Дисертації з теми "Aides fiscales"
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Viault, Patrick. "Les aides fiscales accordées aux entreprises nouvelles." Paris 12, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA122005.
Повний текст джерелаJourdain, Jean-Yves. "Aides fiscales d'État et concurrence fiscale dans le système juridique de l'Union européenne." Paris 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA030128.
Повний текст джерелаIn the Common Market, a strong tax competition is occuring between the Member States of the European Union. State Tax Aids that are legaly controlled by the European Authorities, are both cause and consequence of that tax competition. On the basis of the articles 87 and 88 EC, originally design to fight against state aids, the European Commission and the European Community Justice Court strictly control those aids alloted by member States to different private and public firms. With this control, the Court and the Commission developped basic legal tools to harmonize direct taxation in the European Union. The Court and the Commission can now rule those specific part of tax law that is exclusive right of Member States, and try to avoid the negatives effects of tax competition in the EU
Engone, Kénaelle Cyndie. "Les mécanismes d'incitations fiscales à l'investissement des entreprises étrangères en France et au Gabon." Thesis, Limoges, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIMO0072.
Повний текст джерелаThe territorial attractiveness of states is at the center of national and international. Derogatory tax measures designed to attract foreign investments are numerous and complex, not only because international influence, but also hesitations and the accumulation of national rules. In Gabon and France, territorial attraction tax incentives have been educated in key activity areas of the economy. They thus participate industrialization of these countries.However, beyond industrialization, these derogations aim to develop certain areas of the territory, and especially to combat unemployment. Nevertheless, far from always achieving the expected results, these measures end up sometimes, over the years and successive modifications to become more complex, making them unreadable
Liabot, Michael. "Etude de l'impact des aides à l'innovation sur l'exportation des firmes." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAA009/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis investigates the impact of public subsidies for innovation on firms’ export activity. Previous research has focused mainly on understanding the effects of innovation support on investment in R&D (additional effect). While R&D investment is logically the primary indicator of innovation aid effectiveness, this approach ignores potential impact on strategy, particularly on export. Our research framework draws on two distinct streams of literature that have not been mobilized so far. First, the literature which evaluates the impact of aid shows that these devices can induce strategic R&D decisions in firms. Secondly, the work of Constantini and Melitz (2007) and Aw, Roberts and Xu, (2008) emphasizes the interdependence between firms' innovation and export decisions. Particular attention is paid in this study on the effect of innovation tax credits. The empirical methodology utilizes two econometric methods, bi-varied recursive and propensity score matching, generating three main results:First, (1) innovation support impacts the causal relationship between product innovation and export in the short term. This result is also observed when the analysis focuses on the effect of tax incentives. Then, (2) innovation subsidies impact the export activity of firms directly and simultaneously This effect occurs for firms that have benefited only from tax incentives. However, benefiting from both direct and tax subsidies for innovation does not affect? joint decisions regarding innovation and export. Finally, (3) considering the central role of R&D investments reveals that the impact of innovation subsidies on exports is an extension of the effectiveness of innovation policies. These results lead to several policy recommendations that can be used to improve public support effectiveness for both innovation and export activities
Girard, Pierre-Olivier. "La défiscalisation des investissements dans les départements d'outre-mer et le droit communautaire des aides d'Etat à finalité régionale." Paris 10, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA100070.
Повний текст джерелаArticles 199 undecies A, 199 undecies B and 217 undecies of the French "Code général des impôts" entitle juridical or individual persons subjugated to income tax or coporate tax, to obtain a tax relief for investments made in French overseas departments. Theses tax mitigations can be, "per se", qualified as state aids, in principle incompatible with the common market, in the meaning of the article 87 of the EC Treaty, because they restrictcompetition. But this tax reduction system seems to constitute one of the exceptions provided for in the same article because it has a regional aim. As competition communautary law of state aid is unified in directing lines adopted by the european Commision, we have undertook to compare the French legal system with the european content. . .
Lahiani, Clara. "Les datacenters à l’épreuve du droit fiscal européen et international." Thesis, Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas, 2022. https://docassas.u-paris2.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/1c7fdc8f-5816-4608-bf34-477509bd2ca7.
Повний текст джерелаThe datacenter, a mix of virtual and material components, constitutes an hybrid infrastructure. Confronted to operations with an unseen level of virtuality, it also has a material aspect, and challenges the view that digital economy is exclusively a virtual economy. This missing piece of European and international tax law, can however, be contemplated as a link between tax policies of the « brick-and-mortar » era and those of the digital era. This characteristic appears through tax regulations enacted by States of the European, American and Asian continent, regarding State aids and tax territoriality. As datacenter tax incentives have been elaborated in order to attract those new digital factories on the national territory, a datacenter tax territoriality was shaped with the view of a fairer tax allocation of the profits generated by data treatment activities
Sicsic, Michaël. "Les incitations fiscales au travail et à la recherche et développement en France et leurs effets sur le marché du travail." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020068.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis focuses on the financial incentives to work and invest in R&D in France, their evolution and their effects. First, we simulate the incentives to work of the French population both at the intensive and extensive margin, taking into account all taxes on labor income and means-tested benefits. Our estimations show that incentives have increased at the bottom of the income distribution since 1998 as a result of reforms that occured in the 2000s, and that marginal tax rates have shifted from a U-shaped form based on income levels to a tilde-shaped form. Between 1998 and 2014, incentives to work at the intensive margin rose for very low incomes due to the implementation of several reforms. Then, individuals' behavioural responses to these incentives to work are evaluated exploiting tax and means-tested reforms that took place between 2006 and 2015. It shows that the effects of marginal tax rates on labour income are relatively small overall but very heterogeneous depending on individual characteristics. Reactions would be stronger for income tax reforms than for means-tested benefit reforms. Finally, we study the subsidies and tax incentives for R&D (Research Tax Credit and contribution reduction for Young Innovative Firms). We show that R&D support rates increased mostly for small firms in the 2000s. For these firms, we highlight the effect of the sharp increase in R&D public support on employment devoted to R&D activities. This effect would have been positive and increasing between 2004 and 2010, but less than the increase in aid received between 2008 and 2010
Papadamaki, Ioanna. "Les aides d'État de nature fiscale en droit de l'Union européenne." Thesis, Paris 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA020037.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis is based on the premise that tax state aids differentiate themselves from other tax law related rules of the European Union. This is due to the fact that the true nature of the integration, the true purpose of the regulation of tax state aids, is not so easily discernible. The legal status oftax state aids outreaches its original scope—the scrutiny of fiscal systems—to integrate that of creation of common legal rules. The authorities of the Union, through the tax aids regime, monitor domestic tax systems; at the same time, they come to play an important role in the context of the interstate cooperation tackling harmful tax competition. More importantly, they manage to coordinate domestic tax systems as a result of the “instrumentalization” of the regulation of taxaids. The latter is then regarded as a substitute to tax harmonization. This manifestation of themultifarious objectives of tax state aids regulation is firstly based on the technique ofcharacterization of a tax aid, a characterization corresponding ultimately to the goals as expected.The proof of the initial hypothesis of the self-containment of tax aids raises the question of its purpose. Is this regulation likely to weave the very structure of Union tax law and, more substantially, the division of competences between European and domestic authorities? Is a technique like the one related to tax state aids regulation likely to contribute to redefining the dividing line between member States tax sovereignty and its tolerable limitation by Union law?
Hebert, Catherine. "Aide fiscale à la recherche scientifique et technique." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376058401.
Повний текст джерелаSioncke, Yoann. "Fiscalité et innovation." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D082.
Повний текст джерелаToday, innovation is one of the essential variables of the growth of the economy and employment. However, its financing is complex. This justifies the intervention of public authorities. In France, the public powers therefore have two main tools for encouraging companies to increase their R&D expenses, direct aids (and similar) and tax incentives. However, the main mechanism in support of innovation in France is a fiscal aid measure, namely the research tax credit. A powerful instrument for encouraging R&D since 1983, it has become, since its last major reform in 2008, the preferred incentive measure of companies and, at the same time, the State's second leading expenditure. A departure from anonymity followed by a step into controversy, since due to its increasing weight within the French economy, the research tax credit is prompting many questions. The most widely-shared question naturally relates to the reality of its efficiency, with supporters and detractors in equal measure. But this mechanism also elicits other questions and other observations. Since while it seems to be agreed that this credit offers many advantages for its beneficiaries, the fiscal security of the latter nevertheless appears to be fragile. Moreover, the very choice of a fiscal expenditure as a support measure is of concern, both with regard to its actual advisability within the internal order and in terms of its linkage with the European regulations relative to State aid. This could justify an adaptation of the mechanism on the basis of the provisions of another system used in another sector, but that does not currently have the same deficiencies as the research tax credit
Slumkoski, Corey James Arthur. "Prelude to equalization, New Brunswick and the Tax Rental Agreements, 1941-1957." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0015/MQ54647.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаVergriete, Patrice. "La ville fiscalisée : politiques d’aide à l’investissement locatif, nouvelle filière de production du logement et recomposition de l’action publique locale en France (1985-2012)." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1061/document.
Повний текст джерелаHousing production in France is at the heart of several academic debates concerning State intervention, private production models and local governance. In each of them, some authors have expressed the idea that western countries have been affected by a neoliberalization process since the 1970s. But our study of the fiscal aid to rental investment, which is one of the tools of national housing policy, shows the limits of this interpretation, especially in the 2000s. Based on a methodology combining qualitative and quantitative analysis, our research however shows that a new political economy of housing production is emerging. Along with decentralization, there are now two public authorities involved in regulating the market: the State by law and the local governments by negotiation with private parties. And this duality creates contradictions between national issues (especially macroeconomic) and local priorities. In this context, the property development sector has witnessed major changes: if State incentives have induced the emergence of new participants and of a specific model of production, the new public regulation implies a change in strategies. Urban production is concerned by these changes. Not only because State regulation has an impact on supply but also because the unequal ability of local governments to negotiate with developers make small and medium-sized cities more exposed to a gap between real housing production and public expectations
Fontaine, Fabien. "Droit fiscal et concurrence." Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020035.
Повний текст джерелаThe relationship between competition and tax law, defined as a means of setting the tax burden for corporations, is far-reaching and complex. Competition is undoubtedly shaped by tax law, insofar as tax expenditures and regular tax provisions may adversely affect the outcome of competition on a given market. Specifically, competition may be distorted by tax criteria that unalign the tax burden from the competitive advantage which determines the market outcome, and which can be defined as the difference in added value between competitors. A more analytical expression of this would be that the criteria setting the tax burden distort competition - either de jure or de facto - when they provide for a specific tax treatment of certain competitors or competing operations. Furthermore, pursuant to the arm’s length principle, competition can be considered as an instrument for tax law, insofar as it is used as a tool for setting intragroup tax bases. The arm’s length principle, which falls under anticompetitive pricing rules, evidences the distorsion of competition that stems from disregarding taxpayers’ respective added values, thereby empirically confirming that tax capacity and added value should be aligned in order for tax law to be competition-neutral. Accordingly, tax distorsions of competition are a question of tax criteria; this legal dimension begs the question of whether such distorsions are characterized and regulated by statute and /or case law.A first observation would be that competition increasingly applies to tax law, marginally via competition law (which is a paradox), but more profoundly and widely as the defining influence behind a number of provisions and principles that govern tax law. That competition is accordingly instrumental for these norms would tend to make of competition a substantive norm for tax law. The French principle of equality before tax increasingly factors full-fledged competition analyses in the tax and constitutional courts’ appreciation of the competitive effects of tax provisions, but its scope is curtailed by an overly abstract conception of equality and, overall, a reluctance to challenge the legislator’s policy decisions. This influence, characterized in French law and conducive to tax being affected by the objective of free competition, also entails the instrumentalization of tax law in the field of economic law, which imposes on tax law its own competitive objectives. Indeed, EU law provides a wider and more explicit use of competition analysis in its appreciation of the lawfulness of tax law, by precluding provisions which, through discrimination on the grounds of nationality or unfair tax competition, conflict with the European economic integration. Specifically, tax provisions are tested for anticompetitive object and / or effects, with their fiscal objectives or methods being mostly disregarded in this respect, to the extent that anticompetitive effects can be viewed as the ultimate governing principle for tax law. This is conducive to the instrumentalization of tax law by competition, with far-reaching implications for tax policies and their underlying criteria. Ultimately, tax law is instrumentalized by competition in the case-law that warrants taxation on the grounds of the distortions of competition that would arise from its absence, effectively making competition a source of taxation
Schoeman, Linda. "The utilisation of public-private partnerships fiscal responsibility and options to develop intervention strategies for HIV/AIDS in South Africa /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06262007-184020.
Повний текст джерелаJohansson, Lars M. "Studies of the relationship between aid and trade and the fiscal implications of emigration and HIV/AIDS interventions." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of Economics, Stockholm University, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-26668.
Повний текст джерелаMicheau, Claire. "La réglementation des aides d'État et des subventions en fiscalité directe : droit de l'Union européenne et de l'OMC." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010288.
Повний текст джерелаSchoeman, Linda. "The utilisation of public-private partnership: Fiscal responsibility and options to develop intervention strategies for HIV/AIDS in South Africa." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25854.
Повний текст джерелаThesis (PhD (Public Affairs))--University of Pretoria, 2007.
School of Public Management and Administration (SPMA)
unrestricted
Gnangnon, Sèna Kimm. "Essays on Fiscal Policy in OECD and developing countries." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF10430/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe issue of financing development in developing countries is at the heart of this thesis. The latter revolves around four chapters on financing development related matters. The chapter 1 explores how fiscal episodes in the main traditional OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) donors affect their supply of development aid towards developing countries. Evidence is shown that fiscal episodes affect significantly aid supply, with a behavioural difference between European Union and Non-European countries in terms of aid supply. The chapter 2 deals with the consequences of development aid unpredictability and migrants' remittances on fiscal consolidation in developing countries. We find evidence that while migrants' remittances exert a positive and significant effect on the likelihood of fiscal consolidation in developing countries, development aid unpredictability does not. These results particularly suggest that a better management of the revenues derived from these private transfers during their booms could help avoid such situations and allow greater room of maneuver for governments’ recipients to implement countercyclical measures during bad times. The chapter 3 investigates whether the structural vulnerability of developing countries matters for their public indebtedness and evidence is obtained that it does. More specifically, we observe the existence of U-curve relationship between this structural vulnerability and the total public debt of these countries. Focusing on the specific case of CFA Franc Zone countries in chapter 4, we examine the relationship between the structural vulnerability and the probability of entering into excessive public debt. We also obtain evidence of a nonlinear effect of the structural vulnerability indicator with respect to the probability of entering into excessive debt: a rise in the structural vulnerability of these countries increases their probability to engage into excessive debt; however this probability declines after a certain threshold of their structural vulnerability. These results (both for developing countries and particularly for CFA Franc Zone countries) suggest that international development institutions such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) should take into account such vulnerability in their assessment of the adequate development policies and recommendations - especially those related to debt issues -, to these countries
Hyafil, Jean-Éric. "Revenu universel : pertinence pour accompagner les métamorphoses du travail, rôle dans la politique fiscale et macroéconomique, modalités de mise en oeuvre et effets redistributifs." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E035/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis focuses on proposals of basic income in lieu of means-tested cash transfers in the French welfare system. The first part questions whether job automation and a call for unalienating work can justify establishing a basic income. The second part presents the benefits of basic income for fiscal or macroeconomic policies, notably to compensate the anti-redistributive consequences of consumption or ecological taxes, and to conciliate wage wage-competitiveness with demand policies. The third part presents the characteristics of fiscal reforms that include a basic income and examines the specific case of the French socio-fiscal system: consequences of the removal of fiscal expenses on the income tax, individualization of the social and fiscal system, replacement of tax expenditures, consequences for the beneficiaries of means-tested transfers, on tax deduction at source, etc. In the fourth part, we formulate a proposal of fiscal reform that introduces a basic income, and we stimulate its redistributive consequences on a sample of 821,815 individuals representative of population in France. We investigate to what extent a basic income could replace subsidies on low-paid jobs. In the last part, we present key elements in the more sociological debate on the impact of basic income onto work incentives and social exclusion
Lamouroux, Guillaume. "Les subventions aux entreprises privées : contribution à l'analyse civile et fiscale de l'acte neutre." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BORD0018.
Повний текст джерелаWhile the notion of subsidy is widely discussed within public law and financial science, private law remains relatively indifferent to this subject. This is particularly detrimental given that the concept of subsidies for and by private companies can only be imperfectly assessed via the classical analysis of these subjects where a subsidy is viewed as an unconditioned financial support. Studying subsidies to private companies thus enables us to assess the appropriateness of this classical analysis and to suggest a renewed understanding of subsidies on three aspects.Firstly, unlike in public law, a subsidy must be viewed as a unilateral contract, not a unilateral act. It is important indeed not to confuse the expression of consent by a legal entity, which results from a unilateral act, with the act of granting a subsidy, which is contractual in nature. A subsidy is also just a type of financial support. It is characterized by a direct wealth transfer from the grantor of the subsidy to its beneficiary, valued on the achievement of a specific goal. These two elements are essential as they differentiate a subsidy from other types of private companies’ support mechanisms (such as debt relief, loans, underpriced or overpriced transactions) and show that being goal-oriented does not commit the beneficiary to realizing the stated objective, rather it is the binding nature of a contract that enforces this obligation. In case of non-compliance, the subsidized entity will be subject to the contract’s termination clauses for being in default of its contractual obligations, a forced contractual compliance being not possible as it remains a management decision. Finally, a subsidy is not exactly an unconditioned financial support, rather it is a support without direct obligations. If its grantor often aims to obtain a direct benefit against the issuance of a subsidy, it often obtains nothing. This alternative reflects the specificity of a subsidy as it can be given for free or not. In other words, a subsidy is a neutral act which explains its numerous practical difficulties. More precisely, as a neutral contract, a subsidy does not express a specific reason, in each case it must thus be assessed if the issuer has a vested interest in the granting of the said subsidy. This research is of great interest, as a subsidy granted for free, in particular by a private enterprise, has consequences in terms of company law – breach of the “specialty” principle – tax law – customary managerial decisions – and criminal law. Showing the limits of the freedom to subsidize private companies contributes to reveal the civil and tax identity of a neutral act
Ferrer, Dupuy Plàcida. "Perspectiva jurídico-financiera del medio ambiente." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7287.
Повний текст джерелаLa posibilidad de configurar el medio ambiente como necesidad pública obliga al análisis de la compleja función otorgada al Estado en cuanto obligado a intervenir en la protección y conservación del medio ambiente, que presenta el problema, no tan sólo de tener que adoptar una gran diversidad de medidas de protección en función del elemento a proteger, sino también un elevado coste. Por ello el trabajo se centra en los instrumentos financieros y económicos para la protección del medio ambiente en nuestro país, haciendo hincapié en la problemática de las subvenciones e incentivos fiscales aplicados al medio ambiente.
This work deals with the concept of environment and its legal principles from the perspective of public expenditure. Constitutional Financial Law and the Law of Public Expenditure provide the theoretical framework of the study. The analysis focuses on the conception of environmental protection as a public need, and on the legal instruments to fulfil such need.
Understanding the environment as a public need requires a proper analysis of the State's complex functions. In particular, State intervention in activities of environmental protection and conservation arises problems not only related with the adoption of a wide diversity of protection measures according to the intended element to be protected, but also with the high cost of protection. Therefore, the study focuses on the financial and economic instruments for environmental protection used in our country, and specifically it deals with the use of subsidies and tax incentives for environmental purposes.
Bargain, Olivier. "Offre de travail des ménages et fiscalité : perspectives familiale et individuelle." Paris, EHESS, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EHES0082.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis improves the analysis of taxt-benefit systems by combining microsimulation techniques and household labor supply models. Firstly, we apply the discrete-choice model to analyze how two types of inwork transfers - a family-based tax credit and an individual wage subsidy - perform in reducing proverty and social exclusion Europe. Secondly, we suggest several nested models which allow to test and to reject the restrictions usually imposed on leisure-consumption preferences and household rationality. Thirdly, we simulate the individualization of the French income tax using a colective model of labor supply. The intrahousehold distributive effect appears weak compared to traditional effects. Finally, we reinterpret the model in terms of productive effort and retrieve individual productivities by inverting the optimal collective program. The social welfare evaluation differs when individual utilities rather than households' welfare enter the social planner's objective function
Le, Breton de La Bonnellière Bertrand. "La fiscalité royale sur les denrées et les marchandises dans l'élection de Poitiers au XVIII siècle (1714-1791)." Poitiers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004POIT3015.
Повний текст джерелаCorcos, Gregory. "Trois essais sur les décisions de localisation et d'organisation des firmes multinationales." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0004.
Повний текст джерелаThis dissertation offers a theoretical analysis of locational and organisational decisions by multinational corporations (MNCs). More precisely, I study the incidence of trade integration on several aspects of these decisions. Chapter 1 reviews recent trends of FDI towards regional blocs, competition between governements to influence its location, and also provides a normative discussion. Chapters 2 and 3 analyse the interaction between regional integration, location or relocation choice, and competition between jurisdictions. Finally Chapter 4 studies the impact of trade integration on organisational choice, both on the formal boundaries of firms and the growing use of inter- and intra-firm informal agreements
Vergriete, Patrice. "La ville fiscalisée : politiques d'aide à l'investissement locatif, nouvelle filière de production du logement et recomposition de l'action publique locale en France (1985-2012)." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00995364.
Повний текст джерелаFournier, Alice. "L'harmonisation européenne des impôts directs." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0285.
Повний текст джерелаWhilst direct taxes do not expressly fall within the competence of the European Union, article 115 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union provides for the approximation – or harmonization, these two terms being synonymous – of the laws that directly affect the establishment or functioning of the internal market. As early as the 1960s, ambitious direct tax initiatives were proposed but only a few directives, commonly referred to as harmonizing direct tax laws, were eventually adopted. As the Member States failed to agree on proper harmonization of their tax laws, legal literature asserts that case law has actually harmonized the national laws of the Member States, on the basis of freedoms of movement and State aid law.In order to measure the exact scope of harmonization in the field of direct taxation, the notion of harmonization was defined, and distinguished from standardization and coordination, in order to verify whether these different initiatives ever led to any form of harmonization of national laws on direct taxation. The analysis of the different directives adopted in the field of direct taxes, be it initiatives to stimulate the internal market, such as the “Parent-Subsidiary” directive, or to protect it, such as the “ATAD” directive, revealed that they do not implement the method of harmonization, but rather mostly the method of coordination, and secondarily that of standardization. Similarly, it appears from the analysis of the case law on freedoms of movement and State aid that both its purpose and its effects on national laws do not contribute to their harmonization, as harmonization cannot be achieved through case law.Therefore, as the method of harmonization is unsuited to the field of direct taxes, its implementation must be abandoned in favour of that of standardization and coordination
Kilama, Eric Gabin. "Essays on Aid Effectiveness and Development Finance." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CLF10410/document.
Повний текст джерелаGiven the limited ability of many of these countries to raise domestic resources through taxation, external finance is essential to support a multi-year public investment program aimed at developing public capital in infrastructure, health, and education. Thus, governments, aid agencies, and citizens from industrialized countries have often transfer capital flows to those countries to help them follow a sustainable growth and finance their development. The most external financial resources for development included foreign aid, foreign direct investment and workers' remittances. The effectiveness of these external flows to sustain development has long been a hotly contested subject among economists. Hope and frustration surrounding the development finance flows and their ability to promote growth and reduce poverty, generated an important literature with conflicting policies recommendations.The broad subject of this thesis is whether foreign aid and the other External Capital Flows are effective in promoting development. We propose a transversal analysis of the effectiveness of external development financing developed around the three groups concerned by this debate: the recipients, the aid architecture and the actors of development, and the researchers - whose results influence policymakers actions. The first part uses meta-analysis methodology to draw a literature review on external development finance flows with a particular interest on the research processes follow by the empirical studies, in order to explain the conflicting results in the empirical studies. The underlying idea of meta-analysis is to subtract the empirical evidences from authors' characteristics, econometric or methodological choices, to sum up the effective knowledge from existing works. The second part focuses on recent evolutions in aid architecture with the increasing influence of emerging donors. This part of the thesis analyzes the impact of non-DAC donors’ aid allocation on government fiscal choices in recipient countries and on traditional donors' aid allocation.The third part of the thesis proposes new evidences of the impact of external capital flows for development and international measures for development. First, we propose an analysis of the link between development financing and business cycles fluctuations in developing countries. We conclude the thesis by addressing one of the major difficulties in the development assistance, that is assessing the impact of different policies and programs designed to support the less developed countries. We evaluate the impact of Least Developed Country (LDC) status on economic growth and the vulnerability to economic shocks
Martinez, Michaël. "Le train de vie en droit privé." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0195.
Повний текст джерелаAn expression usually found in everyday language, the « train de vie », or standard of living, wasbrought into the legal sphere as early as the late 1930’s in a bid to fight fiscal fraud. Since the 1960’s, and evenmore so since the 2000’s, it is found in all branches of private law. It has, however, never been defined.Therefore, the first part of this thesis looks into the legal content of the idea of « train de vie ». It is definedhere as the enjoyment of a certain quantity of goods and services that has come to be the habitual, markingboth a standard of living and a life habit. This definition of the expression leads to the conclusion that as goodsand services can support of the « train de vie », this is a notion that is to be assessed in enjoyment and not inpropriety, and that a condition of length of time is to be fulfilled. The second part of this thesis focuses on theeffects attached to the « train de vie ». It is still used as a reference point but not always invoked by the sameperson. Therefore, the “train de vie” can either be set against it’s beneficiary by a third party, or by it’sbeneficiary against a third party. In the first case, it becomes a point of reference allowing to identify a lack ofproportion, unto which are attached legal consequences unfavorable to the beneficiary of the « train de vie ».In the second case, it serves as a point of reference to asses and deal with a situation of a patrimonial break.Charaterizing a habitual economic situation, le “train de vie” is endowed with a measure of inertia, whichrequires that it not by stopped suddenly. It is thusfore of a nature to create rights for it’s beneficiary