Статті в журналах: "AIMAH"

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Su, Heng-Chuan, Xin Huang, Jun Dai, Wen-long Zhou, Bao-xing Huang, Wan-li Cao, and Fu-Kang Sun. "Classification, diagnosis and treatment of ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia." Canadian Urological Association Journal 7, no. 9-10 (September 10, 2013): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.420.

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ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH) is a distinctive subtype of Cushing’s syndrome (CS), with different clinical manifestations according to the level of serum cortisol. Based on clinical manifestations and serum cortisol, we divide AIMAH into three types, subclinical AIMAH, clinical AIMAH and high-risk AIMAH, with varied treatment methods being adapted to different subtypes. At the same time, we describe 3 patients who represent these subtypes of this disease, and review some cases of AIMAH which have been previously reported in the English literature. To our knowledge, this is the first article discussing classification, diagnosis and treatment of this disease and should be useful for future therapy of AIMAH.

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Mazzuco, Tânia L., Michaël Thomas, Monique Martinie, Nadia Cherradi, Nathalie Sturm, Jean-Jacques Feige, and Olivier Chabre. "Cellular and molecular abnormalities of a macronodular adrenal hyperplasia causing beta-blocker-sensitive Cushing's syndrome." Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia 51, no. 9 (December 2007): 1452–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-27302007000900007.

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Cushing's syndrome due to ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH) can be associated with abnormal responses of aberrantly expressed adrenocortical receptors. This study aimed to characterize in vitro the pathophysiology of hypercortisolism in a b-blocker-sensitive Cushing's syndrome due to AIMAH. Cortisol secretion profile under aberrant receptors stimulation revealed hyperresponsiveness to salbutamol (beta2-adrenoceptor agonist), cisapride (5-HT4 receptor agonist), and vasopressin in AIMAH cultured cells, but not in normal adrenocortical cells. By RT-PCR, AIMAH tissues revealed beta2-adrenoceptor overexpression rather than ectopical expression. MC2R expression was similar in both AIMAH and normal adrenocortical tissues. Curiously, cortisol levels of AIMAH cells under basal condition were 15-fold higher than those of control cells and were not responsive to ACTH. Analysis of culture medium from AIMAH cells could detect the presence of ACTH, which was immunohistochemically confirmed. Finally, the present study of AIMAH cells has identified: a) cortisol hyperresponsiveness to catecholamines, 5-HT4 and vasopressin in vitro, in agreement with clinical screening tests; b) abnormal expression of beta2-adrenoceptors in some areas of the hyperplastic adrenal tissue; c) autocrine loop of ACTH production. Altogether, the demonstration of aberrant responses to hormonal receptors and autocrine hormone production in the same tissue supports the assumption of multiple molecular alterations in adrenal macronodular hyperplasia.

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Li, Junwu, Yunhui Wang, Qinke Li, and Ronggui Zhang. "Exploration of Core Genes in ACTH-Independent Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia." Hormone and Metabolic Research 54, no. 05 (May 2022): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1804-6047.

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AbstractThis study explores the core genes involved in the pathogenesis of ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH), so as to provide robust biomarkers for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of this disease. Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was used to obtain GSE25031 microarray dataset. R package “limma” was applied to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between AIMAH and normal samples. The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) was employed to perform Gene Ontology (GO) annotation for the DEGs, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis was conducted. A protein-protein interaction network (PPI) was constructed using the STRING online website and visualized using the Cytoscape software. The key modules and hub genes were then identified. Finally, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GESA) enrichment analysis was carried out to find the signaling pathways of significant clinical value in AIMAH. A total of 295 DEGs between AIMAH and healthy samples were screened out, including 164 upregulated genes and 131 downregulated genes. Combining enrichment analysis and PPI network construction, there were 5 signifiant pathways and 10 hub genes, among which 3 genes (FOS, FOSB, and DUSP1) were identified as potential core genes of clinical significance in AIMAH. In conclusion, the 3 core genes, FOS, FOSB, and DUSP1, identified here might be potential biomarkers for AIMAH, and the current study is of guiding significance for clinical diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

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Libé, Rossella, Joël Coste, Laurence Guignat, Frédérique Tissier, Hervé Lefebvre, Gaëlle Barrande, Christiane Ajzenberg, et al. "Aberrant cortisol regulations in bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia: a frequent finding in a prospective study of 32 patients with overt or subclinical Cushing's syndrome." European Journal of Endocrinology 163, no. 1 (July 2010): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-10-0195.

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ContextACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH) is a rare and heterogeneous condition characterized by abnormal steroid production. Cortisol secretion can be regulated by aberrant hormone receptors.ObjectiveA large series of patients with AIMAH were evaluated to provide information on the prevalence and profile of aberrant regulations, in relation with the functional status.Design and patientsThirty-two consecutive patients with AIMAH were prospectively studied: 10 had a Cushing's syndrome (CS), and 22 had a subclinical CS (SCS).MethodsA baseline endocrine evaluation was followed by an in vivo protocol in search of aberrant cortisol responses (seven provocative tests). An acute inhibition test with the somatostatin analog octreotide was also performed.ResultsAt least one aberrant cortisol response was identified in 28 of 32 (87%) patients. The overall prevalence of aberrant responses was independent of the functional status. Responses to the upright posture and to metoclopramide were frequently observed (67 and 56% respectively). A glucagon response was frequently observed in the SCS group (58%). A cortisol inhibition by octreotide was specifically found in the three CS patients who positively responded to the mixed meal, and was observed also in 12 of 13 (92%) patients with SCS.ConclusionsCortisol responses indicative of aberrant receptor expression were highly prevalent in AIMAH. Thorough phenotyping of AIMAH may help uncover the underlying pathophysiology.

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Bourdeau, Isabelle, Ludmila Matyakhina, Sotirios G. Stergiopoulos, Fabiano Sandrini, Sosipatros Boikos, and Constantine A. Stratakis. "17q22–24 Chromosomal Losses and Alterations of Protein Kinase A Subunit Expression and Activity in Adrenocorticotropin-Independent Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 91, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 3626–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-2608.

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Abstract Context: Primary adrenocortical hyperplasias leading to Cushing syndrome include primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease and ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH). Inactivating mutations of the 17q22–24-located PRKAR1A gene, coding for the type 1A regulatory subunit of protein kinase A (PKA), cause primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease and the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome Carney complex. PRKAR1A mutations and 17q22–24 chromosomal losses have been found in sporadic adrenal tumors and are associated with aberrant PKA signaling. Objective: The objective of the study was to examine whether somatic 17q22–24 changes, PRKAR1A mutations, and/or PKA abnormalities are present in AIMAH. Patients: We studied fourteen patients with Cushing syndrome due to AIMAH. Methods: Fluorescent in situ hybridization with a PRKAR1A-specific probe was used for investigating chromosome 17 allelic losses. The PRKAR1A gene was sequenced in all samples, and tissue was studied for PKA activity, cAMP responsiveness, and PKA subunit expression. Results: We found 17q22–24 allelic losses in 73% of the samples. There were no PRKAR1A-coding sequence mutations. The RIIβ PKA subunit was overexpressed by mRNA, whereas the RIα, RIβ, RIIα, and Cα PKA subunits were underexpressed. These findings were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Total PKA activity and free PKA activity were higher in AIMAH than normal adrenal glands, consistent with the up-regulation of the RIIβ PKA subunit. Conclusions: PRKAR1A mutations are not found in AIMAH. Somatic losses of the 17q22–24 region and PKA subunit and enzymatic activity changes show that PKA signaling is altered in AIMAH in a way that is similar to that of other adrenal tumors with 17q losses or PRKAR1A mutations.

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Vezzosi, D., D. Cartier, C. Régnier, P. Otal, A. Bennet, F. Parmentier, M. Plantavid, A. Lacroix, H. Lefebvre, and P. Caron. "Familial adrenocorticotropin-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia with aberrant serotonin and vasopressin adrenal receptors." European Journal of Endocrinology 156, no. 1 (January 2007): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.1.02324.

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ACTH-independent macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia (AIMAH) is rare and generally presents as a sporadic disease. We describe a familial case of AIMAH with in vivo and in vitro demonstration of aberrant 5-HT4 and vasopressin adrenal receptors. Two sisters presented with clinical and biological features of mild Cushing’s syndrome with bilateral macronodular adrenal enlargement on computerized tomography (CT)-scan evaluation. In vivo pharmacological tests showed a significant increase in plasma cortisol after terlipressin and metoclopramide administration. Unilateral adrenalectomy was performed in one of these patients. Reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis of the hyperplastic tissue revealed expression of 5-HT4 receptor isoforms (a), (b), (c), (i), and (n), and of vasopressin receptors, V1 and V2. Their father and brother were overweight, had easy bruisability and presented with biological features of subclinical Cushing’s syndrome. CT scan showed moderate adrenal enlargement. In vivo pharmacological screening tests for the detection of adrenal aberrant receptors in the brother were negative. Finally, three out of the two sisters’ children were evaluated. They had neither clinical nor biological features of Cushing’s syndrome. Their adrenal glands were normal on CT-scan evaluation. In vivo evaluation for the detection of aberrant adrenocortical receptors performed in one of these subjects was negative. In conclusion, this study shows that (i) familial AIMAH could be an autosomal dominantly inherited disorder; (ii) aberrant 5-HT4 serotonin and vasopressin receptors can be expressed in familial AIMAH; and (iii) phenotypic expression of familial AIMAH could be varied in a same family and more pronounced in female than in male patients.

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Almeida, Madson Q., Michelle Harran, Eirini I. Bimpaki, Hui-Pin Hsiao, Anelia Horvath, Chris Cheadle, Tonya Watkins, Maria Nesterova, and Constantine A. Stratakis. "Integrated Genomic Analysis of Nodular Tissue in Macronodular Adrenocortical Hyperplasia: Progression of Tumorigenesis in a Disorder Associated with Multiple Benign Lesions." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 96, no. 4 (April 1, 2011): E728—E738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-2420.

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Abstract Context: Massive macronodular adrenocortical disease or ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder. Objective and Design: Whole-genome expression profiling and oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization changes were analyzed in samples of different nodules from the same patients with AIMAH. Quantitative RT-PCR and staining were employed to validate the mRNA array data. Results: Chromosomal gains were more frequent in larger nodules when compared with smaller nodules from the same patients. Among the 50 most overexpressed genes, 50% had a chromosomal locus that was amplified in the comparative genomic hybridization data. Although the list of most over- and underexpressed genes was similar between the nodules of different size, the gene set enrichment analysis identified different pathways associated with AIMAH that corresponded to the size; the smaller nodules were mainly enriched for metabolic pathways, whereas p53 signaling and cancer genes were enriched in larger nodules. Confirmatory studies demonstrated that BCL2, E2F1, EGF, c-KIT, MYB, PRKCA, and CTNNB1 were overexpressed in the larger nodules at messenger and/or protein levels. Chromosomal enrichment analysis showed that chromosomes 20q13 and 14q23 might be involved in progression of AIMAH from smaller to larger tumors. Conclusion: Integrated transcriptomic and genomic data for AIMAH provides supporting evidence to the hypothesis that larger adrenal lesions, in the context of this chronic, polyclonal hyperplasia, accumulate an increased number of genomic and, subsequently, transcript abnormalities. The latter shows that the disease appears to start with mainly tissue metabolic derangements, as suggested by the study of the smaller nodules, but larger lesions showed aberrant expression of oncogenic pathways.

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8

Antonini, Sonir R., Maria Cândida Fragoso, and André Lacroix. "Hiperplasia adrenal macronodular independente de ACTH (AIMAH): aspectos clínicos e moleculares." Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia 48, no. 5 (October 2004): 620–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-27302004000500006.

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A AIMAH é caracterizada pela presença de macronódulos em ambas as adrenais, na ausência da estimulação do ACTH. Habitualmente, as manifestações clínicas aparecem somente após várias décadas de vida, provavelmente em função da baixa atividade esteroidogênica do tecido hiperplásico. Entretanto, em indivíduos assintomáticos cuja AIMAH foi descoberta acidentalmente, o eixo HHA já se encontra alterado. Estudos têm demonstrado que, na maioria dos casos de AIMAH, a secreção de cortisol é regulada de modo "aberrante" por hormônios como o GIP, AVP, catecolaminas, LH/hCG e serotonina, através de seus respectivos receptores, ectópicos ou eutópicos, porém aberrantemente acoplados à esteroidogênese. Os mecanismos moleculares responsáveis pela expressão ectópica dos receptores hormonais e/ou de seu acoplamento anormal à esteroidogênese adrenal ainda são pouco conhecidos. Embora a expressão aberrante destes receptores hormonais possa desempenhar um papel importante na iniciação da proliferação celular aumentada, bem como na esteroidogênese, é provável que eventos genéticos adicionais ocorram, envolvendo a regulação do ciclo celular, adesão e transcrição. Mutações no gene GNAS1 não associadas à síndrome de McCune-Albright podem ser encontradas em raros casos de AIMAH. Em alguns casos, a presença de receptor hormonal aberrante abre novas possibilidades de tratamento farmacológico específico do hipercortisolismo, seja isolado ou associado à adrenalectomia unilateral.

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Pan, Bo, Shicun Wang, Zongke Chen, and Guichang Zou. "18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography findings in a patient with bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia." BJR|case reports 6, no. 3 (September 2020): 20200034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjrcr.20200034.

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Adrenocorticotropic hormone-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH) is a rare bilateral adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-independent nodular adrenal hyperplastic disease. Most patients with AIMAH are usually asymptomatic and only a small percentage present with subclinical or apparent Cushing’s syndrome caused by excessive corticosteroid secretion. Herein, we reported the case of a 51-year-old female with bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia with mild fluorodeoxyglucose uptake based on PET/CT imaging findings. Her symptoms resolved after surgical resection of the right adrenal gland.

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Costa, Marcia Helena Soares, Sorahia Domenice, Ana Claudia Latronico, Regina Matsunaga Martin, Mirian Yumie Nishi, Antonio Marmo Lucon, Berenice Bilharinho Mendonca, and Maria Candida Barisson Villares Fragoso. "Analysis of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor (GIPR) and luteinizing hormone receptor (LHCGR) expression in human adrenocortical hyperplasia." Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia 53, no. 3 (April 2009): 326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-27302009000300005.

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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the aberrant expression of the GIPR and LHCGR in different forms of adrenocortical hyperplasia: ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH), primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) and diffuse adrenal hyperplasia secondary to Cushing's disease (DAHCD). METHODS: We quantified GIPR and LHCGR expressions using real time PCR in 20 patients with adrenocortical hyperplasia (seven with AIMAH, five with PPNAD, and eight with DAHCD). Normal adrenals tissues were used as control and the relative expression was compared with β-actin. RESULTS: GIPR and LHCGR expressions were demonstrated in all tissues studied. Median GIPR and LHCGR mRNA levels were 1.6; 0.4; 0.5 and 1.3; 0.9; 1.0 in adrenocortical tissues from AIMAH, PPNAD and DAHCD respectively. There were no differences between GIPR and LHCGR expressions in all tissues studied. CONCLUSIONS: GIPR and LHCGR overexpression were not identified in the studied cases, thus suggesting that this molecular mechanism is not involved in adrenocortical hyperplasia in our patients.

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Costa, Marcia Helena Soares, and André Lacroix. "Cushing's syndrome secondary to ACTH-Independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia." Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia 51, no. 8 (November 2007): 1226–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-27302007000800008.

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ACTH-Independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH) is a rare cause of endogenous Cushing's syndrome (CS), in which clinical features usually become apparent only after several decades of life. This form of adrenal hyperplasia typically produces excess cortisol with overt or subclinical CS, but concurrent secretion of mineralocorticoids or sexual steroids can also occur. The diagnosis is suspected by bilateral adrenal nodules larger than 1 cm on incidental imaging studies or following the demonstration of ACTH-independent hormonal hypersecretion. The pathophysiology of this entity is heterogeneous and has been intensely explored in recent years. Several G-protein coupled receptors aberrantly expressed in the adrenal cortex have been implicated in the regulation of steroidogenesis and in the initial cell proliferation in AIMAH. Several familial cases of AIMAH have been recently described with the same pattern of aberrant hormone receptors in all affected members of the family. It is probable that additional somatic genetic events related to cell cycle regulation, adhesion and transcription factors occur in addition over time in the various nodules; other mechanisms, as Gsp or ACTH receptor mutations and paracrine adrenal hormonal secretion have been rarely identified as the molecular mechanism in some cases. When systematically screened, most patients with AIMAH exhibit an in vivo aberrant cortisol response to one or various ligands suggesting the presence of aberrant adrenal receptors. The identification of these receptors creates the possibility of a specific pharmacological treatment isolated or associated with adrenalectomy.

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Albiger, N. M., G. Occhi, B. Mariniello, M. Iacobone, G. Favia, A. Fassina, D. Faggian, F. Mantero, and C. Scaroni. "Food-dependent Cushing's syndrome: from molecular characterization to therapeutical results." European Journal of Endocrinology 157, no. 6 (December 2007): 771–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-07-0253.

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ObjectiveCortisol secretion in ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH) may be regulated by the aberrant expression of several G-protein-coupled receptors. Bilateral adrenalectomy is the treatment of choice in most cases. We searched for aberrant receptor expression in a patient with AIMAH and evaluated the response to medical and surgical treatment.PatientA 35-year-old woman with amenorrhea, hirsutism, and hypertension presented ACTH-independent cortisol secretion with high androgen levels. Abdominal computed tomography showed bilateral adrenal macronodules (4.5 cm right and 1.0 cm left). Scintigraphy with I131-norcholesterol showed bilateral uptake, prevalent on the right side. Several in vivo stimulation tests were assessed before and after treatment and in vitro studies were performed after unilateral adrenalectomy.ResultsPlasma cortisol increased after a standard meal test (60%) and oral glucose loading (147%), and the response was blunted by pretreatment with 100 μg s.c. octreotide. The therapy with long-acting release octreotide (octreotide-LAR) showed an improvement in urinary free cortisol (UFC) levels. Unilateral adrenalectomy was performed and histopathology revealed macronodular AIMAH. Cortisol and androgens increased after perifusion of tumoral tissue with glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and GIP and LH-receptor overexpression was found in both the adrenal nodules and the adjacent cortex. After surgery, UFC and androgen levels normalized followed by clinical improvement.ConclusionsGIP and LH-receptor expression may coexist in AIMAH, influencing the functional and morphological phenotype. Aberrant hormone receptor expression enables specific pharmacological treatment, but long-term studies are needed to evaluate its real efficacy. Unilateral adrenalectomy may be a safe initial option, particularly for asymmetric bilateral adrenal enlargements.

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Louiset, E., V. Contesse, L. Groussin, D. Cartier, C. Duparc, V. Perraudin, J. Bertherat, and H. Lefebvre. "Expression of vasopressin receptors in ACTH-independent macronodular bilateral adrenal hyperplasia causing Cushing's syndrome: molecular, immunohistochemical and pharmacological correlates." Journal of Endocrinology 196, no. 1 (October 10, 2007): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe-07-0413.

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Cortisol secretion in ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH) causing Cushing's syndrome can be controlled by illegitimate receptors. The aim of the present study was to characterize the molecular, immunohistochemical, and pharmacological profiles of vasopressin receptors in cells derived from three patients with AIMAH (H1–H3), in order to evaluate the role of ectopic vasopressin receptors in the physiopathology of hypercortisolism. Expression of mRNAs encoding the vasopressin receptor types (V1a, V1b, and V2) were analyzed by RT-PCR in adrenal tissues. The presence of V1a and V2 receptors was studied by immunohistochemistry on adrenal sections. The pharmacological profiles of vasopressin receptors involved in the control of cortisol secretion were investigated using the V1a receptor antagonist SR49059 and the V2 receptor agonist [deamino-Cys1, Val4, d-Arg8]-vasopressin on cultured cells. The V1a receptor protein was present and functional in H1 and H3 tissues, whereas the V1b receptor was not expressed in any of the tissues. RT-PCR experiments revealed that V2 receptor mRNAs were detected in the three tissues. In contrast, immunohistochemical and cell incubation studies showed that the V2 receptor was involved in the stimulatory effect of AVP on cortisol secretion in H1 and H2, but not in H3 cells. Taken together, these data show that expression of functional ectopic V2 receptors and repression of eutopic V1a receptor can coexist in some hyperplastic corticosteroidogenic tissues. They also reveal that immunohistochemical and incubation studies are essential for the characterization of ectopic receptors actually involved in the control of cortisol secretion by AIMAHs.

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Wada, Norio, Mitsumasa Kubo, Hiromichi Kijima, Tatsuya Ishizuka, Tomoko Saeki, Takao Koike, and Hironobu Sasano. "Adrenocorticotropin-independent bilateral macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia: immunohistochemical studies of steroidogenic enzymes and post-operative course in two men." European Journal of Endocrinology 134, no. 5 (May 1996): 583–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1340583.

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Wada N, Kubo M, Kijima H, Ishizuka T, Saeki T, Koike T, Sasano H. Adrenocorticotropin-independent bilateral macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia: immunohistochemical studies of steroidogenic enzymes and post-operative course in two men. Eur J Endocrinol 1996;134:583–7. ISSN 0804–4643 We treated two men with Cushing's syndrome due to adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-independent bilateral macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia (AIMAH). In both patients, plasma ACTH was low and plasma cortisol was not suppressed by a high dose of dexamethasone (8 mg) but was remarkably responsive to exogenous ACTH. The adrenal glands were extremely enlarged and contained multiple nodules composed of large clear cells and small compact cells. The immunore-activity of P-45017α was predominant in the small compact cells, while that of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 β-HSD) was observed exclusively in the large clear cells. Among various adrenocortical disorders, differential expression of 3β-HSD and P-45017α in clear and compact cells has heretofore been demonstrated only in AIMAH. Total adrenalectomy was done for one patient, and partial adrenalectomy for the other. In the former patient, the normal diurnal rhythm of plasma ACTH was restored 11 months postoperatively. In the latter patient, the normal dynamics in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis became evident 15 months after surgery. Thus AIMAH is apparently a primary adrenocortical disorder and is not due to abnormalities of the hypothalamus or pituitary. Mitsumasa Kubo, Department of Medicine II, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060, Japan

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Cartier, Dorthe, Isabelle Lihrmann, Françoise Parmentier, Christian Bastard, Jérôme Bertherat, Philippe Caron, Jean-Marc Kuhn, et al. "Overexpression of Serotonin4 Receptors in Cisapride-Responsive Adrenocorticotropin-Independent Bilateral Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia Causing Cushing’s Syndrome." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 88, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021107.

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The serotonin4 (5-HT4) receptor agonists cisapride and/or metoclopramide have been shown to stimulate cortisol secretion in some patients with ACTH-independent bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasias (AIMAH) causing Cushing’s syndrome. In the present study, we have investigated quantitatively and qualitatively the expression of the 5-HT4 receptor in both normal adrenal cortex and tissues removed from six patients (P1–P6) with cisapride-responsive AIMAH and Cushing’s syndrome. Real-time quantitative PCR assay revealed that the 5-HT4 receptor was overexpressed in four of the six hyperplasias studied when compared with normal adrenal cortex. In these tissues, 5-HT4 receptor mRNA expression was 3 to 16 times higher than in normal glands, likely explaining the abnormal in vivo cortisol response to cisapride. Characterization of 5-HT4 receptor splice variants by RT-PCR in both hyperplastic and normal adrenals showed that the variants present in the two hyperplasias that did not overexpress the 5-HT4 receptor, i.e. P2 and P5, could also be detected in the normal adrenal tissue. In addition, sequencing of the full-length cDNAs encoding 5-HT4 receptors in hyperplasias P2 and P5 did not reveal any mutation. Taken together, our results show an overexpression of the 5-HT4 receptor in cisapride-responsive AIMAH. However, in two cases, the level of expression of the receptor in the hyperplastic adrenal cortex was similar to that of normal adrenal gland. The enhanced sensitivity of these two tissues to 5-HT4 receptor agonists was not due to ectopic expression of 5-HT4 receptor isoforms or to the occurrence of somatic gain-of-function mutation of the receptor.

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Bertherat, Jérôme, Vincent Contesse, Estelle Louiset, Gaëlle Barrande, Céline Duparc, Lionel Groussin, Philippe Émy, et al. "In Vivo and in Vitro Screening for Illegitimate Receptors in Adrenocorticotropin-Independent Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia Causing Cushing’s Syndrome: Identification of Two Cases of Gonadotropin/Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide-Dependent Hypercortisolism." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 1302–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-1256.

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In ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH) causing Cushing’s syndrome, cortisol production can be controlled by illegitimate membrane receptors. The aim of the present study was to evaluate in vivo and in vitro the sensitivity of AIMAH to various regulatory factors to detect the expression of illegitimate receptors by the tissues. Four consecutive patients with AIMAH and hypercortisolism (H1–H4) preoperatively underwent a series of pharmacological and/or physiological tests. After adrenalectomy, in vitro studies were conducted to investigate the cortisol responses of cultured cells, derived from hyperplastic tissues, to various membrane receptor ligands. The adrenal tissues of the two patients who responded in vivo to food intake (H2 and H4) were stimulated in vitro by gastric inhibitory polypeptide. GnRH and human chorionic gonadotropin, but not FSH, stimulated cortisol secretion in patients H2 and H4. In these two cases, human chorionic gonadotropin but not GnRH stimulated cortisol production from cultured adrenocortical cells. Cisapride induced a significant increase in cortisol levels in patient H1. In addition, serotonin (5-HT) was more efficient to stimulate cortisol production in H1 cells than in normal adrenocortical cells. Upright stimulation test provoked an increase in cortisol levels in patients H1, H2, and H3. H1 and H2 cells were more sensitive to the stimulatory action of angiotensin II than normal cells. Similarly, arginine vasopressin (AVP) more efficiently activated steroidogenesis in H1 cells than in normal cells. In H1 tissue, immunohistochemical studies revealed the presence of 5-HT- and AVP-like immunoreactivities within clusters of steroidogenic cells, suggesting that these two factors acted through an autocrine/paracrine mechanism to stimulate cortisol secretion. The present study provides the first demonstration of primary adrenal Cushing’s syndrome dependent on both gonadotropin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide. Our data also show a hyperresponsiveness of hyperplastic adrenal tissues to 5-HT, angiotensin II, and AVP. Finally, they reveal for the first time the presence of paracrine regulatory signals in adrenal hyperplasia tissues.

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Черенько, С. М., О. Е. Третяк, and О. А. Товкай. "Adrenocorticotropin-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH): initial clinical experience in Ukraine." Clinical endocrinology and endocrine surgery, no. 2(54) (June 22, 2016): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24026/1818-1384.2(54).2016.75983.

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OMORI, NARIKO, KAORU NOMURA, KAZUE OMORI, KAZUE TAKANO, and TAKAO OBARA. "Rational, Effective Metyrapone Treatment of ACTH-Independent Bilateral Macronodular Adrenocortical Hyperplasia (AIMAH)." Endocrine Journal 48, no. 6 (2001): 665–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.48.665.

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Iacobone, Maurizio, Nora Albiger, Carla Scaroni, Franco Mantero, Ambrogio Fassina, Giovanni Viel, Mauro Frego, and Gennaro Favia. "The Role of Unilateral Adrenalectomy in ACTH-Independent Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia (AIMAH)." World Journal of Surgery 32, no. 5 (January 23, 2008): 882–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00268-007-9408-5.

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Schteingart, D. E. "The Role of Unilateral Adrenalectomy in ACTH-Independent Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia (AIMAH)." Yearbook of Endocrinology 2009 (January 2009): 224–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0084-3741(09)79399-0.

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Sijmons, Rolf H. "Encyclopaedia of tumour-associated familial disorders. Part I: from AIMAH to CHIME syndrome." Hereditary Cancer in Clinical Practice 6, no. 1 (2008): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1897-4287-6-1-22.

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Iacobone, Maurizio, and Gennaro Favia. "Role of Selective Venous Adrenal Sampling in ACTH-Independent Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia (AIMAH)." World Journal of Surgery 33, no. 1 (November 13, 2008): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00268-008-9802-7.

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de Groot, J. W. B., T. P. Links, A. P. N. Themmen, L. H. Looijenga, R. R. de Krijger, P. M. van Koetsveld, J. Hofland, G. van den Berg, L. J. Hofland, and R. A. Feelders. "Aberrant expression of multiple hormone receptors in ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia causing Cushing's syndrome." European Journal of Endocrinology 163, no. 2 (August 2010): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-10-0058.

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ObjectiveAberrant adrenal expression of various hormone receptors has been identified in ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH) causing cortisol hypersecretion regulated by hormones other than ACTH. We aimed to determine aberrant expression of multiple hormone receptors in vivo and in vitro in adrenal tissue of a patient with AIMAH.DesignThe design of the study includes clinical case description, and biochemical and immunohistochemical analysis to demonstrate aberrant expression of multiple hormone receptors in AIMAH.MethodsThe subject of the study is a male diagnosed with Cushing's syndrome because of AIMAH. Directly after laparoscopic removal of the adrenals, adrenal tissue was incubated with and without test substances (ACTH, forskolin, arginine vasopressin (AVP), desmopressin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, purified human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), metoclopramide and the combinations of AVP with ACTH, epinephrine and metoclopramide). LH/hCG-receptor (hCG-R) immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR analyses were performed to demonstrate aberrant expression of LH/hCG-R and V1–3-AVPR.ResultsAIMAH was characterized by in vivo cortisol responsiveness to AVP and in vitro cortisol responses to AVP, hCG, epinephrine, and norepinephrine suggesting aberrant adrenal expression of the receptors for AVP (the V1–3-AVPRs), catecholamines (the β-AR), and LH (the LH/hCG-R). Incubation with combinations of AVP and ACTH and of AVP with epinephrine induced a stronger cortisol response compared with incubation with the individual agents. Moreover, we demonstrated adrenal V1–3-AVPR and LH/hCG-R expression.ConclusionsAIMAH tissue may simultaneously express multiple aberrant hormone receptors, and individual ligands may potentiate each other regarding cell proliferation and cortisol production.

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SAKURAI, Shouroku, Atsushi HIROTANI, Jitsuo HIGAKI, Keisuke FUKUO, Shigeto MORIMOTO, and Toshio OGIHARA. "A Case of Cushing's Syndrome due to ACTH-independent Bilateral Adrenocortical Macronodular Hyperplasia (AIMAH)." Folia Endocrinologica Japonica 72, no. 3 (1996): 449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1507/endocrine1927.72.3_449.

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SATO, Mikano, Masayoshi SOMA, Tomohiro NAKAYAMA, Kotoko KOSUGE, Ryou SUZUKI, Kazuyoshi OKADA, Kazutoshi KOMATSU, Masahiko SUGITANI, and Koichi MATSUMOTO. "A Case of Adrenocorticotropin-independent Bilateral Adrenal Macronodular Hyperplasia (AIMAH) with Primary Hyperparathyroidism (PHPT)." Endocrine Journal 53, no. 1 (2006): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.53.111.

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Gagliardi, Lucia, Cheri Hotu, Graeme Casey, Wilton J. Braund, King-Hwa Ling, Thomas Dodd, James Manavis, et al. "Familial vasopressin-sensitive ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (VPs-AIMAH): clinical studies of three kindreds." Clinical Endocrinology 70, no. 6 (June 2009): 883–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03471.x.

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Alencar, Guilherme Asmar, Maria Candida Barisson Villares Fragoso, Lilian Yuri Itaya Yamaga, Antonio Marcondes Lerario, and Berenice Bilharinho Mendonca. "18F-FDG-PET/CT Imaging of ACTH-Independent Macronodular Adrenocortical Hyperplasia (AIMAH) Demonstrating Increased18F-FDG Uptake." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 96, no. 11 (November 2011): 3300–3301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-1397.

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Schteingart, D. E. "18F-FDG-PET/CT Imaging of ACTH-Independent Macronodular Adrenocortical Hyperplasia (AIMAH) Demonstrating Increased 18F-FDG Uptake." Yearbook of Endocrinology 2012 (January 2012): 252–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yend.2012.05.059.

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OHASHI, AKIKO, YUYA YAMADA, KATSUHIKO SAKAGUCHI, TORU INOUE, MASAHARU KUBO, and HISAKO FUSHIMI. "A Natural History of Adrenocorticotropin-Independent Bilateral Adrenal Macronodular Hyperplasia (AIMAH) from Preclinical to Clinically Overt Cushing's Syndrome." Endocrine Journal 48, no. 6 (2001): 677–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.48.677.

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MORIOKA, MASAAKI, YOZO OHASHI, HIRONOBU WATANABE, FUMITO KOMATSU, TIE-XIONG JIN, BUNZO SUYAMA, and HIROYOSHI TANAKA. "ACTH-Independent Macronodular Adrenocortical Hyperplasia (AIMAH): Report of Two Cases and the Analysis of Steroidogenic Activity in Adrenal Nodules." Endocrine Journal 44, no. 1 (1997): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.44.65.

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Vezzosi, Delphine, Rossella Libé, Camille Baudry, Marthe Rizk-Rabin, Anelia Horvath, Isaac Levy, Fernande René-Corail, et al. "Phosphodiesterase 11A (PDE11A) Gene Defects in Patients with ACTH-Independent Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia (AIMAH): Functional Variants May Contribute to Genetic Susceptibility of Bilateral Adrenal Tumors." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 97, no. 11 (November 2012): E2063—E2069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-2275.

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Szeliga, Anna, Aleksandra Pralat, Wiktoria Witczak, Agnieszka Podfigurna, Cezary Wojtyla, Anna Kostrzak, and Blazej Meczekalski. "CHEK2 Mutation in Patient with Multiple Endocrine Glands Tumors. Case Report." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (June 18, 2020): 4397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124397.

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Background: Many studies show the occurrence of several multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes caused by different mutations, for example, in MEN1 and RET genes. Nevertheless, there are less common mutations causing multiple endocrine glands tumors. Examples of such mutations are CHEK2 gene mutations, causing breast, kidney, gastric, colorectal, prostate, lung, ovarian, and thyroid cancers. Case description: In 2005, a 30-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital due to uncontrolled hypertension and obesity. Performed tests have shown ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)—independent micronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH) as a cause. In 2010, the further diagnostic analysis revealed Cushing’s disease caused by ACTH-secreting pituitary microadenoma. Additionally, in 2011, the patient underwent the strumectomy of multinodular struma. Papillary thyroid carcinoma was found in the excised tissue. In 2018, transvaginal ultrasonography revealed a tumor of the right ovary. After a performed hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, the histopathology result has shown female adnexal tumors of probable Wolffian origin (FATWO) located in the broad ligament of the uterus. Due to the history of multiglandular diseases, the patient was referred to genetic testing. We found a positive pathogenic mutation in CHEK2-suppressor gene involved in DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Conclusion: CHEK2 variants may predispose to a range of endocrine glands tumors, including those identified in our patient. Multiple endocrine glands tumors, as in the presented patient, are a serious problem of public health, due to numerous hospitalizations and necessary repeated surgical treatments. Moreover, the association between CHEK2 and ovarian cancer can be a serious problem with reproductive health.

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Gosavi, Vikrant, Anurag Lila, Saba Samad Memon, Vijaya Sarathi, Kunal Thakkar, Abhay Dalvi, Gaurav Malhotra, et al. "Clinical Spectrum of Adrenal Cushing’s Syndrome and the Caution for Interpretation of Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone: A Single-Center Experience." Hormone and Metabolic Research 54, no. 02 (February 2022): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1735-3232.

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AbstractTo describe the differences in presentation, biochemistry, and radiological evaluation of various etiologies of adrenal Cushing’s syndrome (CS) from a single center. To emphasize caution for interpretation of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), as a spuriously unsuppressed ACTH level by immunometric assay may lead to therapeutic misadventures in adrenal CS. Design: Retrospective, single-center, observational study. Methods: Fifty-eight adrenal CS patients [Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), n=30; Adenoma (ACA), n=15; Primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD), n=10; ACTH independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH), n=3) evaluated at a tertiary care center in western India between January 2006 to March 2020 were included. Data on demography, clinical evaluation, biochemistry, imaging, management, histopathology, and outcome were recorded in a standard format and analyzed. Results: Cortisol secreting ACC presented at 38(1–50) years with abdominal mass in 26/30 (86.7%) and 16/30 (53.3%) had metastases at presentation. ACA with autonomous cortisol excess presented at 25(4.9–40) years with discriminating features of CS in 14/15 (93.3%), sex steroid production in 2/15, unenhanced HU <10 in only one, and relative washout >40% in 8/11 (72.7%). One ACA and eight ACC patients had plasma ACTH (by Siemens Immulite assay) > 20 pg/ml, despite hypercortisolemic state. Conclusions: Cortisol-secreting ACC and ACA most often present with mass effects and florid CS, respectively. Baseline HU has low sensitivity to differentiate cortisol-secreting ACA from ACC. Plasma ACTH measured by Seimens Immulite is often unsuppressed, especially in ACC patients, which can be addressed by measuring ACTH by more accurate assays.

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Hilbig, W. "Vegetationskundliche Untersuchungen im Dornod Aimak (Ost-Aimak) der Mongolei." Feddes Repertorium 114, no. 78 (December 2003): 508–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fedr.200311013.

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35

FOMICHEV, ALEXANDER A., and YURI M. MARUSIK. "Five new species of the Acantholycosa-complex (Araneae: Lycosidae) from Mongolia." Zootaxa 4497, no. 2 (October 8, 2018): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4497.2.7.

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Five new species from Mongolia belonging to the Acantholycosa-complex are diagnosed and described: Acantholycosa vahterae sp. n. (♂♀, Govi-Altai Aimag), A. kronestedti sp. n. (♂♀, Govi-Altai Aimag), Mongolicosa azarkinae sp. n. (♂♀, Khovd Aimag), M. cherepanovi sp. n. (♀, Bayan-Ölgii Aimag) and M. ozkutuki sp. n. (♀, Khovd Aimag).

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Haryanti Oktavia, Devi, Mangatur Sinaga, and Intan Suri. "Budaya Aimai dalam Anime Flying Witch Karya Katsushi Sakurabi." Ayumi : Jurnal Budaya, Bahasa dan Sastra 9, no. 2 (October 4, 2022): 86–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.25139/ayumi.v9i2.4398.

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Dalam masyarakat Jepang, salah satu budaya komunikasi yang menjadi perhatian penting adalah budaya aimai atau ambiguitas. Penggunaan aimai dalam komunikasi masyarakat bertujuan untuk menjaga keharmonisan. Aimai sebagai salah satu budaya komunikasi bukan hanya digunakan dalam keadaan nyata di masyarakat, tapi juga dituangkan dalam karya-karya seperti anime, film, dan manga. Salah satu di antaranya adalah anime berjudul Flying Witch. Tujuan penelitian ini yakni, mengidentifikasi bagaimana bentuk dan penggunaan aimai di dalam anime Flying Witch. Hasil penelitian ini bermanfaat sebagai pengembangan teori tentang budaya yang memengaruhi komunikasi masyarakat Jepang. Dengan pengetahuan budaya dalam suatu masyarakat bahasa, komunikasi akan berjalan dengan baik. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Teori yang dipakai yakni teori milik Davies dan Ikeno (2002) serta teori dari Tsuji Daisuke (1999). Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa aimai dalam bahasa Jepang dapat berupa kata, kalimat, dan kalimat tanya. Aimai di dalam anime Flying Witch digunakan untuk mengekspresikan pendapat secara tidak langsung, menyamarkan penolakan, serta menyatakan keraguan atau ketidakpastian. Kata kunci: aimai; budaya; komunikasi.

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Haryanti Oktavia, Devi, Mangatur Sinaga, and Intan Suri. "Aimai dalam Anime Flying Witch: Kajian Sosiopragmatik." Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia 3, no. 6 (June 24, 2022): 493–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/japendi.v3i6.867.

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Language and culture are two things that cannot be separated. The culture in a society of every nation is different. These cultures will affect how people communicate. One of the cultures that influence Japanese communication is the Aimai. Aimai is defined as a situation in which there is more than one intended meaning resulting in ambiguity, gloom, and uncertainty. Aimai used in communication aims to maintain harmony in social life. This study aims to examine the Aimai in the flying witch anime. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The data collection method used is the listening method with the basic technique in the form of tapping techniques and the advanced technique is the note-taking technique.data of this research is the dialogue between the characters in the flying witch anime directed by Katsusi Sakurabi. This research found 33 data containing Aimai where the Aimai that appear are words, expressions, and sentences. The data that appears the most is Aimai in the form of interrogative sentences with kana, this is indicated by the discovery of 13 data containing kana. While the least is Aimai in the form of sentences with the kanji tte where only 1 data is found. After analyzing the data, it can be concluded that the forms of Aimai in Japanese communication can be in the form of words, expressions, and sentences

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38

Tomas, Lily. "AIMA Presidents Report." Advances in Integrative Medicine 1, no. 1 (January 2014): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aimed.2013.08.007.

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Caldicott, Penny. "AIMA Presidents Report." Advances in Integrative Medicine 1, no. 3 (December 2014): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aimed.2015.02.006.

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40

Magnoni, Maria, Andrea Rizzi, Alberto Visconti, and Claudio F. Donner. "AIMAR survey on COPD phenotypes." Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine 9, no. 1 (2014): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2049-6958-9-16.

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41

Soekamto, Mira Herawati, and Ahmad Fahrizal. "Upaya Peningkatan Kesuburan Tanah Pada Lahan Kering Di Kelurahan Aimas Distrik Aimas Kabupaten Sorong." Abdimas: Papua Journal of Community Service 1, no. 2 (November 13, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33506/pjcs.v1i2.670.

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Kelurahan Aimas merupakan bagian dari distrik Aimas di Kabupaten Sorong yang sebagian penduduknya masih mengandalkan penghasilan dari bercocok tanam. Budidaya tanaman dilakukan pada lahan-lahan yang produktivitasnya semakin menurun, sehingga menunrunkan juga produksi tanaman. Berbagai factor menjadi penyebab hal tersebut seperti penurunan kandungan hara akibat lahan yang telah lama atau dalam jangka waktu lama diolah, penggunaan pupuk anorganik dalam jangka waktu lama ataapun penggunaan pestisida yang digunakan dalam jangka waktu lama dengan tidak pada aturan sehingga menyebabkan penurunan kualitas tanah atau penurunan produktivitas tanah dalam menghasilkan tanaman. Upaya yang dapat dilakukan yaitu dengan mengadakan pendekatan kepada petani melalui berbagai kegiatan seperti mentransfer ilmu dalam menjaga atau memperbaiki lahan dengan berbagai cara yang dilakukan seperti mengetahu berbagai penyebab kerusakan tanah, cara-cara memperbaiki kerusakan tanah serta bagaimana penerapan pemberian pupuk organic ke dalam tanah. Untuk menjaga keberlanjutan lahan.

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Andry Anita Dewi, Ni Made, and Ni Putu Luhur Wedayanti. "Kesantunan Berbahasa yang Tercermin dalam Aimai Hy?gen." Pustaka : Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Budaya 19, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/pjiib.2019.v19.i02.p05.

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Kesantunan berbahasa merupakan salah satu topik kebahasaan yang cukup banyak dikaji dalam penelitian. Kesantunan berbahasa dalam beberapa tahun belakangan ini tidak hanya berfokus pada masalah linguistik, akan tetapi juga dapat dikaitkan dengan budaya masyarakat penutur bahasa yang melatarbelakanginya. Salah satunya adalah aimai hy?gen (ungkapan ambiguitas). Aimai hy?gen merupakan salah satu konsep berkomunikasi yang masih digunakan oleh penutur masyarakat Jepang. Konsep aimai hy?gen ini berfokus pada gaya bahasa yang digunakan melalui makna-makna yang tidak jelas atau tidak pasti oleh karena terlalu banyaknya makna yang dimiliki oleh ungkapan tersebut. Hal ini bertujuan untuk menghindari penggunaan ungkapan yang lugas, tegas, dan jelas. Berdasarkan fenomena tersebut, maka beberapa aimai hy?gen yang dikaitkan dengan prinsip kesantunan Leech dibahas dalam makalah ini.

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43

Asiatun, Siti. "Penerapan Fungsi Manajemen Penyiaran Pada Program Talkshow Aiman Di Kompas TV Jakarta." MEDIALOG: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi 4, no. 1 (March 6, 2021): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.35326/medialog.v4i1.987.

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Kompas TV sebagai stasiun swasta berita nasional Indonesia yang didirikan pada tanggal 09 September 2013 berhasil membawa pulang prestasi berupa piala penghargaan ajang Anugerah KPI 2019 kategori program acara talk show (berita) investigasi, yakni talk show Aiman. Tujuan Penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui penerapan fungsi manajemen penyiaran pada program talk show Aiman di Kompas TV Jakarta,. Peneliti menggunakan jenis metode penelitian kualitatif dengan cara data-data yang dianalisis secara kualitatif akan dikelompokkan dan diseleksi berdasarkan kualitas dan kebenarannya yang berkaitan dengan masalah yang diteliti. . Fungsi perencanaan isi program acara dilakukan dengan riset yg mendalam dan penuh kehati-hatian. Fungsi pengorganisasian diatur sesuai dengan undang-undang nomor 40 tentang pers, tidak ada pembagian manajemen di bagian atas, tengah, dan bawah.. Fungsi pengarahan dan memberikan pengaruh yang diberikan pemimpin kepada bawahannya melalui metode motivasi, komunikasi, kepemimpinan, dan pelatihan. l. Ketiga fungsi diatas mesti harus dilakukan evalusi melalui fungsi pengawasan. Dalam menjalankan fungsi pengawasan, manajemen talk show AIMAN melakukan penilaian semester setiap 6 bulan sekali untuk mengevaluasi hasil pekerjaan dari atasan ke bawahannya. dapat disimpulkan bahwa fungsi manajemen penyiaran pada program acara talk show AIMAN yang ditayangkan Kompas TV sudah diterapkan dengan baik. Diharapkan program acara talk show AIMAN di Kompas TV dapat terus ditayangkan mengingat kebutuhan masyarakat akan terangnya sebuah hot issues maupun current issues. Kata Kunci : Manajemen, Aiman,Talkshow,Kompas TV

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Kosilko, S. A., S. V. Balakhonov, D. Otgonbayar, N. Tsogbadrakh, M. B. Yarygina, V. M. Korzun, D. Tserennorov, A. V. Denisov, E. N. Rozhdestvensky, and Ch Urzhikh. "Mongolian Part of the Trans-Boundary Sailugem Natural Plague Focus in 2017. Communication 2. Modern Epidemiological Risks." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 2 (July 4, 2018): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2018-2-62-67.

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Objective – to study the current epidemiological risks at plague enzootic frontier territory of the Bayan-Ulgy aimag of Mongolia. Materials and methods. Epidemiological analysis was performed according to the reporting documentation of the National Centre of Zoonotic Infections in Mongolia, results of anonymous questioning of 179 residents of the Bayan-Ulgy aimag of Mongolia, materials of the Department of Health of the Bayan-Ulgy aimag, the Aimag Centre of Zoonotic Infections and the Administration of the Aimag Governor. Results and discussion. Plague was first registered in the Bayan-Ulgy aimag in 1989. The total of 9 patients with plague and 4 lethal outcomes were revealed. In all cases marmots were an infection source, the infection occurred in the process of cutting the carcasses. The majority of the plague patients had bubonic form of plague. All patients were men aged 13 to 34 years. Public inquiry showed that 21,8 % of population considered meat of marmots as a delicacy, 54 % – hunted for the animals, 25,7 % – consumed uncooked organs of marmots as a folk remedy, 19,5 % – participated in cutting of marmot carcasses. Results of the inquiry indicated that a marmot was an object of active hunting for local population. Analysis of epizootic activity of the transboundary Sailugem natural plague focus, modern social and economic conditions in the Bayan-Ulgy aimag has showed that in this territory epidemic risks have shaped and act at present. They can be divided into two groups: epidemic risks capable to cause human sporadic plague cases and epidemic risks leading to anthropozoonotic plague dissemination among the population and exportation of Yersinia pestis beyond the limits of enzootic territories. Effective interaction of anti-epidemic Institutions of Mongolia and Russia and also the Agencies and Institutions of the executive power of all levels permits to counteract these risks.

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45

Tomas, Lily. "AIMA President's Report 2014." Advances in Integrative Medicine 1, no. 2 (May 2014): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aimed.2014.08.001.

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46

Bardelli, Moreno, Monica Cavressi, Giulia Furlanis, Bruno Pinamonti, Mariafontana Leone, Stefano Albani, Renata Korcova, Bruno Fabris, and Gianfranco Sinagra. "Relationship between aortic valve stenosis and the hemodynamic pattern in the renal circulation, and restoration of the flow wave profile after correction of the valvular defect." Journal of International Medical Research 48, no. 9 (September 2020): 030006052095690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060520956907.

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Objective The index of maximal systolic acceleration ([AImax]: maximal systolic acceleration of the Doppler waveform divided by peak systolic velocity) shows diagnostic accuracy in screening of renal artery stenosis. This study aimed to determine whether an upstream factor of resistance, such as aortic valve stenosis (AVS), can affect Doppler parameters detected in the peripheral arteries. Methods In this prospective study, we measured the AImax in non-stenotic renal interlobar arteries of 62 patients with AVS. Patients were divided into three groups on the basis of severity of valvulopathy as follows: mild-to-moderate AVS (M-AVS; n = 24), intermediate AVS (I-AVS; n = 15), and severe AVS (S-AVS; n = 23) based on Nishimura’s criteria. Results The AImax in the renal parenchymal arteries was significantly lower in the S-AVS group (8.9 ± 3.6 s−1) than in the M-AVS (15.3 ± 3.8 s−1) and I-AVS groups (16.7 ± 5.2 s−1). The AImax was positively correlated with the aortic valve area and inversely correlated with the tranvalvular aortic pressure gradient. After aortic valve replacement, the AImax significantly increased from 10.7 ± 4.0 s−1 at baseline to 19.3 ± 4.4 s−1. Conclusions Proximal resistance can lead to diagnostic bias of Doppler parameters that are applied in the diagnosis of peripheral vasculopathies, particularly in renal artery stenosis.

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47

Karimah, Siti Iffah, and Mohamad Arafah Idrus. "EFEKTIVITAS KURSUS CALON PENGANTIN (SUSCATIN) BAGI KETAHANAN KELUARGA OLEH KEMENTERIAN AGAMA DI DISTRIK AIMAS KABUPATEN SORONG." Muadalah : Jurnal Hukum 2, no. 2 (November 9, 2022): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47945/muadalah.v2i2.759.

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Kursus Calon Pengantin atau yang lebih dikenal dengan Suscatin berisi kursus/pendidikan singkat berkaitan dengan kehidupan rumah tangga seperti pengetahuan tentang berkeluarga dengan tujuan agar calon pengantin (catin) memiliki pengetahuan dan kesiapan secara fisik dan psikis. Dengan keluarnya Peraturan Dirjen Bimas Islam Nomor DJ. II/ 491 Tahun 2009 tentang Peraturan-Peraturan Suscatin kemudian diperbaharui dengan peraturan Dirjen Bimas Islam No. DJ. II/542 Tahun 2013 Tentang Pedoman Penyelenggaraan Kursus Pra Nikah, sebagai bentuk kepedulian pemerintah dengan memberi bekal keterampilan dan psikologis untuk mengatasi masalah perkawinan. Penelitian ini menjawab tentang: Bagaimana pelaksanaan Kursus Calon Pengantin (Suscatin) di Distrik Aimas Kabupaten Sorong dan Bagaimana Efektivitas Kursus Calon Pengantin (Suscatin) Bagi Ketahanan Keluarga di Distrik Aimas Kabupaten Sorong? Apa faktor pendukung dan faktor penghambat proses pelaksanaan Suscatin Bagi Ketahanan Keluarga oleh Kementerian Agama di Distrik Aimas Kabupaten Sorong dan Bagaimana Upaya Kementerian Agama dalam Meningkatkan Kesadaran Masyarakat tentang Pentingnya Suscatin? Kursus Calon Pengantin atau yang lebih dikenal dengan Suscatin berisi kursus/pendidikan singkat berkaitan dengan kehidupan rumah tangga seperti pengetahuan tentang berkeluarga dengan tujuan agar calon pengantin (catin) memiliki pengetahuan dan kesiapan secara fisik dan psikis. Dengan keluarnya Peraturan D Kursus Calon Pengantin atau yang lebih dikenal dengan Suscatin berisi kursus/pendidikan singkat berkaitan dengan kehidupan rumah tangga seperti pengetahuan tentang berkeluarga dengan tujuan agar calon pengantin (catin) memiliki pengetahuan dan kesiapan secara fisik dan psikis. Dengan keluarnya Peraturan Dirjen Bimas Islam Nomor DJ. II/ 491 Tahun 2009 tentang Peraturan-Peraturan Suscatin kemudian diperbaharui dengan peraturan Dirjen Bimas Islam No. DJ. II/542 Tahun 2013 Tentang Pedoman Penyelenggaraan Kursus Pra Nikah, sebagai bentuk kepedulian pemerintah dengan memberi bekal keterampilan dan psikologis untuk mengatasi masalah perkawinan. Penelitian ini menjawab tentang: Bagaimana pelaksanaan Kursus Calon Pengantin (Suscatin) di Distrik Aimas Kabupaten Sorong dan Bagaimana Efektivitas Kursus Calon Pengantin (Suscatin) Bagi Ketahanan Keluarga di Distrik Aimas Kabupaten Sorong? Apa faktor pendukung dan faktor penghambat proses pelaksanaan Suscatin Bagi Ketahanan Keluarga oleh Kementerian Agama di Distrik Aimas Kabupaten Sorong dan Bagaimana Upaya Kementerian Agama dalam Meningkatkan Kesadaran Masyarakat tentang Pentingnya Suscatin? irjen Bimas Islam Nomor DJ. II/ 491 Tahun 2009 tentang Peraturan-Peraturan Suscatin kemudian diperbaharui dengan peraturan Dirjen Bimas Islam No. DJ. II/542 Tahun 2013 Tentang Pedoman Penyelenggaraan Kursus Pra Nikah, sebagai bentuk kepedulian pemerintah dengan memberi bekal keterampilan dan psikologis untuk mengatasi masalah perkawinan. Penelitian ini menjawab tentang: Bagaimana pelaksanaan Kursus Calon Pengantin (Suscatin) di Distrik Aimas Kabupaten Sorong dan Bagaimana Efektivitas Kursus Calon Pengantin (Suscatin) Bagi Ketahanan Keluarga di Distrik Aimas Kabupaten Sorong? Apa faktor pendukung dan faktor penghambat proses pelaksanaan Suscatin Bagi Ketahanan Keluarga oleh Kementerian Agama di Distrik Aimas Kabupaten Sorong dan Bagaimana Upaya Kementerian Agama dalam Meningkatkan Kesadaran Masyarakat tentang Pentingnya Suscatin?

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48

Symoens, Marc. "23-a Internacia Kolokvo de AIMAV." Language Problems and Language Planning 12, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 51–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.12.1.06edw.

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49

Malik, Hairul. "Implementasi Metode Tutor Sebaya Dalam Meningkatkan Partisipasi Belajar Ipa Siswa Kelas Vi Sd Muhammadiyah Aimas Kabupaten Sorong." Jurnal Pendidikan 5, no. 2 (July 10, 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36232/pendidikan.v5i2.121.

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berpartisipasi sehingga pembelajaran menjadi bermakna. Sementara itu, partisipasi belajar siswa kelas VI SD Muhammadiyah Aimas Kabupaten Sorong pada mata pelajaran IPA masih rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan partisipasi belajar siswa melalui metode tutor sebaya dalam mata pelajaran IPA siswa kelas VI SD Muhammadiyah Aimas Kabupaten Sorong. Partisipasi belajar siswa berupa partisipasi kontributif maupun inisiatif. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis Penelitian Tindakan Kelas dengan subjek siswa kelas VI SD Muhammadiyah Aimas Kabupaten Sorong yang berjumlah 24 siswa. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dalam dua siklus masing-masing siklus terdiri dari empat tahapan yaitu perencanaan, tindakan, observasi, dan refleksi. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi dan tes. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan partisipasi belajar dalam pembelajaran IPA siswa kelas VI SD Muhammadiyah Aimas Kabupaten Sorong melalui metode tutor sebaya. Rata-rata partisipasi belajar yang diperoleh sebesar 84,26% dengan peningkatan 21,30% dari siklus sebelumnya. Hal tersebut dapat dilihat dari rata-rata partisipasi belajar siswa dari sebelum tindakan sampai siklus II secara berturut-turut 48,96% dan 62,96% dengan peningkatan sebesar 14%.

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50

Guskova, E. V. "THE CRYPTOCEPHALINAE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) OF THE MONGOLIAN ALTAI." Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University 6, no. 3 (November 4, 2016): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/201672.

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Six leaf-beetles species Coptocephala rubicunda (Laicharting, 1781); C. rubicunda rossica L. N. Medvedev, 1977; Cryptocephalus flavicollis Fabricius, 1781; Cr. macrodactylus Gebler, 1830; Cr. regalis Gebler, 1830 and Cr. schaefferi Schrank, 1789 are new records for Mongolia. Two species Cryptocephalus krutovskii Jacobson, 1901 and Cr. pallifrons Gyllenhal, 1813 are new records for Mongolian Altai. Four species Coptocephala unifasciata (Scopoli, 1763), Cr. dilutellus Jacobson, 1901; Сr. altaicus Harold, 1872 and Pachybrachis latipes Lopatin, 1971 new for Gobi-Altai aimak. Two species Labidostomis tjutschewi Jacobson, 1902 and Coptocephala unifasciata australis new for Bayan-Ulegei aimak and one Acolastus gobicus (L. N. Medvedev & Voronova, 1977) new for Hovd aimak. Currently, 57 species of 9 genera for of these subfamilies are known from Mongolian Altai.

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