Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Aileron Province"

The aim of this study was to identify how factors related students, their families and school (the teachers) have an effect on the failure of the students in primary and secondary schools. The study sample composed of a total of 755 students from 10 primary schools and 8 secondary schools in province of Balıkesir. Of 755 students, 358 students are from primary schools whereas 397 students are from secondary schools. Findings of this research showed that students are more likey to see themselves as the cause of their failures. Students have also indicated some other factors caused by their families, schools and teachers as the causes of failure although these factors have less effect than those caused by the students themselves. ÖzetBu çalışmanın amacı ortaokul ve liselerde öğrenim gören öğrencilerin başarısızlık durumlarına etki eden (kendisinden, ailesinden ve okuldan-öğretmenden kaynaklı) faktörlerin neler olduğunun belirlenmesidir. Araştırmanın örneklemini Balıkesir il merkezinde bulunan 10 ortaokul ve 8 lisede okuyan toplam 755 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Bu öğrencilerin 358’i ortaokul, 397’si de liselerde öğrenim görmektedir. Bu araştırmadan elde edilen bulgular değerlendirildiğinde öğrencilerin yaşadıkları başarısızlıklara neden olarak daha çok kendisinden kaynaklı durumları görme eğiliminde oldukları saptanmıştır. Öğrencilerin aileden, okul ve öğretmenden kaynaklı birçok durumu da kendisinden kaynaklı nedenler kadar olmasa da başarısızlık nedeni olarak gösterdikleri görülmüştür.

<p class="Default"><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Natural disaster is defined as suddenly developing natural or human phenomena that harm human life and natural order. Many natural disasters have occurred in Turkey throughout history, resulting in serious loss of life and property. Although people can not prevent natural disasters, however, they can take various measures to reduce the damages. In order to reduce the indemnities caused by natural disasters, Turkey has taken many precautionary measures especially after 1999 Marmara earthquake. These steps are mostly focused on the formation of disasters, ways to prevent disasters, and legal regulations. This research was conducted to determine the level of understanding of the concept of disaster and disaster education by 8^th grade students of middle school. The study sample consists of 8^th grade students from Dört Eylül middle school of Simav district, Kütahya province. The research was carried out with 28 middle school students during academic year of 2014-2015. A semi-structured questionnaire consisting of open-ended questions, developed by researchers, was applied as data collection tool. The data of the study were analyzed using qualitative research techniques. Results show that students’ first perception about the word disaster is earthquake disaster, tsunami disaster. Therefore, environmental conditions of an area are found affecting the perception. Besides, variable of gender is also not found affecting the results. However, increase in income level and educational level of parents result difference in answers. </p><p><strong>Öz</strong></p><p>Ani gelişen veya ortaya çıktığında kötü sonuçları olan doğal ve beşerî olaylar, insan yaşantısına ve doğal düzene zarar vermekte ve bu durum doğal afet olarak nitelendirilmektedir. Tarih boyunca Türkiye’de pek çok doğal afet meydana gelmiş ve bunların sonucunda ciddi can ve mal kayıpları yaşanmıştır. İnsanlar doğal afetlerin oluşumunu engelleyememelerine rağmen, bunların zararlarının azaltılmasına yönelik çeşitli önlemler alabilirler. Doğal afetlerin meydana getireceği zararları azaltmak için ülkemizde özellikle 1999 Marmara depreminden sonra çalışmalara hız verilmiştir. Bu çalışmalar daha çok afetlerin oluşumu, afetlerden korunma yolları ve yasal düzenlemeler üzerine odaklanmıştır. Bu araştırma, 8. sınıf öğrencilerinin afet ve afet eğitimi kavramı hakkındaki anlama düzeylerini tespit etmek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma grubunu Kütahya İli, Simav ilçesi Dört Eylül Ortaokulu 8. Sınıf öğrencileri oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma, 2014-2015 eğitim-öğretim yılında 8. Sınıfta okuyan 28 ortaokul öğrencisi ile yapılmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak, araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen açık uçlu sorulardan oluşan yarı yapılandırılmış anket uygulanmıştır. Çalışmanın verileri nitel araştırma teknikleri kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucuna göre; öğrencilerin afet deyince ilk olarak deprem afetine, enaz tsunami afetine yer verildiği bulgulardan anlaşılmıştır. Dolayısıyla çevre şartları sonucu etkilemiştir. Genel olarak bakıldığında cinsiyet değişkeni sonucu etkilememiştir. Fakat ailenin gelir durumu ve ailenin eğitim durumu arttıkça afet eğitimi cevaplarında farklılık vardır.</p>

Objcective: This research was performed in order to evaluate the effects on adolescents of witnessing intrafamilial violence. Methods: 1196 students attending four high schools affiliated to the Ministry of Education in the Turkish province of Karaman represented the research sample in this descriptive and cross-sectional study. A questionnaire eliciting students’ individual characteristics, together with witnessing interparental violence, acceptance of interpersonal violence and use of violence scales were employed as data collection tools. Findings: Age, type of school, parental education levels, income, the family being in receipt of economic assistance, the student working in paid employment and number of siblings were significantly correlated with adolescent witnessing of violence. A positive correlation was determined between witnessing violence and acceptance and use of violence.Results: The research shows that adolescents witnessing violence has positive effects on their attitudes toward violence. Intrafamilial violence in particular therefore needs to be reduced and families need to receive counseling on the subject in order for the levels of violence in society to be lowered. ÖzetAmaç: Buaraştırma; ergenlerin aile içi şiddete tanık olmasının şiddete yönelik tutumlarına etkilerini değerlendirmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel türdeki araştırmanın örneklemini Karaman ilinde Milli Eğitim bakanlığına bağlı dört lisedeki 1196 öğrenci oluşturmuştur. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak; öğrencilerin bireysel özelliklerini belirlemeye yönelik soru formu, ebeveynler arası şiddete tanıklık ölçeği, şiddet kabullenme ve şiddet uygulama ölçekleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Yaş, okul türü, baba ve annenin eğitim durumu, gelir durumu, ailenin ekonomik yardım alma durumu, öğrencinin gelir getiren bir işte çalışma durumu, kardeş sayısı değişkenleri ile ergenlerin şiddete tanıklık etme durumları arasında anlamlı fark bulunmuştur. Araştırmada şiddete tanıklık etme durumu ile şiddeti kabullenme ve şiddet uygulama arasında pozitif şekilde korelasyon olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç: Araştırmada ergenlerin şiddete tanıklık etme durumunun şiddete yönelik tutumları üzerinde önemli etkilerinin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu nedenle toplumda şiddet oranlarının azalması için öncelikle aile içi şiddetin azaltılması, ailelere bu konuda danışmalık verilmesinin gerekliliği ortaya çıkmaktadır.

Metaphor used in a variety fields of social ciences can be defined as the meaning transfer from one object to other which have similarities in terms of some aspects. It can also be defined as making relations between abstract things with concrete everyday things to be understood them easily. When addressed in terms of education administration, it has been observed that metaphors are often used while designing curriculums, planning activities, making motivations for learning and creative thinking trainings. In this context, it is possible to benefit from them in order to understand the school better. The aim of this study is to reveal the perceptions of school administrators related to school and ideal school with the aid of metaphors. In this study, using phenomenology (qualification) from qualitative research methods, data from 37 school administrators working in the province of Amasya and identified by maximum diversity sampling method were obtained by using a semi-structured interview form prepared by the researcher and composed of two parts. In analysing of the data obtained in the research, content analysis technique was used and in the process of analysis of the obtained data, interview records were deciphered and analyzed. Research findings show that school administrators mostly used “mother”, “human” and “tree” metaphors to explain the school. “Factory”, “human”, “Şeyh Edebali”, “car” and “Sun” are the popular metaphors used by the participants to describe the ideal school. According to the findings of the research, it can be said that family is the first education place. So, the active participation of the parents to the education will make the contributions to develop a school culture, make the curriculum better, improve the skills of parents on child education and will help teachers make their jobs effectively.Extended English abstract is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetSosyal bilimlerin birçok alanında kullanılan metafor, algısal benzerlik olan bir objeden diğerine geçen anlam transferi ve soyut kavramlar ile bilinen somut şeyler arasında ilişki kurmak biçiminde ifade edilmektedir. Eğitim yönetimi açısından ele alındığında, metaforların müfredat geliştirirken, planlama yapılırken, öğrenme motivasyonları yaparken ve yaratıcı düşünce eğitimlerinde sıklıkla kullanılan bir yöntem olduğu gözlemlenmektedir. Bu bağlamda, okulu daha iyi anlamak için de metaforlardan yararlanmak mümkündür. Bu doğrultuda bu araştırmanın amacı okul yöneticilerinin okul ve ideal okul kavramlarına ilişkin düşüncelerini metafor yardımıyla açığa çıkarmaktır. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden fenomenoloji (olgubilim) deseni kullanılan bu araştırmanın örneklemini; Amasya ilindeki ilkokul, ortaokul ve lise okul türlerinde görev yapmakta olan 37 okul yöneticisi oluşturmaktadır. Maksimum çeşitlilik örnekleme yöntemi ile belirlenen okul yöneticilerinin, okul ve ideal okula ilişkin algılarını belirlemek üzere araştırmacı tarafından hazırlanan ve iki bölümden oluşan yarı-yapılandırılmış bir görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Verilerin çözümlenmesinde içerik analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya katılan okul yöneticilerinin en çok birleştikleri metaforun “anne” olduğu, daha sonra ise “insan” ve “ağaç” metaforlarının söylenme sıklığının da aynı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Okul yöneticilerinin ideal okul kavramına ilişkin ürettikleri metaforlarda en çok birleştikleri kavramların ise “fabrika”, “insan”, “Şeyh Edebali”, “araba”, “güneş” olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. En sık tekrarlanan metaforun “anne” olduğu göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, ailenin her zaman bireylerin ilk eğitim yeri olduğu gerçeğinin hâlâ geçerliliğini sürdürdüğü söylenebilir. Sonuç olarak, ailenin eğitim sürecine aktif katılımı, okul ikliminin geliştirilmesine, müfredat programının iyileştirilmesine, aile çocuk eğitimi bilgi ve becerilerinin geliştirilmesine, ailelerin katılımı ile birlikte öğretmenlerin görevlerini daha rahat yapmasına katkıda bulunacaktır.

Çalışma Suriyeli bir aileyi kültürel özelliklerine göre değerlendirerek hemşirelik bakımı vermek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışma Ordu ili Altınordu İlçesi’nde yaşayan Suriyeli bir aile üzerinde Ocak-Şubat 2015 tarihleri arasında yürütülmüştür. Aile haftada bir kez olmak üzere araştırma süresince 8 kez ev ziyareti ile izlenmiştir. Verilerin toplanmasında araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan “Veri Toplama Formu” ve “Hemşirelik Bakımında Kültürel Özellikleri Tanılama Rehberi” kullanılmıştır. Ailenin dili Arapça olduğu için veri toplama formları tercüman yardımıyla doldurulmuştur. Aile kültürel özelliklerine göre değerlendirilmiş ve NANDA’ya göre hemşirelik tanıları konularak bakım verilmiştir. Bu tanılar; güçsüzlük, bilgi eksikliği, sağlığı sürdürmede etkisizlik, yorgunluk, ümitsizlik, relokasyon/taşınma stresi, yalnızlık riski, sosyal etkileşimde bozulma, aile içi süreçlerin devamlılığında bozulma ve etkisiz toplumsal baş etmedir. Uygulanan hemşirelik bakımı sonucunda; bilgi eksikliği, aile içi süreçlerin devamlılığında bozulma, etkisiz toplumsal baş etme, güçsüzlük, ümitsizlik, sosyal etkileşimde bozulma, yalnızlık riski ve relokasyon/taşınma stresi tanılarında düzelme olmuştur. Bu sonuçlar doğrultusunda, göç eden ailelerin kültürel özelliklerine göre değerlendirilerek hemşirelik bakımı verilmesi önerilmektedir.ABSTRACT IN ENGLISHNursing Care Provided to a Syrian Family According to Cultural Characteristics: Case ReportThis study was conducted to understand provision of nursing care by assessing a Syrian family’s cultural characteristics. The study was carried out with a Syrian family living in Altınordu town in Ordu province between January and February 2015. The family was monitored with home visits once a week and for a total of eight times during the study. The data were collected by a “Data Collection Form” prepared by the researchers and consulting the “Guide for Identifying Cultural Characteristics in Nursing Care”. Since the family’s native language was Arabic, data collection forms were filled in with the help of a translator. The family was assessed in terms of cultural characteristics and care was provided by making diagnoses according to NANDA. These diagnoses were powerlessness, lack of information, ineffective health maintenance, fatigue, hopelessness, relocation/moving stress, risk for loneliness, impaired social interaction, interrupted family processes and ineffective community coping. As a result of the nursing care provided, improvements occurred in the diagnoses of lack of information, interrupted family processes, ineffective community coping, powerlessness, hopelessness, impaired social interaction, risk for loneliness and relocation/moving stress. In line with these results, it is recommended that nursing care should be provided by assessing migrating family’s cultural characteristics.

Abstract Nolans Bore is a rare earth element (REE) ore deposit in the Reynolds Range, Aileron Province, Northern Territory, Australia. It consists primarily of fluorapatite and alteration products thereof, surrounded by a diopside-dominated selvage. Previously considered to form via hydrothermal fluids, we now suggest that the deposit formed by a metasomatic reaction between a mantle-derived carbonatite and granulite-facies felsic host rocks, after peak metamorphism. REE patterns of fluorapatite are strongly light REE (LREE) enriched, convex with maxima at Ce to Nd, and contain a weak negative Eu anomaly. Textural and geochemical properties of the fluorapatite are consistent with its formation from a carbonatite liquid. Sinusoidal REE patterns in diopside along with strong Yb–Lu enrichment relative to coexisting titanite are suggestive of derivation from a Ca-rich carbonatite. Likewise, hyalophane present in the selvages forms by reaction of a BaCO3 component in the carbonatite with K-feldspar in the silicate host rocks. The overall morphology of Nolans Bore is consistent with carbonatite–silicate reaction experiments, with the carbonatite itself migrating elsewhere owing to the open-system nature of Nolans Bore. Ekanite veins in massive fluorapatite zones and allanite–epidote crusts on fluorapatite in contact with the diopside selvages formed by hydrothermal fluids exsolved from the carbonatite. Minor interstitial calcite was not igneous but was the last mineral to crystallize from the carbonatite-exsolved fluid. Y/Ho ratios qualitatively trace the transition from mantle-dominated igneous minerals to later low-temperature hydrothermal minerals. Rb–Sr and Sm–Nd analyses of unaltered minerals (fluorapatite, allanite, calcite) show that the carbonatite had homogeneous initial 87Sr/86Sr ≈ 0·7054 and εNd ≈ –4 at 1525 Ma, the best age estimate of the mineralization. Fluorapatite–allanite Sm–Nd dating results in an age of 1446 ± 140 Ma, consistent with forming soon after the end of the Chewings Orogeny. Neodymium depleted mantle model ages are older than 2 Ga, indicating the presence of recycled crustal material within the source. We suggest that the carbonatite was sourced from a mantle enriched by subduction of LREE-rich oceanic crustal rocks, marine sediments, and phosphorites, potentially from the south, or the Mount Isa area to the east. Nolans Bore represents the root zone of a now-eroded carbonatite. Other Nolans-type deposits (Hoidas Lake, Canada and Kasipatnam, India) are similarly hosted within siliceous granulite-facies rocks in regions with a long tectonic history, suggesting common processes that led to the formation of all three deposits. The REE-rich compositions of the mid-crustal Nolans Bore fluorapatite are the cumulates hypothesized to cause REE depletion in some unmineralized carbonatites. The rocks at Nolans Bore demonstrate that carbonatites, previously thought to be mostly unreactive, can undergo modification and modify the composition of the silicate rocks which they encounter, forming an ‘antiskarn’. At igneous temperatures, the resulting mineral assemblage (other than fluorapatite) consists of diopside and titanite, both of which are common in granulite-facies rocks. Therefore, carbonatite metasomatism can remain unnoticed if the resulting assemblage does not contain distinctively carbonatitic minerals.

IntroductionIn this article, I set out to accomplish two tasks. The first is to map coffee and cafés in Mainland China in different historical periods. The second is to focus on coffee and cafés in the socio-cultural milieu of contemporary China in order to understand the symbolic value of the emerging coffee/café-scape. Cafés, rather than coffee, are at the centre of this current trend in contemporary Chinese cities. With instant coffee dominating as a drink, the Chinese have developed a cultural and social demand for cafés, but have not yet developed coffee palates. Historical Coffee Map In 1901, coffee was served in a restaurant in the city of Tianjin. This restaurant, named Kiessling, was run by a German chef, a former solider who came to China with the eight-nation alliance. At that time, coffee was reserved mostly for foreign politicians and military officials as well as wealthy businessmen—very few ordinary Chinese drank it. (For more history of Kiessling, including pictures and videos, see Kiessling). Another group of coffee consumers were from the cultural elites—the young revolutionary intellectuals and writers with overseas experience. It was almost a fashion among the literary elite to spend time in cafés. However, this was negatively judged as “Western” and “bourgeois.” For example, in 1932, Lu Xun, one of the most important twentieth century Chinese writers, commented on the café fashion during 1920s (133-36), and listed the reasons why he would not visit one. He did not drink coffee because it was “foreigners’ food”, and he was too busy writing for the kind of leisure enjoyed in cafés. Moreover, he did not, he wrote, have the nerve to go to a café, and particularly not the Revolutionary Café that was popular among cultural celebrities at that time. He claimed that the “paradise” of the café was for genius, and for handsome revolutionary writers (who he described as having red lips and white teeth, whereas his teeth were yellow). His final complaint was that even if he went to the Revolutionary Café, he would hesitate going in (Lu Xun 133-36). From Lu Xun’s list, we can recognise his nationalism and resistance to what were identified as Western foods and lifestyles. It is easy to also feel his dissatisfaction with those dilettante revolutionary intellectuals who spent time in cafés, talking and enjoying Western food, rather than working. In contrast to Lu Xun’s resistance to coffee and café culture, another well-known writer, Zhang Ailing, frequented cafés when she lived in Shanghai from the 1920s to 1950s. She wrote about the smell of cakes and bread sold in Kiessling’s branch store located right next to her parents’ house (Yuyue). Born into a wealthy family, exposed to Western culture and food at a very young age, Zhang Ailing liked to spend her social and writing time in cafés, ordering her favourite cakes, hot chocolate, and coffee. When she left Shanghai and immigrated to the USA, coffee was an important part of her writing life: the smell and taste reminding her of old friends and Shanghai (Chunzi). However, during Zhang’s time, it was still a privileged and elite practice to patronise a café when these were located in foreign settlements with foreign chefs, and served mainly foreigners, wealthy businessmen, and cultural celebrities. After 1949, when the Chinese Communist Party established the People’s Republic of China, until the late 1970s, there were no coffee shops in Mainland China. It was only when Deng Xiaoping suggested neo-liberalism as a so-called “reform-and-open-up” economic policy that foreign commerce and products were again seen in China. In 1988, ten years after the implementation of Deng Xiaoping’s policy, the Nestlé coffee company made the first inroads into the mainland market, featuring homegrown coffee beans in Yunnan province (China Beverage News; Dong; ITC). Nestlé’s bottled instant coffee found its way into the Chinese market, avoiding a direct challenge to the tea culture. Nestlé packaged its coffee to resemble health food products and marketed it as a holiday gift suitable for friends and relatives. As a symbol of modernity and “the West”, coffee-as-gift meshed with the traditional Chinese cultural custom that values gift giving. It also satisfied a collective desire for foreign products (and contact with foreign cultures) during the economic reform era. Even today, with its competitively low price, instant coffee dominates coffee consumption at home, in the workplace, and on Chinese airlines. While Nestlé aimed their product at native Chinese consumers, the multinational companies who later entered China’s coffee market, such as Sara Lee, mainly targeted international hotels such as IHG, Marriott, and Hyatt. The multinationals also favoured coffee shops like Kommune in Shanghai that offered more sophisticated kinds of coffee to foreign consumers and China’s upper class (Byers). If Nestlé introduced coffee to ordinary Chinese families, it was Starbucks who introduced the coffee-based “third space” to urban life in contemporary China on a signficant scale. Differing from the cafés before 1949, Starbucks stores are accessible to ordinary Chinese citizens. The first in Mainland China opened in Beijing’s China World Trade Center in January 1999, targeting mainly white-collar workers and foreigners. Starbucks coffee shops provide a space for informal business meetings, chatting with friends, and relaxing and, with its 500th store opened in 2011, dominate the field in China. Starbucks are located mainly in the central business districts and airports, and the company plans to have 1,500 sites by 2015 (Starbucks). Despite this massive presence, Starbucks constitutes only part of the café-scape in contemporary Chinese cities. There are two other kinds of cafés. One type is usually located in universities or residential areas and is frequented mainly by students or locals working in cultural professions. A representative of this kind is Sculpting in Time Café. In November 1997, two years before the opening of the first Starbucks in Beijing, two newlywed college graduates opened the first small Sculpting in Time Café near Beijing University’s East Gate. This has been expanded into a chain, and boasts 18 branches on the Mainland. (For more about its history, see Sculpting in Time Café). Interestingly, both Starbucks and Sculpting in Time Café acquired their names from literature, Starbucks from Moby Dick, and Sculpting in Time from the Russian filmmaker Andrei Tarkovsky’s film diary of the same name. For Chinese students of literature and the arts, drinking coffee is less about acquiring more energy to accomplish their work, and more about entering a sensual world, where the aroma of coffee mixes with the sounds from the coffee machine and music, as well as the lighting of the space. More importantly, cafés with this ambience become, in themselves, cultural sites associated with literature, films, and music. Owners of this kind of café are often lovers of foreign literatures, films, and cultures, and their cafés host various cultural events, including forums, book clubs, movie screenings, and music clubs. Generally speaking, coffee served in this kind of café is simpler than in the kind discussed below. This third type of café includes those located in tourist and entertainment sites such as art districts, bar areas, and historical sites, and which are frequented by foreign and native tourists, artists and other cultural workers. If Starbucks cultivates a fast-paced business/professional atmosphere, and Sculpting in Time Cafés an artsy and literary atmosphere, this third kind of café is more like an upscale “bar” with trained baristas serving complicated coffees and emphasising their flavour. These coffee shops are more expensive than the other kinds, with an average price three times that of Starbucks. Currently, cafés of this type are found only in “first-tier” cities and usually located in art districts and tourist areas—such as Beijing’s 798 Art District and Nanluo Guxiang, Shanghai’s Tai Kang Road (a.k.a. “the art street”), and Hangzhou’s Westlake area. While Nestlé and Starbucks use coffee beans grown in Yunnan provinces, these “art cafés” are more inclined to use imported coffee beans from suppliers like Sara Lee. Coffee and Cafés in Contemporary China After just ten years, there are hundreds of cafés in Chinese cities. Why has there been such a demand for coffee or, more accurately, cafés, in such a short period of time? The first reason is the lack of “third space” environments in Mainland China. Before cafés appeared in the late 1990s, stores like KFC (which opened its first store in 1987) and McDonald’s (with its first store opened in 1990) filled this role for urban residents, providing locations where customers could experience Western food, meet friends, work, or read. In fact, KFC and McDonald’s were once very popular with college students looking for a place to study. Both stores had relatively clean food environments and good lighting. They also had air conditioning in the summer and heating in the winter, which are not provided in most Chinese university dormitories. However, since neither chain was set up to be a café and customers occupying seats for long periods while ordering minimal amounts of food or drink affected profits, staff members began to indirectly ask customers to leave after dining. At the same time, as more people were able to afford to eat at KFC and McDonald’s, their fast foods were also becoming more and more popular, especially among young people. As a consequence, both types of chain restaurant were becoming noisy and crowded and, thus, no longer ideal for reading, studying, or meeting with friends. Although tea has been a traditional drink in Chinese culture, traditional teahouses were expensive places more suitable for business meetings or for the cultural or intellectual elite. Since almost every family owns a tea set and can readily purchase tea, friends and family would usually make and consume tea at home. In recent years, however, new kinds of teahouses have emerged, similar in style to cafés, targeting the younger generation with more affordable prices and a wider range of choices, so the lack of a “third space” does not fully explain the café boom. Another factor affecting the popularity of cafés has been the development and uptake of Internet technology, including the increasing use of laptops and wireless Internet in recent years. The Internet has been available in China since the late 1990s, while computers and then laptops entered ordinary Chinese homes in the early twenty-first century. The IT industry has created not only a new field of research and production, but has also fostered new professions and demands. Particularly, in recent years in Mainland China, a new socially acceptable profession—freelancing in such areas as graphic design, photography, writing, film, music, and the fashion industry—has emerged. Most freelancers’ work is computer- and Internet-based. Cafés provide suitable working space, with wireless service, and the bonus of coffee that is, first of all, somatically stimulating. In addition, the emergence of the creative and cultural industries (which are supported by the Chinese government) has created work for these freelancers and, arguably, an increasing demand for café-based third spaces where such people can meet, talk and work. Furthermore, the flourishing of cafés in first-tier cities is part of the “aesthetic economy” (Lloyd 24) that caters to the making and selling of lifestyle experience. Alongside foreign restaurants, bars, galleries, and design firms, cafés contribute to city branding, and link a city to the global urban network. Cafés, like restaurants, galleries and bars, provide a space for the flow of global commodities, as well as for the human flow of tourists, travelling artists, freelancers, and cultural specialists. Finally, cafés provide a type of service that contributes to friendly owner/waiter-customer relations. During the planned-economy era, most stores and hotels in China were State-owned, staff salaries were not related to individual performance, and indifferent (and even unfriendly) service was common. During the economic reform era, privately owned stores and shops began to replace State-owned ones. At the same time, a large number of people from the countryside flowed into the cities seeking opportunities. Most had little if any professional training and so could only find work in factories or in the service industry. However, most café employees are urban, with better educational backgrounds, and many were already familiar with coffee culture. In addition, café owners, particularly those of places like Sculpting in Time Cafe, often invest in creating a positive, community atmosphere, learning about their customers and sharing personal experiences with their regular clients. This leads to my next point—the generation of the 1980s’ need for a social community. Cafés’ Symbolic Value—Community A demand for a sense of community among the generation of the 1980s is a unique socio-cultural phenomenon in China, which paradoxically co-exists with their desire for individualism. Mao Zedong started the “One Child Policy” in 1979 to slow the rapid population growth in China, and the generations born under this policy are often called “the lonely generations,” with both parents working full-time. At the same time, they are “the generation of me,” labelled as spoiled, self-centred, and obsessed with consumption (de Kloet; Liu; Rofel; Wang). The individuals of this generation, now aged in their 20s and 30s, constitute the primary consumers of coffee in China. Whereas individualism is an important value to them, a sense of community is also desirable in order to compensate for their lack of siblings. Furthermore, the 1980s’ generation has also benefitted from the university expansion policy implemented in 1999. Since then, China has witnessed a surge of university students and graduates who not only received scientific and other course-based knowledge, but also had a better chance to be exposed to foreign cultures through their books, music, and movies. With this interesting tension between individualism and collectivism, the atmosphere provided by cafés has fostered a series of curious temporary communities built on cultural and culinary taste. Interestingly, it has become an aspiration of many young college students and graduates to open a community-space style café in a city. One of the best examples is the new Henduoren’s (Many People’s) Café. This was a project initiated by Wen Erniu, a recent college graduate who wanted to open a café in Beijing but did not have sufficient funds to do so. She posted a message on the Internet, asking people to invest a minimum of US$316 to open a café with her. With 78 investors, the café opened in September 2011 in Beijing (see pictures of Henduoren’s Café). In an interview with the China Daily, Wen Erniu stated that, “To open a cafe was a dream of mine, but I could not afford it […] We thought opening a cafe might be many people’s dream […] and we could get together via the Internet to make it come true” (quoted in Liu 2011). Conclusion: Café Culture and (Instant) Coffee in China There is a Chinese saying that, if you hate someone—just persuade him or her to open a coffee shop. Since cafés provide spaces where one can spend a relatively long time for little financial outlay, owners have to increase prices to cover their expenses. This can result in fewer customers. In retaliation, cafés—particularly those with cultural and literary ambience—host cultural events to attract people, and/or they offer food and wine along with coffee. The high prices, however, remain. In fact, the average price of coffee in China is often higher than in Europe and North America. For example, a medium Starbucks’ caffè latte in China averaged around US$4.40 in 2010, according to the price list of a Starbucks outlet in Shanghai—and the prices has recently increased again (Xinhua 2012). This partially explains why instant coffee is still so popular in China. A bag of instant Nestlé coffee cost only some US$0.25 in a Beijing supermarket in 2010, and requires only hot water, which is accessible free almost everywhere in China, in any restaurant, office building, or household. As an habitual, addictive treat, however, coffee has not yet become a customary, let alone necessary, drink for most Chinese. Moreover, while many, especially those of the older generations, could discern the quality and varieties of tea, very few can judge the quality of the coffee served in cafés. As a result, few Mainland Chinese coffee consumers have a purely somatic demand for coffee—craving its smell or taste—and the highly sweetened and creamed instant coffee offered by companies like Nestlé or Maxwell has largely shaped the current Chinese palate for coffee. Ben Highmore has proposed that “food spaces (shops, restaurants and so on) can be seen, for some social agents, as a potential space where new ‘not-me’ worlds are encountered” (396) He continues to expand that “how these potential spaces are negotiated—the various affective registers of experience (joy, aggression, fear)—reflect the multicultural shapes of a culture (its racism, its openness, its acceptance of difference)” (396). Cafés in contemporary China provide spaces where one encounters and constructs new “not-me” worlds, and more importantly, new “with-me” worlds. While café-going communicates an appreciation and desire for new lifestyles and new selves, it can be hoped that in the near future, coffee will also be appreciated for its smell, taste, and other benefits. Of course, it is also necessary that future Chinese coffee consumers also recognise the rich and complex cultural, political, and social issues behind the coffee economy in the era of globalisation. References Byers, Paul [former Managing Director, Sara Lee’s Asia Pacific]. Pers. comm. Apr. 2012. China Beverage News. “Nestlé Acquires 70% Stake in Chinese Mineral Water Producer.” (2010). 31 Mar. 2012 ‹http://chinabevnews.wordpress.com/2010/02/21/nestle-acquires-70-stake-in-chinese-mineral-water-producer›. Chunzi. 张爱玲地图[The Map of Eileen Chang]. 汉语大词典出版 [Hanyu Dacidian Chubanshe], 2003. de Kloet, Jeroen. China with a Cut: Globalization, Urban Youth and Popular Music. Amsterdam: Amsterdam UP, 2010. Dong, Jonathan. “A Caffeinated Timeline: Developing Yunnan’s Coffee Cultivation.” China Brief (2011): 24-26. Highmore, Ben. “Alimentary Agents: Food, Cultural Theory and Multiculturalism.” Journal of Intercultural Studies, 29.4 (2008): 381-98. ITC (International Trade Center). The Coffee Sector in China: An Overview of Production, Trade And Consumption, 2010. Liu, Kang. Globalization and Cultural Trends in China. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2004. Liu, Zhihu. “From Virtual to Reality.” China Daily (Dec. 2011) 31 Mar. 2012 ‹http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2011-12/26/content_14326490.htm›. Lloyd, Richard. Neobohemia: Art and Commerce in the Postindustrial City. London: Routledge, 2006. Lu, Xun. “Geming Kafei Guan [Revolutionary Café]”. San Xian Ji. Taibei Shi: Feng Yun Shi Dai Chu Ban Gong Si: Fa Xing Suo Xue Wen Hua Gong Si, Mingguo 78 (1989): 133-36. Rofel, Lisa. Desiring China: Experiments in Neoliberalism, Sexuality, and Public Culture. Durham and London: Duke UP, 2007: 1-30. “Starbucks Celebrates Its 500th Store Opening in Mainland China.” Starbucks Newsroom (Oct. 2011) 31 Mar. 2012. ‹http://news.starbucks.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=580›. Wang, Jing. High Culture Fever: Politics, Aesthetics, and Ideology in Deng’s China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: U of California P, 1996. Xinhua. “Starbucks Raises Coffee Prices in China Stores.” Xinhua News (Jan. 2012). 31 Mar. 2012 ‹http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2012-01/31/c_131384671.htm›. Yuyue. Ed. “On the History of the Western-Style Restaurants: Aileen Chang A Frequent Customer of Kiessling.” China.com.cn (2010). 31 Mar. 2012 ‹http://www.china.com.cn/culture/txt/2010-01/30/content_19334964.htm›.

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The Arunta Region of Central Australia contains Paleoproterozoic granites extremely enriched in high heat producing elements, in comparison to a global upper crustal average of 1.69 μWm-3. This study uses geochemistry, geochronology, and zircon saturation thermometry to investigate the source and tectonic environment of emplacement of the ca. 1780 Ma Napperby Gneiss. The Napperby Gneiss is peraluminous, suggesting a metasedimentary source. Samples have negative Eu anomalies ranging from 0.10 to 0.57, and show further evidence of fractionation in negative correlations of Ba and Sr with increasing SiO2. Initial εNd values are similar to surrounding exposed metasedimentary rocks and suggest a strong influence of an evolved crustal source but indicate a necessary juvenile component. Matches of inherited xenocrystic zircons from the gneiss with detrital patterns from the regional metasedimentary Lander Formation indicate that sediments similar to the Lander Formation are the source of the protolith granite. Zircon saturation temperatures suggest the granites were emplaced at 790°C – 872°C. Heat production is less than the slightly older ca 1800 ma suites of the Aileron province, and zircon saturation temperatures are higher. The Napperby was produced by dehydration melting rather than fluid flux melting, possibly in a back arc extensional environment with heat provided by upwelling mantle.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2016

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LA-ICP-MS U-Pb monazite and zircon geochronology from granulite facies metapelites and granites indicate Inkamulla-aged metamorphism has occurred in the southern Aileron province, immediately east of the Mt Hay and Mt Chapple massifs. Gneissic metasediments and a granitic gneiss from an EW-striking structural belt in the southern Aileron Province yield ages reflective of the Inkamulla Igneous Event (1754-1741 Ma) and the Chewings Event (1593-1545 Ma), along with magmatic ages of 1627 and 1641 Ma. The Chewings age is interpreted to represent structural reworking associated with discrete shear zones along the northern margin of the EW belt. Magmatic ages of ca. 1640 Ma typically associated with Warumpi Province magmatism and deformation are found within the study area, which weakens the argument that the Warumpi terrane is exotic from the Aileron Province. The metamorphic conditions of 780-920°C and 5-10 kbars indicate an elevated geothermal gradient.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2012

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The southern margin of the North Australian Craton (NAC) has been suggested to represent a long-lived (c. 1860 to 1600 Ma) active margin that preserves a cryptic record of the growth and assembly of the Australian continent. The Warumpi Province is juxtaposed against the southern Aileron Province, and has been interpreted as exotic to the NAC, though the timing of collision between the Warumpi Province and the southern Aileron Province is contentious. U-Pb zircon and monazite LA-ICP-MS geochronology from granulite facies metapelites and granitic gneisses along the southern margin of the Aileron Province and northern margin of the Warumpi Province, has shown it is characterised by c. 1780-1740 Ma magmatic rocks and c. 1640-1615 Ma magmatic and metamorphic rocks. The evidence for these events is preserved in kilometre-scale migmatitic boudins and low-strain zones enveloped by pervasive E-W trending higher strain belts. The overprinting high strain fabrics are Grenvillian age and constrained to c. 1175-1070 Ma. Phase equilibria modelling on a garnet-sillimanite-cordierite metapelite dated at c.1616 Ma, from a low-strain domain within the southern Aileron Province, indicates that peak metamorphic conditions were ~7-8 kbar and between 740-900 °C, and were associated with a down-pressure or decompressional P-T history. A metamorphic monazite age of c.1620 Ma was also preserved in a granitic gneiss located in an older, low-strain domain. The presence of the c. 1760 Ma and c. 1640 Ma timelines in both the Warumpi and Aileron Provinces calls into question the proposed exotic nature of the Warumpi Province. A speculative interpretation is that the Liebig-aged metamorphism and magmatism, seemingly associated with relatively shallow orientated, low strain fabrics, represents a period of extension rather than collision.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2012

Organoids are developed from stem cells and serve as three-dimensional model systems for different organs. They have great potential for research and medicine, but also raise philosophical, ethical and legal questions which have rarely been discussed in Germany so far. This thematic study by the interdisciplinary research group (IAG) Gene Technology Report at the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities offers an overview of current scientific developments, their present and potential application, as well as epistemological, ethical and legal reflections. Hereby, the IAG wants to provide impetus for an interdisciplinary and society-wide debate on this general subject. With contributions by Cantas Alev, Aileen-Diane Bamford, Sina Bartfeld, Andreia S. Batista-Rocha, Ali H. Brivanlou, Thomas Burgold, Cindrilla Chumduri, Stephan Clemens, Emrecan Dilmen, Tobias Erb, Fred Etoc, Melinda B. Fagan, Heiner Fangerau, Boris Fehse, Nina Frey, Tristan Frum, Anne Grapin-Botton, Navin Gupta, Jürgen Hampel, Ferdinand Hucho, Özge Kayisoglu, Rashmiparvathi Keshara, Yung Hae Kim, Bon-Kyoung Koo, Martin Korte, Yaroslav Koshelev, Kai Kretzschmar, Allison Lewis, Lilian Marx-Stölting, Fruzsina Molnár-Gábor, Ryuji Morizane, Stefan Mundlos, Paola Nicolas, Angela Osterheider, In-Hyun Park, Anja Pichl, Sandra Pilat-Carotta, Jens Reich, Marlen Reinschke, Hannah Schickl, Silke Schicktanz, Nicolas Schlegel, Jason R. Spence, Yoshiaki Tanaka, Jochen Taupitz, Isaree Teriyapirom, Margherita Y. Turco, Jörn Walter, Eva Winkler, Martin Zenke.

Abstract Several species of birds have been known to invert in flight to lose altitude — a behavior known as whiffling. When the bird flies inverted, the flight feathers twist open to create gaps in the trailing edge of the wing, decreasing the lift produced by the wing. Gaps along the trailing edge of an aircraft wing were inspired by the feather rotation mechanism during whiffling, and asymmetrically applying these gaps on only one side of the wing produces a rolling moment due to the lift differential across the full wing. Previous experimental data and analytical estimates showed that whiffling-inspired gapped wings can produce a larger rolling moment coefficient than a conventional aileron, for a fraction of the actuation work. In the current work, we perform a computational study using Siemens STAR-CCM+ to estimate the work required to actuate nine gaps along the trailing edge of a whiffling-inspired wing and compare it to that of a representative aileron configuration. We show that the results of the simulation agree well with the prior experimental results. The results indicated that the work on the entire gap area may be higher than the work to deflect an aileron, however, the analytically estimated work on a smaller, more realistic, area corresponding to a gap cover was substantially lower than the work to deflect an aileron. These results provide evidence that sliding gaps that open in the plane of a wing require less work than deflecting an aileron into the flow for rolling moment coefficients above 0.0139. This computational validation is the first step in determining if smart materials can be used for this type of wing morphing. In all, the whiffling-inspired gapped wings could provide a far more energy-efficient method of roll control for energy-constrained fixed-wing uncrewed aerial vehicles than conventional ailerons, particularly at higher rolling moment coefficients.

Abstract Macro fiber composites (MFC) have proven useful as multifunctional material actuators for implementation in intelligent aerospace structures; however, due to nonlinear behaviors such as hysteresis and creep, incorporating sensor feedback is necessary to achieve sufficient control. In our work we use an antagonistic MFC unimorph system to produce a smooth trailing edge deflection in a morphing airfoil. In the past, piezoelectric flex sensors have been used to provide position feedback for the airfoil trailing edge, but these sensors also suffer from hysteresis. To achieve accurate position measurements from the flex sensors, we use time-series machine learning to model the relationship between flex voltage output and the true deflection. After testing offline, a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network is implemented for inference on the hardware system and compared to a traditional linear model. True deflection information is obtained through external laser measurements, providing a context for comparing the accuracy of the mentioned state inference methods. Additionally, the sensor models are used in conjunction with a PD feedback controller to determine performance when controlling the aileron. Another difficulty in MFC actuator application is the change in performance under loading. Therefore, we perform final performance comparisons in a wind tunnel to simulate a realistic environment for the airfoil. We find the presented methods improve state inference performance over the traditional linear method, allowing for more accurate tip control under the aerodynamic loading.