Дисертації з теми "Air pollution-Urban"
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De, Bont Jeroen 1989. "Urban environment, air pollution and childhood growth and obesity." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670315.
Повний текст джерелаEntendre els determinants de l’obesitat infantil no havia estat mai tan urgent, atès l’alta prevalença que hi ha arreu del món. Cada vegada hi ha més evidències que l’entorn urbà podria afectar l’obesitat infantil, i que pot aportar un potencial important per a la intervenció en l’àmbit comunitari. Aquesta tesi pretén investigar com les tendències temporals en prevalença i incidència del sobrepès i l’obesitat en infants difereix segons les característiques sociodemogràfiques; i, avaluar l’associació entre l’entorn urbà, especialment la contaminació atmosfèrica, i el creixement de l’infant i l’obesitat. Aquesta tesi ha fet servir dades longitudinals de registres electròniques de centres d’atenció primària i de dos estudis transversals en Catalunya (Espanya). S’ha observat una reducció, en general, en el transcurs del temps en la prevalença de sobrepès i obesitat infantil a Catalunya, però la prevalença incrementa al llarg del temps entre els infants de les àrees més desafavorides o els qui no tenen una nacionalitat espanyola, cosa que indica un increment de desigualtats. Hem observat en tres estudis diferents que l’exposició a la contaminació atmosfèrica en els primers anys de vida està associada a un petit increment del creixement de l’índex de massa corporal (IMC) durant el creixement postnatal, i que pot augmentar el risc de desenvolupar obesitat infantil durant l’etapa mitjana de la infància (de 6 a 14 anys). Aquestes associacions han estat més accentuades en infants que viuen en àrees desafavorides. Altres factors urbans, com ara la densitat de població, han estat associats a un increment del creixement de l’IMC, mentre que els espais verds i l’ús del sòl han estat associats a una disminució del creixement de l’IMC. Finalment, també s’ha percebut que les àrees urbans amb un nivell més alt de contaminació atmosfèrica, soroll i trànsit, i amb els nivells més baixos d’àrees verdes, tenien més probabilitats d’estar associades al sobrepès i a l’obesitat infantil durant la edat escolar (9-12 anys). En conclusió, els resultats d’aquesta tesi suggereixen que l’entorn urbà, especialment la contaminació atmosfèrica, poden tenir una petita influència en el pes infantil des del naixement fins a l’etapa mitjana de la infància. L’estatus socioeconòmic té un paper important a l’hora d’augmentar les desigualtats en l’obesitat infantil i en l’associació entre l’entorn urbà i aquesta obesitat.
Tang, Ho Kin Robert. "Space and time modelling of intra-urban air pollution." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/28077.
Повний текст джерелаWong, Ming-hong Daniel. "A study of passive sampling and modelling techniques for urban air pollution determination /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2093385X.
Повний текст джерелаMaxwell-Meier, Kari Lynn. "Urban Impacts On Atmospheric Chemistry: Surface Ozone in Large Versus Small Urban Centers and Urban Pollution in Asian Dust Storms." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006, 2006. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-08012006-093354/.
Повний текст джерелаRodney J. Weber, Committee Chair ; Michael E. Chang, Committee Member ; Judith A. Curry, Committee Member ; Ellery Ingall, Committee Member ; Michael H. Bergin, Committee Member.
Allan, L. M. "Thia-arenes as pollution source tracers in urban air particulate." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0031/NQ66191.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаAdams, Helen Sarah. "Exposure assessment of urban transport users to particulate air pollution." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246812.
Повний текст джерелаHenshaw, Stephen John. "Trends and patterns in urban air pollution in the UK." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.509769.
Повний текст джерелаKurmi, Om Prakash. "Health effects of indoor air pollution in both rural and urban Nepal." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=103117.
Повний текст джерелаBeydoun, Mustapha. "Vehicular characteristics and urban air pollution socioeconomic and environmental policy issues /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1085681028.
Повний текст джерелаTitle from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xvii, 248 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Jean-Michel Guldmann, Dept. of City and Regional Planning. Includes bibliographical references (p. 148-154).
Wong, Ming-hong Daniel, and 黃明康. "A study of passive sampling and modelling techniques for urban air pollution determination." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30252325.
Повний текст джерелаHonour, Sarah Louise. "The effects of urban air pollution on native herbaceous plant species." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411646.
Повний текст джерелаWong, Oi-lok Emily, and 黃愛樂. "A study of the relationship between air pollution and urban climate." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3125567X.
Повний текст джерелаMatzoros, Athanasios. "A junction based model of air pollution from urban road networks." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.291748.
Повний текст джерелаBickerstaff, Karen. "Public perceptions and behavioural responses to urban air pollution in Birmingham." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285631.
Повний текст джерелаPurkayastha, Kanan K. "Pattern recognition and an OH reactivity study of urban air pollution." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683909.
Повний текст джерелаSchiper, Nicole. "Traffic data sampling for air pollution estimation at different urban scales." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSET008/document.
Повний текст джерелаRoad traffic is a major source of air pollution in urban areas. Policy makers are pushing for different solutions including new traffic management strategies that can directly lower pollutants emissions. To assess the performances of such strategies, the calculation of pollution emission should consider spatial and temporal dynamic of the traffic. The use of traditional on-road sensors (e.g. inductive sensors) for collecting real-time data is necessary but not sufficient because of their expensive cost of implementation. It is also a disadvantage that such technologies, for practical reasons, only provide local information. Some methods should then be applied to expand this local information to large spatial extent. These methods currently suffer from the following limitations: (i) the relationship between missing data and the estimation accuracy, both cannot be easily determined and (ii) the calculations on large area is computationally expensive in particular when time evolution is considered. Given a dynamic traffic simulation coupled with an emission model, a novel approach to this problem is taken by applying selection techniques that can identify the most relevant locations to estimate the network vehicle emissions in various spatial and temporal scales. This work explores the use of different statistical methods both naïve and smart, as tools for selecting the most relevant traffic and emission information on a network to determine the total values at any scale. This work also highlights some cautions when such traffic-emission coupled method is used to quantify emissions due the traffic. Using the COPERT IV emission functions at various spatial-temporal scales induces a bias depending on traffic conditions, in comparison to the original scale (driving cycles). This bias observed in our simulations, has been quantified in function of traffic indicators (mean speed). It also has been demonstrated to have a double origin: the emission functions’ convexity and the traffic variables covariance
Assimakopoulos, Vasiliki. "Numerical modelling of dispersion of atmospheric pollution in and above urban canopies." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8046.
Повний текст джерелаPérez, Grau Laura. "The urban health effects and impact of anthropogenic and natural air pollution." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7195.
Повний текст джерелаEl papel diferencial en que las diferentes fracciones de partículas en suspensión en el aire (PMs), sus fuentes y componentes producen efectos adversos para la salud no está completamente entendido. Las lagunas actuales incluyen el papel de las PMs generadas por el tráfico y los efectos de las PMs generadas por fuentes naturales. La investigación epidemiológica relacionada con fuentes todavía falta ser integrada en el proceso de evaluación de impacto, una herramienta fundamental para informar a los tomadores de decisiones y el público sobre la situación actual o el impacto de futuras o pasadas políticas de contaminación atmosférica. Esta tesis trata estas áreas. Para explorar el papel de las PMs generadas por diferentes fuentes, se ha investigado la asociación entre diferentes fracciones de PMs y mortalidad en Barcelona (España) y se ha usado datos de composición química de PMs para identificar las fuentes y los componentes relacionados con la toxicidad. Para ilustrar que las evaluaciones de impacto a nivel local son herramientas útiles en salud pública, se ha estimado el beneficio en salud y económico que resultaría de diferentes escenarios de mejora de la calidad del aire en el área metropolitana de Barcelona y en dos comunidades de California del Sur. Estos estudios de casos incluyen nuevos métodos para integrar en las evaluaciones de impacto las nuevas evidencias epidemiológicas que relacionan la exposición al tráfico con los efectos en salud. Esta tesis contribuye a un mayor entendimiento del vínculo entre las fracciones de PM, sus fuentes y componentes y los efectos en salud así como a la mejora de los métodos de las evaluaciones de impacto. Estas contribuciones tienen importantes implicaciones para la salud pública y las políticas públicas de contaminación atmosférica.
Wilton, Bronwynne L. "An exploratory study of urban air pollution, childhood asthma and landscape planning." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ61958.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаReynolds, Shirley Anne. "Monitoring and prediction of air pollution from traffic in the urban environment." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1996. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11740/.
Повний текст джерелаVardoulakis, Sotirios. "An operational method for assessing traffic-related air pollution in urban streets." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2002. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/8708/.
Повний текст джерелаWong, Yun-tong Anton. "Computational study of wind flow and pollution dispersion in an urban street canyon of various geometries /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25211754.
Повний текст джерелаArciszewska, C. "An evaluation of meteorological data needs for urban pollution modelling." Thesis, University of Northampton, 2001. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/2815/.
Повний текст джерелаSo, Shuk-pan Ellen, and 蘇淑彬. "Large eddy simulations of wind flow and pollution dispersion in an urban street canyon." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29332710.
Повний текст джерелаCARVALHO, Roberta Mendonça De. "Ecosystem services and urban vegetation coverage in Belém: the influence on noise pollution, air pollution and climate regulation." Universidade Federal do Pará, 2013. http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/handle/2011/4498.
Повний текст джерелаApproved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva(arosa@ufpa.br) on 2013-12-03T16:37:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_EcosystemServicesUrban.pdf: 4395620 bytes, checksum: 4c9887a0f706aa677ce1c9b4c39e814f (MD5)
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A ligação entre as zonas urbanas e as questões ambientais ficam mais próximas na medida em que cresce a conscientização global de conservar, melhorar e valorizar os serviços ambientais prestados pela natureza para a sustentabilidade da vida, dentro e fora da cidade. Cobertura vegetal (ou cobertura verde) está dentre as principais fontes de tais serviços. Uma vez que o processo de urbanização se mostra irreversível e os problemas ambientais urbanos se alastram em tamanho e extensão, a presença do verde está diretamente relacionada aos indicadores de qualidade de vida urbana. Como reflexo do processo de urbanização, a cidade de Belém perdeu uma grande porcentagem de seus ecossistemas naturais, de modo que este trabalho se concentrou em analisar alguns serviços ecossistêmicos—qualidade do ar, poluição do ar e regulação do clima - fornecidos pela qualidade e pela quantidade de cobertura vegetal local, considerando as alterações na distribuição espaço-temporal, em três distritos administrativos. Um marco teórico foi construído e analisado; a cobertura vegetal foi calculada, utilizando-se NDVI e Cobertura Vegetal Fracional em imagens do LANDSAT 5, ao longo de um período de 23 anos. A partir de uma proposta de escala mais detalhada de NDVI, análises quantitativas e qualitativas da cobertura verde evidenciaram perda significativa de cobertura muito densa, densa, moderada e aumento de áreas de pouca ou nenhuma vegetação. Ademais, lesão das áreas verdes sinalizou tendências de aumento da poluição do ar, da poluição sonora e da temperatura. A carência de dados relacionados ao meio ambiente não deixa dúvida sobre a urgência de investimento nos serviços ambientais provenientes da cobertura vegetal, para a sustentabilidade urbana em Belém, cujos cenários previstos são de drásticas perdas de área verde. Mais pesquisas e iniciativas de instituições públicas e privadas são necessárias para a contribuição aos serviços ambientais em Belém e, consequentemente, ao bem-estar público.
The ties between urban areas and environmental issues are growing as strong as the global awareness of the need to conserve, improve and valorize the ecosystem services provided by nature, in order to ensure the sustainability of life in and outside cities. Green vegetation coverage (or green areas) is one of the major sources of such services. Considering that there is no turning back on urbanization process, and the urban environmental problems are on the rise, the urban green areas should be among the elements that influence urban life quality. As a result of the urbanization process, the city of Belém has lost a great percentage of its natural ecosystems. This work focused at analyzing ecosystem services (air quality, air pollution and climate regulation) provided by local vegetation coverage quality and quantity, considering the spatial distribution and temporal changes on three administrative districts. A theoretical framework was built and assessed while vegetation coverage was calculated using NDVI and Fractional Vegetation Coverage on LANDSAT 5 imagery over a 23-year period. Owing to a more detailed scale, NDVI enabled conducting the quantitative and qualitative analyses of vegetation coverage, which showed significant loss of very dense, dense and moderate vegetation coverage and an increase in poor vegetation and bare soil areas. In addition, the study findings revealed increased noise pollution, decrease in air quality and increase in temperature, all resulting from changes in natural coverage. The significant lack of environmental data leaves no doubt about the urgency of investing on vegetation coverage for the urban sustainability in Belém, given that both actual and forecast scenarios indicate drastic green area losses. Hence, more research and both public and private initiatives are encouraged to contribute to the development of Belém ecosystems services and contribute to the enhancement of public well-being.
Chapman, Matthew. "Spatial forecasting of air pollution in urban environments : a geographical information system approach." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271974.
Повний текст джерелаSarofim, Marcus C. "Climate policy design : interactions among carbon dioxide, methane, and urban air pollution constraints." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39257.
Повний текст джерелаThis electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 176-189).
Limiting anthropogenic climate change over the next century will require controlling multiple substances. The Kyoto Protocol structure constrains the major greenhouse gases and allows trading among them, but there exist other possible regime architectures which may be more efficient. Tradeoffs between the market efficiency of all-inclusive policies and the benefits of policies targeted to the unique characteristics of each substance are investigated using an integrated assessment approach, using the MIT Emissions Prediction and Policy Analysis model, the Integrated Global Systems Model, and political analysis methods. The thesis explores three cases. The first case addresses stabilization, the ultimate objective of Article 2 of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. We highlight the implications of imprecision in the definition of stabilization, the importance of non-CO2 substances, and the problems of excessive focus on long-term targets. The results of the stabilization analysis suggest that methane reduction will be especially valuable because of its importance in low-cost mitigation policies that are effective on timescales up to three centuries. Therefore in the second case we examine methane, demonstrating that methane constraints alone can account for a 15% reduction in temperature rise over the 21st century.
(cont.) In contrast to conventional wisdom, we show that Global Warming Potential based trading between methane reductions and fossil CO2 reductions is flawed because of the differences in their atmospheric characteristics, the uncertainty in methane inventories, the negative interactions of CO2 constraints with underlying taxes, and higher political barriers to constraining CO2. The third case examines the benefits of increased policy coordination between air pollution constraints and climate policies. We calculate the direct effects of air pollution constraints to be less than 8% of temperature rise over the century, but ancillary reductions of GHGs lead to an additional 17% decrease. Furthermore, current policies have not had success coordinating air pollution constraints and CO2 constraints, potentially leading to a 20% welfare cost penalty resulting from separate implementation. Our results lead us to recommend enacting near term multinational CH4 constraints independently from CO2 policies as well as supporting air pollution policies in developing nations that include an emphasis on climate friendly projects.
by Marcus C. Sarofim.
Ph.D.
Smallbone, Kirsty Louise. "Mapping ambient urban air pollution at the small area scale : a GIS approach." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 1998. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/4731/.
Повний текст джерелаBigazzi, Alexander Y. "Bicyclists' Uptake of Traffic-Related Air Pollution: Effects of the Urban Transportation System." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2064.
Повний текст джерелаYeung, Kit-choi James. "A study of the air pollution situation and its effects in urban Hong Kong caused by land-based transport." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21128704.
Повний текст джерелаLai, Kwong-kei Murphy. "Two-dimensional computational study on indoor/outdoor air quality relationship in urban buildings." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38725149.
Повний текст джерела黃潤棠 and Yun-tong Anton Wong. "Computational study of wind flow and pollution dispersion in an urban street canyon of various geometries." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31226905.
Повний текст джерелаEdussuriya, Priyantha S. "Urban morphology and air quality: a study of street level air pollution in dense residential environments of HongKong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37672241.
Повний текст джерелаEdussuriya, Priyantha S. "Urban morphology and air quality a study of street level air pollution in dense residential environments of Hong Kong /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B37672241.
Повний текст джерелаIshii, Satoshi. "The impacts and policy implications of urban air pollution on local agriculture in Malaysia." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407938.
Повний текст джерелаFragkou, Evangelia. "Application of a mesoscale model to analyse the meteorology of urban air pollution episodes." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427529.
Повний текст джерелаAndrade, Guilherme Carvalho. "Native legumes from the Atlantic Rainforest and their potential for biomonitoring urban air pollution." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2015. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/7528.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Localizada no Sudeste brasileiro, a cidade de Ipatinga encontra-se inserida na Região Metropolitana do Vale do Aço, a qual é caracterizada pela predominância da atividade industrial siderúrgica, além da presença de uma das maiores frotas veiculares do país. Desenvolver métodos padronizados de biomonitoramento com espécies vegetais nativas pode ser uma opção economicamente viável para avaliar a qualidade do ar ao longo de grandes extensões de área urbana, o que geralmente não há como ser feito através do monitoramento instrumental devido ao seu alto custo. Neste sentido, o potencial para o monitoramento de partículas foi avaliado em Caesalpinia echinata e C. ferrea visando testar se o acúmulo de metais pelas plantas está relacionado a feições da superfície foliar. As plantas foram expostas em quatro locais urbanos por 90 dias. Uma estação- referência foi instalada no Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, a 30 km do município. Após o período experimental, avaliou-se o acúmulo de metais-traço pelas plantas. A rugosidade da superfície foliar foi investigada em dois níveis hierárquicos, através de análises de perfilometria e microscopia de força atômica. As ceras foram caracterizadas quimicamente através de CG-EM e por espectroscopia no infravermelho, e micromorfologicamente através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A espessura dos tecidos foliares foi avaliada em microscopia óptica. O acúmulo de partículas foi maior em C. echinata e se relacionou com uma menor rugosidade dada pelo tecido epidérmico (macrorrugosidade), menor rugosidade dada pela micromorfologia das ceras na forma de um filme fino (microrrugosidade) e com características químicas das ceras. As ceras dessa espécie possuem menores teores de hidrocarbonetos e éteres, o que lhes dá natureza polar. Essas características presumivelmente lhes conferem maior molhabilidade, o que geralmente está associado a um menor efeito auto-limpante e a um consequente aumento no acúmulo de partículas. Em contraste, C. ferrea acumulou menos material particulado (MP) mas apresentou um gradiente de respostas mais bem definido ao longo dos diferentes locais de exposição. Os locais foram um fator discriminante para a altura das células do tecido epidérmico, principalmente da face adaxial da folha, tendo este tecido este apresentado valores de espessura reduzidos nas estações urbanas. Os resultados sugerem o uso de C. echinata como bioacumuladora de MP e de C. ferrea como biosensora de poluição urbana.
In Southeastern Brazil, the city of Ipatinga is inserted in the Steel Valley Metropolitan Region, which is characterized by the predominance of steel industry, and also by the presence of one of the largest vehicle fleets in the country. Developing standardized biomonitoring methods with native plant species may be an economically viable option for assessing air quality across extensive urban areas, which usually cannot be achieved by instrumental monitoring due to cost issues. In this sense, the potential for biomonitoring airborne particles was evaluated in Caesalpinia echinata and C. ferrea aiming to test whether metal accumulation by the plants is related to leaf surface features. Plants were exposed in four urban sites for 90 days. A reference station was installed at Rio Doce State Park, 30 km away from the municipality. After the experimental period, plants were evaluated for trace-metal accumulation. Leaf surface roughness was evaluated in two hierarchical levels, through profilometry and atomic force microsocopy. Epicuticular waxes were characterized chemically through GC-MS and FTIR, and micromorphologically through scanning electron microscopy. Leaf tissue thickness was assessed through optical microscopy. Particle accumulation was higher in C. echinata, and was related to a lower roughness given by the epidermal tissue (macro- roughness), lower roughness given by the epicuticular wax deposition pattern (micro- roughness), the micromorphology of waxes in the form of a layer, and the wax chemical composition. The waxes of this species have lower amounts of hydrocarbons and ethers, conferring them a polar nature. These characteristics presumably render the leaf higher wettability, which is usually associated with decreased self-cleaning effect and a consequent increased particle accumulation. In contrast, C. ferrea showed reduced accumulation of particulate matter (PM), but a more well-defined response gradient across the exposure sites. Sites were a discriminant factor for cell height on the epidermal tissue, especially on the leaf adaxial surface, such tissue showing reduced thickness in plants exposed at the urban stations. The results suggest the use of C. echinata as a bioaccumulator of PM and C. ferrea as biosensor of urban pollution.
Zamora, Mero Willian Jesús. "Crowdsensing solutions for urban pollution monitoring using smartphones." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/115483.
Повний текст джерелаLa contaminació ambiental és un dels principals problemes que afecten el nostre planeta. El creixement industrial i els aglomerats urbans, entre altres, estan contribuint al fet que aquest problema es diversifique i es cronifique. La presència de contaminants ambientals en nivells elevats afecta la salut humana, sent la qualitat de l'aire i els nivells de soroll exemples de factors que poden causar efectes negatius en les persones, tant psicològicament com fisiològicament. No obstant això, la ubiqüitat de les microcomputadores i l'augment dels sensors incorporats als nostres telèfons intel·ligents han fet possible l'aparició de noves estratègies per a mesurar aquesta contaminació. Així, el mobile crowdsensing s'ha convertit en un nou paradigma mitjançant el qual els telèfons intel·ligents emergeixen com a tecnologia habilitadora, i l'adopció generalitzada d'aquest proporciona un enorme potencial per al seu creixement, ja que permet operar a gran escala i amb uns costos assumibles per a la societat. A través del crowdsensing, els telèfons intel·ligents poden convertir-se en unitats de detecció flexibles i multiús que, a través dels sensors integrats en els esmentats dispositius, o combinats amb nous sensors, permeten monitoritzar regions d'interès amb una bona granularitat, tant espacial com temporal. En aquesta tesi ens centrem en el disseny de solucions de crowdsensing usant telèfons intel·ligents, on abordem problemes de contaminació ambiental, específicament del soroll i de la contaminació de l'aire. Amb aquest objectiu, s'estudien, en primer lloc, les propostes de crowdsensing que han sorgit en els últims anys. Els resultats del nostre estudi demostren que encara hi ha molta heterogeneïtat en termes de tecnologies utilitzades i mètodes d'implementació, encara que els dissenys modulars en el client i en el servidor semblen ser dominants. Pel que fa a la contaminació de l'aire, proposem una arquitectura que permeta mesurar la contaminació d'aquest, concretament de l'ozó, dins d'entorns urbans. La nostra proposta utilitza telèfons intel·ligents com a centre de l'arquitectura, sent aquests dispositius els encarregats de llegir les dades d'un sensor mòbil extern, i d'enviar després aquestes dades a un servidor central per al seu processament i tractament. Els resultats obtinguts demostren que l'orientació del sensor i el període de mostratge, dins de certs límits, tenen molt poca influència en les dades capturades. Pel que fa a la contaminació acústica, proposem una arquitectura per a mesurar els nivells de soroll en entorns urbans basada en crowdsensing, i la característica principal de la qual és que no requereix intervenció de la persona usuària. En aquesta tesi detallem aspectes com ara el calibratge dels telèfons intel·ligents, la qualitat de les mesures obtingudes, l'instant de mostratge, el disseny del servidor i la interacció client-servidor. A més, hem validat la nostra solució en escenaris reals per a demostrar el potencial de la solució assolida. Els resultats experimentals mostren que, amb la nostra proposta, és possible mesurar nivells de soroll en diferents zones urbanes o rurals amb un grau de precisió comparable al dels dispositius professionals, tot això sense requerir intervenció de l'usuari o usuària, i amb un consum reduït quant a recursos del sistema. En general, les diferents contribucions d'aquesta tesi doctoral ofereixen un punt de partida per a nous desenvolupaments, i ofereixen estratègies de calibratge i algorismes eficients amb vista a realitzar mesures representatives. A més, un important avantatge de la nostra proposta és que pot ser implementada de forma directa tant en institucions públiques com no governamentals en poc de temps, ja que utilitza tecnologia accessible i solucions basades en el codi obert.
Environmental pollution is one of the main problems that affect our planet. Industrial growth and urban agglomerations, among others, are contributing to the diversification and chronification of this problem. The presence of environmental pollutants at high levels affect human health, with air quality and noise levels being examples of factors that can cause negative effects on people both psychologically and physiologically. Traditionally, environmental pollution is measured through monitoring centers, which are usually fixed and have a high cost. However, the ubiquity of microcomputers and the increase in the number of sensors embedded in our smartphones, have paved the way for the appearance of new strategies to measure such pollution. Thus, Mobile Crowdsensing has become a new paradigm through which smartphones emerge as an enabling technology, and whose widespread adoption provides enormous potential for growth, allowing large-scale operations, and with costs acceptable to our society. Through crowdsensing, smartphones can become flexible and multipurpose detection units that, through the sensors integrated into these devices, or combined with new sensors, allow monitoring regions of interest with good spatial and temporal granularity. In this thesis, we focus on the design of crowdsensing solutions using smartphones. We deal with environmental pollution problems, specifically noise and air pollution. With this objective, the crowdsensing proposals that have emerged in recent years are studied in the first place. The results of our study show that there is still a lot of heterogeneity in terms of technologies used and implementation methods, although modular designs at both client and server seem to be dominant. Concerning air pollution, we propose an architecture that allows measuring air pollution, specifically ozone, in urban environments. Our proposal uses smartphones as the center of the architecture, being these devices responsible for reading the data obtained by an external mobile sensor, and then sending such data to a central server for processing and analysis. In this proposal, several problems have been analyzed with regard to the orientation of the external sensor and the sampling time, and the proposed solution has been validated in real scenarios. The results obtained show that the orientation of the sensor and the sampling period, within certain limits, have very little influence on the captured data. Also, by comparing the heat maps generated by our solution with the data from the existing monitoring stations in the city of Valencia, we demonstrate that our approach is capable of providing greater data granularity. Concerning noise pollution, we propose an architecture to measure noise levels in urban environments based on crowdsensing, and whose main characteristic is that it does not require user intervention. In this thesis, we detail aspects such as the calibration of smartphones, the quality of the measurements obtained, the sampling instant, the server design, and the client-server interaction. Besides, we have validated our solution in real scenarios to demonstrate the potential of the proposed solution. Experimental results show that, with our proposal, it is possible to measure noise levels in different urban or rural areas with a degree of precision comparable to that of professional devices, all without requiring the intervention of the user, and with reduced consumption of system resources. In general, the different contributions of this doctoral thesis provide a starting point for new developments, offering efficient calibration strategies and algorithms to make representative measurements. Besides, a significant advantage of our proposal is that it can be implemented straightforwardly by both public and non-governmental institutions in a short time, as it relies on accessible technology and open source software
Zamora Mero, WJ. (2018). Crowdsensing solutions for urban pollution monitoring using smartphones [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/115483
TESIS
Zhang, Manwen. "Air pollution and human health risk assessment in e-waste recycling sites and urban indoor environment in South China." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2017. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/463.
Повний текст джерелаYan, Yihong. "Air pollution in China: a study of public perception." Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32599.
Повний текст джерелаDepartment of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning
Brent Chamberlain
Air pollution is a serious health and environmental problem. In fact, poor air quality has been linked to numerous diseases and is a significant public health issue related to urban planning. These problems can be clearly seen in urban Chinese cities, most recently with the first ever Red Alert in Beijing China in 2015. In 2015, director Chai Jing developed a documentary depicting the bad effects on health of air pollution in China. However, soon after the release of the film, it was banned. One important finding in the film was the misperception the Chinese people had about the kinds of pollution and the health impacts. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the extent to which Chinese people understand the causes of air pollution and their related health effects. Accordingly, a survey was produced and delivered via Chinese social medium. The survey had three objectives: study the perception of 1) Air quality and the source of air pollution, 2) Health effects if air pollution, and 3) Air pollution and Environmental policies. The results show that 44% Chinese people feel air quality is worse now than a year before, and 72% people feel air pollution has affected their health. One main finding in this study was that younger people took the survey more than older people, as perhaps because they may have started to have a family or become a family; this is significant because air pollution is harmful for children. The other main finding was that 52% people did not know a China Air Pollution and Prevention Law exists.
Gurram, Sashikanth. "Understanding the Linkages between Urban Transportation Design and Population Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollution: Application of an Integrated Transportation and Air Pollution Modeling Framework to Tampa, FL." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7030.
Повний текст джерелаDavies, Craig. "Air pollution and agricultural insect pests in urban and peri-urban areas of India : a case study of Varanasi." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369059.
Повний текст джерелаSinclair, Pauline Anne. "Long path Fourier transform absorption spectroscopy for investigating pollution in the urban boundary layer." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5d40217c-6da8-4fe8-a09b-c7744d464874.
Повний текст джерелаLai, Kwong-kei Murphy, and 賴廣麒. "Two-dimensional computational study on indoor/outdoor air quality relationship in urban buildings." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38725149.
Повний текст джерелаChapman, Peter Stuart. "Exposure to street level particulate pollution in urban Hong Kong and the associated health application of trams as a mobile monitor /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42980021.
Повний текст джерелаHasham, Faizal A. "Modelling of urban air pollution in the Edmonton Strathconoa Industrial Area using artificial neural networks." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0006/MQ34375.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаHuggins, Thomas Clement Brian. "An investigation into the resuspension of road dust as a source of urban air pollution." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.502196.
Повний текст джерелаYang, Trent 1979. "Economic and policy implications of urban air pollution in the United States, 1970 to 2000." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28315.
Повний текст джерелаIncludes bibliographical references (leaves 83-85).
(cont.) over time as pollution levels change. Using these new models, we valued the economic benefit of reduced air pollution due to the Clean Air Act regulations to be over $7 trillion from 1970 to 2000, or 2.1% of aggregate US economic welfare over the period. This does not include the benefits into the future (after 2000) from reduction in mortality due chronic exposure during these years. The economic benefit of those saved mortalities is another $7 trillion using a 3% discount rate. Another calculation is the remaining economic burden of unmitigated pollution levels (actual historical pollution). We estimate this to be approximately $9 trillion over the same period. The $9 trillion burden includes the early mortalities due to chronic exposure to PM before and during this period. While these economic benefits of air pollution regulation are large ($7 trillion), they are considerably less than the $27.6 trillion estimated in EPAs own analysis of the benefits of air pollution regulation. The main difference for our lower estimate is the stock-flow accounting of mortality due to chronic exposure. There are considerable uncertainties in these estimates both because of uncertainties in the relationship between air pollution exposure and the health effects, and in the assumptions needed to value these effects.
In the last 30 to 40 years, an increasing awareness of the link between urban air pollutant levels and negative health effects have led to numerous studies and policies that are targeted towards both understanding the linkage and mitigating its effects. In 1970, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) created the Clean Air Act directed at reducing harmful emissions that cause high pollution levels in urban areas. Ever since then, environmental economists and policy makers have attempted to better understand the economic impacts of these regulations through cost and benefit analysis. Towards that end, we have developed a methodology for fully integrating the health effects from exposure to air pollution into a computable general equilibrium economic model. This model represents the first attempt at fully incorporating the economic valuation of air pollution in an integrated economic model that has endogenously built-in consumer demand and preference curves to accurately represent the demand for air pollution health. This framework provides a way to consistently value effects with commonly used approaches for valuing costs of mitigation and to explore uncertainties in these estimates. Furthermore, we also describe a new stock and flow model to track the extra mortalities from chronic exposure to particulate matters. Past frameworks have assumed an immediate relationship between pollution levels and mortality levels. While this is true for mortality due to acute exposure, changes in mortalities from chronic exposure due to a change in pollution levels are only gradually realized and so the full effects on the economy are observed for many years. This new framework allows the tracking of total pollution in-take and its effect on mortality levels
by Trent Yang.
S.M.
Serra, Stefania <1985>. "Air Pollution and Human Health Risk: Evaluation of Carcinogenic Potential of Urban Airborne Particulate Matter." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7364/6/serra_stefania_tesi.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаSerra, Stefania <1985>. "Air Pollution and Human Health Risk: Evaluation of Carcinogenic Potential of Urban Airborne Particulate Matter." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7364/.
Повний текст джерела