Книги: "Air pollution level"

1

S, Sandhu H. Ground-level ozone in Alberta. Edmonton: The Branch, 1999.

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2

Chaikowsky, C. L. A. Overview of ground-level ozone observations in Alberta, 1986-1998. Edmonton: Alberta Environment, 2001.

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3

Guo, Charles C. How relative prices affect fuel use patterns in manufacturing: Plant-level evidence from Chile. Washington, D.C: The World Bank, Policy Research Dept., Public Economics Division, 1994.

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4

Milionis, Alexandros Epaminondas. Climatology of temperature inversions over Eastern England: Some implications for ground-level air pollution. Norwich: University of East Anglia, 1991.

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5

Panel, Michigan Environmental Science Board Hydrogen Sulfide Investigation. Health effects of low-level hydrogen sulfide in ambient air (a science report to Governor John Engler). Lansing, Mich: The Board, 2000.

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6

Michaelowa, Axel. Critical issues in current climate policy: "hot air", multi-level emission trading registries and changes in emission commitments due to international conflicts. Hamburg: HWWA-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung-Hamburg, 1999.

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7

Federal-Provincial Working Group on Air Quality Objectives and Guidelines. A protocol for the development of national ambient air quality objectives: Part 1 : science assessment document and derivation of the reference level(s). Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada, 1996.

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8

Parliament, Great Britain. Protocol to the 1979 Convention on long-range transboundary air pollution to abate acidification, eutrophication and ground-level ozone. London: Stationery Office, 2002.

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9

Murray, Louis C. Hydrogeologic, water-level, and water-quality data from monitoring wells at the U.S. Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point, North Carolina. Raleigh, N.C: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1990.

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10

Murray, Louis C. Hydrogeologic, water-level, and water-quality data from monitoring wells at the U.S. Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point, North Carolina. Raleigh, N.C: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1990.

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11

Murray, Louis C. Hydrogeologic, water-level, and water-quality data from monitoring wells at the U.S. Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point, North Carolina. Raleigh, N.C: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1990.

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12

Murray, Louis C. Hydrogeologic, water-level, and water-quality data from monitoring wells at the U.S. Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point, North Carolina. Raleigh, N.C: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1990.

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13

Murray, Louis C. Hydrogeologic, water-level, and water-quality data from monitoring wells at the U.S. Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point, North Carolina. Raleigh, N.C: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1990.

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14

S, Lefohn Allen, ed. Surface level ozone exposures and their effects on vegetation. Chelsea, Mich: Lewis Publishers, 1992.

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15

Canada, Canada Environment. Setting a level for sulphur in gasoline and diesel fuel: Final report of the government working group on sulphur in gasoline and diesel fuel. [Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada, 1998.

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16

Bowling, Sue Ann. Meteorological factors responsible for high CO levels in Alaskan cities. Corvallis, OR: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, 1985.

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17

UK Critical Loads Advisory Group. Critical levels of air pollutants for the United Kingdom. Penicuik: Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, 1996.

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18

Schwartz, Joel. Air quality in America: A dose of reality on air pollution levels, trends, and health risks. Washington, D.C: AEI Press, 2007.

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19

J, Aherne, Farrell Edward P, and Ireland Environmental Protection Agency, eds. Critical loads and levels: Determination and mapping of critical loads for sulphur and nitrogen and critical levels for ozone in Ireland : final report. Wexford: E.P.A., 2000.

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20

Office, General Accounting. Air pollution: The Border Smog Reduction Act's impact on ozone levels : report to Congressional committees. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1999.

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21

Group, Alberta Air Research Users. Environmental levels of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans in ambient air at selected monitoring sites in Alberta. Edmonton]: Alberta Environment, 2004.

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22

Lacombe, Pierre. Hydrogeologic framework, water levels, and trichloroethylene contamination, Naval Air Warfare Center, West Trenton, New Jersey, 1993-97. West Trenton, N.J: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000.

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23

Federal-Provincial Advisory Committee on Air Quality (Canada). Review of national ambient air quality objectives for carbon monoxide: Desirable and acceptable levels : a report. [Ottawa]: The Committee, 1987.

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24

Brandys, Robert C. Post-remediation verification and clearance testing of mold and bacteria remediation projects: Risk based levels of cleanliness standards. Hinsdale, Ill: Occupational & Environmental Health Consulting Services, 2005.

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25

National Research Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, ed. Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 2000.

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26

Werner, Burkart, Sohrabi Mehdi, and Bayer A, eds. High levels of natural radiation and radon areas: Radiation dose and health effects : proceedings of the 5th International Conference on High Levels of Natural Radiation and Radon Areas, held in Munich, Germany on September 4 to 7, 2000. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2002.

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27

Frew, Anthony. Air pollution. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0341.

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Any public debate about air pollution starts with the premise that air pollution cannot be good for you, so we should have less of it. However, it is much more difficult to determine how much is dangerous, and even more difficult to decide how much we are willing to pay for improvements in measured air pollution. Recent UK estimates suggest that fine particulate pollution causes about 6500 deaths per year, although it is not clear how many years of life are lost as a result. Some deaths may just be brought forward by a few days or weeks, while others may be truly premature. Globally, household pollution from cooking fuels may cause up to two million premature deaths per year in the developing world. The hazards of black smoke air pollution have been known since antiquity. The first descriptions of deaths caused by air pollution are those recorded after the eruption of Vesuvius in ad 79. In modern times, the infamous smogs of the early twentieth century in Belgium and London were clearly shown to trigger deaths in people with chronic bronchitis and heart disease. In mechanistic terms, black smoke and sulphur dioxide generated from industrial processes and domestic coal burning cause airway inflammation, exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, and consequent heart failure. Epidemiological analysis has confirmed that the deaths included both those who were likely to have died soon anyway and those who might well have survived for months or years if the pollution event had not occurred. Clean air legislation has dramatically reduced the levels of these traditional pollutants in the West, although these pollutants are still important in China, and smoke from solid cooking fuel continues to take a heavy toll amongst women in less developed parts of the world. New forms of air pollution have emerged, principally due to the increase in motor vehicle traffic since the 1950s. The combination of fine particulates and ground-level ozone causes ‘summer smogs’ which intensify over cities during summer periods of high barometric pressure. In Los Angeles and Mexico City, ozone concentrations commonly reach levels which are associated with adverse respiratory effects in normal and asthmatic subjects. Ozone directly affects the airways, causing reduced inspiratory capacity. This effect is more marked in patients with asthma and is clinically important, since epidemiological studies have found linear associations between ozone concentrations and admission rates for asthma and related respiratory diseases. Ozone induces an acute neutrophilic inflammatory response in both human and animal airways, together with release of chemokines (e.g. interleukin 8 and growth-related oncogene-alpha). Nitrogen oxides have less direct effect on human airways, but they increase the response to allergen challenge in patients with atopic asthma. Nitrogen oxide exposure also increases the risk of becoming ill after exposure to influenza. Alveolar macrophages are less able to inactivate influenza viruses and this leads to an increased probability of infection after experimental exposure to influenza. In the last two decades, major concerns have been raised about the effects of fine particulates. An association between fine particulate levels and cardiovascular and respiratory mortality and morbidity was first reported in 1993 and has since been confirmed in several other countries. Globally, about 90% of airborne particles are formed naturally, from sea spray, dust storms, volcanoes, and burning grass and forests. Human activity accounts for about 10% of aerosols (in terms of mass). This comes from transport, power stations, and various industrial processes. Diesel exhaust is the principal source of fine particulate pollution in Europe, while sea spray is the principal source in California, and agricultural activity is a major contributor in inland areas of the US. Dust storms are important sources in the Sahara, the Middle East, and parts of China. The mechanism of adverse health effects remains unclear but, unlike the case for ozone and nitrogen oxides, there is no safe threshold for the health effects of particulates. Since the 1990s, tax measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions have led to a rapid rise in the proportion of new cars with diesel engines. In the UK, this rose from 4% in 1990 to one-third of new cars in 2004 while, in France, over half of new vehicles have diesel engines. Diesel exhaust particles may increase the risk of sensitization to airborne allergens and cause airways inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. Extensive epidemiological work has confirmed that there is an association between increased exposure to environmental fine particulates and death from cardiovascular causes. Various mechanisms have been proposed: cardiac rhythm disturbance seems the most likely at present. It has also been proposed that high numbers of ultrafine particles may cause alveolar inflammation which then exacerbates preexisting cardiac and pulmonary disease. In support of this hypothesis, the metal content of ultrafine particles induces oxidative stress when alveolar macrophages are exposed to particles in vitro. While this is a plausible mechanism, in epidemiological studies it is difficult to separate the effects of ultrafine particles from those of other traffic-related pollutants.

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28

Ground-level ozone in Canada. Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada, 1992.

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29

Authority, Boston Redevelopment. Air quality at street-level: strategies for urban design. 1986.

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30

Eanna, Ní Lamhna, and National Institute for Physical Planning and Construction Research., eds. An Air quality survey of the Greater Dublin Area carried out by second level students. Dublin: An Foras Forbartha, 1988.

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31

India. Central Pollution Control Board., ed. Ambient noise level and air quality status in Delhi during deepawali festival days 1999-2002. Delhi: Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India, 2003.

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32

Lens, Piet N. L., and Kannan Pakshirajan, eds. Environmental Technologies to Treat Selenium Pollution. IWA Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789061055.

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Abstract Selenium contamination of air, aquatic environments, soils and sediments is a serious environmental concern of increasing importance. Selenium has a paradoxical feature in bringing about health benefits under the prescribed level, but only a few fold increase in its concentration causes deleterious effects to flora and fauna, humans and the environment. This book Environmental Technologies to Treat Selenium Pollution: Principles and Engineering: presents the fundamentals of the biogeochemical selenium cycle and which imbalances in this cycle result in pollution.overviews chemical and biological technologies for successful treatment of selenium contaminated water, air, soils and sediments.explores the recovery of value-added products from selenium laden waste streams, including biofortication and selenium-based nanoparticles and quantum dots. This book may serve both as an advanced textbook for undergraduate and graduate students majoring in environmental sciences, technology or engineering as well as as a handbook for tertiary educators, researchers, professionals and policy makers who conduct research and practices in selenium related fields. It is essential reading for consulting companies when dealing with selenium related environmental (bio)technologies. ISBN: 9781789061048 (Paperback) ISBN: 9781789061055 (eBook)

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33

Rogers, Alan Charles, and Alan C. Rogers Alan M. Rogers. 2020 - 2045 25 Critical Years for Human Life on Earth: Global Warming - Water Shortages - Air, Land and Ocean Pollution - Unemployment - Sea Level Rise. Independently Published, 2020.

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34

Samet, Jonathan M., and Aaron J. Cohen. Air Pollution. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0017.

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A wide variety of manmade and naturally occurring air pollutants are known to cause cancer. Diverse exposures such as tobacco smoke, radionuclides (radon), chemicals (benzene, mustard gas, and volatile organic compounds), fibers (asbestos), and metals and metalloids (chromium, nickel, and arsenic) have long been classified as carcinogenic to humans. Historically, these classifications were based predominantly on high levels of exposure in occupational settings. Over the last thirty to forty years, scientific attention has focused on quantifying the adverse health effects of indoor and outdoor air pollutants at exposure levels several orders of magnitude lower than were studied initially. These include secondhand smoke, household exposure to radon, residential and environmental exposure to asbestos, soot from diesel-powered engines, ambient exposures to small particles (PM2.5), and indoor air pollution from the combustion of biomass and coal. This chapter provides an overview of recent epidemiologic studies of air pollutants and cancer.

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35

Kajitvichyanukul, Puangrat, and Brian D'Arcy, eds. Land Use and Water Quality: The Impacts of Diffuse Pollution. IWA Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789061123.

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Abstract The influence of landscapes – topography, soil, vegetation, geology – on water quality is an inherent part of the global water cycle. Land use has adverse impacts for example when soils are exposed, significant quantities of pollutants are released (including anthropogenic materials added to those naturally present), or pollutants are added directly to the water environment. Those impacts range from industrial development to farming and urbanisation. Whilst inefficient polluting industrial effluents are still tolerated in some countries, and poorly treated sewage globally remains a huge challenge for sanitation and public health, as well as the water environment, diffuse pollution is relatively poorly recognised or understood. The operator of a sewage or trade effluent treatment plant is consciously discharging effluent to the local river. But a farmer is simply growing crops or farming livestock, a city commuter driving to work is unlikely to be thinking how brake pad wear has released copper to the water (and air) environment and hydrocarbons and particulates too; no one is intending to cause pollution of the water environment. The same applies to industrial chemists creating fire-proofing chemicals, solvents, fertilisers, pesticides, cosmetics and many more substances which contaminate the environment. Understanding and ultimately minimising diffuse pollution is in that sense the science of unintended consequences. And the consequences can be severe, for water resources and ecosystems. It's a global problem. This book comprises 18 papers from experts around the globe, presenting evidence from tropical as well as temperate regions, and rural as well as urban land use challenges. The book explores the nature of diffuse pollution and exemplifies the issues at various scales, from high-level national overviews to particular catchment and pollutant issues. By contrast, natural or semi-natural forest cover has long been recognised as safeguarding water quality in reservoirs (examples from Australia to Thailand and UK). The final chapter looks at how landscapes generally, can be designed to minimise pollution risks from particular land-uses, arguing for a more widespread catchment approach to water-aware landscape design, allied with flood risk resilience, place-making for people, and biodiversity opportunities too. ISBN: 9781789061116 (Paperback) ISBN: 9781789061123 (eBook) ISBN: 9781789061130 (ePub)

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36

Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication And Ground-level Ozone: Gothenburg, 30 November 1999, Cm.6853 Treaty 2006. Stationery Office, 2006.

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37

Reid, John, Giovanni Leonardi, and Alex G. Stewart. Ambient air pollution and health. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745471.003.0016.

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This chapter describes the impact of air pollution, including particulate matter and nitrogen oxides, on human health, through a case scenario where an increase in respiratory disease has been associated with changes in traffic density and increases in pollution indices. Background information on pollutants and air quality measurements is given based on WHO criteria. The importance of multidisciplinary input to such investigations is emphasized, involving specialists in toxicology and environmental science, as well as health protection staff. The role of geographical information systems in mapping air pollution levels to identify localities where guideline values are exceeded is emphasized, together with health impact assessments to monitor public health outcomes. The complex local, social, and political aspects that may arise are considered, and so endure engagement and communication with different interest groups. The final part clearly outlines currently unanswered questions and how they should be studied and managed in the future.

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38

Gillespie, Alexander. Between the Second World War and 1970. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198819516.003.0005.

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The years between 1945 and 1970 saw unprecedented economic and social prosperity worldwide. Despite some gaps, progress in the Western, communist, and developing world was the rule, rather than the exception. The differences that appeared were in how the Western world focused on international trade and exchange, while the communist and developing world was more inward focused and was much more willing to incur environmental damage than the Western world. The rise of Western environmentalism was largely attributable to the appearance of unprecedented new environmental problems. Air, chemical, ocean, and waste disposal pollution began to evolve, and the scale and constituents of their impact all pointed to very unsustainable trajectories. Habitat and species loss continued to expand, although initial approaches on how to deal with these problems (together with air and freshwater pollution) at the national, regional, and sometimes, the international level began to emerge.

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39

Air Quality in America: A Dose of Reality on Air Pollution Levels, Trends, and Health Risks. AEI Press, 2008.

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40

India. Central Pollution Control Board., ed. Estimation of levels of benzene in ambient air and its impact on health in Mumbai. Delhi: Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India, 2007.

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41

Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, ed. Contribution to indoor ozone levels of an ozone generator: Project summary. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1993.

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42

Company, M. E. P., Ontario Air Resources Branch, and Ontario. Ministry of the Environment. Research and Technology Branch., eds. A Study of the peak ozone levels in the Toronto area: Final report submitted to: Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Air Resources Branch. [Toronto]: Research and Technology Branch, Environment Ontario, 1990.

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43

Silva, Andrew P. Analysis of carbon dioxide levels in a mechanically ventilated college classroom. 1997.

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44

Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Committee on Toxicology, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council, and Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals. National Academies Press, 2014.

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45

Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Committee on Toxicology, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council, and Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals. National Academies Press, 2014.

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46

Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Committee on Toxicology, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council, and Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals. National Academies Press, 2012.

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47

Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Committee on Toxicology, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council, and Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals. National Academies Press, 2012.

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48

Committee on Toxicology, National Research Council, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology Staff, and Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals. National Academies Press, 2009.

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49

Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Committee on Toxicology, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council, and Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals. National Academies Press, 2008.

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50

Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Committee on Toxicology, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council, and Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals. National Academies Press, 2013.

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Книги з теми "Air pollution level"

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