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Статті в журналах з теми "Al Jazeera (Television network)"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 3 березня 2023

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1

Fernandez, Joseph M. "SPECIAL REPORT: The Qatar-Gulf crisis: The attack on media freedom and the West’s loss of moral authority." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 24, no. 2 (November 2, 2018): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v24i1.401.

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Four Gulf states led by Saudi Arabia in mid-2017 launched a brazen attack on media freedom by demanding that Qatar shut down the Al Jazeera television network, as part of a list of demands prompted by a diplomatic crisis. The standoff has not ended although the immediate threat to Al Jazeera appears to have abated. The world's media responded to the threat to Al Jazeera by convening in Doha for a conference in July 2017 and by issuing a statement containing recommendations for the protection of freedom of expression.

2

Suleiman, Camelia, Camelia Suleiman, and Russell E. Lucas. "Debating Arabic on Al-Jazeera: Endangerment and Identity in Divergent Discourses." Middle East Journal Of Culture And Communication 5, no. 2 (2012): 190–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187398612x645235.

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Eight debates on Al-Jazeera specifically, on the Arabic language, highlight the divergent and convergent discourses about the status of the language and its use today in the Arab world. All address the issue of the weakness of the Arabic language, both internally between formal and dialect, and externally in the face of globalizing English. The participants also link the Arabic language to issues of identity and who the Arabs ‘are’ during this era of globalization. The article outlines the intellectual roots that many of the participants draw upon—that of the Arab nahda of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Finally, the article points out that there is a divergence between the general direction of scholarship produced in the West on the Arabic language and about the Al-Jazeera network and the broader intersection of language and nationalism addressed by the Al-Jazeera participants. Beyond noting the obvious linkage between language and nationalism, how actual participants deal with their intellectual legacies while attempting to prescribe and influence the present deserves greater analysis in the case of the Arabic language and its most noted vehicle today—the Al-Jazeera satellite television network.

3

Cherkaoui, Tarek. "Back to the Future: Sparta, Athena, and the battle for the Arab public sphere." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 23, no. 2 (June 20, 2017): 112–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v23i2.328.

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Al Jazeera (AJ) has been a defining feature in developing news media in the Middle East and beyond. The satellite-broadcasting network has played a leading role in bringing stories and perspectives that other international media do not always cover, if at all. More importantly, it has been a champion for democracy and human rights in the Middle East, thereby provoking the ire of Arab autocratic rulers, which went to great length to silence the Qatar-based television news network. The latest Gulf Crisis, in which four countries (Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Egypt) blockaded Qatar in July 2017, is another attempt to silence this media institution and peg back the region to the pre-Arab Spring era. The anti-Qatar quartet issued an ultimatum of 13 demands to be fulfilled within ten days. The list included paying reparations, shutting down Al Jazeera, curbing bilateral relations with Iran, closing a Turkish military base, and submitting to monthly external compliance checks. However, the crisis could be a blessing in disguise for Qatar and the network in its campaign for greater freedom of expression in the Middle East. This article analyses the crisis from a media political economy perspective.

4

Ellmers, Steve. "Noted: Exposing celebrity reportage." Pacific Journalism Review 20, no. 2 (December 31, 2014): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v20i2.182.

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Review of: Conflict Coverage Promotion: High Quality or High Concept? By Chris Veits. Hamburg: Anchor Academic Publishing, 2014, 95pp. ISBN 978-3-95489-200-6.Due to his background in entertainment television Chris Veits would seem uniquely qualified to conduct a semiotic analysis of the conflict coverage promotional spots on CNN International and Al Jazeera English. However, admirers of Al Jazeera English might be surprised to learn how both networks routinely employed high concept material in the segments lauding their reporting of the multinational intervention in Libya and the broader Arab Awakening. Although at times semiotic approaches can seem like the scrutiny of minutiae, the unusual choice of promotional clips provides an opportunity to demonstrate how image centric these channels’ claims about their professional integrity and morality really are.

5

Anter, Alyaa. "Underrepresented and marginalized: Television news framing of ordinary Arab citizens before the Arab uprisings of 2011." Journal of Arab & Muslim Media Research 15, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): 205–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jammr_00047_1.

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This study applied news framing theory with mixed quantitative and qualitative methods to analyse news items (N = 1348) about ordinary Arabs on Al Jazeera Arabic, Al Arabiya and Nile News TV shortly before the Arab Spring. Results show that ordinary Arab citizen representation was low. Overall, there were significant differences in networks’ framing of ordinary people. Importance, negativity and conflict values dominated the news featuring ordinary citizens. Arab news networks did not provide adequate time for citizens to voice opinions, and limited representation occurred via vox pop, footage and indirect reference. Networks employed negative sentimental framing (protest and rejection, economic problems, victimization, health problems and mistrust in governments) and mainly portrayed citizens of countries undergoing crises and wars. Arab television news should prioritize sharing the opinions, concerns and successes of ordinary Arab people and engage in constructive journalism rather than concentrating on problem frames without offering solutions.

6

El-Bendary, Mohamed. "Watching the war against Iraq through pan-Arab satellite TV." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 9, no. 1 (September 1, 2003): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v9i1.753.

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It was the first Gulf War in 1991 which led to the satellite television explosion in the Arab world. Arabs then knew about Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait through CNN. Today, Arab satellite channels reach almost every Arab capital and many Middle Eastern and African nations — from Mauritania on the Atlantic coast to Iran in the east, from Syria in the north to Djibouti in the south. This battle for the airwaves and boom in satellite channels in the Arab world has become both a tool for integration and dispersion. It is raising a glimpse of hope that the flow of information will no longer be pouring from the West to the East, but from the East to the West. Questions, however, remain about the credibility of news coverage by Arabic networks like the maverick Qatar-based al-Jazeera and whether Arab journalists adhere to journalistic norms upheld in the West.

7

ARMBRUST, WALTER. "Pensée 2: New Media and Old Agendas: The Internet in the Middle East and Middle Eastern Studies." International Journal of Middle East Studies 39, no. 4 (October 30, 2007): 531–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743807071048.

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My thoughts on the Internet were recently jogged by an experience with a slightly older medium, namely, satellite television. In late March 2007 I attended the Third Annual Al-Jazeera Forum, in Doha. Notwithstanding the attendance of a few academics like me, the forum was largely a networking opportunity for professional journalists, just as MESA is for professional Middle East studies academics. However, unlike MESA, forum presenters, as well as the audience, were handpicked. Even the expenses of the attendees were subsidized (my hotel bill was paid by al-Jazeera). This inevitably made the event an exercise in open self-promotion for al-Jazeera.

8

Samuel-Azran, Tal, and Tsahi Hayat. "Counter-hegemonic contra-flow and the Al Jazeera America fiasco: A social network analysis of Al Jazeera America’s Twitter users." Global Media and Communication 13, no. 3 (October 5, 2017): 267–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742766517734255.

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Al Jazeera America, arguably the most ambitious attempt in history by a non-Western network to broadcast to US audiences, was shut in April 2016. A social network analysis of Al Jazeera America’s following on Twitter reveals that 42 per cent of Al Jazeera America’s followers did not follow any other US news outlet and that most of the remaining 58 per cent followed liberal stations. The findings illustrate mainstream US news consumers’ reluctance to follow Al Jazeera America, which only appealed to specific audiences. The analysis portrays the challenges facing counter-hegemonic contra-flow stations such as Al Jazeera America in their bid to gain legitimacy in the West, and specifically in the United States, and highlights the relevance of selective exposure and hostile media theories in the case of counter-flowing stations.

9

Ward, Jacob. "Science on the Small Screen." Boom 5, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/boom.2015.5.3.81.

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A personal essay on the author’s transition from editor of Popular Science magazine to science reporter for Al Jazeera America, the television channel. He finds that the new role—and good science reporting generally—provides a lens through which to see most major news stories dominating the headlines in a clear, thoughtful, and unbiased way.

10

Hayat, Tsahi, Tal Samuel-Azran, and Yair Galily. "Al-Jazeera Sport’s US Twitter followers: sport-politics nexus?" Online Information Review 40, no. 6 (October 10, 2016): 785–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oir-01-2016-0033.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to contribute to analyses of the sport-politics nexus by identifying whether the demographics of Twitter followers of Al-Jazeera Sport in the USA (rebranded in 2014 as beIN USA) can be associated with a specific political orientation. Design/methodology/approach Based on selective exposure theory, which posits that people follow news sources that reinforce their existing views, the authors identify the news outlets followed by beIN Twitter followers. To put the findings in perspective, the authors compared the results to the news outlets followed by the Twitter followers of Al-Jazeera America, Al-Jazeera’s second US outlet. Next, to understand the nature of the beIN and Al-Jazeera America communities, the authors used social network analysis to analyze the distribution of retweets within these communities. Findings The analysis shows that whereas Al-Jazeera America Twitter followers follow significantly more liberal than conservative news outlets, beIN’s followers were not identified with a specific political orientation. Analysis of beIN’s followers’ retweets shows a greater degree of connectivity among beIN’s followers than among the followers of Al-Jazeera America, indicating a more connected social network. Research limitations/implications Findings indicate that beIN’s Twitter following is characterized by more diverse and more strongly connected audience than Al-Jazeera America on Twitter, highlighting sports as a non-politicized realm on Twitter. Practical implications For practitioners, the study illustrates that controversial non-western media networks such as Al-Jazeera can gain access to diverse populations in the West by operating in the sport realm rather than the news realm. Originality/value This study offers a pioneering indication of the extent of a sport-ethnocentrism nexus on Twitter.

11

Azran, Tal. "Resisting Peripheral Exports: Al Jazeera's War Images on us Television." Media International Australia 113, no. 1 (November 2004): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0411300110.

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This paper describes work that is underway to develop a framework for the analysis of media flows from periphery to centre — the phenomenon known in globalisation studies as ‘contra-flow’. The framework proposed in this paper challenges the fundamentals of current studies of peripheral exports, which arguably fail to consider Western resistance involved in the representation of peripheral networks due to the presumption that ‘contra-flow’ single-handedly supports the cultural heterogenisation paradigm. The paper suggests that this presumption is outdated, particularly in light of growing tensions in the wake of 9/11, and that ‘contraflows’ which threaten the West can promote cross-cultural polarisation beside heterogenisation. The paper argues that researchers would be in a better position to identify the general tendency of media globalisation if they began to think of periphery–centre encounters more critically through the proposed framework. To illustrate this, the paper examines the case study of US media's re-presentation of Al Jazeera's so-called ‘counter-flowing’ war reports through the proposed framework.

12

Allagui, Ilhem. "Innovation in Legacy Media Institutions: the Case of the Al Jazeera Media Network." Journal of Creative Industries and Cultural Studies 6 (2020): 36–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.56140/jocis-v6-2.

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This research explores how legacy media institutions can facilitate an environment where innovation is possible. Using media innovation and the dynamic capabilities theoretical framework, the research looks at the specific case of the Al Jazeera media network, a pre-eminent broadcaster in the Middle East. The paper uses the case-study approach combined with personal interviews with media professionals and experts to understand the way innovation unfolds for a legacy media institution. While media transformation and innovation research is predominantly located in the western world, this research provides an empirical perspective from the global south. It finds in resource management and corporate adaptability the mechanisms of innovation adopted by Al Jazeera, and these mechanisms are not specific to the global south.

13

Becker, Karin. "Protest in the Photo Essay: Following Tradition or Breaking New Ground?" Protest, Vol. 4, no. 2 (2019): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47659/m7.062.art.

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The photo essay, a form of visual journalism that arose during the era of the picture magazines, has reemerged as a regular feature of global news channels, including CNN, BBC World, and, notably, Al Jazeera English, recognized for its live reporting of political unrest. In 2017, a year marked by protest around the world, AJE published over 200 photo-series, including 37 on public protest. An analysis based in a four-year study of protest on screen, revealed that these photo essays share characteristics that in turn distinguish them from video broadcasts of public protests. The photo-reportage on screen, like its classic forerunner in print, employs a variety of visual perspectives and focuses on participants who are often quoted and identified by name. Scenes of public protest are complemented by visual and textual reporting from the private/domestic sphere. This visual strategy, in contrast to the immediacy of video coverage from the streets, supports knowledge of the protest issue and engagement with its participants. Keywords: Al Jazeera English, global television news, news galleries, photo essay, photojournalism, public protest

14

Morgner, Christian, and Haitham Aldreabi. "Media events and translation: The case of the Arab Spring." Journal of Arab & Muslim Media Research 13, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 133–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jammr_00016_1.

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This article contributes to the growing research on transnational and global media events by focusing on the role of translation in the process of mediated meaning-making of the so-called Arab Spring. Furthermore, the article focuses on the role of traditional media channels (television), and questions conflation of the Arab Spring and the Arab world. Therefore, a database was created of the English television coverage on Egypt’s and Syria’s uprisings done by ‘Russia Today’ and ‘Al Jazeera’. The coverage was analysed using narrative and discourse analysis focusing on the role of media reports translation. This analysis included different translations and also considered the impact of these translations on the overall framing of the media event. It demonstrated how translation positioned the narrative structure of media events and their internal dynamic; how these dynamics were reconfigured through recontextualization; how participants were repositioned; and how the competition impacted the further dynamics of the media event.

15

Tiedge, James T., and Kenneth J. Ksobiech. "Counterprogramming primetime network television." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 31, no. 1 (January 1987): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08838158709386644.

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16

Brassard, Jeffrey. "Russia’s STS Television Network." VIEW Journal of European Television History and Culture 6, no. 11 (September 22, 2017): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18146/2213-0969.2017.jethc125.

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Little attention has been given to privately owned television channels in Russia though they now rival the state-run networks in importance. The most influential network in post-Soviet television history is the entertainment network STS. Using the framework of critical media industry studies proposed by Havens, Lotz and Tinic this paper traces the history of STS, its importance in bringing new genres and production techniques to Russia and its rapid growth in the 2000s. Particular attention is given to questions of hybridity, interactions with global media industries and the network’s attempt to build formats for the global market.

17

Isa, Daud, and Itai Himelboim. "A Social Networks Approach to Online Social Movement: Social Mediators and Mediated Content in #FreeAJStaff Twitter Network." Social Media + Society 4, no. 1 (January 2018): 205630511876080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2056305118760807.

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The movement to free Al Jazeera journalists (#FreeAJStaff), imprisoned by Egyptian authorities, utilized social media over almost 2 years, between 2013 and 2015. #FreeAJStaff movement emerged as a unique blend of social movement and news media, taking place primarily on Twitter. This study applied a social networks approach to examine patterns of information flow within the #FreeAJStaff movement on Twitter: the emergence of information siloes and social mediators, who bridge them. Twitter data of 22 months were collected, resulting in social networks created by 71,326 users who included the hashtag #FreeAJStaff in their tweets, and 149,650 social ties (mentions and replies) among them. Analysis found social mediators to be primarily core movement actors (e.g., Al Jazeera) or elites (e.g., politicians), rather than grassroots actors. Furthermore, core actors exhibited more reciprocal relationship with other users than elite actors. In contrast, elite actors evoked denser exchange of messages. Finally, this study identified the mechanism used to create a Spillover Effect between social movements (such as #FreeAJStaff and #FreeShawkan), finding that mediated content, which travels across clusters, was more likely to include non-FreeAJStaff movement hashtags, than siloed content, which remains within a cluster. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

18

Mittal, Priyanka. "Book Review: Saba Bebawi (2016). Media Power and Global Television News: The Role of Al-Jazeera." Contemporary Review of the Middle East 3, no. 4 (December 2016): 467–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2347798916664631.

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19

Abdalla Elkhatim Ali, Dr Hashim, and Dr Esra Omer Ibrahim Edris. "Employing social media sites in producing Television News programs." علوم الاتصال 2, no. 7 (June 27, 2021): 243–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.52981/cs.v2i7.784.

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The study aimed to confirm and highlight the importance of employing social media sites in news programs ,identify social media sites technologies and the extent of their reflection on news programs, to determine the use of social media sites and the extent to which they are used in Nashratcom program on Al-Jazeera channel. The problem raised by this research paper is in the following question: What is the extent of employing social media sites in the production of news programs and the extent of their credibility and impact on the recipient? The researchers used the descriptive and analytical method, the content analysis tool, the observation, the interview, and the questionnaire to collect information and data related to the study, and to divide and analyze the data. The sample of the study was Purposive Sample of experts in the professional and academic field, and the study concluded with several results, the most important of which are: The episodes of the Nashratcom program are uploaded on a daily basis to the websites of Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. Sending news and events to the program via social media sites Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. Nashratcom program was able to communicate the voice of the citizen through social media sites., and the researchers recommend to verify the authenticity of news and events on social networking sites before they are broad casted and published.

20

Tartory, Raeda. "Interruptions of Men and Women in Selected Debates of Al-Jazeera Arabic Channel: A Pragmatic Analysis of the Opposite Direction." International Journal of English Linguistics 9, no. 2 (March 2, 2019): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n2p273.

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The present study aims to explore the gender patterns during interruptions in the context of political television discussions in the Arab community. Five mixed-sex episodes of the well-known program “The Opposite Direction” presented on Al-Jazeera Channel were examined. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were carried out to determine, which gender did more interruptions than the other. The study has considered each gender to use verbal and non-verbal statements to express that they were doing interruptions or that they were being interrupted. The results showed that women interrupted more than did men. Moreover, it has also been shown that men reacted in a more severe and aggressive way, when they were interrupted by women.

21

Abdul-Mageed, Muhammad M. "Online News Sites and Journalism 2.0: Reader Comments on Al Jazeera Arabic." tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 6, no. 2 (December 4, 2008): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v6i2.78.

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The current paper investigates reader commenting on news sites as one facet of journalism 2.0. Specifically, the themes, frequency, and regional coverage of readers’ comments—and in general, their activity levels and distribution—are considered, with a goal to increase knowledge of convergent media and computer-mediated communication (CMC), as well as shed light on the interactivity strategies adopted by influential news producers. The corpus is collected from the Arabic news site of the controversial Middle East-based, bilingual network Al Jazeera. Reader commenting was found to be a regular occurrence on the site but distributed unevenly across stories. The stories focused mostly on themes related to military and political violence, politics, and foreign relations, and covered events related to the Arab world more than other regions. Also, patterns of commenting varied according to day of the week and position of the story on the web page. Overall, these findings suggest that citizen journalism—journalism is performed by lay persons—on Al Jazeera tends to be shaped by the coverage and layout of the news site. Moreover, citizen participation in online news sites such as Al Jazeera is still far from ideal, in that commenters are given neither the access nor the facilitation to use modalities other than written text. These limitations are critiqued in light of contemporary discourses about media convergence and journalism 2.0.

22

Jamal, Ali, and Srinivas R. Melkote. "Viewing and avoidance of the Al-Jazeera satellite television channel in Kuwait: a uses and gratifications perspective." Asian Journal of Communication 18, no. 1 (March 2008): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01292980701823732.

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23

Moretti, Anthony. "Book Review: Media Power and Global Television News: The Role of Al-Jazeera English by Saba Bebawi." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 95, no. 2 (March 21, 2018): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077699018763311.

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24

Reese, Stephen D., John A. Daly, and Andrew P. Hardy. "Economic News on Network Television." Journalism Quarterly 64, no. 1 (March 1987): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769908706400119.

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25

Donaldson, G., and D. Jones. "Cable television broadband network architectures." IEEE Communications Magazine 39, no. 6 (June 2001): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/35.925679.

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26

Rust, Roland T. "Selecting network television advertising schedules." Journal of Business Research 13, no. 6 (December 1985): 483–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(85)90043-8.

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27

García-Orosa, Berta, and Mohsen Alafranji. "Engagement as an emerging value on the television channel Al Jazeera. Comparative analysis of AJA and AJE (2016-2020)." Communication & Society 34, no. 4 (October 4, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15581/003.34.4.1-16.

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The main objective is the comparative analysis of the engagement strategies in the AlJazeera channels in Arabic and English. Methodological triangulation is used through bibliographic review, content analysis, 45 in-depth interviews and non-participant observation. The policies carried out with two important points are studied in 2016 with the conformation of the engagement strategy and in 2018 with the restructuring of the television teams. Engagement is no longer just a marketing strategy to turn the audience into a fundamental actor in content production. Platformization and the search for a comprehensive and international strategy emerge as challenges for the coming years

28

García-Orosa, Berta, and Mohsen Alafranji. "Engagement as an emerging value on the television channel Al Jazeera. Comparative analysis of AJA and AJE (2016-2020)." Communication & Society 34, no. 4 (October 4, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15581/003.34.4.1-16.

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The main objective is the comparative analysis of the engagement strategies in the AlJazeera channels in Arabic and English. Methodological triangulation is used through bibliographic review, content analysis, 45 in-depth interviews and non-participant observation. The policies carried out with two important points are studied in 2016 with the conformation of the engagement strategy and in 2018 with the restructuring of the television teams. Engagement is no longer just a marketing strategy to turn the audience into a fundamental actor in content production. Platformization and the search for a comprehensive and international strategy emerge as challenges for the coming years

29

Jones, G. A., J. M. Defilippis, H. Hoffmann, and E. A. Williams. "Digital Television Station and Network Implementation." Proceedings of the IEEE 94, no. 1 (January 2006): 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2005.861003.

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30

Beriont, W. "The broadband network interface for television." IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 38, no. 4 (1992): 906–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/30.179983.

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31

Auter, Philip J., and Douglas A. Boyd. "DuMont: The Original Fourth Television Network." Journal of Popular Culture 29, no. 3 (December 1995): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3840.1995.00063.x.

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32

Foote, Joe S., and Ann C. Saunders. "Graphic Forms in Network Television News." Journalism Quarterly 67, no. 3 (September 1990): 501–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769909006700304.

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33

Hundley, Heather. "The Evolution of Gendercasting: The Lifetime Television Network- “Television for Women”." Journal of Popular Film and Television 29, no. 4 (January 2002): 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01956050209601023.

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34

Hyungkwon Jeon and 메흐리니소. "The Emergence of Transnational Media Network in the Arab World: The Case of Al-Jazeera." Journal of Mediterranean Area Studies 9, no. 1 (April 2007): 199–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.18218/jmas.2007.9.1.199.

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35

Godfrey, Donald G., and David R. Spencer. "Canadian Marconi: CFCF Television From Signal Hill to the Canadian Television Network." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 44, no. 3 (September 2000): 437–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4403_6.

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36

Ellis, Gavin. "Taliban takeover: Charlotte Bellis faces perils outside ‘enemy territory’." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 27, no. 1and2 (September 30, 2021): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v27i1and2.1207.

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Анотація:

New Zealand-born Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Peter Arnett was one of a handful of journalists allowed to stay in Baghdad as the American offensive against Iraq began in 1991. Reporting first from the rooftop of the Al-Rashid Hotel, he chronicled—quite literally – the impact of the bombing campaign. But on Day Four he was taken to a bombed-out building in a suburb that was then an infant milk formula factory would later gain notoriety thanks to investigative reporter Seymour Hersh—Abu Ghraib. His report was accurate. In 2003, Arnett was once again in ‘enemy territory’ and (by his own later admission, unwisely) gave an interview to Iraqi television during the Second Iraq War. In the interview, he stated that the civilian casualties inflicted by the Coalition forces were counterproductive. In August 2021, it was the turn of another New Zealand journalist, Charlotte Bellis reporting for Al Jazeera English, to tell us what she sees. And much of the world has now seen her. The author examines the pitfalls that she may face.

37

Goettler, Ronald L., and Ron Shachar. "Spatial Competition in the Network Television Industry." RAND Journal of Economics 32, no. 4 (2001): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2696385.

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38

Thomas, Terrence J., Stanley Besen, Thomas G. Krattenmaker, A. Richard Metzger, John R. Wood-bury, and Herschel Hardin. "Misregulating Television: Network Dominance and the FCC." Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques 12, no. 4 (December 1986): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3550679.

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39

Morse, Robert R., Stanley M. Besen, Thomas G. Krattenmaker, A. Richard Metzger, and John R. Woodbury. "Misregulating Television: Network Dominance and the FCC." Michigan Law Review 84, no. 4/5 (February 1986): 979. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1288866.

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40

Kim, Younghoon. "Television Drama in the Post-Network Era." Journal of Modern British & American Language & Literature 38, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21084/jmball.2020.02.38.1.39.

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41

Williamson, L. "Redesigning Women: Television after the Network Era." Screen 48, no. 3 (January 1, 2007): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/screen/hjm043.

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42

Fleming, Jennifer. "Redesigning Women: Television after the Network Era." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 51, no. 2 (July 12, 2007): 394–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08838150701307210.

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43

Carter, Stephen L., Stanley M. Besen, Thomas G. Krattenmaker, A. Richard Metzger, and John R. Woodbury. "Misregulating Television: Network Dominance and the FCC." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 4, no. 4 (1985): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3323807.

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44

Booth, Paul. "The Television Social Network: Exploring TV Characters." Communication Studies 63, no. 3 (July 2012): 309–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2012.674616.

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45

Wei, Renfang. "China's network of radio and television universities." American Journal of Distance Education 5, no. 2 (January 1991): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08923649109526751.

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46

Shapiro, Kelli. "Redesigning Women: Television after the Network Era." Journal of Popular Culture 40, no. 5 (October 2007): 905–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5931.2007.00474.x.

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47

Greenberg, Michael R., Peter M. Sandman, David B. Sachsman, and Kandice L. Salomone. "Network Television News Coverage of Environmental Risks." Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 31, no. 2 (March 1989): 16–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00139157.1989.9928931.

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48

Ryan, Catharine M. "Eternal World Television Network: Newman at 2000." Newman Studies Journal 4, no. 1 (2007): 90–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/nsj2007418.

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49

Savage, Ann M. "Redesigning Women: television after the network era." Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 30, no. 3 (September 2010): 440–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01439685.2010.509961.

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50

Spitzer, Matthew L. "Misregulating television: Network dominance and the FCC." Information Economics and Policy 2, no. 1 (January 1986): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6245(86)90021-1.

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