retenção destes metais por algas. As algas são usadas na recuperação ambiental promovendo a remoção de metais pesados, visando reaproveitar estes metais para fins industriais. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em implementar programas computacionais em linguagem Fortran, juntamente com dados experimentais obtidos através da literatura para a modelagem de processos batelada e contínuo para retenção destes metais pela biossorção através de biomassas (algas). Este estudo foi feito para que o efluente contenha somente um metal pesado e assim não tenha interferência e competição de outros metais. Dados experimentais obtidos pela literatura conduzidos em banho finito, utilizados como parâmetros para o estudo do processo descontínuo, permitiram a quantificação de parâmetros de equilíbrio e de transferência de massa fluido-sólido. Após esta análise em processo descontínuo utilizou-se estes valores para uma primeira estimativa em um processo contínuo. Primeiramente foi feita uma modelagem em Batelada e assim conseguiu-se análise do coeficiente de transferência de massa e constantes de equilíbrio para o processo, análise das isotermas de Langmuir, Freundlich e por fim a modelagem em leito fixo. Resultados satisfatórios foram obtidos tanto para o processo descontínuo quanto para o contínuo em leito fixo com algas. Obtendo assim, curvas de equilíbrio, isotermas de adsorção, curvas de concentração para o processo batelada e curvas de concentração do tipo "breakthrough" na saída do leito para o processo contínuo
Abstract: Effluents of many industrial processes carry high levels of heavy metals, which in great part are disposed in the water sources, polluting them. There are many treatments for these effluents, but one, specially, is gainning importance: the retention of heavy metals using algae. Algae are used in environment recovery promoting retention of heavy metals, in order to reutilize them for industrial purposes. The objective of this work was to develop a computer program in Fortran and, along with experimental data from literature, model the batch and the continous process of heavy metals retention by biossorption. This study was carried out considering the effluent having only one kind of heavy metal, avoiding the influence or competition of other metaIs. Experimental data from batch processes taken ftom literature helped finding the equilibrium and the fluid-solid mass transfer parameters. After this analysis in batch process, these data were used to a first estimate of the continuous process. First, a batch modeling was done and it provided a good analysis of the mass transfer coefficient, the equilibrium constant, the Langmuir and the Freundlich isotherms and the fixed bed modeling. Satisfactory results were obtained to the batch process as much as for the continous algae fixed bed, providing equilibrium curves, adsorption isotherms, batch concentration curves and Breakthrough continous concentration curves
Mestrado
Engenharia de Processos
Mestre em Engenharia Química
19
Wireko, A. A., Катерина Олексіївна Сікора, Екатерина Алексеевна Сикора, Kateryna Oleksiivna Sikora, Микола Сергійович Линдін, Николай Сергеевич Лындин, Mykola Serhiiovych Lyndin, Наталія Іванівна Гирявенко, Наталья Ивановна Гирявенко, and Nataliia Ivanivna Hyriavenko. "Heavy metals effect on the chemical composition variations in rat uterus tissue." Thesis, The Romanian National Library, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/81896.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Heavy metals (HM) belong to our vital activity's chemical components, which can be essential, potentially dangerous, and dangerous. Their acceptable concentration present in all layers of the biosphere. Simultaneously, excessive environmental pollution causes the disruption of the living organism’s microecology and imbalanced accumulation of HM in the organs. Besides, it is rather difficult to predict the pollutant effect on the body, as the organs and systems may have different sensitivity. One of these organs that can be exposed to the impact of exogenous factors is the uterus. Moreover, the unknown genesis of HM action on the uterus can lead to severe disorders of reproductive health. The aim of our study was to study the peculiarities of the chemical composition accumulation in the rat`s uterus wall under the experimental HM salts mixture influence.
20
Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S. "The effect of heavy metals on the marine ciliate Euplotes mutabilis (Tuffrau, 1960)." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358875.
Повний текст джерела
21
Sikora, Kateryna Oleksiivna, Світлана Григорівна Золотова, Светлана Григорьевна Золотова, Svitlana Hryhorivna Zolotova, Катерина Олексіївна Сікора, and Екатерина Алексеевна Сикора. "Dangerous of heavy metals spreading in the environment and their effect on uterus." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/77982.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
One of the problems of our century is the unfavorable environmental status. Among the large spectrum of pollutants, special attention is paid to the effect of heavy metal salts pollution. These chemical elements in background concentrations can be found in all layers of the ecosystem. Moreover, most of these microelements are essential for the functioning of the organisms. However, when heavy metals enter the body in high concentrations, they may obtain their toxic properties.
22
Сікора, Владислав Володимирович, Владислав Владимирович Сикора, Vladyslav Volodymyrovych Sikora, Микола Сергійович Линдін, Николай Сергеевич Лындин, Mykola Serhiiovych Lyndin, Наталія Іванівна Гирявенко, et al. "Effect of heavy metals on microstructural and microelemental changes in the rats urinary bladder." Thesis, Springer, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/81348.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Global environmental pollution leads to the distribution of heavy metal salts (HMS) in the ecosystem and their impact on the organism. To study the influence of the heavy metals (HM) accumulation on the ultrastructural changes in rat’s urinary bladder (UB).
23
Линдін, Микола Сергійович, Николай Сергеевич Лындин, Mykola Serhiiovych Lyndin, Анатолій Миколайович Романюк, Анатолий Николаевич Романюк, Anatolii Mykolaiovych Romaniuk, Роман Андрійович Москаленко, Роман Андреевич Москаленко, and Roman Andriiovych Moskalenko. "The effect of heavy metals accumulation on morphological and immunohistochemical features of breast cancer." Thesis, Springer, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/46490.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective: The chemical composition determination of neoplastic breast :issue,
study of prognostic-important receptors expression in the breast cancer cells,
establishing linkages between all the derived indicators.
24
Lan, Xiao Yu. "Rapid immunological detection of heavy metal cadmium in traditional Chinese medicine." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3952139.
Повний текст джерела
25
Stanley, Jean Frances. "Studies on the metal-containing granules in the mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis and Velesunio angasi." Access via Murdoch Univeristy Digital Theses Project, 2003. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040528.12421.
Повний текст джерела
26
Chen, Xuehui. "Accumulation of heavy metals and organochlorine pesticides in human milk and adipose tissues, and its health concerns." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2007. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/779.
Повний текст джерела
27
Ball, Jihane Sokhn. "The effect of heavy metals on the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by soil microorganisms." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2005. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/842888/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study aimed to assess the effect of heavy metals, especially Cu, Zn and Cd, on the ability of the white rot fungus (WRF) Bjerkandera sp. BOS55 and several soil bacterial isolates to degrade a selection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). To investigate the effect of heavy metals on PAH degradation by Bjerkandera sp. BOS55, the fungus was grown in both a rich undefined medium and a defined medium containing the PAH pyrene and different concentrations of Cu or Cd. It was found that both metals reduced fungal growth and production of ligninolytic enzymes but that toxicity was modified by the growth medium. The fungus exhibited adaptation and tolerance to both metals in the defined medium containing up to 600 ppm metal but was inhibited in the rich medium containing as little as 50 ppm metal. Whilst WRF are capable of PAH oxidation, complete mineralisation to CO2 is often unachieved resulting in the production of polar and often toxic metabolites. In soil, these metabolites can be further oxidised by bacterial populations to non-toxic products. However, bacteria often exhibit a greater sensitivity to heavy metals than WRF. This sensitivity to heavy metals could block the detoxification process of the soil environment. The three PAH-oxidising bacterial isolates that were tested for metal tolerance were found to be highly susceptible to Cu, Zn and Cd at concentrations of 200 ppm each, resulting in a reduced degradation of phenanthrene and pyrene. It was therefore concluded that the presence of heavy metals in the environment, even at fairly low levels, could potentially lead to the incomplete degradation of PAHs, and possible accumulation of toxic metabolites. Finally, co-cultures of the metal-sensitive bacterial isolates and the fungus were used to establish if a combination of WRF and a bacterial isolate could be used to accelerate the degradation of PAHs. Anthracene and anthraquinone were used as model PAHs because anthraquinone is a dead-end metabolite produced during the oxidation of anthracene by Bjerkandera sp. BOS55. It was found that some of the fungal-bacterial co-cultures tested synergistically removed anthracene, resulting in significantly faster degradation than observed for each organism individually. Moreover, one co-culture removed anthraquinone, suggesting that a combination of WRF and bacteria are essential for the rapid mineralisation of PAHs in the environment.
28
Ghaderian, Seyed Majid. "The effect of toxic heavy metals upon fungi of the genus Pythium isolated from soil." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301558.
Повний текст джерела
29
Линдіна, Юлія Миколаївна, Юлия Николаевна Лындина, Yuliia Mykolaivna Lyndina, Владислав Володимирович Сікора, Владислав Владимирович Сикора, Vladyslav Volodymyrovych Sikora, Микола Сергійович Линдін, et al. "The study of the toxic effect of the heavy metals salts on the erythropoiesis in the rats." Thesis, Springer, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/81318.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Heavy metals salts (HMS) are the most common pollutants that are proved to have the negative effect. The objective is to determine the morphological features of the marrow in rats, caused by the combined effect of the heavy metals salts.
30
Maleri, Rudolf A. "The ability of terrestrial Oligochaeta to survive in ultramafic soils and the assessment of toxicity at different levels of organisation." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1200.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (PhD (Botany and Zoology)) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2006.Metals are natural elements of the earth crust usually present at low concentrations in all soils. Although many metals such as cobalt, copper, iron and zinc are essential to living organisms, at elevated concentrations most metals are toxic to organisms living in and on soils. Elevated concentrations of metals are caused either by anthropogenic deposition following remobilisation from the earth crust or are of natural origin. Ultramafic soils do not only pose unfavourable living conditions such as drought and poor organic content, these soils are also characterized by extremely high concentrations of a range of metals known to be toxic under normal circumstances. Ultramafic soils are of high ecological importance as a high proportion of endemic organisms, especially plants, live on these soils. As it is known that earthworms do occur in ultramafic soils, the aims of the present study were to investigate the abilities of earthworms to survive in these soils and the influences of elevated chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese and nickel levels. For the evaluation of the metal background conditions, soils originating from ultramafic rocks of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, Mpumalanga, South Africa were collected and different fractions representing different levels of bioavailability were analyzed for arsenic, chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese and nickel. To assess the mobile, readily available metal fraction, i.e. Ca2+- exchangeable metal cations, a 0.01 mol/L CaCl2 extraction was performed. To investigate the mobilisable metal fraction, representing the amount of easily remobilisable complexed and carbonated metal ions, a DTPA (di-ethylene-triamine-pentaacetic acid) extraction was conducted. In relation to non-ultramafic or anthropogenic contaminated soils, a far lower proportion of metals were extractable by the above mentioned extraction methods. To investigate the availability and effects of these metals on earthworms, two ecophysiologically different species were employed. Aporrectodea caliginosa and Eisenia fetida were long-term exposed to the ultramafic soils collected at the Barberton region and a control soil from a location at Stellenbosch with a known history of no anthropogenic metal contamination. The responses to the ecological stress originating in the ultramafic soils were measured on different levels of earthworm organisation. As endpoints affecting population development, cocoon production, fecundity and viability were evaluated. On individual level, growth, metal body burden and tissue distribution were investigated. As endpoints on subcellular level, the membrane integrity was assessed by the neutral red retention assay, the mitochondrial activity was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay and as a biomarker for the DNA integrity, the comet assay was performed. Focussing on manganese and nickel, the uptake by E. fetida of these metals was investigated with the exclusion of soil related properties using an artificial aqueous medium to draw comparisons to the uptake of these metals in natural soils. The possible development of resistance towards nickel was tested by exposing pre-exposed (for more than 10 generations) E. fetida specimens to ultramafic soils with concentrations of more than 4000 mg/kg nickel. The results showed that, except on the endpoint survival, which was less sensitive than all other bioassays, significant responses to the ultramafic challenge were observed in all earthworm bioassays and on all levels of organisation. The sensitivity of the responses of the earthworms towards the ultramafic conditions was not predictable by the level of organisation. The two species showed different strategies of metal elimination. In A. caliginosa, metals such as nickel, manganese and chromium were transported to the posterior section and the posterior section was subsequently pushed off by autotomization. In E. fetida, metals such as chromium and nickel were sequestered in storage compartments in the coelomic cells or fluid. Other metals, such as cobalt, were not taken up at elevated concentrations. Although an increased accumulation of nickel was observed in E. fetida specimens pre-exposed to nickel, development of resistance or cross resistance was not observed in this species. In contrast, pre-exposed specimen exposed to elevated concentrations of nickel showed a higher sensitivity in terms of survival, indicating the absence of acclimatisation or even genetic adaptation. A comparison of the two species employed indicated that A. caliginosa was less suited for the assessment of the ultramafic soils due to the high individual variation in metal body burden, the mass loss observed and the slow reproduction rate even in the control soils. This happened despite the fact that A. caliginosa was a soil dwelling species supposed to be better adapted to the soil substrate than the litter dwelling E. fetida. The toxicity of the ultramafic soils was not necessarily related to total or environmentally available amounts of the selected metals. Thus, it can be speculated that either these soils contained unidentified toxicants with resulting interactions between toxicants playing an important role or earthworms were able to remobilize metals occurring in these soils. As the singular application of an ecotoxicological endpoint did not give reliable results, especially seen over the duration of the exposures, it can be concluded that, when studying soils with such a complex composition, the utilisation of endpoints addressing different levels of organisation is necessary for the assessment of toxic stress emerging from these ultramafic soils.
31
Nkqenkqa, Vuyiseka. "Metal and microbial contamination of agricultural soil and the Veldwachters River, Stellenbosch, South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2423.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (MTech (Environmental Health))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.Surface water is used as a source of water supply in many countries, including South Africa. One of the sources of surface water pollution is leachate and surface runoff from landfills. In agricultural soils, the landfill runoff and leachate deteriorate the quality and affect the fertility of soil. The entry of metals and microorganisms from landfill leachate to adjacent environments is through surface runoff due to rainfall. Adverse effects on human- and environmental health triggers a need to monitor and control contaminants in the environment. The aims of the study are to determine the effect of landfill runoff and leachate on agricultural soil and river water (Veldwachters River) running adjacent to the Devon Valley landfill site and to identify potential metal-tolerant organisms in environmental samples collected in Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa. Samples (agricultural soil, river water and sediments) were collected once a month for a period of six months from the study area for analysis. Physicochemical parameters that are known to have major effects on environmental samples were assessed and the concentrations of various metals (Al, Pb, Cr, Mn, Mo, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Fe, Cd and V) were also determined by means of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Soil texture analysis was tested in order to monitor the metal distribution in soils under the influence of environmental factors.
32
Yuncu, Bilgen. "Effect Of Extracellular Polymer Composition Of Activated Sludge On The Removal Of Heavy Metals By Biosorption." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1087733/index.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Activated sludge microorganisms can remove many hazardous substances from
wastewater by adsorbing and concentrating them on their surfaces. Biosorption of
these substances onto activated sludge surfaces are influenced by the chemical
properties of the substance in question as well as the surface properties of the
microorganisms. The purpose of this study is to identify the biosorption
mechanisms of heavy metals and the effect of extracellular polymer (ECP)
composition of activated sludge on the biosorption of Pb(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), Zn(II)
and Ni(II). Microorganisms cultured under different growth conditions are expected
to have different compositions of ECPs and hence, different biosorption capacities.
For this purpose, three sets of reactors with C/N ratios of 9, representing a carbonlimited
case21, representing conventional municipal wastewater treatment plant activated sludge and 43, representing nitrogen-limited condition, were set up. The semi continuous reactors were fed synthetically and operated at a sludge age of 8 days. Isotherm and kinetic experiments that were held with three different C/N ratios was indicated that the biosorptive capacity of activated sludge was highly dependent on metal species and the C/N ratio. Although, the dependence of biosorptive capacity on C/N ratio was different for each metal, biosorption properties of activated sludge were found to be directly related with ECP composition. Among the heavy metals tested, Pb(II) was the one that was adsorbed at the highest capacity at all C/N ratios. Also, with the purpose of understanding the mechanism of the process, Ca(II) and Mg(II) ions and carbohydrates released into the solution were also monitored and it was indicated that an ion exchange process is involved in the biosorption of heavy metals especially at high metal concentrations but the whole metal removal can not be explained by ion exchange.
33
Peppler, Jessica Elise. "The Effect of Heavy Metals on the Uptake of L-Histidine by the Polychaete Nereis Succinea." Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/6957.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Integumentary uptake of 3H-L-Histidine by Nereis succinea was measured in the presence and absence of selected heavy metals and inhibitors in 60% artificial seawater (ASW). At low concentrations of L-Histidine (10 uM), metals stimulated L-Histidine uptake from ASW. Higher concentrations of metal inhibited L-Histidine uptake. In amino acid kinetic experiments, 0.5 uM Zn2+ significantly (P < 0.003) increased both L-Histidine influx Jmax (control: 4.7 ± 0.4; treatment: 15.3 ± 1.7 nmol/g dry weight x 15 min), and Km (control: 23.8 ± 5.1; treatment: 44.0 ± 8.8 uM). Fe3+ (0.5 uM) stimulated influx of 10 uM L-Histidine (Jmax = 6.9 ± 0.4 nmol/g dry wt x 15 min; Km = 86.7 ± 12.3 uM), but neither Ag+ nor Al3+ significantly (P > 0.05) altered amino acid influx. L-Leucine (25 uM) reduced Zn2+ -stimulated L-Histidine influx, suggesting a possible role of the Na-independent L-transport system in metal-stimulated L-Histidine transport by worm integument.vii, 35 leaves
34
Chiu, Ki Kin. "Using organic amendments and chelates for remediation of metal-contaminated soils by vetiveria zizanioides." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2003. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/417.
Повний текст джерела
35
Ayala-Parra, Pedro. "Novel Electron Donors for Anaerobic Remediation of Acid Rock Drainage." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/612409.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We initially studied the treatment of acid rock drainage using a sulfate-reducing bioreactor with zero-valent iron as the electron donor. The results demonstrate that this electron donor can serve as the sole exogenous slow-release electron donor to drive sulfate reduction over 400 operational days at short HRTs (1-3 days). The synthetic acid rock drainage contained high heavy metal concentrations (up to 50 mg/L of copper) and pH values ranging from 3.0 to 7.0. Treatment of this acid rock drainage efficiently removed Cu, Cd and Pb (>99.7%) and increased pH to circumneutral values (7.3-7.7). Elemental analysis indicated that formation of insoluble metal sulfides was responsible for the effective metal removal in the zero valent iron columns. In the second study, three inoculated columns containing anaerobic granular sludge were fed a synthetic medium containing H₂SO₄ and Cu²⁺ during the experimental period of 4 months. Algae biomass promoted 80% of sulfate removal (12.7 mg SO₄²⁻ d-1), enabling near complete Cu removal (>99.5 %), and alkalinity generation, raising the effluent pH to 6.5. In the algae amended columns Cu²⁺ was precipitated with biogenic H2S produced by sulfate reduction. Whole cell algae and lipid extracted algae biomasses were both shown to be effective e-donors in driving sulfate reduction of ARD, thus enabling the precipitation and removal of Cu²⁺. The precipitate retained in the columns was composed mostly of insoluble copper sulfide formed from the biogenic sulfide, as shown by sequential extraction and X-ray diffraction. In the third study, several pretreatments, i.e., thermal, chemical, sonication and combinations thereof, that enhance anaerobic biodegradability of Chlorella protothecoides biomass were evaluated. The results demonstrate that anaerobic digestion of pretreated Chlorella protothecoides biomass generates energy-rich methane and recovers nitrogen nutrients. Sonication of algal biomass under optimized conditions provided a significant increase in the methane yield (327 mL STP CH₄ g⁻¹ VS) compared to untreated algae (146 mL STP CH₄ g⁻¹ VS), as demonstrated in anaerobic digestion experiments incubated for 41 days. In contrast, thermal pretreatment provided only a moderate increase of the methane yield and alkaline treatment led to a decrease of the methane yield compared to the untreated algal biomass. Additionally, sonication treatment provided a 4.1-fold increase in the release of ammonia nitrogen during anaerobic digestion of the algal biomass. In the fourth study, the nutrient recovery and biogas generation from the anaerobic digestion of waste biomass from algal biofuel production was investigated. Anaerobic digestion of whole cell and lipid extracted Chlorella sorokiniana-1412 released 48.1 and 61.5% of the total algal nitrogen as NH₄⁺-N, and 87.7 and 93.6% of the total algal P as soluble P, respectively. The biochemical methane potential, quantified through the methane yield of whole cell algae and lipid extracted algae, was 0.298 and 0.253 L methane/g algal volatile solids, respectively. The conversion of lipid extracted algae and whole cell algae biomasses to methane was very similar (38 and 41% on a COD basis, respectively), indicating that the energy yield was not significantly lowered by extraction of the lipid fraction (which accounted for 9% of algal dry weight). Sonication improved the access of hydrolytic enzymes to algal biopolymers, compensating in part for the energy lost due to lipid extraction. The above results demonstrate that algal waste from the biodiesel industry has the potential to be recycled through anaerobic digestion into valuable nutrients and energy. These studies indicate that zero valent iron and algae biomass are promising reactive materials for the treatment of acid rock drainage in sulfate-reducing permeable reactive barrier systems. Additionally, to promote algae cultivation for the biodiesel industry, the anaerobic digestion of algae residues can generate nutrients and energy, making algae cultivation more fiscally attractive.
36
Silva, Jean Ferreira. "Analise experimental e simulação do processo de bioadsorção de metais pesados (Pb, Zn e Ni) atraves da alga marinha Sargassum sp." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266143.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Orientadores: Osvaldir Pereira Taranto, Meuris Gurgel Carlos da SilvaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenhariaa Quimica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T06:36:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_JeanFerreira_D.pdf: 2689845 bytes, checksum: d28e35b004b6ebef47bab48acb001b26 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006
Resumo: O aumento mundial das atividades industriais tem intensificado a poluição ambiental e a deterioração de ecossistemas, com o acúmulo de poluentes tais como: metais pesados, compostos sintéticos e resíduos nucleares. Em conseqüência, crescente atenção de todos os setores da sociedade está sendo dada aos perigos contra a saúde e danos ocasionados por metais pesados no ambiente. Por muito tempo, teve-se o sentimento de que a Natureza, com um formidável poder regenerador, depurador e regulador, digeriria as agressões do homem. E também, que as descobertas da ciência corrigiriam os eventuais danos gerados pelo Progresso. Isso não deixa de ser verdade, desde que estas pesquisas científicas sejam orientadas, estruturadas e trabalhadas nessa direção. Devido aos grandes avanços tecnológicos e conseqüentemente à geração de resíduos de descarte contaminando o solo, água e ar de nosso planeta, fez-se necessário inovadoras linhas de pesquisa para o tratamento destes resíduos. Uma das linhas de pesquisa é a bioadsorção, processo usado como uma alternativa para o tratamento de efluentes contaminados com metais pesados. Considerando a necessidade de soluções para este problema, este projeto foi desenvolvido para estudar o processo de bioadsorção ¿ um processo para a remoção de metais pesados de resíduos industriais através do uso de fungos, bactérias e algas ¿ e verificar a viabilidade de sua utilização nas indústrias. O principal objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em avaliar a efetividade do processo de bioadsorção na remoção de metais pesados de soluções contendo chumbo, zinco e níquel. O estudo incorporou análise experimental e simulação analítica do processo de bioadsorção utilizando as isotermas de adsorção, cinéticas de bioadsorção, bem como os processos em batelada e contínuo. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que a bioadsorção é eficiente na remoção de metais pesados (Pb, Zn e Ni); além disso, os resultados também mostram que a alga Sargassum sp. é um bioadsovente especialmente efetivo, apresentando afinidade para o metal chumbo. Entre os modelos de isotermas estudados avaliando as relações de equilíbrio do processo de bioadsorção, verifica-se que a isoterma de Langmuir representa adequadamente estas relações de equilíbrio. Como descoberta adicional, o planejamento experimental demonstrou que a concentração inicial para o processo em batelada e a vazão no processo contínuo são variáveis significativas para o estudo da efetividade na remoção dos metais por alga marinha. As considerações definidas para a modelagem do processo batelada são viáveis, demonstrando que o coeficiente de transferência de massa é uma variável importante na avaliação da afinidade do bioadsorvente aos metais Pb, Zn e Ni
Abstract: The increase in worldwide industrial activity has intensified environmental pollution and the deterioration of ecosystems, a result of the accumulation of pollutants such as: heavy metals, synthetic composites and nuclear residues. Consequently, growing attention from all sectors of societies everywhere has focused on the health hazards and damages caused by heavy metals in the environment. Until not too long ago, it was assumed that Nature, with its formidable regenerating, purifying and stabilizing powers, would neutralize the aggressive acts of mankind. It was also assumed that scientific discoveries would correct any possible harm generated by Progress. This latter assumption is not unfounded as long as scientific research is guided, structured and fashioned to achieve this end. Due to great technological advances and to the resulting generation of residues contaminating the soil, water and air of our planet, it has become necessary to develop innovative lines of research for the treatment of industrial pollutants. One such line of research is bioadsorption, a process that has been used as an alternative for the treatment of effluents containing heavy metals. In light of the need to devise solutions for this problem, this particular project was designed to study bioadsorption¿a process for the removal of industrial waste through the use of fungi, bacteria and algae¿and verify the effectiveness and viability of its use in industry. The major objective of the study at hand was to assess the extent to which bioadsorption was effective in the removal of heavy metals from solutions containing lead, zinc and nickel. The study incorporated experimental analysis and analytical simulation of the bioadsorption process using adsorption isotherms, bioadsorption kinetics as well as batch and continuous processes. The results of this study show that bioadsorption is efficient in removing heavy metals (Pb, Zn and Ni); moreover, the results also show that Sargassum sp. algae are especially effective bioadsorbents for the removal of lead. Among the isotherm models tested in the study as measures of equilibrium relations, it was found that the Langmuir Isotherm most adequately represented the bioadsorption equilibrium relation. An additional finding was that experimental planning demonstrated that the initial concentration for the batch process and the rate of flow in the continuous process are significant variables in studies involving the assessment of the effectiveness of the removal of metals by marine algae. The considerations defined in the study for the modeling of the batch process proved viable, demonstrating that the mass transfer coefficient is an important variable in the evaluation of the affinity of bioadsorbents to Pb, Zn and Ni
Doutorado
Engenharia de Processos
Doutor em Engenharia Química
37
Ho, Ching-yee Christina. "The biomonitoring of heavy metal pollution in the wood and leaf chemistry of urban trees in Hong Kong." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21089978.
Повний текст джерела
38
Ntuli, Themba Dominic. "Preparation of chemically modified Macadamia nutshells for adsorptive removal of selected heavy metals." Thesis, Vaal University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10352/379.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
M. Tech. (Chemistry, Faculty of Applied and Computer Science), Vaal University of TechnologyThe abundance of agricultural waste materials has led to its use as adsorbents for trace metal adsorption. The raw Macadamia nutshell (RMN) powder was treated with a hydrochloric acid solution to obtain acid modified Macadamia nutshells (AMM), and with sodium hydroxide solution to obtain base modified Macadamia nutshells (BMM). Then, the AMM and BMM materials were grafted with 0.5 M, 1 M, and 2 M acrylic acid. The different AMM grafted materials were labelled 0.5 GAM, 1 GAM and 2 GAM representing the different grafting ratios. The same naming order was followed for the BMM grafted materials, that is, 0.5 GBM, 1 GBM and 2 GBM corresponding to different concentrations used. The prepared Macadamia based adsorbents were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur (CHNS) analysis, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. The determination of surface properties such as the point of zero charge (pHPZC), bulk density and the surface negative charge was accomplished with appropriate wet chemistry methods. The adsorption of selected trace metals (Cu(II), Cd(II), Co(II), and Cr(VI)) was done in batch experiments. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was used for the determination of metal ions concentrations and total Cr. The ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy was used for the determination of Cr(VI) concentration remaining in solution after adsorption. The RMN, AMM, and BMM adsorbents showed potential in removing more than 45% Cu(II) ions, but less than 30% for both Cd(II) and Co(II) ions. However, more than 90% removal of Cr(VI) ions was achieved with the same adsorbents. Consequently, only the adsorption of Cr(VI) was further investigated in the study due to the higher removal efficiency displayed by the Macadamia based biosorbents. The optimum adsorption conditions for the RMN, AMM, and BMM materials were found to be pH 2, 100 mg/L initial concentration of Cr(VI), 600 min contact time and 0.2 g adsorbent mass. The ideal conditions for the 0.5 GAM and 0.5 GBM were found to be pH 2, 25 mg/L initial concentration of Cr(VI), 180 min contact time, and 0.15 g adsorbent mass. The optimum temperature was found to be 40℃ for all materials. A volume of 20 mL was used for all batch experiments. The RMN, AMM, BMM, 0.5 GBM, and 0.5 GAM adsorption mechanisms were better described by the Langmuir isotherm which predicted a monolayer sorption process. The kinetic data fitted better to the pseudo second-order rate model which signified a chemisorption type of interaction. The thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption reaction was feasible, spontaneous and endothermic. The Macadamia based materials showed greater potential as adsorbents for the adsorption of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solution compared to the other selected trace metal ions [Cd(II), Cu(II) and Co(II)].
39
Hong, Wei. "Investigation on heavy metals and species of arsenic in natural Cordyceps sinensis." Thesis, University of Macau, 2008. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2162715.
Повний текст джерела
40
Martinez, Maria L. 1960. "Organochlorine Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Fish From the Trinity River, Texas." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1990. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500474/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Trinity River passes through the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex receiving point and non-point source contaminant loadings. Lepomis spp. were collected at twelve sampling locations in the Trinity River in August 1987 and September 1988 and analyzed for organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals. Results from the study were compared to existing U.S. FDA action and tolerance levels, LC50s, and historical data. Various longitudinal trends and some concentration patterns were observed. Continual study of pesticide and metal body burdens in fish allow testing for trends, and thereby, lead to a better understanding of the distribution of contaminants in the Trinity River.
41
Clements, William H. "Community responses of aquatic macroinvertebrates to heavy metals in laboratory and outdoor experimental streams." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53937.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research describes aquatic macroinvertebrate community responses to heavy metals (copper, zinc) in experimental streams and at metal-impacted sites in the field. Experiments employed substrate-filled trays which were colonized in the field and then transferred to laboratory or outdoor streams.
Laboratory experiments conducted over three seasons showed that acute (96 h) exposure to copper (Cu) at 15-32 μg Cu/L significantly reduced macroinvertebrate abundance and number of taxa during each season. Owing to differences in sensitivity among taxa, the percent composition of dominant groups varied between control and dosed streams. Mayflies were quite sensitive to Cu, particularly during the summer when water temperatures were higher.
Community responses to Cu and Zn in outdoor experimental streams were similar to those observed at metal-impacted sites in the field. Control streams and field reference Stations were dominated by mayflies and Tanytarsini chironomids. In contrast, treated Streams and impacted field sites were dominated by net-Spinning caddisflies (Hydropsychidae) and Orthocladiini chironomids. The similarity of these experimental results to those observed in the field suggest that macroinvertebrate community responses to heavy metals are highly predictable.
Responses of these communities to Cu were greatly influenced by water quality. Effects were more severe in New River Streams, where water hardness and alkalinity were low, compared to Clinch River Streams, where hardness and alkalinity were higher. In soft water Streams, abundance was reduced by 84% after 10 d exposure to Cu (measured concentration = 13 μg/L). In contrast, abundance was reduced by only 45% in hard water Streams after 10 d at Similar Cu levels. These results demonstrate the importance of accounting for water quality characteristics of receiving systems when establishing site-specific criteria for metals.
Chronic exposure (14 d) to sublethal levels of Cu (< 6 μg/L) increased Vulnerability of caddisflies (Hydropsyche morosa and Chimarra sp.) to predation by the Stonefly, Paragnetina fumosa. Caddisflies were also the major component of stonefly diets and were consumed Significantly more frequently in dosed Streams than controls. These results demonstrate that single Species bioassays were inadequate for predicting effects of toxicants on community level processes.Ph. D.
42
Diouf, Aissatou. "Effect of Organic Amendments on Heavy Metal Distribution and Uptake in Vegetable Gardens in Senegal." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/73036.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The major constraints to food production in West Africa are related to the lack of suitable lands. Consequently, farmers incorporate organic amendments and wastewater to improve their yields. Within some limits, such wastes enhance soil fertility and can improve its physical properties. However, the advantages of using organic waste as fertilizer and soil amendment should be assessed with possible environmental and toxicological impacts due to the potential presence of heavy metals. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of organic amendments on heavy metal distribution in soils and vegetables in market gardens in Senegal. Organic amendments and soils samples were collected from four sites in eastern and southern Senegal. Samples were analyzed for physicochemical properties including particle size, total heavy metals, carbon content, nutrients, and pH. A sequential extraction procedure was conducted to determine heavy metal sinks. Results showed that sites were sandy in nature, low to medium in organic carbon content (8300 to 36600 mg kg-1), and had pH ranging from 5 to 7.9. The sequential extraction procedure showed that metals were distributed in the more stable soil fractions: Fe-Mn oxide, organic and residual. The highest soil metal concentrations in soils were found in Pikine and Rufisque sites. Plant samples were collected from these two sites and analyzed for total metal content. Results showed that all metal concentrations in soils, organic amendments, and vegetables were within the safe limits proposed by the World Health Organization, with the exception of Cd, Pb and Zn levels in vegetables.Master of Science
43
Peterson, Robert. "Interaction Effect of Filler Material on Fungal Biomass Activity for Heavy Metal Biosorption in Stormwater." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-14984.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the wake of ever more occurring and evident consequences brought by climate change such as droughts and an increasing world population, a responsible use and handling of freshwater has never been as important as before. Stormwater is more than often not treated and simply released back in nature with any kind of pollution it has collected on its way, one of which being heavy metals. By treating stormwater not only would this underutilised resource be made use of, creating a new source of freshwater, but environmental pollution caused by untreated stormwater could be potentially decreased, as it can be converted into a potential resource rather than a waste caused by nature. There are a number of already established methods to lower the concentration of heavy metals in water, however there are inherent economical and practical disadvantages with each of them. A method that has shown promising results with potential to challenge these contemporary solutions is biosorption. This study has explored the use of fungal biomass of Rhizopus oryzae for heavy metal biosorption in conjuncture with an organic filler material. The metals investigated were Zn, Cu and Fe. Moreover, the effects of pre-treating the fungal biomass with primarily NaOH were also investigated together with the optimal ratio between biomass and filler material and retention time, in order to maximise biosorption.Pre-treating the fungal biomass with NaOH resulted in a considerable increase in biosorption. Moreover, the presence of the filler material had a positive impact on biosorption by further enhancing it. The best effect was obtained at a 4:1 ratio between biomass and filler material. Finally, the best retention time was determined to be around 2 hours, slowly levelling off at higher retention times. However, the use of pre-treated R. oryzae with filler material did not prove to be efficient regarding the removal of heavy metal ions in stormwater at very low concentration of metals, between approximately 4 to 10 ppb. In the future, it would be worthwhile to investigate the viability of this method on stormwater with higher metal concentrations as well as looking into the effects of pH and temperature.Som en påföljd av de konsekvenser som klimatförändringen har orsakat, som till exempel svåra torkor tillsammans med en ökande världsbefolkning, har det blivit av allt större vikt att hanteringen av sötvatten sker på ett mer ansvarsfullt och hållbart sätt. Stormvatten brukar inte behandlas överhuvudtaget utan släpps tillbaka i miljön tillsammans med föroreningarna som det samlat på sig under sin väg, bland annat tungmetaller.Det finns redan ett antal metoder för att minska koncentrationen av tungmetaller i vatten, dock inte utan ekonomiska och praktiska svårigheter. Hur som helst så har det forskats en del kring en relativt ny metod som har tidigare visat goda resultat och skulle kunna konkurrera med befintliga lösningar, nämligen biosorption. I denna studie har man utforskat möjligheten att använda svampen Rhizopus oryzae tillsammans med ett organiskt fyllmedelsmaterial för biosorptionen av tungmetaller i stormvatten. De tungmetaller som undersöktes var Zn, Cu och Fe. Dessutom har man undersökt effekterna av ett förbehandlingssteg hos biomassan med NaOH tillsammans med det optimala förhållandet mellan biomassan och fyllemedelsmaterialet och retentionstiden för att maximera biosorptionen. Förbehandlingssteget visade en markant förbättring av biosorptionen. Fyllemedelsmaterialet hade för övrigt också en positiv inverkan genom att ytterligare öka biosorptionen. Ett 4:1 förhållande mellan biomassan och fyllemedelsmaterialet resulterade i det optimala förhållandet för komponenterna med tanke på biosorptionen. För retentionstiden visade det sig de bästa resultaten erhålles vid 2 timmar i lösningen. Emellertid visade det sig att användningen av den förbehandlade svampen tillsammans med fyllemedelsmaterialet inte var effektivt på stormvatten med en väldig låg tungmetallkoncentration, ungefär mellan 4 till 10 ppb. I framtiden skulle det vara intressant att undersöka inte bara metodens genomförbarhet på stormvatten med högre metallkoncentrationer, utan även hur pH-värde samt temperatur kan påverka resultaten.
44
Bateman, Mark J. "The uptake of heavy metals by aquatic macrophytes and the development of microsampling analytical techniques." Thesis, Coventry University, 1999. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/82ba9974-f8fc-6290-40a7-3a64e63ff8a6/1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis reviews literature relating both to the treatment of metal rich wastewaters by the use of constructed wetlands and the use of slurry analytical procedures for the determination of heavy metals in environmental micro-samples. A survey of metal contaminated wetland sites showed that aquatic plants maintain low levels of metals in aerial parts despite some very elevated sediment metal concentrations and extreme acidity. A series of greenhouse trials investigated the uptake of metals into aerial sections of Typha, Phragmites and Equisetum in long term hydroponic experiments. Phragmites was shown to accumulate zinc to a higher level than Typha. The toxicity of zinc supplied in the nutrient solution at 5 mg.dm-3 over long periods was found to limit the viability of such non-sediment based systems. A reliable routine analytical procedure was developed along with a program of quality control for the study of metal uptake into aquatic plants. A micro sampling technique, eminently suited for the analysis of small plant sections was developed. This technique uses ozone to ash the plant samples at a low temperature and following suspension in a liquid medium provides a sample ready for slurry determinations by a variety of analytical instrumentation. It is proposed that this method may also be suitable for the determination of metals in individual invertebrates and other zoological micro-samples as well as potential applications in the medical field.
45
Obbard, Jeffrey Philip. "The effect of heavy metals on microbial processes related to nutrient cycling in sewage sludged-amended soils." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306430.
Повний текст джерела
46
Hagos, Mebrahtu T. "Effect of heavy metals on spawning and hatching of Penaeus indicus in KwaZulu-Natal (Amatikulu Prawn Farm)." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6262.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Includes bibliographical references.Generally aquaculture continues to suffer from pollution and this has resulted in the decline of production. The effect of pollution can be directly on the organisations cultured causing immediate death or retarding their growth and making them vulnerable to a variety of diseases, or indirectly by reducing their reproductive capacity. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of zinc and lead on the hatched eggs, and zinc and copper on spawing and hatching of eggs from mature female Penaeus indicus. The experiment for each heavy metal was conducted separately. In the post-spawning experiment, hatched eggs were counted and exposed to 0.0, 0.1, 10., 10.0 and 100 ppm of zinc and lead to see the effect of the heavy metals on hatching of the eggs and survival of the hatched eggs. Concentrations of 0.0, 0.1 and 1.0 ppm of zinc and lead did not show signicant difference of hatch rate among each other but 10.0 and 100.0 ppm of zinc and lead gave significantly lower hatch rate as compared with the lower concentrations. Hatch rate completely failed at 100.0 ppm of both heavy metals.
47
Serot, Julie Lynn. "Heavy metal analysis in Heaviside's dolphins (Cephalorhyncus heavisidii)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193469.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Skin and blubber tissue samples were collected from two hundred and six freeranging Heaviside’s dolphins (Cephalorhyncus heavisidii) during January through June of 2008, 2009, and 2010, along the coast of South Western Africa, to be analyzed for heavy metal concentration levels. Inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine sample solution concentrations of all metals (aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium and zinc). Data provided by this thesis is the first reference of its kind for this species (Cephalorhyncus heavisidii), which is one of the least-known cetacean species in the world. In addition to baseline heavy metal concentration information for the Heaviside’s dolphin, meaningful population structural and ecological information was obtained. A level of site fidelity or specific movement pattern across certain sites was indicated by the presence of different concentration levels across individuals sampled in different areas, especially adjacent areas. With an investigation into the potential sources of the marine heavy metal contamination, it was deduced that these sources contributed to each site’s unique and characteristic toxicological and hydrological profile as reflected by the bioaccumulation patterns seen in this study. It was confirmed by this study that bioaccumulation levels are a meaningful and novel measure of population structure. Potential evidence of differences in bioaccumulation patterns between sexes was observed in this study, as well. Although not definitive, a difference in metabolism, heavy metal elimination, or ranging pattern between males and females was suggested by the results. Variation in the results suggests a deepened level of complexity in the physiological and ecological aspects of trace elements accumulation and detoxification in the tissue of an apex predator like the Heaviside’s dolphin. Finally, a general assessment of health implications for the species was established, and it was found that Heaviside’s dolphins have higher than average mammalian trace element concentrations, and higher than average concentrations as specifically compared with other odontocetes. Further research using a larger sample size and using internal organs will provide more insight and a deeper understanding of the novel information presented here.published_or_final_version
Biological Sciences
Master
Master of Philosophy
48
Cornelissen, Stephanie. "The impact of copper on filamentous fungi and yeasts present in soil." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16290.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Numerous workers studied the impact of pollutants and agricultural chemicals, containing heavy metals such as copper (Cu), on soil microbes. It was found that elevated soil Cu levels do have a detrimental effect on soil bacterial populations however the filamentous fungi seemed to be less affected. Most of these studies were conducted in soils containing already relatively high Cu levels and the effect of this heavy metal on the nonfilamentous fungi (i.e. yeasts) was never investigated. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the impact of elevated Cu levels on filamentous fungi and yeasts occurring in soils containing relatively low natural Cu levels. A synthetic selective medium containing glucose as carbon source, thymine as nitrogen source, vitamins, minerals and chloramphenicol as anti-bacterial agent (TMV-agar), was used to enumerate ascomycetous and basidiomycetous Cu resistant yeasts in a sample of virgin soil containing ~ 2ppm Cu. Media that were used to enumerate Cu resistant filamentous fungi were malt extract agar, malt extract agar with streptomycin sulfate, maltyeast- extract-peptone agar with chloramphenicol and streptomycin sulfate, benomyl–dichloran-streptomycin medium for the enumeration of hymenomycetous fungi and two selective media for the isolation of mucoralean fungi. Cu resistant fungi able to grow on all of the above mentioned solid media supplemented with 32 ppm Cu occurred in the soil sample. To obtain an indication of the level of Cu tolerance of fungi present in this soil sample, a number of fungal isolates were screened for the ability to grow on a series of agar plates, prepared from glucose-glutamate-yeast extract agar, containing increasing concentrations of Cu. It was found that filamentous fungi and yeasts that were able to grow on this agar medium containing up to 100 ppm Cu were present in the soil. A series of soil microcosms was subsequently prepared from the soil sample by experimentally contaminating the soil with increasing amounts of copper oxychloride, were after fungal populations in the microcosms, including Cu resistant fungi, were monitored using plate counts. At the end of the incubation period, after 245 days, fungal biomass in the microcosms was compared by determining the concentrations of the fungal sterol, ergosterol, inthe soil. Generally, Cu had little impact on the numbers of filamentous fungal colony forming units on the plates, as well as on the ergosterol content of the soil. The numbers of filamentous fungi in the soil, including the Mucorales and hymenomycetes, seemed to be less affected by the addition of copper oxychloride than the numbers of soil yeasts able to grow on TMV-agar. The focus of the next chapter was on the response of yeasts in different soils to elevated levels of Cu in the soil. TMV-agar was used to enumerate yeasts in soil microcosms prepared from four different soil samples, which were experimentally treated with copper oxychloride resulting in Cu concentrations of up to 1000 ppm. The selective medium supplemented with 32 ppm Cu was used to enumerate Cu resistant yeasts in the microcosms. The results showed that the addition of Cu at concentrations ≥ ~1000 ppm did not have a significant effect on total yeast numbers in the soil. Furthermore, it was found that Cu resistant yeasts were present in all the soil samples regardless of the amount of Cu that the soil was challenged with. At the end of the incubation period, yeasts in the microcosms with zero and ~1000 ppm additional Cu were enumerated, isolated and identified using sequence analyses of the D1/D2 600-650bp region of the large subunit of ribosomal DNA. Hymenomycetous species dominated in the control soil, while higher numbers of the urediniomycetous species were found in the soil that received Cu. These observations suggest that urediniomycetous yeasts may play an important role in re-establishing overall microbial activity in soils following perturbations such as the addition of Cu-based fungicides.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vele navorsers het al die impak van besoedelingstowwe en landbouchemikalieë wat swaarmetale soos koper (Cu) bevat, op grond-mikrobes bestudeer. Dit is gevind dat verhoogde Cu vlakke ‘n nadelige effek het op grond-bakteriese populasies, maar dat die filamentagtige fungi geneig is om minder geaffekteer te word. Meeste van hierdie studies is gedoen met gronde wat alreeds relatief hoë Cu vlakke bevat het en die effek van hierdie swaarmetaal op die nie-filamentagtige fungi (d.i. giste) is nooit ondersoek nie. Die doel van hierdie studie was dus om die impak van verhoogde Cu vlakke op filamentagtige fungi en giste in gronde, wat natuurlike lae vlakke van Cu bevat, te bepaal. ‘n Sintetiese selektiewe medium wat glukose as koolstofbron, timien as stikstofbron, vitamiene, minerale asook chloramfenikol as anti-bakteriese agent bevat (TMV-agar), is gebruik om askomisete en basidiomisete Cu weerstandbiedende giste in ‘n monster ongeskonde grond, bevattende ~ 2dpm Cu, te tel. Media wat gebruik is om Cu weerstandbiedende filamentagtige fungi te tel, was mout-ekstrak agar, moutekstrak agar met streptomisiensulfaat, benomiel-dichloran-streptomisien medium vir die tel van hiemenomiseetagtige fungi en twee media vir die isolasie van mukoraliese fungi. Cu-weerstandbiedende fungi wat op al die bogenoemde media, aangevul met 32 dpm Cu, kon groei, het in die grondmonster voorgekom. Om die mate van Cu-weerstandbiedendheid van fungi wat in die grondmonster voorkom, te bepaal, is ‘n getal fungus-isolate op agarplate, voorberei met glukose-glutamaat-gis ekstrak agar, bevattende verhoogde konsentrasies Cu, nagegaan. Daar is gevind dat daar filamentagtige fungi en giste in die grond voorkom wat die vermoë het om op media bevattende 100 dpm Cu te groei. ‘n Reeks grond mikrokosmosse is dus voorberei vanaf die grondmonster deur om dit eksperimenteel te kontamineer met verhoogde hoeveelhede koper oksichloried, waarna die fungus-populasies asook die Cu-weerstandbiedende fungi in die mikrokosmos gemoniteer is deur middel van plaattellings. Aan die einde van die inkubasie periode, 245 dae, is die fungus biomassa in al die mikrokosmosse bereken deur die konsentrasie van die fungus sterool ergosterool te bepaal en dit met mekaar te vergelyk. Oor die algemeen het Cu min impak ten opsigte van diegetal filamentagtige fungi kolonie vormende eenhede die plate, asook op die ergosterool inhoud van die grond gehad. Dit wil voorkom of die getal filamentagtige fungi in die grond, insluitende die Mucorales en die hymenomisete, minder geaffekteer is deur die toediening van koperoksichloried as die aantal grondgiste wat op die TMV-agar kan groei. Die fokus van die volgende hoofstuk was dus op die reaksie wat giste in verskillende grondtipes gehad het op verhoogde Cu in die grond. TMV-agar is gebruik om die getal giste te bepaal in die grond mikrokosmosse van die vier verskillende grondmonsters, wat voorberei is deur om dit eksperimenteel met koper oksikloried te kontamineer tot en met Cu konsentrasies van 1000 dpm. Die selektiewe medium wat gesupplementeer is met 32 dpm Cu, is gebruik om Cu weerstandbiedende giste in die mikrokosmosse te bepaal. Die resultate toon dat die toevoeging van Cu by konsentrasies ≥ ~1000 dpm nie enige beduidende effek op die totale gis getalle gehad het nie. Daar is ook gevind dat daar Cu weerstandbiedende giste in die grond monsters voorkom gekom het ten spyte van die hoeveelheid Cu wat tot die grond toegevoeg is. Aan die einde van die inkubasie periode is die giste wat die die mikrokosmosse bevattende nul en ~1000 dpm Cu getel, geïsoleer en geïdentifiseer deur gebruik te maak van DNA volgorde bepaling van die D1/D2 600-650 bp areas geleë in die groter subeenheid van die ribosonale DNA. Hymenomisete spesies het in die grond kontrole gedomineer, terwyl hoër getalle uredinomisete spesies in die grond met addisionele Cu gevind is. Die resultate dui daarop dat uredinomisete giste dalk ‘n belangrike rol kan speel in die hervestiging van die oorwegende mikrobiese aktiwiteit in grond na skoktoestande soos die aanwending van Cu-gebaseerde fungisiede.
49
Deng, Hong. "Metal (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Fe) uptake, tolerance and radial oxygen loss in typical wetland plants." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2005. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/629.
Повний текст джерела
50
Farris, Jerry L. "Cellulolytic responses to heavy metal accumulation in Corbicula fluminea and Mudalia dilatata." Diss., This resource online, 1986. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01242009-063436/.
Повний текст джерела