Статті в журналах: "Air pollution burden"

1

Tong, Shilu. "Air pollution and disease burden." Lancet Planetary Health 3, no. 2 (February 2019): e49-e50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2542-5196(18)30288-2.

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2

Dhimal, Meghnath, Francesco Chirico, Bihungum Bista, Sitasma Sharma, Binaya Chalise, Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Paolo Trucillo, and Daniele Sofia. "Impact of Air Pollution on Global Burden of Disease in 2019." Processes 9, no. 10 (September 25, 2021): 1719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9101719.

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Air pollution consisting of ambient air pollution and household air pollution (HAP) threatens health globally. Air pollution aggravates the health of vulnerable people such as infants, children, women, and the elderly as well as people with chronic diseases such as cardiorespiratory illnesses, little social support, and poor access to medical services. This study is aimed to estimate the impact of air pollution on global burden of disease (GBD). We extracted data about mortality and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to air pollution from 1990 to 2019. The extracted data were then organized and edited into a usable format using STATA version 15. Furthermore, we also estimated the impacts for three categories based on their socio-demographic index (SDI) as calculated by GBD study. The impacts of air pollution on overall burden of disease by SDI, gender, type of pollution, and type of disease is estimated and their trends over the period of 1990 to 2019 are presented. The attributable burden of ambient air pollution is increasing over the years while attributable burden of HAP is declining over the years, globally. The findings of this study will be useful for evidence-based planning for prevention and control of air pollution and reduction of burden of disease from air pollution at global, regional, and national levels.

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3

Alvis-Zakzuk, N. J., D. Diaz-Jimenez, L. Hilarión-Gaitán, S. Valencia, J. Gutierrez-Clavijo, and C. Castañeda-Orjuela. "PMU35 ECONOMIC BURDEN OF AIR POLLUTION IN COLOMBIA." Value in Health 22 (May 2019): S255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2019.04.1198.

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4

Franchini, Massimo, Pier Mannuccio Mannucci, Sergio Harari, Federico Pontoni, and Edoardo Croci. "The Health and Economic Burden of Air Pollution." American Journal of Medicine 128, no. 9 (September 2015): 931–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.03.021.

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5

Gwynn, R. Charon, and George D. Thurston. "The Burden of Air Pollution: Impacts among Racial Minorities." Environmental Health Perspectives 109 (August 2001): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3454660.

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6

Brauer, Michael, and x. x. "Global perspectives in outdoor air pollution: Burden and prospects." ISEE Conference Abstracts 2013, no. 1 (September 19, 2013): 5712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/isee.2013.s-3-19-02.

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7

K, Causey. "Assessing the Global Burden of Disease from Air Pollution." Environmental Epidemiology 3 (October 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ee9.0000606248.28000.89.

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8

Gwynn, R. C., and G. D. Thurston. "The burden of air pollution: impacts among racial minorities." Environmental Health Perspectives 109, suppl 4 (August 2001): 501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.01109s4501.

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9

Siddiqui, Shafayet Ahmed, Md Jakaria, Mohammad Nurul Amin, Abdullah Al Mahmud, and David Gozal. "Chronic air pollution and health burden in Dhaka city." European Respiratory Journal 56, no. 2 (April 2, 2020): 2000689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00689-2020.

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10

Dhimal, M., and R. Shrestha. "Global Burden of Disease, Air Pollution and COVID-19." Kathmandu University Medical Journal 18, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 214–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v18i3.49193.

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11

Béjot, Yannick, Jacques Reis, Maurice Giroud, and Valery Feigin. "A review of epidemiological research on stroke and dementia and exposure to air pollution." International Journal of Stroke 13, no. 7 (April 27, 2018): 687–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747493018772800.

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Background Outdoor air pollution is now a well-known risk factor for morbidity and mortality, and is increasingly being identified as a major risk factor for stroke. Methods A narrative literature review of the effects of short and long-term exposure to air pollution on stroke and dementia risk and cognitive functioning. Results Ten papers on stroke and 17 on dementia were selected. Air pollution, and in particular small particulate matter, contributes to about one-third of the global stroke burden and about one-fifth of the global burden of dementia. It particularly affects vulnerable patients with other vascular risk factors or a prior history of stroke in low- and medium-income countries. New pathophysiological mechanisms of the cause-effect associations are suggested. Conclusion Air pollution should be considered as a new modifiable cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative risk factor. This massive worldwide public health problem requires environmental health policies able to reduce air pollution and thus the stroke and dementia burden.

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12

Bozigar, Matthew, Andrew B. Lawson, John L. Pearce, Erik R. Svendsen, and John E. Vena. "Using Bayesian time-stratified case-crossover models to examine associations between air pollution and “asthma seasons” in a low air pollution environment." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 8, 2021): e0260264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260264.

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Many areas of the United States have air pollution levels typically below Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulatory limits. Most health effects studies of air pollution use meteorological (e.g., warm/cool) or astronomical (e.g., solstice/equinox) definitions of seasons despite evidence suggesting temporally-misaligned intra-annual periods of relative asthma burden (i.e., “asthma seasons”). We introduce asthma seasons to elucidate whether air pollutants are associated with seasonal differences in asthma emergency department (ED) visits in a low air pollution environment. Within a Bayesian time-stratified case-crossover framework, we quantify seasonal associations between highly resolved estimates of six criteria air pollutants, two weather variables, and asthma ED visits among 66,092 children ages 5–19 living in South Carolina (SC) census tracts from 2005 to 2014. Results show that coarse particulates (particulate matter <10 μm and >2.5 μm: PM10-2.5) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) may contribute to asthma ED visits across years, but are particularly implicated in the highest-burden fall asthma season. Fine particulate matter (<2.5 μm: PM2.5) is only associated in the lowest-burden summer asthma season. Relatively cool and dry conditions in the summer asthma season and increased temperatures in the spring and fall asthma seasons are associated with increased ED visit odds. Few significant associations in the medium-burden winter and medium-high-burden spring asthma seasons suggest other ED visit drivers (e.g., viral infections) for each, respectively. Across rural and urban areas characterized by generally low air pollution levels, there are acute health effects associated with particulate matter, but only in the summer and fall asthma seasons and differing by PM size.

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13

Du, Yuanfang, and Shibing You. "Interaction among Air Pollution, National Health, and Economic Development." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010587.

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This paper constructs a vector autoregressive (VAR) model and vector error correction (VECM) model, analyzes the air pollution, economic development, and national health of China from 1990 to 2019, and evaluates the economic losses from the respiratory diseases caused by air pollution. The results show that: (1) China’s economy continues to grow, and the corresponding amount of exhaust gas emissions (during the study period) showed a trend of first increasing and then slowly decreasing. (2) The overall burden of respiratory diseases in China showed a downward trend, with significant differences in gender and age. (3) A significant long-term equilibrium relationship existed between per capita gross domestic product (PGDP), exhaust emissions, and the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of the respiratory disease burden. Exhaust emissions will bring about short-term fluctuations of PGDP and disease burden DALYs. Air pollution is mainly caused by exhaust gas emissions, and DALYs and PGDP have little effect on air pollution. (4) Indirect economic losses from respiratory diseases caused by air pollution are likely to be long-term and will impose increasing pressure. On the basis of the healthy and sustainable operation of the economic system, the government should effectively prevent environmental health risks and improve the pollution treatment level.

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14

Kuhn, Randall, Dale S. Rothman, Sara Turner, José Solórzano, and Barry Hughes. "Beyond Attributable Burden: Estimating the Avoidable Burden of Disease Associated with Household Air Pollution." PLOS ONE 11, no. 3 (March 16, 2016): e0149669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149669.

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15

Cohen, Aaron J., H. Ross Anderson, Bart Ostro, Kiran Dev Pandey, Michal Krzyzanowski, Nino Künzli, Kersten Gutschmidt, et al. "The Global Burden of Disease Due to Outdoor Air Pollution." Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 68, no. 13-14 (July 2005): 1301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15287390590936166.

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16

Smith, K. R. "National burden of disease in India from indoor air pollution." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97, no. 24 (November 21, 2000): 13286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.24.13286.

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17

Khreis, Haneen, Marta Cirach, Natalie Mueller, Kees de Hoogh, Gerard Hoek, Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen, and David Rojas-Rueda. "Outdoor air pollution and the burden of childhood asthma across Europe." European Respiratory Journal 54, no. 4 (August 7, 2019): 1802194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02194-2018.

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BackgroundEmerging evidence suggests that air pollution may contribute to childhood asthma development. We estimated the burden of incident childhood asthma that may be attributable to outdoor nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter ≤2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5) and black carbon (BC) in Europe.MethodsWe combined country-level childhood incidence rates and pooled exposure–response functions with childhood (age 1–14 years) population counts, and exposure estimates at 1 540 386 1 km×1 km cells, across 18 European countries and 63 442 419 children. Annual average pollutant concentrations were obtained from a validated and harmonised European land-use regression model. We investigated two exposure reduction scenarios. For the first, we used recommended annual World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guideline values. For the second, we used the minimum air pollution levels recorded across 41 studies in the underlying meta-analysis.ResultsNO2 ranged from 1.4 to 70.0 µg·m−3, with a mean of 11.8 µg·m−3. PM2.5 ranged from 2.0 to 41.1 µg·m−3, with a mean of 11.6 µg·m−3. BC ranged from 0.003 to 3.7×10−5 m−1, with a mean of 1.0×10−5 m−1. Compliance with the NO2 and PM2.5 WHO guidelines was estimated to prevent 2434 (0.4%) and 66 567 (11%) incident cases, respectively. Meeting the minimum air pollution levels for NO2 (1.5 µg·m−3), PM2.5 (0.4 µg·m−3) and BC (0.4×10−5 m−1) was estimated to prevent 135 257 (23%), 191 883 (33%) and 89 191 (15%) incident cases, respectively.ConclusionsA significant proportion of childhood asthma cases may be attributable to outdoor air pollution and these cases could be prevented. Our estimates underline an urgent need to reduce children's exposure to air pollution.

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18

Dimovska, Mirjana, and Renata Mladenovska. "Losing Years of Human Life in Heavy Polluted Cities in Macedonia." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, no. 3 (February 6, 2019): 428–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.149.

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INTRODUCTION: The urban air pollution will deteriorate globally, by 2050 outdoor particulate air pollution and ground-level ozone is projected to become the top cause of environmentally related deaths worldwide. AIM: To assess the burden of diseases due to particulate air pollution and health benefits form the pollution reduction policies. METHODS: Environmental burden of disease methodology has been applied. Environmental data for population exposure, total years of life lost from all causes, and relevant concentration-response functions have been used in estimation. RESULTS: The estimated disease burden from all causes (excl. external) is 30,256 YLL (19,436-40,625 95% CI) in Skopje Region, and 10,343 YLL (6,224-14,785 95% CI) in Tetovo. In terms of cardiopulmonary mortality, the estimated disease burden is 9,282/100,000 in Tetovo, in the Skopje Region 3,784/100,000 respectively. Annually in Tetovo 1,645 years of healthy life are lost, while in the Skopje Region 3,936 due to lung cancer premature mortality. The estimated health gain is significant, for the three selected health outcomes if EU limit values are reached, 41-42% of the estimated burden in Skopje Region will be eliminated, and 74-77% in Tetovo. CONCLUSION: the estimated impact of particulate air pollution on mortality is significant and not negligible. The same applies to the health and well-being of the population if the EU or WHO limit levels are reached.

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19

Gao, Ge, Xiuting Li, Xiaoting Liu, and Jichang Dong. "Does Air Pollution Impact Fiscal Sustainability? Evidence from Chinese Cities." Energies 14, no. 21 (November 3, 2021): 7247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217247.

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Fiscal sustainability is an issue of great concern for governments globally and air pollution control has become an important factor affecting fiscal sustainability. This study aims to examine the impact of air pollution on fiscal sustainability in the short and long run. We conducted an empirical analysis based on air pollution and local government debt data on China’s prefecture-level cities in 2014–2019, using regression discontinuity design (RDD) and a panel data model. The results show that air pollution reduces the debt burden of governments in the short run. However, in the long run, addressing the negative impacts of air pollution adds to the debt burden of local governments, hindering fiscal sustainability. Fiscal freedom and the level of public services significantly moderate the negative impact of air pollution on fiscal sustainability. A higher level of fiscal freedom generally indicates a greater incentive for local governments to raise pollutant emission standards, strengthen the construction of green infrastructure, and subsidize green enterprises. Furthermore, a higher level of public services reflects better infrastructure and higher levels of investment in environmental protection, which help to reduce the negative impact of air pollution. The governments are suggested to take measures to effectively control air pollution, so as to enhance fiscal stability in the long run.

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20

Samet, Jonathan, and Meghan Buran. "The burden of avoidable disease from air pollution: implications for prevention." Journal of Health Inequalities 6, no. 1 (2020): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/jhi.2020.95701.

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21

Tyagi, Bhishma. "India's economic growth and disease burden in relation to air pollution." Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia 7 (December 2022): 100081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lansea.2022.100081.

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22

Yerema, Coulibaly Thierry, and Shunsuke Managi. "The multinational and heterogeneous burden of air pollution on well-being." Journal of Cleaner Production 318 (October 2021): 128530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128530.

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23

Hori, Megumi, Kota Katanoda, Kayo Ueda, Tomoki Nakaya, Eiko Saito, Sarah Krull Abe, Mayo Hirabayashi, Tomohiro Matsuda, and Manami Inoue. "Burden of cancer attributable to air pollution in Japan in 2015." GHM Open 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35772/ghmo.2021.01022.

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24

Dhaini, Hassan, Thérèse Salameh, Antoine Waked, Stéphane Sauvage, Agnès Borbon, Paola Formenti, Jean-François Doussin, Nadine Locoge, and Charbel Afif. "Ambient air pollution in beirut: Attributable cancer risk and mortality burden." Toxicology Letters 280 (October 2017): S95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.261.

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25

Colette, A., B. Bessagnet, F. Meleux, and L. Rouïl. "Frontiers in air quality modelling." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 6, no. 3 (August 2, 2013): 4189–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-6-4189-2013.

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Abstract. The first pan-European kilometre-scale atmospheric chemistry simulation is introduced. The continental-scale air pollution episode of January 2009 is modelled with the CHIMERE offline chemistry-transport model with a massive grid of 2 million horizontal points, performed on 2000 CPU of a high performance computing system hosted by the Research and Technology Computing Center at the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CCRT/CEA). Besides the technical challenge, we find that model biases are significantly reduced, especially over urban areas. The high resolution grid also allows revisiting the contribution of individual city plumes to the European burden of pollution, providing new insights for designing air pollution control strategies.

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26

Gowers, Alison M., Heather Walton, Karen S. Exley, and J. Fintan Hurley. "Using epidemiology to estimate the impact and burden of exposure to air pollutants." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378, no. 2183 (September 28, 2020): 20190321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0321.

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This paper focuses on the use of results of epidemiological studies to quantify the effects on health, particularly on mortality, of long-term exposure to air pollutants. It introduces health impact assessment methods, used to predict the benefits that can be expected from implementation of interventions to reduce emissions of pollutants. It also explains the estimation of annual mortality burdens attributable to current levels of pollution. Burden estimates are intended to meet the need to communicate the size of the effect of air pollution on public health to policy makers and others. The implications, for the interpretation of the estimates, of the assumptions and approximations underlying the methods are discussed. The paper starts with quantification based on results obtained from studies of the association of mortality risk with long-term average concentrations of particulate air pollution. It then tackles the additional methodological considerations that need to be addressed when also considering the mortality effects of other pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ). Finally, approaches that could be used to integrate morbidity and mortality endpoints in the same assessment are touched upon. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Air quality, past present and future’.

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27

Brook, Robert D. "Cardiovascular effects of air pollution." Clinical Science 115, no. 6 (August 12, 2008): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20070444.

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Air pollution is a heterogeneous mixture of gases, liquids and PM (particulate matter). In the modern urban world, PM is principally derived from fossil fuel combustion with individual constituents varying in size from a few nanometres to 10 μm in diameter. In addition to the ambient concentration, the pollution source and chemical composition may play roles in determining the biological toxicity and subsequent health effects. Nevertheless, studies from across the world have consistently shown that both short- and long-term exposures to PM are associated with a host of cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial ischaemia and infarctions, heart failure, arrhythmias, strokes and increased cardiovascular mortality. Evidence from cellular/toxicological experiments, controlled animal and human exposures and human panel studies have demonstrated several mechanisms by which particle exposure may both trigger acute events as well as prompt the chronic development of cardiovascular diseases. PM inhaled into the pulmonary tree may instigate remote cardiovascular health effects via three general pathways: instigation of systemic inflammation and/or oxidative stress, alterations in autonomic balance, and potentially by direct actions upon the vasculature of particle constituents capable of reaching the systemic circulation. In turn, these responses have been shown to trigger acute arterial vasoconstriction, endothelial dysfunction, arrhythmias and pro-coagulant/thrombotic actions. Finally, long-term exposure has been shown to enhance the chronic genesis of atherosclerosis. Although the risk to one individual at any single time point is small, given the prodigious number of people continuously exposed, PM air pollution imparts a tremendous burden to the global public health, ranking it as the 13th leading cause of morality (approx. 800000 annual deaths).

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28

Maio, S., G. Sarno, S. Tagliaferro, F. Pirona, I. Stanisci, S. Baldacci, and G. Viegi. "Outdoor air pollution and respiratory health." International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.22.0249.

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The need to address the impact of air pollution on health is reinforced by recent scientific evidence and the 2021 WHO Air Quality Guidelines (AQG). Air pollution is an avoidable risk factor causing a high burden for society with elevated deaths, health disorders, disabilities and huge socio-economic costs, especially in low- and middle-income countries. We have evaluated recent evidence from international reports, systematic reviews and official websites of international agencies. Growing evidence shows a causal relationship between air pollution exposure and acute lower respiratory infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and lung cancer. Exposure to air pollution in both the short- and long-term has a serious impact on respiratory health. Harmful effects occur even at very low pollutant concentration levels, and there are no detectable thresholds below which exposure may be considered safe. The adverse respiratory health effects of air pollutants, even at low levels, are confirmed by recent epidemiological studies. Scientific respiratory societies and patient associations, along with other stakeholders in the health sector, should increase their engagement and advocacy to raise awareness of clean air policies and the latest WHO AQG.

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29

Ryngach, N. O., L. Y. Vlasyk, L. I. Vlasyk, and T. L. Kolodnitska. "Urbanization and health impacts of air pollution in Ukraine: threats and opportunities." Bukovinian Medical Herald 26, no. 2 (102) (December 20, 2022): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2413-0737.xxvi.2.102.2022.13.

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The aim to conduct a content analysis of studies on the impacts of air pollution on the urban residents’ health in the world and Ukraine, to show the relationship between urbanization and the selected environmental risk factor, to assess its contribution to the global disease burden for Ukraine minimizing harmful effects.Material and methods: Content analysis of research on the air pollution exposure on the urban residents’ health in the world and Ukraine was used. The Data Visualizations / Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) hub data was used to study the contribution to the global burden of disease. GBD 2019 Cause and Risk Summary.Results: At present, changes in thinking and a synergistic approach are needed to fulfill all the goals of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, approved, agreed and set by governments around the world, including Ukraine. Important Global Task 3.9 "Significantly reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and poisoning", was not chosen by Ukraine due to a lack of reliable indicators with a proven cause-and-effect relationship with the environmental factor that caused this disorder. Reducing the level of air pollution can significantly reduce the burden of diseases, primarily those caused by heart disease and stroke, lung cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases, including asthma.Conclusions: Policies that encourage investment in cleaner transport, energyefficient homes, electricity generation, industry and better household waste management can reduce key sources of air pollution.

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30

Colette, A., B. Bessagnet, F. Meleux, E. Terrenoire, and L. Rouïl. "Frontiers in air quality modelling." Geoscientific Model Development 7, no. 1 (January 28, 2014): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-203-2014.

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Анотація:

Abstract. The first pan-European kilometre-scale atmospheric chemistry simulation is introduced. The continental-scale air pollution episode of January 2009 is modelled with the CHIMERE offline chemistry transport model with a massive grid of 2 million horizontal points, performed on 2000 CPU of a high-performance computing system hosted by the Research and Technology Computing Center at the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CCRT/CEA). Besides the technical challenge, we find that model biases are significantly reduced, especially over urban areas. The high-resolution grid also allows revisiting of the contribution of individual city plumes to the European burden of pollution, providing new insights to target the appropriate geographical level of action when designing air pollution mitigation strategies.

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31

Panteli, Maria, and Sofia Delipalla. "The Economic Cost of ill Health due to Air Pollution: Evidence from Greece." International Journal of Business and Economic Sciences Applied Research 14, no. 3 (January 2022): 98–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.25103/ijbesar.143.07.

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Purpose: Air pollution and its adverse health effects result in an economic cost to society. Given that the burden of disease from air pollution is to a large extent preventable, estimation of the magnitude of its economic cost is important. We estimate the economic cost of the health impact from exposure to ground-level ozone, and ambient and household PM2.5 air pollution, as well as their joint effects, in Greece. Design/methodology/approach: We analyze the economic cost of the health impact from air pollution using the Cost-of-Illness (COI) as well as the Willingness to Pay (WTP) approach. Finding: Based on the COI approach, air pollution attributable diseases resulted in a total economic cost of €1.27 billion in 2019, or 0.68 percent of GDP. Under the WTP approach, mortality cost is significantly higher. Research limitations/implications: In spite of some standard methodological limitations, giving a monetary value to the burden of disease from air pollution highlights the significance of curbing air pollution, providing at the same time guidance in prioritizing among various competing policy objectives. Air pollution abatement interventions can yield significant benefits for global health and the economy. Originality/value: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study estimating direct and indirect costs of air pollution-attributable health consequences in Greece, using the most recent data for all specific-cause mortality and morbidity outcomes. Employing two alternative methodologies, COI and WTP, we provide a lower and an upper bound of the economic cost of air pollution, respectively. The COI estimates provide a financial measure of the potential gains (by age and gender) if air pollution were to be extensively mitigated. The WTP estimates are a starting point in a cost-benefit analysis evaluating certain environmental regulation policies. Our results and their policy implications could be a guide to other economies with similar characteristics and comparable air pollution levels with those in Greece.

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32

Burnett, Richard, and Aaron Cohen. "Relative Risk Functions for Estimating Excess Mortality Attributable to Outdoor PM2.5 Air Pollution: Evolution and State-of-the-Art." Atmosphere 11, no. 6 (June 3, 2020): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11060589.

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The recent proliferation of cohort studies of long-term exposure to outdoor fine particulate air pollution and mortality has led to a significant increase in knowledge about this important global health risk factor. As scientific knowledge has grown, mortality relative risk estimators for fine particulate matter have evolved from simple risk models based on a single study to complex, computationally intensive, integration of multiple independent particulate sources based on nearly one hundred studies. Since its introduction nearly 10 years ago, the integrated exposure-response (IER) model has become the state-of-the art model for such estimates, now used by the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD), the World Health Organization, the World Bank, the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s benefits assessment software, and scientists worldwide to estimate the burden of disease and examine strategies to improve air quality at global, national, and sub-national scales for outdoor fine particulate air pollution, secondhand smoke, and household pollution from heating and cooking. With each yearly update of the GBD, estimates of the IER continue to evolve, changing with the incorporation of new data and fitting methods. As the number of outdoor fine particulate air pollution cohort studies has grown, including recent estimates of high levels of fine particulate pollution in China, new estimators based solely on outdoor fine particulate air pollution evidence have been proposed which require fewer assumptions than the IER and yield larger relative risk estimates. This paper will discuss the scientific and technical issues analysts should consider regarding the use of these methods to estimate the burden of disease attributable to outdoor fine particulate pollution in their own settings.

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33

Benmarhnia, Tarik. "Linkages Between Air Pollution and the Health Burden From COVID-19: Methodological Challenges and Opportunities." American Journal of Epidemiology 189, no. 11 (July 17, 2020): 1238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwaa148.

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Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic revealed and exacerbated existing social and economic health disparities, and actionable epidemiologic evidence is needed to identify potential vulnerability factors to help inform targeted responses. In this commentary, methodological challenges and opportunities regarding the links between air pollution and COVID-19 are discussed with a focus on 2 factors: 1) the role of differential exposure to air pollution across populations as an explanation for spatiotemporal variability of the epidemic spread and resultant mortality; and 2) the indirect impacts of interventions to control COVID-19 person-to-person spread treated as natural experiments on air pollution and population health. I first discuss the potential mechanisms between exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 and the opportunity to clearly formulate causal questions of interest through the target trial framework. Then, I discuss challenges regarding the use of quasiexperimental designs that capitalize on the differential timing of COVID-19 policies including the selection of control groups and potential violations of the common shock assumption. Finally, I discuss environmental justice implications of this many-headed beast of a crisis.

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34

Boogaard, Hanna, Katherine Walker, and Aaron J. Cohen. "Air pollution: the emergence of a major global health risk factor." International Health 11, no. 6 (October 15, 2019): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihz078.

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Abstract Air pollution is now recognized by governments, international institutions and civil society as a major global public health risk factor. This is the result of the remarkable growth of scientific knowledge enabled by advances in epidemiology and exposure assessment. There is now a broad scientific consensus that exposure to air pollution increases mortality and morbidity from cardiovascular and respiratory disease and lung cancer and shortens life expectancy. Although air pollution has markedly declined in high-income countries, it was still responsible for some 4.9 million deaths in 2017, largely in low- and middle-income countries, where air pollution has increased over the past 25 y. As governments act to reduce air pollution there is a continuing need for research to strengthen the evidence on disease risk at very low and very high levels of air pollution, identify the air pollution sources most responsible for disease burden and assess the public health effectiveness of actions taken to improve air quality.

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35

Thron, Raymond W. "Direct and Indirect Exposure to Air Pollution." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 114, no. 2 (February 1996): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-59989670184-5.

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Hazardous substances that originally are discharged as air pollutants may find their pathway to human exposure through multiple routes, including ingestion and dermal contact, as well as direct inhalation. The mechanisms for modeling and understanding the fate of air pollutants through atmospheric transport, deposition into water and soil, bioaccumulation, and ultimate uptake to receptor organs and systems in the human body are complex. Pollution prevention programs can be better engineered, pollution priorities can be identified, and greater environmental public health gains (attributable to pollution prevention) can be achieved by evaluating the multiple pathways to human exposure and through improved dosage calculations. A single contaminant source often may represent only a fraction of a total body pollutant burden. Further research is needed on source culpability and attributable risk, long-range transport of air pollutants, human dose contributions by various pathways, better techniques for health risk assessment, and an identification of human behavior patterns that affect exposure and dose.

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36

Chen, Tianqi, and Hua Liao. "The Disease Burden of Indoor Air Pollution From Solid Fuel Use in China." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 30, no. 4 (March 20, 2018): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539518761481.

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Solid fuels, such as coal, straw, and firewood are wildly used for cooking and heating in China, with the negative side effects of indoor air pollution and residential health problems. This article investigates the current and historical trend of China’s disease burden caused by indoor air pollution (IAP) at the provincial level. The Global Burden Disease data set and national/provincial yearbooks are used. The results show the following: (1) In recent years, the burden of disease caused by IAP is decreasing; (2) in all health aspects, eastern coastal regions performed better than inland regions; (3) health risk is extremely severe in Henan, Sichuan, and Guizhou provinces; (4) IAP gives rise to serious diseases, including chronic obstructive respiratory diseases and cerebrovascular diseases. This article discusses the relevant causes and countermeasures.

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37

Health Organization, World. "Ambient air pollution: a global assessment of exposure and burden of disease." Clean Air Journal 26, no. 2 (December 3, 2016): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2410-972x/2016/v26n2a4.

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38

Chen, Simiao, and David E. Bloom. "The macroeconomic burden of noncommunicable diseases associated with air pollution in China." PLOS ONE 14, no. 4 (April 18, 2019): e0215663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215663.

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39

Anenberg, Susan C., J. Jason West, Larry W. Horowitz, and Daniel Q. Tong. "The Global Burden of Air Pollution on Mortality: Anenberg et al. Respond." Environmental Health Perspectives 119, no. 4 (April 2011): 158–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1003276r.

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40

Venter, Zander S., Kristin Aunan, Sourangsu Chowdhury, and Jos Lelieveld. "Air pollution declines during COVID-19 lockdowns mitigate the global health burden." Environmental Research 192 (January 2021): 110403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110403.

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41

Brauer, Michael, Greg Freedman, Joseph Frostad, Aaron van Donkelaar, Randall V. Martin, Frank Dentener, Rita van Dingenen, et al. "Ambient Air Pollution Exposure Estimation for the Global Burden of Disease 2013." Environmental Science & Technology 50, no. 1 (December 4, 2015): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b03709.

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42

Sarode, Sachin C., and Gargi S. Sarode. "A perspective on trends in air pollution attributed disease burden in India." Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia 7 (December 2022): 100093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lansea.2022.100093.

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43

Bennitt, F. B., S. S. Wozniak, K. Causey, K. Burkart, and M. Brauer. "Estimating disease burden attributable to household air pollution: new methods within the Global Burden of Disease Study." Lancet Global Health 9 (March 2021): S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(21)00126-1.

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44

Schmidt, Jürgen C., Andrew Hughes, and Sebastian Fox. "Use of the Global Burden of Disease methodology to estimate disease burden of air pollution in England." Lancet 388 (November 2016): S103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)32339-x.

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45

Durakovic, Mirnes, Azrudin Husika, Halim Prcanovic, Sanela Beganovic, and Muvedet Sisic. "ENVIRONMENTAL BURDEN BY TOTAL SEDIMENT DUSTIN THE CITY OF ZENICA." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/15648.

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The city of Zenica belongs to one of the most important industrial centers in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Due to the presence of industrial plants, especially metallurgical plants, but also due to a large number of small home fireplaces and the geographical location, air pollution in the Zenica valley is very high. Through continuous and dedicated air quality measurement, excessive air pollution was determined in the urban area of Zenica, i.e. limit values for total sediment dust were exceeded in some parts of the Zenica valley. The paper provides an analysis of the results of monitoring the total sediment dust and the content of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, zinc, and iron in the total sediment dust for the period 2019-2021to determine the environmental burden and the average annual and maximum monthly trends of the total sediment dust in the Zenica valley. The analysis shows that emissions originating from industrial sources significantly burden the environment with sediment dust, especially in the zone up to about 3.5 km from the sources located in the industrial zone of the Zenica valley.

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46

Shamsi, Hamidreza, Mohammad Munshed, Manh-Kien Tran, Youngwoo Lee, Sean Walker, Jesse The, Kaamran Raahemifar, and Michael Fowler. "Health Cost Estimation of Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Assessing the Pollution Reduction Potential of Zero-Emission Vehicles in Toronto, Canada." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 12, 2021): 4956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164956.

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Fossil fuel vehicles, emitting air toxics into the atmosphere, impose a heavy burden on the economy through additional health care expenses and ecological degradation. Air pollution is responsible for millions of deaths and chronic and acute health problems every year, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The fossil-fuel-based transportation system releases tons of toxic gases into the atmosphere putting human health at risk, especially in urban areas. This analysis aims to determine the economic burden of environmental and health impacts caused by Highway 401 traffic. Due to the high volume of vehicles driving on the Toronto Highway 401 corridor, there is an annual release of 3771 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). These emissions are mainly emitted onsite through the combustion of gasoline and diesel fuel. The integration of electric and hydrogen vehicles shows maximum reductions of 405–476 g CO2e per vehicle-kilometer. Besides these carbon dioxide emissions, there is also a large amount of hazardous air pollutants. To examine the impact of air pollution on human health, the mass and concentrations of criteria pollutants of PM2.5 and NOx emitted by passenger vehicles and commercial trucks on Highway 401 were determined using the MOVES2014b software. Then, an air dispersion model (AERMOD) was used to find the concentration of different pollutants at the receptor’s location. The increased risk of health issues was calculated using hazard ratios from literature. Finally, the health cost of air pollution from Highway 401 traffic was estimated to be CAD 416 million per year using the value of statistical life, which is significantly higher than the climate change costs of CAD 55 million per year due to air pollution.

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47

Shaddick, Gavin, James M. Salter, Vincent-Henri Peuch, Guilia Ruggeri, Matthew L. Thomas, Pierpaulo Mudu, Oksana Tarasova, Alexander Baklanov, and Sophie Gumy. "Global Air Quality: An Inter-Disciplinary Approach to Exposure Assessment for Burden of Disease Analyses." Atmosphere 12, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12010048.

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Global assessments of air quality and health require comprehensive estimates of the exposures to air pollution that are experienced by populations in every country. However, there are many countries in which measurements from ground-based monitoring are sparse or non-existent, with quality-control and representativeness providing additional challenges. While ground-based monitoring provides a far from complete picture of global air quality, there are other sources of information that provide comprehensive coverage across the globe. The World Health Organization developed the Data Integration Model for Air Quality (DIMAQ) to combine information from ground measurements with that from other sources, such as atmospheric chemical transport models and estimates from remote sensing satellites in order to produce the information that is required for health burden assessment and the calculation of air pollution-related Sustainable Development Goals indicators. Here, we show an example of the use of DIMAQ with the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service Re-Analysis (CAMSRA) of atmospheric composition, which represents the best practices in meteorology and climate monitoring that were developed under the World Meteorological Organization’s Global Atmosphere Watch programme. Estimates of PM2.5 from CAMSRA are integrated within the DIMAQ framework in order to produce high-resolution estimates of air pollution exposure that can be aggregated in a coherent fashion to produce country-level assessments of exposures.

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48

Balidemaj, Festina, Christina Isaxon, Asmamaw Abera, and Ebba Malmqvist. "Indoor Air Pollution Exposure of Women in Adama, Ethiopia, and Assessment of Disease Burden Attributable to Risk Factor." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (September 18, 2021): 9859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189859.

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Introduction and aim: Air pollution, a major environmental threat to human health, contributes to the premature deaths of millions of people worldwide. Cooking with solid fuels, such as charcoal and wood, in low- and middle-income countries generates very high emissions of particulate matter within and near the household as a result of their inefficient combustion. Women are especially exposed, as they often perform the cooking. The purpose of this study was to assess the burden of disease attributable to household air pollution exposure from cooking among women in Adama, Ethiopia. Methods: AirQ+ software (WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark) was used to assess the health impact of household air pollution by estimating the burden of disease (BoD) including Acute Lower Respiratory Infections (ALRI), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD), lung cancer, and stroke, among a cohort of women in Adama. Household air pollution exposure estimated by cooking fuel type was assessed through questionnaires. Results: Three-quarters (75%) of Adama’s population used solid fuel for cooking; with this, the household air pollution attributable mortality was estimated to be 50% (95% CI: 38–58%) due to ALRI, 50% (95% CI: 35–61%) due to COPD, 50% (95% CI: 27–58%) due to lung cancer, (95% CI: 23–48%) due to IHD, and (95% CI: 23–51%) due to stroke. The corresponding disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per 100,000 women ranged between 6000 and 9000 per disease. Conclusions: This health impact assessment illustrates that household air pollution due to solid fuel use among women in Adama leads to premature death and a substantial quantity of DALYs. Therefore, decreasing or eliminating solid fuel use for cooking purposes could prevent deaths and improve quality of life.

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Bowe, Benjamin, Yan Xie, Tingting Li, Yan Yan, Hong Xian, and Ziyad Al-Aly. "Estimates of the 2016 global burden of kidney disease attributable to ambient fine particulate matter air pollution." BMJ Open 9, no. 5 (May 2019): e022450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022450.

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ObjectiveTo quantitate the 2016 global and national burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) attributable to ambient fine particulate matter air pollution ≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5).DesignWe used the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study data and methodologies to estimate the 2016 burden of CKD attributable to PM2.5in 194 countries and territories. Population-weighted PM2.5levels and incident rates of CKD for each country were curated from the GBD study publicly available data sources.SettingGBD global and national data on PM2.5and CKD.Participants194 countries and territories.Main outcome measuresWe estimated the attributable burden of disease (ABD), years living with disability (YLD), years of life lost (YLL) and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs).ResultsThe 2016 global burden of incident CKD attributable to PM2.5was 6 950 514 (95% uncertainty interval: 5 061 533–8 914 745). Global YLD, YLL and DALYs of CKD attributable to PM2.5were 2 849 311 (1 875 219–3 983 941), 8 587 735 (6 355 784–10 772 239) and 11 445 397 (8 380 246–14 554 091), respectively. Age-standardised ABD, YLL, YLD and DALY rates varied substantially among geographies. Populations in Mesoamerica, Northern Africa, several countries in the Eastern Mediterranean region, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and several countries in Southeast Asia were among those with highest age-standardised DALY rates. For example, age-standardised DALYs per 100 000 were 543.35 (391.16–707.96) in El Salvador, 455.29 (332.51–577.97) in Mexico, 408.41 (283.82–551.84) in Guatemala, 238.25 (173.90–303.98) in India and 178.26 (125.31–238.47) in Sri Lanka, compared with 5.52 (0.82–11.48) in Sweden, 6.46 (0.00–14.49) in Australia and 12.13 (4.95–21.82) in Canada. Frontier analyses showed that Mesoamerican countries had significantly higher CKD DALY rates relative to other countries with comparable sociodemographic development.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that the global toll of CKD attributable to ambient air pollution is significant and identify several endemic geographies where air pollution may be a significant driver of CKD burden. Air pollution may need to be considered in the discussion of the global epidemiology of CKD.

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Tiotiu, Angelica I., Plamena Novakova, Denislava Nedeva, Herberto Jose Chong-Neto, Silviya Novakova, Paschalis Steiropoulos, and Krzysztof Kowal. "Impact of Air Pollution on Asthma Outcomes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17 (August 27, 2020): 6212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176212.

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Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by variable airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and airway inflammation. Evidence suggests that air pollution has a negative impact on asthma outcomes in both adult and pediatric populations. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the effect of various outdoor and indoor pollutants on asthma outcomes, their burden on its management, as well as to highlight the measures that could result in improved asthma outcomes. Traffic-related air pollution, nitrogen dioxide and second-hand smoking (SHS) exposures represent significant risk factors for asthma development in children. Nevertheless, a causal relation between air pollution and development of adult asthma is not clearly established. Exposure to outdoor pollutants can induce asthma symptoms, exacerbations and decreases in lung function. Active tobacco smoking is associated with poorer asthma control, while exposure to SHS increases the risk of asthma exacerbations, respiratory symptoms and healthcare utilization. Other indoor pollutants such as heating sources and molds can also negatively impact the course of asthma. Global measures, that aim to reduce exposure to air pollutants, are highly needed in order to improve the outcomes and management of adult and pediatric asthma in addition to the existing guidelines.

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