Дисертації з теми "Air ambiant intérieur – Analyse"
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Raeppel, Caroline. "Evaluation de la contamination des atmosphères intérieures et extérieures induite par les usages non agricoles de pesticides." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00869960.
Laborie, Stéphanie. "Exposition humaine aux perturbateurs endocriniens par inhalation : caractérisation de la contamination de l’air intérieur par analyses chimiques et biologiques in vitro." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EPHE3059/document.
The objective of this project was to develop a bio-analytical approach leading to the assessment of the inherent hazard of the indoor air multi-contamination. Chromatographic methods combined with mass spectrometry were developed and validated for 62 target molecules known or suspected as endocrine-disrupting (ED) compounds. The ED potential was assessed by cellular bioassays measuring perturbations of transcriptional activity. The data showed that the predominant families of compounds in indoor air were in the following descendant order: phthalates > musks > alkylphenols > parabens. The ED contaminants were mainly present in gaseous phase, and the most contaminated locations were the day nursery and the house. An estrogenic, thyroid and anti-androgenic potential was attributed to indoor air. In agreement with its contamination profile, the biological activity of the latter was concentrated predominantly in the gaseous phase, and tended to be higher in the day nursery and the house. An effect-directed analysis (EDA) was carried out to identify the target chemicals responsible for the ED effects of indoor air. The following chemicals were identified as being potentially responsible for the observed ED effects: phthalates, methyl-paraben, alkylphenols, cypermethrin and synthetic musks. This work provides both knowledge about the inherent hazard of the indoor air multi-contamination and exposure data useful in health risk assessment
Micolier, Alice. "Développement d’une méthodologie d’évaluation cohérente et intégrée de l’impact des choix de conception sur la qualité de l’air intérieur et les performances énergétiques et environnementales des bâtiments résidentiels." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0380.
The construction sector is undergoing a profound transformation driven by energy and environmental concerns. The design solutions proposed to meet these objectives must not compromise indoor air quality (IAQ). Despite the major public health risks associated with this issue, design actors lack tools to assess the performance of the design solutions in terms of IAQ. This thesis aims to address this challenge by proposing a consistent and integrated methodology for evaluating the health, energy and environmental performance of building design solutions. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been identified as a relevant methodology for integrating into a standardised methodological framework the evaluation of the building performance in terms of IAQ, energy and environment through common impact metrics.In order to better characterise the impacts generated by indoor air pollution and energy consumption during the operational phase of the building, we developed a numerical model coupling heat and mass transfers in the building envelope. This model evaluates the emission of pollutants from building materials (inventory) until their fate in indoor environments (transport) as a function of the temperature. The integration of this model into the LCA allowed us to quantify the impact of different construction materials on the indoor and outdoor environment of the building and to compare them with the impacts generated during their production and end of life phase. The results obtained show the sensitivity of this model to behaviour-driven parameters.The occupant has a major role in the problem of IAQ and its consideration is a key element to quantify occupants’ exposure to indoor pollutants with fewer uncertainties. We developed an agent-based model simulating human behaviour within residential buildings using an advanced cognitive architecture that integrates both the deliberative and social behaviour of occupants. By coupling the pollutant transport model with the human behavioural agent model, we explored to which extent the exposure to indoor pollution is sensitive to the occupants' lifestyle and the occupants' behaviour influences the fate of pollutants in indoor environments. This is a preliminary step in estimating a confidence interval of the simulation results, paving the way for a performance guarantee process in terms of IAQ
Shamas, Nesrine. "Understanding of atmospheric and indoor air chemistry through HOx radical measurements." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILR057.
HOx (OH+HO2) and RO2 radicals are involved in oxidation processes in the gas phase, generating secondary products impacting the air quality and human health. Understanding these oxidation processes through the quantification of these radicals is still challenging because of their low concentrations (
Hamzé, Mona. "Vers une meilleure connaissance de l'exposition aux grains de pollens allergisants et de leur altération par la pollution de l'air." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDSMRE/2022/2022ULILR009.pdf.
Although it is now accepted that allergenic pollen grains are altered by air pollution, the role of these alterations on allergy is not yet clearly known. The (bio)chemical mechanisms involved are not completely elucidated, especially with regard to the exacerbation of symptoms by air pollution. The main objective of this thesis is to improve the knowledge on the exposure to allergenic pollen grains by taking into account their degree of alteration: pollution and pollen grain rupture. A first laboratory study was carried out in order to explore the potential of several techniques for the characterization of the degree of alteration of the pollen grain. Pollen artificially polluted with ozone was analyzed by spectroscopic (Raman and infrared), microscopic and chromatographic techniques. Ozone uptake was also measured on a set of 22 pollen taxa with different bio-physical-chemical characteristics (grain size and mass, degree of allergenicity, lipid fraction...) to investigate possible determinants of ozone uptake. The potential of pollen analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was exploited and a new method of counting pollen grains was developed. This method required a study on the variability of the lipid fraction on different batches of birch pollen from different geographical origins and depending on the year of harvest. In order to test this counting method in real conditions, a sampling campaign was carried out on sedimented birch pollen in indoor and outdoor environments. The determination of chemical tracers of pollen grains by GC-MS has a great potential for the rapid counting of pollen grains, the determination of their state (broken or intact) and their degree of pollution
Maudhuit, Audrey. "Purification de l’air intérieur – Élimination des micro-polluants par procédé photocatalytique." Nantes, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NANT2105.
Indoor air quality is of increasing concern in urban societies. Among indoor air pollutants, volatile organic compounds are predominant. These molecules can be degraded by several technologies among which heterogeneous photocatalysis appears to be well-adapted to the. Specificities of indoor pollution. However, the development of photocatalysis for this application will be possible only if two scientific key points are solved: better understanding of reaction mechanisms and possibility to write kinetic laws allowing the scaling up of the process in real condition. With these objectives, the present study deals with the photocatalytic degradation of three model pollutants (acetone, toluene and heptanes) using a fibrous media developed by Saint-Gobain. First of all, this media is characterized in terms of adsorption capacities using a specifically developed model and porosity. Secondly, a dynamic 420L-reactor is implemented to optimize the pollutants degradation according to several parameters (UV Wavelength, light intensity, air velocity at the media inlet, pollutants concentration and molecular structure). To do so, the experimental designs methodology is used. At the same time, a study concerning the formation of reaction intermediates is conducted. Finally, a reaction mechanism is proposed and kinetic laws are deduced. The latter can be integrated in numerical simulations for the design and the efficiency prediction of the process applied to the purification od indoor air
Persoz, Charles. "Air intérieur et santé respiratoire : approches épidémiologique et expérimentale." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05S006.
This work lies within the framework of "indoor air pollution and asthma". Our approach is epidemiological and experimental. The effects of various pollutants in indoor air on the occurrence of lower respiratory tract infections were analyzed in 196 infants in the birth cohort PARIS. To study the in vitro effects of air pollutants on the inflammatory response of respiratory epithelial cells, an exposure model suitable for air-liquid alveolar and bronchial cells was developed. Regarding the epidemiological study, no association between the pollutant levels and the occurrence of lower respiratory tract infection was found, except for a tendency with nicotine. The absence of association could be related to the size of the population and the low pollutant levels (including formaldehyde (FA)). The in vitro model we developed showed to be flexible, with variable parameters (cell type, pollutant, sensitization, number of exposures,. . . ). The exposure atmospheres were generated at environmental levels, FA-50 µg/m3 and Aspergillus fumigatus-Asp-7x108 spores/m3, were controlled. In our experimental conditions, after cell sensitization, FA induced a moderate change in the production of IL-8 and MCP-1. The model of sequential exposure to FA-Asp, mimicking the multi-exposure, did not induce major cellular effect. This original approach may be continued by applying it to closer conditions to the human exposure to air pollutants
Tiffonnet, Anne-Lise. "Contribution à l'analyse de la qualité de l'air intérieur : influence des transports de composés organiques volatils (COV) entre les parois et l'ambiance." La Rochelle, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LAROS043.
Sendi, Aymen. "Nez électronique communicant pour le contrôle de la qualité de l'air intérieur." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30245.
Measuring indoor air quality is a relatively recent need. Humans spend more than 90% of their time in a closed environment that contains several gaseous pollutants. The existence of such gaseous contaminants in the indoor air as well as short or long term exposure to these pollutants can causes many respiratory problems and several chronic diseases. Studies show that the indoor air quality has an impact on well-being and productivity. VOCs (volatile organic compounds) such as acetaldehyde and formaldehyde are strongly presented in indoor air. This type of pollutants come from materials used in interior design (computer equipment, furniture, paints, fabrics, floors, etc.). We can also found in close envirements many others contaminants such as CO2, CO, and NO2 which come from urban pollution, intensive use of location and poor ventilation. Offices, meeting rooms, classrooms and practical work rooms in universities and / or schools are therefore potentially polluted. In a densely occupied and poorly ventilated room, the measurement of the VOC/CO2 rate may exceed the regulatory thresholds. These gaseous pollutants in the air in high concentrations, due to lack of sufficient ventilation and air quality control, can cause drowsiness and decreased productivity. Measuring and monitoring indoor air quality is therefore essential to ensure a better quality life in workspaces. This thesis is being carried out within the framework of the neOCampus GIS (scientific interest group), led by Paul Sabatier University and dedicated to the development of an innovative, connected and sustainable campus for a better quality life for users. We are interested by the development of micro-gas sensors MOS (metal oxide sensors) and the indoor air quality monitoring in offices, classrooms and meeting rooms. The objective of this study is to control these pollution levels in order to correct them through measures to ventilate the premises. Making a decision about how to correct air quality is an essential step in the process. For example: regulating ventilation in a room if the authorized threshold is exceeded for the identified pollutants. As part of this work, we produced prototypes of miniaturized multi-gas sensors integrated with their electronic card in a witness room and capable of detecting levels of indoor air pollution. These prototypes include a multi-sensor cell (with 4 independent cells), proximity electronics allowing the control and recovery of data from these cells, an IOT (internet of things) type communication module based on the LoRA protocol allowing send to the "Cloud NeoCampus", remotely and wirelessly, an indoor air quality status signal. This multi-sensor is based on semiconductor sensors based on nanostructured metal oxides synthesized at the LCC (coordination chemistry laboratory). [...]
Raffy, Gaëlle. "Exposition humaine aux composés organiques semi-volatils (COSV) en environnement intérieur par ingestion de poussières : évaluation de la bioaccessibilité orale des COSV." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B053.
The quality of indoor environments is now a major public health concern. People spend nearly 90% of their time indoors where they are exposed to pollutants such as semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) suspected of adverse health effects. Dust ingestion is a significant route of exposure to some of these SVOCs, especially for children. To characterize this exposure, it is necessary to consider the oral bioaccessibility of SVOCs, defined as the fraction of pollutant released into the gastrointestinal tract and available for absorption. In this context, the objectives of this PhD thesis are to (i) develop and validate a simple method for measuring the oral bioaccessibility of SVOCs in indoor dust and (ii) produce bioaccessibility data for SVOCs of health interest This article-based thesis consists of three chapters: a scientific context, which presents the sources and toxicity of SVOCs, then describes their presence in school air and dust, before addressing the different routes of human exposure; a state of the art on the oral bioaccessibility of SVOCs in dust; and the proposal of a simplified method for measuring this bioaccessibility, its validation, and its application to first samples. This work concludes on a broader context than ingestion by establishing perspectives that also consider inhalation and dermal bioaccessibility, in order to characterize the overall exposure to COSV in indoor environments
Heddadji, Zoulikha. "Analyse et comparaison de textes : Application aux plaintes liées à des situations de pollution de l'air intérieur dans les logements." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05S004.
The goal of our work is to devellop an automatic system which aims to solve indoor air complaints written in french. After an automatic construction of the scenarios of complaints, a search module matches the current complaint to the theme of the most similar old complaint stored in the system memory. The solution attributed to the scenario to which the most similar complaint belongs is assigned to the new indoor air problem. We concentrate our work in improoving research models by introducing semantic analysis managed by a general french synonym dictionary
Ringuet, Johany. "Dérivés oxygénés et nitrés des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (OHAP/NHAP) en phase particulaire : granulométrie et devenir dans l’atmosphère (formation/dégradation)." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14504/document.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations are regulated in ambient air because of theirmutagenic and carcinogenic properties. They are largely emitted by combustion processes and may react withmain atmospheric oxidants to form oxygenated (OPAH) and nitrated (NPAH) derivatives, which can be moretoxic than their parent PAHs. In this work, PAH derivatives were studied using the combination of twocomplementary approaches: laboratory reactivity experiments in controlled conditions and field studies, inorder to better understand their source and fate in the atmosphere. Reactivity study of PAHs adsorbed onnatural particles was carried out by exposing ambient particles to atmospheric oxidants (O3, OH and NO2/O3)in appropriate reactors. Large decays of PAH concentrations were observed, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P, which isthe only regulated PAH in Europe), appearing as the most reactive. The formation of OPAHs and NPAHs wasshowed. Nevertheless, quantities of both NPAHs and OPAHs formed were not sufficient to explain the totalamount of PAHs that react, highlighting the formation of other compounds, not detected in this work. PAHdegradation may occur in the atmosphere during the transport of air masses or directly on the filter during thesampling. The study of the major degradation processes was performed during field studies, using two highvolume samplers, one being equipped with an ozone scrubber. Even if, results were not enough to clearlyconclude about the relative importance of both degradation processes, the significant formation of some PAHderivatives on the sampling filter was observed. Then, field campaigns were led on different typologies ofsampling sites around Paris. PAH, OPAH and NPAH concentrations were about ten times higher at traffic sitethan at the suburban one. Moreover, for both OPAHs and PAHs, the major compounds were similar at bothsites, in contrary to the case of NPAHs that appeared different. The traffic site appeared strongly influenced byprimary emissions, whereas high amounts of secondary species were quantified at suburban site. Particle sizedistribution of OPAHs and NPAHs showed their strong association to the finest part of aerosols (Dp < 2.5 μm),highlighting the strong interest of this study considering sanitary impacts. Finally, the study of the particle sizedistribution of primary and/or secondary identified compounds, combined with chemical NPAH and OPAHprofiles, allowed to provide indications about the major origin of PAH derivatives in the atmosphere
Chen, Longwen. "Etude Expérimentale de la décharge couronne pour le traitement de l'air intérieur : COV et particules." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAA022/document.
Indoor air quality has become a public health issue because of the increased time spent in indoor environments and confined spaces. The goal of this work is to develop processes using corona discharge to treat chemical gaseous and particulate pollutants in indoor air. The first part of the work concerns the degradation of chemical gaseous pollutants present in very low concentrations in indoor air. The coupling of a corona discharge and a catalyst is implemented to degrade toluene under conditions representative of the indoor air. Tests were carried out under a range of operating and environmental conditions. This study demonstrates the very good efficiency of the corona discharge for toluene with very low specific density. Optimal operating conditions are identified and reaction mechanisms are proposed following the identification of the main reaction products. However, the generations of by-products, ozone and NOx, which can be hazardous compounds, have to be taken into account. The combination of corona discharge with catalysis seems as a promising way to ensure the suitability and the safety of non-thermal plasma as an indoor air cleaner. Different catalysts based on transition metal oxides (MnOx/Al2O3) are synthesized and then modified by grafting modifying agents. Their efficiency for ozone and NOx elimination is quantified in the presence of different water vapor contents. The second part concerns the particle collection by electrostatic precipitation. Three processes are studied; they combine an ionization stage and a collection stage. The ionization is ensured either by a wire-plate electrostatic precipitator (ESP) or by needles brought to a potential of a few kilovolts. The collection efficiency is measured in the range of 10 nm to 20 μm according to different operating parameters (voltage, polarity, velocity, geometrical parameters, particle concentration, humidity, etc.). The needles have a slightly lower efficiency than the ESP but present a very low production of ozone and a lower energy consumption. The parametric study makes it possible to dimension, to optimize the geometry of the process and to define the best operating conditions
Caron, Alexandre. "Mesure de la dynamique des polluants gazeux en air intérieur : évaluation des performances de systèmes multi-capteurs." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10161/document.
Nowadays, indoor air quality is a major health issue and a growing research challenge. Many pollutants are presentinside buildings. They are directly emitted by indoor sources such as building materials, furniture, occupants and theiractivities or transferred from outdoors. Due to an increasing concern for energy saving, recent buildings are much moreairtight, reducing the pollutants elimination to the outside. Standard analyzers are not suitable for monitoring the airquality indoors. These techniques are usually bulky, expensive, noisy and require skilled people. An alternative to theseconventional methods recently appeared under the form of microsensors. In this work, the performances and limitationsof different type of sensors such as infrared sensors, electrochemical sensors, photoionisation detectors orsemiconductive sensors for the measurement of CO2, CO, NOx, O3 or VOC, were evaluated in laboratory conditions andalso during measurement campaigns in order to monitor the major indoor air pollutants. Although the response of thesesensors is highly correlated with the concentration measured by reference instruments, their lack of selectivity does notalways allow a quantitative analysis. Naive Bayes classifier and bisecting k-means clustering were used to help analyzethe output of the sensors, and allow identifying typical pollution events, reflecting the dynamics of the indoor air quality
Rios, Mora Juan Sebastian. "Optimisation de la gestion de l’impact des polluants gazeux du sol sur la qualité de l’air intérieur." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS035.
Polluted sites and most precisely vapor intrusion represents a potential risk for human health and its environment. Various screening-level and analytical models have been proposed in order to evaluate vapor intrusion and provide assessment tools for exposure risk. However, some in situ investigations show significant differences between predicted and measured indoor concentrations leading eventually to misleading conclusions and inappropriate solution implementations. These uncertainties are mainly associated with a poor characterization of the site, an incomplete modeling of transfer pathways and mechanisms, or by neglecting certain influencing parameters on this transfer. For example, ignoring the lateral source/building separation may serve as possible explanation of the uncertainties presented by the conventional models based on a homogeneous source distribution assumption. The authors agree that lateral migration plays an important role in the attenuation of the indoor concentration. In homogeneous or continuous source scenarios vapors may migrate mainly vertically towards the building. However, lateral source may promote lateral migration to the atmosphere and less into the building generating a greater attenuation of the indoor concentration. In this context, the main objective of this thesis work is to contribute to the improvement of the assessment and management risk tools in order to improve the accuracy of their estimations and increase their range of application. To do this, new vapor intrusion models are developed considering the lateral source/building separation. These models are built on a numerical experimentation and dimensionless analysis based on existing models (semi-empirical models considering a homogeneous source distribution). The combination of these two approaches allows, on the one hand, to maintain the aptitude of the existing models to consider the physical properties of the soil (permeability, diffusion coefficient, …) and the characteristics of the building (type of construction, building depression, volume,…), and on the other hand, to better precise the position of the source in the soil taking into account the influence of the lateral source/building separation in the estimations. From a comparative analysis, the accuracy of these new expressions is verified comparing to the proposed numerical model (CFD), experimental data and existing models in the literature. Finally, the proposed expressions were coupled with a ventilation code (MATHIS-QAI) allowing to better specify indoor characteristics (ventilation system, air permeability of the envelope, volume of the building, …) and estimate indoor air concentration levels as a function of environmental variations (wind speed, outside temperature, …) over time. From a parametric study it was shown that despite the significant impact of the characteristics of the building, the influence of the lateral source/building separation remains predominant on the attenuation of the indoor concentration (attenuation of several orders of magnitude when the source is laterally offset of the building compared to a homogeneous source). However, specifying the characteristics of the building (construction type, ventilation system, air permeability, …) and weather conditions may increase the accuracy of the estimation avoiding the implementation of extreme solutions or insufficient actions
Verriele-Duncianu, Marie. "Nature et origines des composés organiques volatils et odeurs présents dans un habitacle de véhicule : impact des pièces automobiles sur la qualité de l'air intérieur." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10205.
The car air quality (CAQ) inside the passenger compartment is a subject of growing interest among manufacturers concerned with ensuring a healthy car interior and a pleasant olfactory ambiance in their vehicles. The CAQ is nowadays evaluated for innocuity of the compounds emitted into the cabin towards the respiratory tract and the skin, but also for the odorous synergy of the mixture of compounds. The variety of materials and the confinement level of new cabins are the factors behind car indoor pollution. The primary aim of this work is to increase knowledge about the emission sources of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and odors, but also to assess their impact on the CAQ. Numerous VOC sampling and analysis techniques and odor evaluation methods have been implemented. The impact of each car part on the CAQ was assessed, firstly, using model calculations to determine the contributions of each car part to ambient VOC levels (Chemical Mass Balance) and secondly, by multivariate analysis of sensory profiles of car parts and cabin assembly. Finally, linking chemical and sensory data and GC-Olfactometry analysis allowed for identification of chemical families involved in car cabin smells
Ciobanu, Anca. "Développement de supports absorbants à base de cyclodextrines pour la désodorisation des atmosphères de travail par des essences naturelles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Littoral, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DUNK0515.
The objective of this thesis was to develop air fresheners from various natural essences. Those must be efficient in the improvement of working atmosphere microclimate. A fundamental study on the optimization of extraction of natural essences andidentification of components of these essences was performed by GC/MS. We have also studied the process of molecular recognition between the major components of these essences and native or modified CDs. The stability of these complexes was measured by three different methods: static headspace, UV-visible spectrophotometry and isothermal titration microcalorimetry.The realization of adsorbents supports based on cyclodextrins was carried out by using cyclodextrin polymers synthesized from epichlorohydrin and hybrid materials of CM-β-CD/LDH type. The efficiency of air fresheners was evaluated by measuring the release time of odorous compounds
Gandolfo, Adrien. "Incidence de la chimie hétérogène des oxydes d'azote sur la qualité des atmosphères intérieures : impacts des nanoparticules de TiO2 dans les peintures." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0337/document.
In order to improve building energy consumption, new constructions reduce air exchange rate by including better insulation and adding controlled ventilation. However, this energetic advantage participates in increasing the concentration of indoor pollutants and can be the cause of adverse effects on the occupants’ health. A possible solution to this issue is to use the photocatalysis principle/theory as an innovating technique for air remediation. The aim of this study is to optimize photocatalytic materials containing titanium dioxide (TiO2) in order to reduce the concentrations of indoor air pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) without the generation of emerging contaminants such as nitrous acid HONO. Over the course of this Ph.D., effects of different photocatalytic paints, tested under simulated and real conditions were studied. Laboratory experiments showed an effective elimination of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) up to 4 times higher with a photocatalytic paint than with a standard paint, the most important parameters influencing NO2 elimination being nanoTiO2 quantity built-in the paint, light intensity, and temperature. This study also highlights the heterogeneous formation of nitrous acid (HONO) during the photocatalysis of NO2, reactivity yields range from 4 % to 20 % of used NO2. During a scale one study in a model room, a significant concentration of HONO was measured. Those observations reveal yet not fully elucidated mechanisms for the indoor formation of this compound
Tran, Clarisse. "Synthèse et étude de matériaux nanoporeux fonctionnalisés pour l'émission contrôlée de composés organiques dans l'air." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS014/document.
Indoor air pollution is now recognized as a public health issue. Since 2012, the regulations have required the labelling of construction and furnishing materials with regard to the emission of volatile pollutants. Although there are many methods for measuring pollutant emissions, there is no standard reference emissive material for indoor air pollutants that would allow for comparison and validation of emission measurements. The objective of this work is to produce reference emissive materials by using porous materials with pore sizes tailored to the doped target pollutant with controlled release in pollutant concentration over time. The materials studied are inorganic or hybrid organic-inorganic polymers synthesized by sol-gel in the form of monolithic blocks or deposited on solid substrates (glass or textile). Various microporous and/or mesoporous materials have been doped with toluene and naphthalene pollutants by exposure to the latters’ saturated vapour for varying periods of time (2 hours to several days). The influence of the size of the pores of the material on the release of the pollutant has been studied. The kinetic monitoring of the spontaneous release of pollutants is carried out in two independent modes. A 1st static mode involves an optical measurement of the absorption spectrum of the gaseous pollutant in the UV as a function of time. In the 2nd mode, the dynamic air-sweeping release of the doped material placed in a standard FLEC cell is carried out with continuous measurement of the pollutant concentration by gas chromatography. We have shown that it is possible to produce materials with controlled porosity with narrow pore size distributions over the 0.8 to 12 nm domain. Further, by choosing judiciously the porous matrix and doping time and controlling the experimental conditions of release (temperature, humidity), we can impose the rate of release of the pollutant. The emission velocity ranges from 30 µg.m-3.h-1 (class A+) to 8.104 µg.m-3.h-1 (class C) for toluene and from 2.6.103 to 2.6.104 µg.m-3.h-1 for naphthalene. These results indicate that these materials can be used for a wide range of pollutants
Mokalled, Tharwat. "The impact of Beirut Rafic Hariri International Airport’s activities on the air quality of Beirut & its suburbs : measurements and modelling of VOCs and NO2." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAF041.
This work mainly investigated the impact of Beirut Airport on the air quality of Beirut and its suburbs via both measurements and modeling of VOCs and NO2. This is the first study to determine VOC signatures of exhaust emissions from aircraft under real operation. Using these signatures, the impact of the airport activities was tracked in 4 transect campaigns, where it was found that the airport impacts air quality not only in its vicinity, but also on the seashore (landing jet trajectory) and in mountainous areas. These results were confirmed via modeling with ADMS-Airport, implemented for the first time in the Middle East, after being validated in the Lebanese conditions (r = 0.86). As a secondary goal, and for the first time, 47 VOCs were assessed inside an airport building. Measured VOC levels did not present any risks except for acrolein. In the arrivals hall, NO2 levels indicated a health hazard; while a direct relationship was found between aircraft number and VOC concentrations
Gaüzere, Carole. "Caractérisation de la diversité microbienne de l’air des espaces clos." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20009/document.
The constant occupation of indoor environments (average 90% of the time), constantly confront the occupants to a wide variety of microorganisms from the air of these spaces. Due to technological difficulties related to the collection and the analysis of airborne microorganisms, this field of study remains scanty, despite the potential health impact. The lack is particularly pronounced in terms of understanding of the risks of contamination of people by bioaerosols and overall health management of air quality of confined spaces.This study aims to characterize dynamics of the microbial diversity of different indoor environments. The entire study involved representative environments (hospital, office and museum).The originality of this thesis is the combination of a representative sampling strategy on environments studied and of analytical tools relevant to study the microflora of the indoor air regardless of the culturability of microorganisms.. For the first time, a high throughput sequencing (454 pyrosequencing) was applied to samples of indoor air in order to assess microbial diversity and pathogenic species..Several microorganisms implicated in health problems were found (Borrelia spp., Burkholderia spp. ,Legionella spp., Neisseria spp. and Mycobacterium spp.).The results give a different and more varied qualitative picture than that usually observed by cultural methods. The results show a stability of both spatial and temporal microflora of indoor air. This stability is both qualitative (microbial community structure) and quantitative (abundance of microorganisms). Man can be considered as the main factor driving the indoor air microflora due to the strong presence of sequences of human origin.'Cores species' signing the antropogenic indoor air were identified
Hernandez, Wilches Oscar. "Etude et analyse de la ventilation et de la qualité des environnements intérieurs (QEI) dans les bâtiments de bureaux à faible demande énergétique : le cas de la Tour Elithis à Dijon." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LAROS016/document.
This research work was carried out in conformity with the Industrial Convention of Training by Research (CIFRE). And was financed by the National Association of Research and Technology (ANRT) and the Elithis Group (Groupe Elithis), engineering and consulting firm specializing in the field of energy efficiency. The building represents more than 40 % of the energy demand in Europe and more than a third of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), an important effort to improve the energy efficiency of buildings associated have a drastic reduction in their green house gas emissions (GHG) is necessary today. In this sense, the evolution of the regulations, so Europeans as nationals converge on the development on a large scale new or renovated building with a very low energy demand. In the strategies of conditioning of the internal spaces, the optimized management of ventilation takes the first step. Besides the renewal of air, the ventilation is indeed the oldest and the most widely used strategies of Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ). Besides the energy aspects, the international work led by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2000) or within the framework of coordinated European projects (European Collaborative Action Urban Air, Indoor Environment and Human Exposure) (ECA, 2003) claims today that the air quality is recognized as a real stake in public health (ANSES, 2014). So, to deal with the performance of a ventilation system, besides the energy aspects and its efficiency to evacuate pollutants or to provide new air in the occupied zone, it is thus advisable to approach the complete problem of the Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) integrating into its definition the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) but also the hydrothermal and visual comfort of the occupants. We carried out a complete follow-up of energy consumption, thermal comfort and the air quality in an office building with low energy demand, the Tower Elithis. We observed that energy efficiency is not always synonymous with comfort and good air quality. We thus created a digital model of this building, which allowed us to test and to analyze different strategies of function. We used various criteria of IEQ which allowed us to make an analysis of the global performance of the building, to conclude that the hydrothermal, visual comfort and the IAQ can be associated to an optimization of the energy demand
Joblin, Yaël. "Elaboration d’un microsystème d’analyse de l’air destiné à la détection rapide d’un développement fongique dans les espaces clos." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1027/document.
Fungi are common microbial contaminants of indoor environments. Many studies have demonstrated their role in the partial or total degradation of materials they colonize such as building materials, or works of art. Moreover, those microbial contaminants are likely to lead to allergies, infections, poisoning or irritation. Since 2005, a new technique based on researching specific chemical tracers in the air, was developed and validated during different measurement campaigns. This approach is now applied to various indoor environments (houses, offices, schools, child care centers…) and allows the detection of recent and/or hidden contamination. The purpose of this work is to study and characterize a rapid and continuous air analysing microsystem for detection of fungal contamination in closed spaces. This study falls within the field of monitoring air microbiological quality in indoor environments. In addition to the time saved by the absence of any laboratory analysis, this system must provide a permanent monitoring of environments frequented by people, such as museums, schools, hospitals... This research is based both on the fungal detection method developed by CSTB and on scientific and technical expertise of ESIEE : specialised in design and manufacturing of miniaturized analysis systems obtained using microtechnology. The first step of this study was to define the compounds' nature to be detected for different cases of contamination along with the sampling strategy for the system. The second step focuses on the microstructures design and fabrication to be used in microanalytical system based on gas chromatography and the development of a miniaturised analysis system. So the first part of the study consisted in defining specific fungal contamination tracers for heritage conservation sites. This list allowed to reinforce a fungal contamination index for indoor environments and to define two specific indexes designed for heritage conservation sites. The validation of these different indexes allowed checking their compliance with those types of environments (castles, museums, libraries, decorated caves...) by detecting all cases of contamination, along with the control remediation of former contaminated environments. The second part of the study enabled the design and validation of three main modules constitutive of the microanalytical system based on gas chromatography. A miniaturised analysis system based on three modules has been developed
Ciobanu, Anca. "Développement de supports absorbants à base de cyclodextrines pour la désodorisation des atmosphères de travail par des essences naturelles." Thesis, Littoral, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DUNK0515.
The objective of this thesis was to develop air fresheners from various natural essences. Those must be efficient in the improvement of working atmosphere microclimate. A fundamental study on the optimization of extraction of natural essences andidentification of components of these essences was performed by GC/MS. We have also studied the process of molecular recognition between the major components of these essences and native or modified CDs. The stability of these complexes was measured by three different methods: static headspace, UV-visible spectrophotometry and isothermal titration microcalorimetry.The realization of adsorbents supports based on cyclodextrins was carried out by using cyclodextrin polymers synthesized from epichlorohydrin and hybrid materials of CM-β-CD/LDH type. The efficiency of air fresheners was evaluated by measuring the release time of odorous compounds
Cachier-Rivault, Hélène. "Approche isotopique du cycle atmospherique du carbone particulaire." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077061.
Fournier, Mathieu. "Développement et validation d'une méthode d'échantillonnage et d'analyse pour l'évaluation globale des amines en milieu de travail." Mémoire, 2006. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/3173/1/M9467.pdf.