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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 травня 2024

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1

Król, Grzegorz. "Individual and Institutional Implications of Building a Smoke-Free Society." Problemy Zarządzania - Management Issues 2018, no. 5(78) (January 28, 2019): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1644-9584.78.5.

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Cigarette smoking is the cause of more premature deaths than traffic accidents, AIDS, other drugs, alcohol, homicide and suicide taken jointly. Eliminating smoking would curb the cost of reduced employee productivity, smokers’ treatment and premature mortality. It would seem, therefore, that it is in the interest of the society, employers and addicted individuals to free the world from smoking. At the same time, Poland is among the largest tobacco producers in Europe, and the sale of tobacco products is a source of significant state budget revenues. Health, social and economic losses resulting from the harms of smoking are contrasted with the potential economic and budgetary losses, and the inevitability of the emergence of a shadow economy if tobacco products were to be delegalized. Current social, medical and legal measures aimed at the reduction of tobacco consumption do not have the desired effect and require a radical change in approach. It is not nicotine that kills smokers, but tar created in the process of burning tobacco leaves. Replacing highly harmful tobacco smoking with nicotine delivery products, which are safer by an order of magnitude, is presently the most viable way to improve public health and the quality of life of people addicted to nicotine.

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2

Clivaz, Romain. "Aide au suicide : le gouvernement veut réglementer." Revue Médicale Suisse 5, no. 224 (2009): 2247. http://dx.doi.org/10.53738/revmed.2009.5.224.2247.

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3

Imsand, Christiane. "Aide au suicide : le conseil fédéral intervient." Revue Médicale Suisse 4, no. 165 (2008): 1687a. http://dx.doi.org/10.53738/revmed.2008.4.165.1687a.

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4

Roselli, Sophie. "Aide au suicide en EMS : faut-il légiférer ?" Revue Médicale Suisse 10, no. 451 (2014): 2231. http://dx.doi.org/10.53738/revmed.2014.10.451.2231.

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5

Aubert, Laurent. "Aide au suicide : le projet de réglementation sera revu." Revue Médicale Suisse 6, no. 259 (2010): 1566. http://dx.doi.org/10.53738/revmed.2010.6.259.1566.

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6

Zuercher, Caroline. "Aide au suicide : le Conseil fédéral envisage de légiférer." Revue Médicale Suisse 5, no. 210 (2009): 1495a. http://dx.doi.org/10.53738/revmed.2009.5.210.1495a.

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7

Carvallo, Sarah. "Le suicide assisté, l’autonomie et la compassion." Esprit Septembre, no. 9 (September 8, 2023): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/espri.2309.0014.

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Les arguments en faveur de l’aide médicale à mourir insistent sur la liberté de choix. Mais celle-ci dépend d’une césure entre l’autonomie et la compassion, qu’il faut critiquer pour affronter l’horizon de la mort.

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8

Pras, Bernard, and Christophe Assens. "Les exportations parallèles en Europe." Décisions Marketing N° 0, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/dm.0a.0047.

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Le phénomène des exportations parallèles touche de plein fouet les produits à forte valeur ajoutée en Europe. Quand est-il des produits à valeur ajoutée moindre ? Comment de grandes entreprises se prémunissent-elles contre ce phénomène ? Louis-Claude Salomon, Directeur Général des Ventes de Procter &Gamble France, au cours d’un entretien, aide à réfléchir à cette question.

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9

Müller, Jan-Werner, Nathalie Sarthou-Lajus, Nathalie Sarthou-Lajus, and François Euvé. "Un « moment » populiste en Europe." Études Avril, no. 4 (March 20, 2019): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/etu.4259.0023.

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Qu’est-ce que le populisme ? Consiste-t-il simplement à critiquer les élites ? Existe-t-il un moment populiste en Europe susceptible de menacer la démocratie ? À l’approche des élections européennes, le politologue Jan-Werner Müller nous aide à décrypter les spécificités du populisme actuel qui monte en Europe et rassemble de nombreux mécontentements, par-delà les vieux clivages conservateur / progressiste, droite / gauche.

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10

Suzuki, Peter T. "Suicide Prevention in the Pacific War (WW II) *." Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 21, no. 3 (September 1991): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1943-278x.1991.tb00952.x.

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ABSTRACT: During the war against Japan, there were two facets of an American program to prevent suicide among the Japanese. One was a research component in the Foreign Morale Analysis Division (FMAD), a subunit of the Office of War Information. The principal FMAD figure who did most of the research on Japanese suicide and ways to prevent suicide among the Japanese military was the anthropologist Ruth Benedict, assisted by her Japanese‐American aide Robert Hashima. The second facet was the suicide prevention program itself, which was put into effect toward the end of the war in the battles of Saipan and Okinawa. This program of action was undertaken by American GIs. These unheralded activities in suicide prevention merit a place in the annals of suicide prevention programs.

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11

Anonymous. "Attempted Suicide in Europe." Crisis 16, no. 1 (January 1995): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.16.1.41.

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12

Neeleman, Jan. "Attempted suicide in Europe." Psychiatric Bulletin 18, no. 5 (May 1994): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.18.5.297.

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13

Nau, Jean-Yves. "La varénicline, nouvelle aide au sevrage tabagique en Europe." Revue Médicale Suisse 2, no. 83 (2006): 2380. http://dx.doi.org/10.53738/revmed.2006.2.83.2380.

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14

Bordeleau, Daniel. "Exploration phénoménologique de l’idée suicidaire." Santé mentale au Québec 19, no. 2 (September 11, 2007): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/032315ar.

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RÉSUMÉ La mort confère à l'idée suicidaire une forte charge émotive, qui fait souvent confondre suicidaire et suicidé. Liée parfois à la dépression ou aux troubles de personnalité, l'idée suicidaire a néanmoins un sens, qu'il faut rechercher. Le suicide peut apparaître comme une solution à un problème que l'idée suicidaire aide à identifier. Quand elle est consciente, elle peut amener le patient en consultation. Signe de danger, elle permet de déterminer si les mécanismes de protection de l'organisme fonctionnent. Elle attire l'attention sur une situation, signale une forme de haine refoulée contre soi, et même aide à passer d'un état de vie à un autre, comme dans les rituels de transition déjà décrits en anthropo

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15

Julesz, Máté. "Euthanasia outside Europe." Orvosi Hetilap 155, no. 32 (August 2014): 1259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2014.29978.

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The passive form of euthanasia is legalized almost in every civilized country. Its active form is not a generally accepted legal institution. In Europe, active euthanasia is legalized only in The Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and Switzerland. In Australia, the Act on the Rights of the Terminally Ill of 1995 legalized the institution of assisted suicide, which is not identical to active euthanasia. The difference lies in the fact that legalized active euthanasia means that the author of a murder is not punishable (under certain circumstances), whilst assisted suicide is not about murder, rather about suicide. In the first case, the patient is killed on his or her request by someone else. In the second case, the patient himself or herself executes the act of self-killing (by the assistance of a healthcare worker). In Australia, the institution of assisted suicide was repealed in 1997. Assisted suicide is legal in four USA member states: in Vermont, Washington, Montana and Oregon. In Uruguay, the active form of euthanasia has been legal since 1932. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(32), 1259–1264.

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16

Schmidtke, Armin. "13 Perspective: Suicide in Europe." Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 27, no. 1 (March 1997): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1943-278x.1997.tb00509.x.

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In many European countries, suicidal behavior constitutes a major public and mental health problem. In most countries, the number of suicides is significantly higher than the number of deaths due to traffic accidents. According to official figures, the suicide rates among European countries differ widely; for example, Hungary has the highest rates. Suicide attempt rates, based on data from the WHO/Euro Multicentre project on Parasuicide, equally show variation; for example, the highest average rate of suicide attempts is for Helsinki, Finland. This paper outlines the epidemiological findings and then presents some hypotheses (e.g., age, ethnic difference) to explain the differences.

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17

Imsand, Christiane. "Aide au suicide : les Etats disent non à la formation des médecins." Revue Médicale Suisse 4, no. 161 (2008): 1471a. http://dx.doi.org/10.53738/revmed.2008.4.161.1471a.

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18

HEALY, RÓISÍN. "Suicide in Early Modern and Modern Europe." Historical Journal 49, no. 3 (September 2006): 903–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x06005577.

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This is a review of recent English- and German-language publications on suicide, both as an act and a subject of discourse, in the early and late modern periods. It argues that, while publications on the theme have increased considerably in the past two decades, the problematic character of the evidence for suicide has led to a focus on attitudes to suicide at the expense of empirical investigations. The latter have largely confirmed the link between social isolation and suicide, posited by Durkheim, but have revealed differences in patterns across social groups. The growth of lenient attitudes to suicide has proven to be more protracted and contested than originally believed. The ambivalent role of clergy, the persistence of religious sanctions against suicide, and continued efforts by the state to curb suicide all suggest that the term ‘hybridization’ better characterizes the changes over this period than the older term ‘secularization’. Finally, this review recommends that historians undertake further empirical investigations of suicide, where possible, and that they broaden suicide research to include suicidal behaviours and alternative responses to despair in order to identify the specific allure of suicide.

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19

Rozanov, V., and T. E. Reytarova. "Core Symposium: Suicide Across Europe. Epidemiology of Completed Suicide in Europe: Main Tendencies and Trends." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70296-2.

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Suicide is well represented in the WHO mortality databases, providing the opportunity to study and discuss how ethno-genetic, cultural, religious, economical and political issues may influence suicide rates in different regions and countries. The problem is that all these factors act together and often with contrasting effect. Suicide rates in Europe vary widely - from about 30 per 100000 of population in Lithuania, Russian Federation, Belarus and Kazakhstan to about 1-2 per 100000 in Cyprus, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia and Greece. It is possible to see from the map, that suicide rates diminish when moving from North to South and from East to West. This may be discussed within the so called “Finno-Ugrian hypothesis”. Gender is one of the issues most widely discussed in suicidal behavior. Across Europe males commit suicides 3-5 times more often than females. Dramatic changes in suicide rates on the post-soviet space are associated with male suicides, while female suicides remained almost unchanged. One explaination is a higher susceptibility of males to socio-economic stress while females seem to be more protected. There is a general rule that suicide rates go up with increasing age. In countries like Ukraine, suicide is significantly higher in rural than in urban areas. Other factors influencing suicides are seasonality, alcohol and substance abuse in the given population. Life-stress and its equivalents seem to be very important, as many other conditions (like cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and accidents) have the same pattern as suicide when studying mortality rates across Europe.

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20

Pompili, Maurizio, Rory C. O'Connor, and Kees van Heeringen. "Suicide Prevention in the European Region." Crisis 41, Supplement 1 (March 1, 2020): S8—S20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000665.

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Abstract. Although the majority of the world's suicides occur in Asia, suicide and self-harm are major concerns in Europe as well. Suicide accounts for 1.4% of the total number of deaths in Europe, with rates highest among those aged over 70 and also high among those aged 45–59 years. Europe accounts for six of the top ten countries with the highest suicide rates internationally. Although rates of suicide attempts and self-harm are not consistently recorded, evidence from hospital-based studies and school-based surveys highlight their extent and scale. Numerous countries in Europe have developed national suicide prevention strategies and action plans. Some of the suicide prevention activities in Belgium, Estonia, Finland, Scotland, France, Germany, Romania, Russia, Sweden, Ukraine, and Italy are summarized. In the chapter we also highlight novel suicide prevention projects funded by the EU which have advanced our understanding of suicide risk and have developed the evidence base for what works to prevent suicide. Examples include the European Alliance Against Depression (EAAD), Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe (SEYLE), Suicide Prevention Through Internet and Media Based Mental Health Promotion (SUPREME), and Reduction of Suicides and Trespasses on Railway Property (RESTRAIL). Future challenges and opportunities for suicide prevention in Europe are also discussed.

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21

Kandrychyn, S., and R. Yury. "The Spatial Pattern of Suicides in Europe." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.171.

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IntroductionThe regularity in suicide rates in Europe was one of the essential challenges facing social scholars at the end of XIX century.AimsThe present study aims to assess the continuation of this phenomenon in XXI century.MethodsTo explore this phenomenon, suicide rates were obtained from WHO official publications for 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2012 across 41 European nations. In order to examine the regularity of spatial suicide pattern, the data sets were subjected to Spearman's rank order correlation analysis.ResultsThe suicide rates rank order distribution between European nations in 1990 was associated with suicide rates in 2000, 2010 and 2012 (rs = .91, .81, and .80, respectively, P < .001). The national suicide death indices show the significant positive correlation over the studied period, what means the definite regularity of suicide mortality pattern and absence of essential changes or fluctuations between the regions. The highest indices have the countries situated on the Northern and Eastern part of the European continent (Lithuania, Russia, Belarus and Hungary). On the opposite pole are the nations settled the Mediterranean and British islands. Thus, the fixed gradient in suicide distribution with the growing to the north and northeast of European continent is visible. The same stable vector in suicide spatial distribution is duplicated on the vast territories on the east part of Europe.ConclusionsThe data presented support the idea that spatial regularity in suicide distribution in Europe is not generally connected with social and cultural changes occurred during the centuries.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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22

LANDBERG, JONAS. "Alcohol and suicide in eastern Europe." Drug and Alcohol Review 27, no. 4 (July 2008): 361–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09595230802093778.

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23

Jobin, Bernard. "Jean-Marc Dufort, Euthanasie et aide au suicide, Montréal, Bellarmin, 1996, 100 pages." Frontières 12, no. 1 (1999): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1074524ar.

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24

Giroux, Michel T. "Les préalables à un débat sensé sur l’euthanasie, et la pertinence du document de la Commission de Réforme du droit sur l’euthanasie, considérant le projet de loi C-384." Articles 24, no. 1-2 (November 22, 2012): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1013081ar.

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La Commission de réforme du droit du Canada (CRD) a publié, en 1982, un document de travail intitulé Euthanasie, aide au suicide et interruption de traitement. En 2009, la députée Francine Lalonde a déposé à la Chambre des communes le projet de loi C-384 intitulé Loi modifiant le Code criminel (droit de mourir dignement). Ce projet de loi a été défait. Une période de près de trente ans sépare ces deux documents. Quelles sont les préoccupations que partagent ces documents ? Le projet de loi envisage-t-il l’aide au suicide d’une manière qui diffère de celle du document de la CRD ? L’examen du document de la CRD, du projet de loi C-384 et des travaux de la Chambre des communes fait ressortir des difficultés persistantes dans nos discussions publiques. Certaines suggestions s’imposent à propos du débat souhaitable dans une matière aussi contentieuse que l’euthanasie et l’aide au suicide.

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25

Kelly, Chris, and Eric Dale. "Ethical perspectives on suicide and suicide prevention." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 17, no. 3 (May 2011): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.109.007021.

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SummaryPhilosophy both influences and is influenced by clinical and legal practice relating to suicide. This article begins with a brief history of attitudes in the UK and Europe towards those who attempt suicide. It describes the main philosophical positions regarding suicide, including the principle of respect for life, the utilitarian position, the theological principle, and the principles of autonomy and duty to others. It concludes that short-term interventions are justified in most cases, for example when the suicide attempt is a ‘cry for help’ and/or the individual is ambivalent in their attempt or likely to have a mental illness.

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26

Hsieh, Ning. "A Global Perspective on Religious Participation and Suicide." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 58, no. 3 (June 22, 2017): 322–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022146517715896.

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Although sociological research in the Durkheimian tradition has generally accepted that religious involvement protects against suicide, few studies have examined this theoretical proposition outside Western industrialized settings. Using multilevel models to analyze data from the World Health Organization Mortality Database and the World Values Survey (1981–2007) across 42 countries in seven geographical-cultural regions, this study explores whether religious participation is more protective against suicide in some regions than others and, if so, why. Results indicate that while religious participation is protective in Latin America, eastern Europe, northern Europe, and English-speaking countries, it may aggravate the risk of suicide in East Asia, western Europe, and southern Europe. This regional variation is the result of differences in both the degree of integration/regulation of religious communities and suicide underreporting. Overall, the findings support the network perspective of Durkheim’s classical theory and suggest that researchers should be more cautious about suicide underreporting in less industrialized settings.

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27

Yur’yev, Andriy, Airi Värnik, Peeter Värnik, Merike Sisask, and Lauri Leppik. "Employment status influences suicide mortality in Europe." International Journal of Social Psychiatry 58, no. 1 (November 18, 2010): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764010387059.

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28

Varnik, P., M. Sisask, A. Vrnik, Z. Laido, U. Maise, A. Ibelshuser, C. Van Audenhove, et al. "Suicide registration procedures and practices in Europe." Injury Prevention 16, Supplement 1 (September 1, 2010): A233—A234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.2010.029215.832.

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29

Schmidtke, A., D. Wasserman, and C. Löhr. "Changing patterns of suicide attempts in Europe." European Psychiatry 22 (March 2007): S35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.01.139.

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30

Das-Munshi, Jayati, and Graham Thornicroft. "Failure to tackle suicide inequalities across Europe." British Journal of Psychiatry 212, no. 6 (May 22, 2018): 331–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.80.

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SummaryIn this issue, Lorant et al. confirm a social gradient in risk of suicide, across 15 European countries, over a period of marked social change. Understanding contextual and life-course factors, and acknowledging under-funding for mental health and failures to implement national mental health policies, may provide the reasons for these disparities.Declaration of interestNone.

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31

Hawton, K., E. Arensman, D. Wasserman, A. Hulten, U. Bille-Brahe, T. Bjerke, P. Crepet, et al. "Relation between attempted suicide and suicide rates among young people in Europe." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 52, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.52.3.191.

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32

Fountoulakis, Konstantinos N., Wolfram Kawohl, Pavlos N. Theodorakis, Ad J. F. M. Kerkhof, Alvydas Navickas, Cyril Höschl, Dusica Lecic-Tosevski, et al. "Relationship of suicide rates to economic variables in Europe: 2000–2011." British Journal of Psychiatry 205, no. 6 (December 2014): 486–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.147454.

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BackgroundIt is unclear whether there is a direct link between economic crises and changes in suicide rates.AimsThe Lopez-Ibor Foundation launched an initiative to study the possible impact of the economic crisis on European suicide rates.MethodData was gathered and analysed from 29 European countries and included the number of deaths by suicide in men and women, the unemployment rate, the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, the annual economic growth rate and inflation.ResultsThere was a strong correlation between suicide rates and all economic indices except GPD per capita in men but only a correlation with unemployment in women. However, the increase in suicide rates occurred several months before the economic crisis emerged.ConclusionsOverall, this study confirms a general relationship between the economic environment and suicide rates; however, it does not support there being a clear causal relationship between the current economic crisis and an increase in the suicide rate.

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33

Bianco, Sylvie. "Le raccrochage scolaire : comment des élèves qui ont quitté l’école, décident d’y revenir Les 16-18 ans en France et en Europe – colloque européen, octobre 2008." Diversité 14, no. 1 (2012): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/diver.2012.7993.

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L’école, de nos jours, semble au cœur d’une tourmente : elle porterait la responsabilité de nombreux échecs et entre autres celui des jeunes qui préfèrent les chemins de traverse aux salles de classe… Parmi ces jeunes, certains, peu il est vrai, choisissent avec ou sans l’aide de l’institution de renouer avec leur identité de collégien ou de lycéen. L’auteur s’est intéressée à ces personnes pour comprendre qui ils sont, les écouter parler de leur parcours afin de trouver si des régularités sont décelables. Ces jeunes font l’objet, pour l’instant, de peu de recherches. Mieux comprendre leur parcours aide à installer en amont des relais pour venir en aide à ceux qui ont le mal d’école ou à créer les conditions pour que cela n’arrive pas.

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van Bergen, Diana, Ozlem Eylem-Van Bergeijk, and Amanda Heredia Montesinos. "Attempted suicide and suicide of young Turkish women in Europe and Turkey: A systematic literature review of characteristics and precipitating factors." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 4, 2021): e0253274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253274.

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Background The increased risk of suicidal behaviour among Turkish women living in Europe and Turkey is a serious public health problem. This study compares and synthesises the empirical evidence of demographic, social, psychological and interpersonal characteristics and precipitating factors in the suicides and attempted suicides of Turkish women in Europe and Turkey. Methods We systematically searched eight databases (PsycINFO, PubMed, Med Line, Web of Science, Smart Cat, Safety Lit, BASE and Ulakbim), using search terms in English, Turkish, German and Dutch, as well as the reference lists of the retrieved papers. We extracted data on countries/regions, population characteristics, sample characteristics, recruitment, method of data collection, type of suicidal behaviour (suicide or attempted suicide) and precipitating factors and characteristics. The results were qualitatively synthesised. Results We retrieved nine studies on attempted suicide in Europe (from Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands), 17 studies on attempted suicide in Turkey and 10 studies on suicide in Turkey (36 in total). Overall, we found similar precipitating factors and characteristics of attempted suicide and suicide in Turkey and Europe, including socio-demographic factors (young age and not being enrolled in the labour market), poverty and, to some extent, mental illness. Moreover, conflicts with family or spouses and violence against women, including so-called honour violence, were particularly common for women living in or originating from traditional areas in Turkey. Conclusion The framework of intersectionality is relevant to understanding our results, because structural inequalities in gender roles, gender role expectations as well as power imbalances among socio-economic classes collectively impact the suicidal behaviour of Turkish women. Moreover, the importance of violence against women points to the cultural continuity of the patriarchal and oppressive structures of Europe and Turkey. Suicide prevention efforts should address cultural attitudes underlying violence against women and girls through community education programmes, cultural and gender-sensitive care provision and jurisdiction.

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Rihmer, Z., K. Szántó, S. Kalmár, H. Hendin, and J. Mann. "Core Symposium: Suicide Across Europe. A GP-based Suicide Prevention Program in Hungary." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70298-6.

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Suicide, particularly in the case of current major depression, is quite common among patients who contact their GPs some weeks or months before their death. However, prior studies have shown that GP’s education, regarding the diagnosis and treatment of depressive disorders, can reduce suicide mortality in the given area served by trained GPs. The aim of our present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a depression-management educational program for GPs in a region with a very high suicide rate (over 50 per 100.000) in Hungary. Twenty-eight GPs and their lead nurses, servicing 73,000 inhabitants in the region of Kiskunhalas, participated the 5-year educational program together with estabilishment of a Depression Outpatient Clinic and psychiatrist telephone consultation service. The annual suicide rate in the Kiskunhalas region decreased from 59.7/100.000 (5-year preintervention average) to 49.9/100.000. This decrease was significantly greater than both the county and whole Hungary (p=0.001 and p=0.001, respectively). However, the increase of antidepressant prescription was greater in the intervention region compared with both the county and whole Hungary and in women compared with men (p=0.02). There was no change in alcohol-related deaths or rate of unemployment in the intervention region during the whole study period (1996-2000 vs 2001 and 2005). The findings support earlier studies showing that continuous GP education on diagnosis and treatment of depression is an effective method of suicide prevention. The high importance of alcoholism in local suicides was unanticipated and not addressed, suggesting that optimal suicide prevention plans must also consider major local risk factors.

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Lorant, Vincent, Rianne de Gelder, Dharmi Kapadia, Carme Borrell, Ramune Kalediene, Katalin Kovács, Mall Leinsalu, et al. "Socioeconomic inequalities in suicide in Europe: the widening gap." British Journal of Psychiatry 212, no. 6 (May 22, 2018): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2017.32.

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BackgroundSuicide has been decreasing over the past decade. However, we do not know whether socioeconomic inequality in suicide has been decreasing as well.AimsWe assessed recent trends in socioeconomic inequalities in suicide in 15 European populations.MethodThe DEMETRIQ study collected and harmonised register-based data on suicide mortality follow-up of population censuses, from 1991 and 2001, in European populations aged 35–79. Absolute and relative inequalities of suicide according to education were computed on more than 300 million person-years.ResultsIn the 1990s, people in the lowest educational group had 1.82 times more suicides than those in the highest group. In the 2000s, this ratio increased to 2.12. Among men, absolute and relative inequalities were substantial in both periods and generally did not decrease over time, whereas among women inequalities were absent in the first period and emerged in the second.ConclusionsThe World Health Organization (WHO) plan for ‘Fair opportunity of mental wellbeing’ is not likely to be met.Declaration of interestNone.

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Lipsicas, Cendrine Bursztein, Ilkka Henrik Mäkinen, Danuta Wasserman, Alan Apter, Ad Kerkhof, Konrad Michel, Ellinor Salander Renberg, Kees van Heeringen, Airi Värnik, and Armin Schmidtke. "Repetition of Attempted Suicide among Immigrants in Europe." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 59, no. 10 (October 2014): 539–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674371405901007.

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Objectives: To compare frequencies of suicide attempt repetition in immigrants and local European populations, and the timing of repetition in these groups. Method: Data from 7 European countries, comprising 10 574 local and 3032 immigrant subjects, were taken from the World Health Organization European Multicentre Study on Suicidal Behaviour and the ensuing Monitoring Suicidal Behaviour in Europe (commonly referred to as MONSUE) project. The relation between immigrant status and repetition of suicide attempt within 12-months following first registered attempt was analyzed with binary logistic regression, controlling for sex, age, and method of attempt. Timing of repetition was controlled for sex, age, and the recommended type of aftercare. Results: Lower odds of repeating a suicide attempt were found in Eastern European (OR 0.50; 95% CI 0.41 to 0.61, P < 0.001) and non-European immigrants (OR 0.68; 95% CI 0.51 to 0.90, P < 0.05), compared with the locals. Similar patterns were identified in the sex-specific analysis. Eastern European immigrants tended to repeat their attempt much later than locals (OR 0.58; 95% CI 0.35 to 0.93, P < 0.05). In general, 32% of all repetition occurred within 30 days. Repetition tended to decrease with age and was more likely in females using harder methods in their index attempt (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.08 to 1.54, P < 0.01). Large variations in the general repetition frequency were identified between the collecting centres, thus influencing the results. Conclusions: The lower repetition frequencies in non-Western immigrants, compared with locals, in Europe stands in contrast to their markedly higher tendency to attempt suicide in general, possibly pointing to situational stress factors related to their suicidal crisis that are less persistent over time. Our findings also raise the possibility that suicide attempters and repeaters constitute only partially overlapping populations.

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Kandrychyn, S., and Y. Razvodovsky. "Road traffic accidents and suicide rates in Europe." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): s888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1802.

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IntroductionRoad traffic death and suicide may have some similarity in their psychological correlates; furthermore, road traffic should be considered as a suicide method.AimsThe present study aims to explore the relationship between road traffic deaths and suicides in Europe.MethodsRates of road traffic accident deaths and suicides and gross national income (GNI) per capita for 40 European nations were obtained from the world health organization official database. The total sample was divided on 22 eastern European nations and 18 western European nations.ResultsMortality rate from road traffic accidents in groups of all European nations is associated positively with suicides (Pearson r = 0.45, two-tailed P < 0.01) and negatively with GNI (r = −0.64, P < 0.0001). At the same time suicide rates does not reveal a significant correlation with GNI. In the groups of eastern European nations road traffic deaths is associated positively with suicides (r = 0.57, P < 0.01) and relationship with GNI is not significant. As a contrast, in the groups of western European nations road traffic deaths is associated negatively with GNI (r = −0.69, P < 0.01) and shows any significant relationship with suicides. Although in this group, suicides show some positive correlation with GNP (r = 0.45, P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe present data indicate, therefore, that mode of ecological association between three studied indices is various in the different group of European nations what suggests the multifactorial complexity of violent death etiological mechanisms. At the same time, the data allow to suggest that socioeconomic factors are more essential in prevention of road traffic mortality than suicides.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Sartorius, Norman. "Suicide rates of the elderly in Eastern Europe." European Psychiatry 11 (January 1996): 203s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-9338(96)88586-5.

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Rihmer, Z. "Changing suicide rates in western and central Europe." European Psychiatry 22 (March 2007): S35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.01.140.

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La Vecchia, Carlo, Franca Lucchini, Fabio Levi, and Eva Negri. "Trends in suicide mortality in Europe, 1955–89." Sozial- und Präventivmedizin 38, no. 6 (November 1993): 379–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01359192.

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Laignel-Lavastine, Alexandra, Stephanie Nakache, and Jeaninne Sternberg. "Is Democratic Europe on a Path toward Suicide?" Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs 8, no. 3 (January 2014): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23739770.2014.11446602.

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Lester, David. "Emigration from Europe to the Usa." Psychological Reports 69, no. 3_suppl (December 1991): 1082. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1991.69.3f.1082.

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Baias, Carmen-Valeria. "Examining the Continuation of Suicide Prevention in Probation System: Empirical Evidence from Europe." European Journal of Law and Public Administration 10, no. 1 (December 21, 2023): 16–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/eljpa/10.1/192.

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The policies of the vast majority of nations and jurisdictions prioritize the prevention of suicide. In an effort to comprehend and eventually prevent suicide, psychologists, social scientists and forensic specialists from a variety of disciplines have provided suicide theories to explain the characteristics that render certain individuals more susceptible to suicidal behavior than most others. This review of the international practices for the continuation of suicide prevention in probation considers risk factors for suicide in probation, how probation can provide initiatives for prevention strategies, and what is currently identified as strategies to lower suicide among persons who are on probation supervision, generating the best practices and evidence. The aim of this review is to explore how to provide suicide prevention program (SPP) to probationers and what are best international practices that ensure the continuation of the suicide prevention program after early conditional release of a prisoner. The author examines implications of findings resulted from these studies and makes suggestions for possible best practices. The programs designed to improve the mental health of at-risk offenders need to be reliable and thoroughly evaluated for effectiveness in probation. Additional services for mentally disturbed offenders need to be arranged after their release from prison in order to be reintegrated into the community. Practical implications are examined.

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Lönnqvist, Jouko, H. Aro, M. Heikkinen, H. Heilä, M. Henriksson, E. Isometsä, K. Kuurne, et al. "Project Plan for Studies on Suicide, Attempted Suicide, and Suicide Prevention1The editors of Crisis invited Jouko Lönnqvist and his group to inform the journal's readers about their research plans for the future." Crisis 16, no. 4 (July 1995): 162–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.16.4.162.

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Completed and attempted suicide are major public health problems in most western countries. The importance of suicidal behavior as a health problem, particularly among adolescents and young adults, has been emphasized by the European Union, the WHO (Europe), as well as the Finnish authorities. Due to the exceptionally high suicide mortality, suicide prevention has been one of the main targets of Finnish health policy since the late 1980s. However, to develop feasible strategies for suicide prevention, better knowledge of the phenomenon of self-destruction is necessary. The Department of Mental Health of the National Public Health Institute has been actively involved in suicide research and the development of suicide strategies both in Finland and western Europe since 1986. The success is based on a long tradition of suicide research in Finland, the representative and reliable suicide data, a highly motivated research group, and also the necessary economic support by both the National Public Health Institute and the Finnish Academy. This article outlines our groups research plan for the next few years.

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Voracek, Martin, and Andrej Marušič. "Testing the Finno-Ugrian Suicide Hypothesis: Geographic variation of elderly suicide rates across Europe." Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 62, no. 4 (January 2008): 302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08039480801984040.

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Tykhonenko, Anna. "La persistance des ecarts de richesse au sein de l’europe elargie: L’apport de l’econometrie des panels heterogenes non-stationnaires." Panoeconomicus 54, no. 1 (2007): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan0701069t.

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(francuski) Le but de cet article est de tester l?hypoth?se de convergence r?elle au sein de l?Europe-24 ? la lumi?re de l??conom?trie des donn?es de panel h?t?rog?nes nonstationnaires. Nous employons pour cela une approche en termes de persistance des ?carts des revenus par t?te au sein de l?Europe ?largie vers l?Est. Les tests de racine unitaire en panel permettent de conclure ? l?absence de la persistance des ?carts de richesse dans le temps. A l?aide de l?approche par la coint?gration en panel, nous cherchons alors ? identifier les variables de "contr?le" de la convergence r?elle entre les Etats membres de l?UE.

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Mroz, Daniel. "La chaleur est mémoire : tradition est innovation1." L’Annuaire théâtral, no. 52 (October 20, 2014): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1027011ar.

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Cet article formule l’hypothèse que certaines pratiques théâtrales issues de la tradition peuvent offrir un contexte favorable à l’innovation et au développement de nouvelles formes scéniques. Dans cette perspective, son auteur met en regard deux traditions culturelles, la Wielka Reforma ou la Grande Réforme, qui a largement influence les arts scéniques en Europe au XXe siècle et en particulier l’art de la mise en scène, et les arts martiaux chinois. Cet examen aide à mieux saisir les conditions où l’innovation artistique résulte d’une fréquentation de la tradition et de l’assimilation de ses principes régulateurs.

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Muñoz-Sánchez, Juan-Luis, Carmen Delgado, Andrés Sánchez-Prada, Mercedes Pérez-López, and Manuel A. Franco-Martín. "Use of New Technologies in the Prevention of Suicide in Europe: An Exploratory Study." JMIR Mental Health 4, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): e23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/mental.7716.

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Background New technologies are an integral component of today’s society and can complement existing suicide prevention programs. Here, we analyzed the use of new technologies in the prevention of suicide in 8 different European countries. Objective The aim of this paper was to assess the opinions of professionals in incorporating such resources into the design of a suicide prevention program for the region of Zamora in Spain. This investigation, encompassed within the European project entitled European Regions Enforcing Actions against Suicide (EUREGENAS), includes 11 regions from 8 different countries and attempts to advance the field of suicide prevention in Europe. Methods Using a specifically designed questionnaire, we assessed the opinions of 3 different groups of stakeholders regarding the use, frequency of use, facilitators, content, and format of new technologies for the prevention of suicide. The stakeholders were comprised of policy and public management professionals, professionals working in the area of mental health, and professionals related to the social area and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). A total of 416 participants were recruited in 11 regions from 8 different European countries. Results The utility of the new technologies was valued positively in all 8 countries, despite these resources being seldom used in those countries. In all the countries, the factors that contributed most to facilitating the use of new technologies were accessibility and free of charge. Regarding the format of new technologies, the most widely preferred formats for use as a tool for the prevention of suicide were websites and email. The availability of information about signs of alarm and risk factors was the most relevant content for the prevention of suicide through the use of new technologies. The presence of a reference mental health professional (MHP) was also considered to be a key aspect. The countries differed in the evaluations given to the different formats suggesting that the cultural characteristics of the country should be taken into account. Conclusions New technologies are much appreciated resources; however they are not often underused in the field of suicide prevention. The results of this exploratory study show that new technologies are indeed useful resources and should be incorporated into suicide prevention programs.

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Speckhard, A. "Understanding Suicide Terrorism." Nervenheilkunde 36, no. 04 (2017): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1627010.

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SummaryAs a terror tactic, suicide terrorism is one of the most lethal as it relies on a human being to deliver and detonate the device. Suicide terrorism is not confined to a single region or religion. On the contrary, it has a global appeal, and in countries such as Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan it has come to represent an almost daily reality as it has become the weapon of choice for some of the most dreaded terrorist organizations in the world, such as ISIS and al-Qaeda. Drawing on over two decades of extensive field research in five distinct world regions, specifically the Middle East, Western Europe, North America, Russia, and the Balkans, the author discusses the origins of modern day suicide terrorism, motivational factors behind suicide terrorism, its global migration, and its appeal to modern-day terrorist groups to embrace it as a tactic.

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