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1
Hall, John B. "Agroforestry in Australia and New Zealand." Forest Ecology and Management 18, no. 2 (April 1987): 163–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(87)90143-5.
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Baker, T. P., M. T. Moroni, D. S. Mendham, R. Smith, and M. A. Hunt. "Impacts of windbreak shelter on crop and livestock production." Crop and Pasture Science 69, no. 8 (2018): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp17242.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Agroforestry (the integration of trees into agricultural landscapes) has been promoted, in Australia and elsewhere, as a way to increase farm productivity by providing a wide range of benefits. Despite this, adoption of agroforestry in Australian agricultural systems remains low. To implement agroforestry, farmers must be convinced the benefits of including trees outweigh the costs. This review evaluates the available quantitative data on shelter benefits with emphasis on Australian conditions, identifies key research gaps and determines if there is sufficient knowledge to make accurate predictions about impacts on farm productivity. Availability of quantitative data on windbreak shelter benefits was examined in five key areas; water use and evaporation, crop/pasture production, livestock mortality, livestock productivity and the capacity to model impacts of windbreaks on crop/livestock systems. Good quantitative data exists for many areas, particularly for changes in environmental conditions following tree establishment, however there were many gaps in key areas. Importantly, the ability to predict crop growth under spatially and temporally variable environmental conditions and the impact of windbreaks on livestock productivity is not yet able to be meaningfully quantified. Thus modelling the profitability of windbreaks is difficult and existing models require additional quantitative data to validate and improve them.
3
Spinelli, Raffaele, Mark Brown, Rick Giles, Dan Huxtable, Ruben Laina Relaño, and Natascia Magagnotti. "Harvesting alternatives for mallee agroforestry plantations in Western Australia." Agroforestry Systems 88, no. 3 (May 16, 2014): 479–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-014-9707-4.
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4
Shin, Seongmin, Khaing Thandar Soe, Haeun Lee, Tae Hoon Kim, Seongeun Lee, and Mi Sun Park. "A Systematic Map of Agroforestry Research Focusing on Ecosystem Services in the Asia-Pacific Region." Forests 11, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11040368.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Agroforestry is an intensive land management system that integrates trees into land already used for crop and animal farming. This provides a diverse range of ecosystem services by bridging the gaps between agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry. It is an important approach to improve the environmental, economic, and social benefits of complex social–ecological systems in the Asia-Pacific region. This paper aims to examine the research trends in agroforestry and the current state of knowledge, as well as the research gaps in the ecosystem services of agroforestry in this region. A systematic mapping methodology was applied, where analysis units were academic articles related to agroforestry practices in the Asia-Pacific region. The articles published between 1970 and 2018 were collected through the international specialized academic database, SCOPUS. They were coded according to the types of agroforestry practices and ecosystem services. The research result indicates silvorable systems, especially plantation crop combinations, tree management, habitats for species, biological controls, and maintenance of genetic diversity and gene-pools, are the most prominent in the agroforestry research from the Asia-Pacific region. Approximately 60% of all research articles include case studies from India, China, Indonesia, and Australia. Research on agroforestry has changed following the international discourse on climate change and biodiversity. Therefore, this systematic map improves our understanding of the nature, volume, and characteristics of the research on ecosystem services with regard to agroforestry in the Asia-Pacific region. It provides scholars with a springboard for further meta-analysis or research on agroforestry and ecosystem services.
5
Stewart, Stephen B., Anthony P. O’Grady, Daniel S. Mendham, Greg S. Smith, and Philip J. Smethurst. "Digital Tools for Quantifying the Natural Capital Benefits of Agroforestry: A Review." Land 11, no. 10 (September 27, 2022): 1668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11101668.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Agroforestry is one nature-based solution that holds significant potential for improving the sustainability and resilience of agricultural systems. Quantifying these benefits is challenging in agroforestry systems, largely due to landscape complexity and the diversity of management approaches. Digital tools designed for agroforestry typically focus on timber and crop production, and not the broader range of benefits usually considered in assessments of ecosystem services and natural capital. The objectives of this review were to identify and evaluate digital tools that quantify natural capital benefits across eight themes applicable to agroforestry systems: timber production and carbon sequestration, agricultural production, microclimate, air quality, water management, biodiversity, pollination, and amenity. We identified and evaluated 63 tools, 9 of which were assessed in further detail using Australia as a case study. No single tool was best suited to quantify benefits across each theme, suggesting that multiple tools or models could be combined to address capability gaps. We find that model complexity, incorporation of spatial processes, accessibility, regional applicability, development speed and interoperability present significant challenges for the tools that were evaluated. We recommend that these challenges be considered as opportunities to develop new, and build upon existing, tools to enhance decision support in agroforestry systems.
6
Race, D., A. Curtis, and W. Booth. "Carob agroforestry industry: an assessment of its potential for the low - medium rainfall Murray Valley region." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, no. 3 (1999): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea97164.
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This paper reports the key findings of a study examining the potential viability of a carob agroforestry industry in the low rainfall Murray Valley region. The carob fruit, typically produced on female and hermaphrodite trees older than 6 years, is valued for a range of products derived from the seed and pod. From the seeds, the endosperm is extracted for a galactomannan, which forms an edible gum (termed ‘carob bean gum’ or ‘locust bean gum’) and has become a valuable natural food additive. Carob powder, made by grinding the roasted pod, is used for the human food industry (with cocoa products and syrups). Ripe pods also have potential as a high energy stockfeed. The gum is used extensively in Australia as a thickening or binding agent, particularly for canned pet food products, with current imports valued at A$10 million/year. The current Australian demand for ‘pet food’ and ‘technical’ grade gum is estimated at 1200 t/year, with a further 200 t/year of the higher quality ‘food’ grade gum. Assuming a modern plant was built in Australia, the current Australian demand for carob gum could be met with about 2250 t of carob seed (seed value at $1600/t). This equates to 5405 ha of trees (at 104 trees/ha) with medium rainfall and low technology management (yielding 40 kg pods/tree); or 1080 ha of trees (at 208 trees/ha) with supplementary irrigation and fertilising (yielding 100 kg pods/tree). As such, carob could be a commercial tree crop for landholders in the Murray Valley region. This could be through the sale of seeds and pods, or as a supplement to livestock feeding. Economic analyses were undertaken to assess the relative viability of commercial returns when trees had access to adequate water through medium rainfall or irrigation, and growers had access to both the carob gum and powder markets. Commercial opportunities for carob growers within Australia vary considerably depending on establishment and maintenance costs, yields and access to markets.
7
Baldwin, P. J., H. T. L. Stewart, P. R. Bird, W. I. Hamer, D. W. Flinn, K. N. Cumming, and D. J. Connor. "Establishment of an agroforestry research network in Victoria, Australia (1983–85)." Agroforestry Systems 6, no. 1-3 (February 1988): 213–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02344760.
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George, N., M. Byrne, and G. Yan. "Mixed Mating With Preferential Outcrossing in Acacia saligna (Labill.) H. Wendl. (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)." Silvae Genetica 57, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2008): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2008-0021.
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Abstract Acacia saligna is being developed as an agroforestry crop for the southern agricultural regions of Australia. This study investigated the breeding system of A. saligna to generate basic knowledge for breeding and utilization of the species. Allozyme markers were used to investigate the mating system of four populations of the species. All the populations had high outcrossing rates, with a mean multilocus outcrossing rate of 0.91. The implications of a highly outcrossed mating system to the utilization of A. saligna are discussed.
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Byrne, M., and L. Broadhurst. "Genetic diversity and the utilisation of Acacia species complexes in agroforestry in Western Australia." Australian Systematic Botany 16, no. 1 (2003): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb01037.
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Dryland salinity is a major problem in the agricultural areas of Western Australia, having significant detrimental impacts in both agricultural and non-agricultural arenas. Development of new woody perennial tree crops is an option for recharge control in the management of salinity and there is a focus on development of native species that are adapted to low-rainfall areas, with potential for commercial production. Acacia is an important genus for utilisation of woody perennials as there is a large number of species occurring in a wide variety of habitats, and many Acacia species are utilised throughout the world for a range of purposes. In Western Australia, the following three species are of interest for development for commercial utilisation in agroforestry plantings: A.�microbotrya, A. acuminata and A. saligna. All three species show a high degree of morphological variation and are likely to consist of several taxa. Lack of understanding of taxonomic entities and their genetic relationships will hinder the utilisation and development of these species. A combined genetic and taxonomic study has defined the morphological and genetic variation within the A. acuminata complex and identified several taxa. Similar studies will also be expected to define taxa within the A. microbotrya and A. saligna complexes.
10
Applegate, G. B., and D. I. Nicholson. "Caribbean pine in an agroforestry system on the Atherton Tableland in north east Australia." Agroforestry Systems 7, no. 1 (August 1988): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01890466.
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Campbell, Andrew, Jason Alexandra, and David Curtis. "Reflections on four decades of land restoration in Australia." Rangeland Journal 39, no. 6 (2017): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj17056.
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The past four decades have seen a transformative process in Australian agriculture – the gradual incorporation of conservation practices such as ecological restoration, revegetation and agroforestry as a response to land degradation. Although actions have been impressive they remain fragmented, are confined to particular districts or properties and run the risk of not being built upon in the future. This paper traces the history of this movement and draws out lessons and implications for future policy development and research. Landscape-scale restoration and the integration of conservation into farming landscapes have been recognised as a global imperative for decades, for which Australia has generated many innovations – in the technical, social and policy domains. Scanning the ‘big picture’, we identify many pixels of best practice in policy, incentives, planning, regulation and on-ground practice. We wonder why we have not pulled these together, to work in concert over time. If we had, Australia would have a world’s best natural resource management framework. However, we have neither integrated these elements at multiple scales nor sustained them. Unfortunately, although we are excellent at innovating, we have been equally good at forgetting. Progress remains partial, patchy and slow. Too often, we have made gains then gone backwards, reflecting a tendency towards policy adhockery and amnesia. With Australia’s continuing depreciation of institutional memory, we risk losing critical capabilities for making sound policy decisions. Australian expertise in revegetation, restoration and regeneration of landscapes remains formidable however, with an enormous amount to offer the world. We are still learning to live and farm more sustainably, but we have made big strides over the last four decades. The challenge will be to maintain the momentum and provide adequate succession so future generations continue the work.
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Huth, N. I., P. S. Carberry, P. L. Poulton, L. E. Brennan, and B. A. Keating. "A framework for simulating agroforestry options for the low rainfall areas of Australia using APSIM." European Journal of Agronomy 18, no. 1-2 (December 2002): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1161-0301(02)00103-x.
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Cunningham, D. C., E. R. Anderson, and K. B. Walsh. "Ecology and biogeography of Cassia brewsteri: assessment of potential sites for cultivation." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 8 (2002): 1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cassia brewsteri (F. Muell.) F. Muell. ex Benth. has been identified as a potential multipurpose agroforestry species, and also as a potential source of seed galactomannans (industrial gums). In this study, the natural and cultivated distributions of C. brewsteri were used as a basis for predicting potential sites for cultivation of the tree, using the climate modelling software ANUCLIM. The natural distribution was determined by compilation of data from herbaria and from field studies. The ecological parameters of natural occurrences were characterised in terms of soil and vegetation types by sampling 113 sites throughout the natural distribution in Queensland (18.583–26.150°S, 144.750–152.750°N). In addition to the natural occurrences, a further 11 sites were identified where the tree has been grown successfully in cultivation. Failures of the tree in agroforestry trials in Thailand may be explained by high temperature as a limiting factor in the distribution of the species. Failures of the species in trials in Australia, Zimbabwe and Malawi could not be attributed to climate or soil conditions at the trial sites, indicating that further research on culture of the tree is required to achieve high survival and growth rates.
14
Kellas, JD, PR Bird, KN Cumming, GA Kearney, and AK Ashton. "Pasture production under a series of Pinus radiata-pasture agroforestry systems in South-West Victoria, Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 6 (1995): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9951285.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Net pasture production has been monitored over time on an on-going Pinus radiata-pasture agroforestry experiment located at Carngham, Victoria. Established in 1983 by thinning a 2-year-old plantation, the study contains five treatments (systems): open pasture (no trees), 60 trees/ha, 200 trees/ha wide-spaced, 200 trees/ha 5-row belt and 1360 trees/ha. Net pasture production was only weakly affected by the proximity of trees in the 60 trees/ha and 200 trees/ha wide-spaced systems. However, in the 200 trees/ha 5-row belt system, pasture production was often significantly less within the tree zone and at 1.5 m from the tree edge compared with production at 10.5 m from the tree edge. While there was a trend for greater pasture production at 10.5 m and 18 m from the tree line than occurred in the open pasture system, the width of pasture adjacent to the 5-row belts was too narrow (36 m) to demonstrate any shelter benefit on pasture production. From 1990 to 1992, pasture production (kg ha-1) for each system was similar, although production tended to decrease with increasing tree stocking. Following the cessation of pruning (1992), pasture production was significantly reduced by increased tree stocking, such that pasture production in the 200 trees/ha wide-spaced and 200 trees/ha 5-row belt systems was 60% and 69% and 23% and 67% of open pasture in 1993 and 1994 respectively.
15
Bird, PR, PR Bird, JD Kellas, JD Kellas, GA Kearney, GA Kearney, KN Cumming, and KN Cumming. "Animal production under a series of Pinus radiata-pasture agroforestry systems in South-West Victoria, Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 6 (1995): 1299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9951299.
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Liveweight and greasy wool production data from young wethers were collected for the period autumn to early summer for the years 1986 to 1994 from an on-going Pinus radiata-pasture project at Carngham, Victoria. A plantation established in 1981 on a grazing property was thinned in 1983 to give trees spaced at: (i) no trees (a grazing control), (ii) 8 mx 12 m, (iii) 4 mx9 m, (iv) 4 mx3 m in a 5-row belt then a 10-row pasture gap, and (v) 2 mx3 m (original spacing). By 1989 the density of trees in these systems was slightly reduced by windthrow, animal damage and thinning to (ii) 60 trees/ha, (iii) 200 trees/ha wide-spaced, (iv) 200 trees/ha 5-row belt and (v) 1360 trees/ha. All trees in systems (ii), (iii) and (iv) had been pruned to 6 m by late 1992. The sheep stocking policy was initially based on a set 10 sheep ha-1. Since 1991 the stocking rate has been varied yearly in an attempt to maintain similar production per sheep. The pastures were re-sown in 1989 with perennial rye-grass and subterranean clover cultivars. Since 1991, wool production per ha from the 200 trees/ha wide-spaced system has been consistently less than in systems (i), (ii) and (iv). Wool production among systems differed significantly since 1992. Expressed as a percentage of wool production achieved on open pasture, the relative values for the agroforestry systems from 1990 to 1994 as follows.
16
Jayaraj, R. S. C. "Casuarina junghuhniana (Casuarinaceae) in India." Australian Journal of Botany 58, no. 2 (2010): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt09210.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Casuarina junghuhniana Miq., introduced into India in 1996, is gaining importance as an agroforestry species, with potential use in pulp and paper industry. Tree improvement of the species and attempts at clonal forestry are in progress. A hybrid of Casuarina equisetifolia L. and C. junghuhniana, introduced in 1951 from Thailand, is also planted in India, with the wrong identity as Casuarina junghuhniana. The present paper reviews the silviculture and tree improvement of the species, especially the attempts at introduction to various parts of the world by CSIRO, Australia, with special reference to India. The paper also attempts to resolve the confusion between the hybrid and the pure species, among the planting agencies in India.
17
Flugge, Felicity, and Amir Abadi. "Farming carbon: an economic analysis of agroforestry for carbon sequestration and dryland salinity reduction in Western Australia." Agroforestry Systems 68, no. 3 (September 13, 2006): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-006-9008-7.
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Oliver, Y. M., E. C. Lefroy, R. Stirzaker, and C. L. Davies. "Deep-drainage control and yield: the trade-off between trees and crops in agroforestry systems in the medium to low rainfall areas of Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, no. 10 (2005): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04213.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the dryland cropping areas of southern Australia, at risk from dryland salinity, tree belts can improve water management by taking up water unused by crops, with the risk that crop yield will be reduced through competition. As there are few direct markets for tree products grown in the medium to low rainfall areas, the design of agroforestry systems becomes important in reducing the trade-off in crop yield. This study examined some factors that influence the trade-off between crop yield and deep-drainage control in order to develop design guidelines for medium to low rainfall agroforestry. Twenty-one sites in the grain-growing region of Western Australia and southern New South Wales were surveyed over 2 years for crop yields, tree leaf area index, and estimated recharge, providing data from 32 tree–crop interfaces on the relative influence of environmental factors and farming system characteristics on the trade-off between water management and crop yield. The factors most strongly correlated with higher yields were water-gaining sites, orientation that provided shelter from southerly to north-westerly (S, SW, W, NW) winds, and tree age (<10 years). The factors most strongly correlated with the area of cropped land protected against deep drainage were tree age (>10 years), lighter soil types, and low rainfall (<400 mm). Economic analysis of the trade-off required to produce a particular deep-drainage reduction target produced 3 groups of sites: (1) those where trees resulted in a gross margin increase of $15/ha and an estimated deep-drainage reduction of 52% (n = 3), (2) those with a gross margin loss of $49/ha and estimated deep-drainage reduction of 47% (n = 11), and (3) those with a gross margin loss of $163/ha and a deep-drainage reduction of 37% (n = 18). None of the 3 sites in the first group were in the most favourable class in both years, highlighting the vulnerability of a relatively fixed farming system to climate variability.
19
Sudmeyer, R. A., T. Daniels, H. Jones, and D. Huxtable. "The extent and cost of mallee - crop competition in unharvested carbon sequestration and harvested mallee biomass agroforestry systems." Crop and Pasture Science 63, no. 6 (2012): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12129.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mallee-based agroforestry has potential to provide farmers with new income sources derived from biofuels, biofeedstocks, and carbon sequestration. Although mallees are planted on >12 700 ha across the south-west of Western Australia, very little commercial harvesting of mallee has occurred to date. The development of biomass processing industries is constrained by lack of robust information regarding the productivity of integrated mallee and agricultural systems. This study addresses this constraint by quantifying the productivity and economics of agricultural crops and pastures growing in the competition zone adjacent to mallee belts at 15 sites across the Western Australian wheatbelt. The sites covered a range of climate and edaphic conditions, three mallee species (Eucalyptus polybractea R Baker, E. loxophleba ssp. lissophloia LAS Johnson and KD Hill, or E. kochii ssp. plenissima (CA Gardner) Brooker), various crop and pasture rotations, and various mallee harvest-management treatments. Mallee–crop competition was negatively correlated with rainfall and positively correlated with mallee age and size, and greater for crops than pasture. Consequently, extent and magnitude of competition were highly variable across sites and years. On average, mallee–crop competition extended 11.3 m from unharvested belts and reduced crop and pasture yields by 36% within 2–20 m of the mallee belts relative to open paddock yields. This is similar to what has been reported for taller tree species. Harvesting mallees reduced competition such that crop and pasture yield was reduced by 22 or 27% relative to open paddock yields for mallees harvested at 3- or 6+-year intervals, respectively. The economic cost of mallee–crop competition on agricultural enterprises was also highly variable between sites, and between years within individual sites. Averaged across all site-years, the opportunity cost of competition was equivalent to forgoing agricultural production for 14.4 m on each side of unharvested mallee belts, or 9–10 m on each side of harvested belts. Farmers with mallee agroforestry systems will need to manage the economic impacts of competition by reducing agricultural input costs in the competition zone, timing crop-grazing rotations with mallee harvests, ensuring that the width of alleys is at least 25 times the height of the mature trees, and possibly root-pruning mallees in unharvested or long harvest interval systems. This research has shown that mallee–crop competition presents a significant cost to farmers and must be considered when designing mallee agroforestry systems. The findings have relevance for the development of appropriate biomass and carbon sequestration pricing benchmarks for mallee plantings.
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Sudmeyer, R. A., and J. A. Simons. "Eucalyptus globulus agroforestry on deep sands on the southeast coast of Western Australia: The promise and the reality." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 127, no. 1-2 (August 2008): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2008.03.003.
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George, S. J., R. J. Harper, R. J. Hobbs, and M. Tibbett. "A sustainable agricultural landscape for Australia: A review of interlacing carbon sequestration, biodiversity and salinity management in agroforestry systems." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 163 (December 2012): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.06.022.
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Mead, D. J. "The role of agroforestry in industrialized nations: the southern hemisphere perspective with special emphasis on Australia and New Zealand." Agroforestry Systems 31, no. 2 (August 1995): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00711722.
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Malajczuk, G., R. Moore, and G. Anderson. "The economics of agroforestry with pine and pasture in the 500 to 700 mm annual rainfall zone of Western Australia." Agroforestry Systems 33, no. 1 (January 1996): 51–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00122889.
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Sudmeyer, R., and F. Flugge. "The economics of managing tree - crop competition in windbreak and alley systems." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 11 (2005): 1403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04155.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Re-introducing trees and shrubs into agricultural landscapes as agroforestry systems establishes a tension between long-term objectives, such as increasing shelter, water use, nature conservation and harvesting tree products, and the short-term objective of maximising crop and pasture profitability. This paper describes the growth of crops, pastures and trees at the tree–crop interface in agroforestry systems and the economic returns from alley farming and windbreak systems using various tree–crop competition management strategies in the Esperance region of Western Australia. Severing lateral tree roots (root-pruning), harvesting mallees and allowing them to coppice, or thinning trees for sawlog regimes increased the yield of crops and pastures in the competition zone. In some instances, these increases were significant: root-pruning increased the annual return from crops grown in the competition zone of Pinus radiata by up to $548/km of the tree line at 1 site. Conversely, root-pruning reduced tree growth by 14–43% across all sites. Therefore, where trees provide benefits, such as shelter from damaging winds, the benefits of reduced tree–crop competition may not offset the consequent reduction in rate of tree growth. For mallee–crop alley systems on agriculturally productive soils, mallee growth rates must be high enough to compensate for crop losses in the competition zone. On less agriculturally productive soils, block-planting mallees may be more profitable than alley systems or crops without competition (sole-crops). This research has shown that competition management strategies can be used to manipulate the relative productivity of trees, crops and pasture at the tree–agriculture interface. The use of these strategies will depend on the relative economic value of tree and crop products and the value placed on other tree benefits, such as shelter and reduced groundwater recharge.
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Eastham, J., P. R. Scott, and R. Steckis. "Components of the water balance for tree species under evaluation for agroforestry to control salinity in the wheatbelt of Western Australia." Agroforestry Systems 26, no. 3 (June 1994): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00711208.
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Vandermeulen, Sophie, Carlos Alberto Ramírez-Restrepo, Yves Beckers, Hugues Claessens, and Jérôme Bindelle. "Agroforestry for ruminants: a review of trees and shrubs as fodder in silvopastoral temperate and tropical production systems." Animal Production Science 58, no. 5 (2018): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16434.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Among the oldest agroforestry systems, silvopastoralism uses shrubs and trees to feed ruminants. The practice is common in extensive livestock production systems, whereas the intensification of grass-based systems in the past century has led to the removal of woody species from agricultural temperate landscapes. In Europe however, woody species are promoted again on grasslands through environment-friendly policies due to the ecosystem services they provide such as carbon sequestration, control of soil erosion, limitation of airborne pollutants and biodiversity conservation. Positive effects of browse on rumen digestion and parasite control have also been documented across different plant species and regions. Under optimal conditions, feeding ruminants from woody fodder sustains animal production. Nonetheless, limitations can restrict the use of woody forage into animal diets, such as the presence of anti-nutritive and toxic compounds. The incorporation of this resource in ruminant feeding systems raises the question of the management of the interface between the plant and the animal. Various management systems are practiced. Temperate species such as Salix spp. and Populus spp. are fed to sheep and cattle in fodder blocks or by pruning trees in New Zealand, and Fraxinus spp. or Corylus avellana in hedgerows supply forage to livestock in Belgium, whereas Leucaena leucocepahala and Desmanthus spp. browsing is common in Australia. Nowadays, ensiling and pelleting techniques are being developed as a way to store browse forage. As the renewed interest in using shrubs and trees to feed ruminants is recent, especially in temperate regions, additional research about the optimal introduction of this resource within systems is needed.
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Noorduijn, S. L., K. R. J. Smettem, R. Vogwill, and A. Ghadouani. "Relative impacts of key drivers on the response of the water table to a major alley farming experiment." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 11 (November 5, 2009): 2095–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-2095-2009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Widespread clearing of native vegetation in Southwest Western Australia has led to land degradation associated with rising groundwater, secondary salinisation and waterlogging. Re-establishing deep-rooted perennial vegetation across parts of the landscape is one technique for managing land degradation. Alley farming is an agroforestry practice where multiple perennial tree belts are planted in alternation with traditional agricultural crops. To identify the best configuration (belt width versus alley width) for controlling rising groundwater levels and providing viable economic returns, a large scale experiment was established in 1995. The experiment contains seven different alley farming designs, each with transects of piezometers running across tree belts into adjacent alleys to monitor changes in the groundwater level. Two control piezometers were also installed in an adjacent paddock. Groundwater at the site is shallow (<3 m) and of poor quality (pH 3–5, Ec 2.1–45.9 mS cm−1) so root water uptake from the saturated zone is limited. Simple hydrograph analysis could not separate treatment effects on the water table response. Subsequent statistical analysis revealed that 20–30% of the variability in the water table data over the 12 year study period was attributable to the alley farming experiment. To futher investigate the effect of the experiment on groundwater response, additional hydrograph analysis was conducted to compare the trends in the control piezometers in relation to those located within the belts. A difference of 0.9 m was observed between the mean groundwater levels in the control piezometers and the mean levels in the perennial belt piezometers. For a mean specific yield of 0.03 m3 m−3 (standard deviation of 0.03 m3 m−3) this equates to an additional average annual water use of 27 mm yr−1 (standard deviation of 33 mm yr−1) by the perennial agroforestry system. It is concluded that declining annual rainfall is the principal control on hydrograph response at the site, whilst perennial biomass development has a lesser impact on water table depth.
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Sohel, Md Shawkat I., Mohammed Abdus Salam, and John Herbohn. "An Assessment of Woody Plant Water Source Studies from across the Globe: What Do We Know after 30 Years of Research and Where Do We Go from Here?" Hydrology 6, no. 2 (May 21, 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology6020040.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the face of global climate change, water availability and its impact on forest productivity is becoming an increasingly important issue. It is therefore necessary to evaluate the advancement of research in this field and to set new research priorities. A systematic literature review was performed to evaluate the spatiotemporal dynamics of global research on woody plant water sources and to determine a future research agenda. Most of the reviewed studies were from the United States, followed by China and Australia. The research indicates that there is a clear variation in woody plant water sources in forests due to season, climate, leaf phenology, and method of measurement. Much of the research focus has been on identifying plant water sources using a single isotope approach. Much less focus has been given to the nexus between water source and tree size, tree growth, drought, water use efficiency, agroforestry systems, groundwater interactions, and many other topics. Therefore, a new set of research priorities has been proposed that will address these gaps under different vegetation and climate conditions. Once these issues are resolved, the research can inform forest process studies in new ways.
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Millar, M. A., M. Byrne, and W. O'Sullivan. "Defining entities in the Acacia saligna (Fabaceae) species complex using a population genetics approach." Australian Journal of Botany 59, no. 2 (2011): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt10327.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Traditional morphological taxonomic classification is problematic in the Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L.Wendl. species complex. Reliable identification of entities within the species is essential due to its extensive use both in Australia and overseas, its propensity for weediness, and its ongoing development for use in agroforestry. We used a Bayesian analysis approach to assess genetic structure in populations across the species natural range and to define the natural distributions of various genetic entities. The results indicate that three highly divergent genetic entities are apparent in the A. saligna species complex with further fine-scale genetic subdivision present within two. The three primary genetic entities correspond to the informally described subsp. ‘saligna’ and subsp. ‘pruinescens’ combined, subsp. ‘stolonifera’, and subsp. ‘lindleyi’. Within this primary structure two further entities are apparent; one separating subsp. ‘saligna’/‘pruinescens’ into eastern and western populations and the other distinguishing north-western ‘lindleyi’ populations from the rest of that subspecies distribution. The north-western catchments may have been an important refugium for the species diversity. The results of the study will aid in breeding programs, conservation of natural populations and control of invasive populations of this taxon.
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Millar, M. A., M. Byrne, and W. O'Sullivan. "Corrigendum to: Defining entities in the Acacia saligna (Fabaceae) species complex using a population genetics approach." Australian Journal of Botany 59, no. 5 (2011): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt10327_co.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Traditional morphological taxonomic classification is problematic in the Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L.Wendl. species complex. Reliable identification of entities within the species is essential due to its extensive use both in Australia and overseas, its propensity for weediness, and its ongoing development for use in agroforestry. We used a Bayesian analysis approach to assess genetic structure in populations across the species natural range and to define the natural distributions of various genetic entities. The results indicate that three highly divergent genetic entities are apparent in the A. saligna species complex with further fine-scale genetic subdivision present within two. The three primary genetic entities correspond to the informally described subsp. ?saligna' and subsp. ?pruinescens' combined, subsp. ?stolonifera', and subsp. ?lindleyi'. Within this primary structure two further entities are apparent; one separating subsp. ?saligna'/?pruinescens' into eastern and western populations and the other distinguishing north-western ?lindleyi' populations from the rest of that subspecies distribution. The north-western catchments may have been an important refugium for the species diversity. The results of the study will aid in breeding programs, conservation of natural populations and control of invasive populations of this taxon.
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Dalzell, Scott A. "Leucaena cultivars – current releases and future opportunities." Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 7, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(7)56-64.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Plenary paper presented at the International Leucaena Conference, 1‒3 November 2018, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.The Leucaena genus is made up of 24 different species (19 diploid and 5 tetraploid species). However, early use of the Leucaena genus in commercial agricultural systems was based entirely upon a very narrow germplasm base. A single genotype of Leucaena leucocephala ssp. leucocephala (‘common’ leucaena) was spread pantropically from its center of origin in Mexico over 400 years ago. Genetic improvement of Leucaena leucocephala began in the 1950s, when vigorous ‘giant’ leucaena (L. leucocephala ssp. glabrata) was identified in Australia and Hawaii. Cultivars such as Hawaiian Giant K8, Peru and El Salvador were selected and promoted for grazing in Australia and multipurpose agroforestry uses throughout the tropics. Plant breeding for improved forage production resulted in the release of cv. Cunningham in 1976 in Australia. These cultivars of ‘giant’ Leucaena leucocephala displayed broad environmental adaptability, with the exception of poor tolerance of cold temperatures (and frost) and acid soils. The outbreak of the psyllid insect pest (Heteropsylla cubana) from Cuba during the 1980s devastated both ‘common’ and ‘giant’ leucaena all around the world. This challenge resulted in renewed interest in lesser-known Leucaena spp. that exhibited tolerance to the pest and in interspecific hybridization as a means of developing new cultivars. Some ‘giant’ leucaena lines exhibited excellent agronomic traits and a degree of tolerance to the psyllid pest and this resulted in the release of new cultivars in Australia (cvv. Tarramba and Wondergraze) and Hawaii (cv. LxL). Since the 1990s, plant breeding programs have sought to develop cultivars with greater psyllid tolerance using interspecific hybridization. This has resulted in the release of cv. ‘KX2-Hawaii’ for timber and forage production, and a backcrossed forage cultivar cv. Redlands (Australia). Both cultivars are based upon interspecific hybridization between L. pallida and L. leucocephala ssp. glabrata. Cold-temperature and acid-soil tolerance have been pursued in South American breeding programs based upon L. diversifolia, without commercial success. The development of sterile Leucaena spp. cultivars is currently underway to nullify the environmental weed potential of all current commercial cultivars. Tolerance to cold temperatures (L. diversifolia, L. pallida, L. pulverulenta and L. trichandra), frost (L. greggii and L. retusa) and psyllids (L. collinsii) exists within the Leucaena genus and may be exploited in future hybridization programs. New genetic analyses and molecular plant breeding techniques have the potential to facilitate further gene transfer between Leucaena spp. for the development of the next generation of multipurpose cultivars.
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Harsanto, Budi. "Sustainability innovation in the agriculture sector in Indonesia: a review." E3S Web of Conferences 306 (2021): 02022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130602022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Indonesia as one of the world’s important players in agriculture has great sustainability and innovation challenges. This paper aims to explore the practice of sustainability innovation or sustainability-oriented innovation (SOI) in the agricultural sector in Indonesia. The method used is structured search and analysis, known as a systematic review of scientific articles in the international academic database of Scopus. The qualitative analysis is performed on the articles included in the review. The results show more than 30 articles in international journals involving Indonesian scholars discussing this topic and indicating that the subject is emerging in this area. The development has mainly occurred since about 2018 to date. The top affiliates contributing to the topic came from IPB University, Center for International Forestry Research, Wageningen University and Research, and World Agroforestry Centre. Interestingly, quite a lot of funding for this research comes from abroad, such as Australia, Japan, UK, and US. This field is interdisciplinary with top 3 subject areas, including Agricultural and Biological (23.7%), Social (19.7%), and Environmental (18.4%), indicating the need for interdisciplinary collaborative efforts to develop this scientific area. This paper contributes as an initial attempt to elaborate on the sustainability innovation in the agriculture sector in Indonesia.
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Noorduijn, S. L., K. R. J. Smettem, R. Vogwill, and A. Ghadouani. "The effect of changes in rainfall on the response of the water table to a major alley farming experiment." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 6, no. 3 (June 23, 2009): 4563–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-6-4563-2009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Widespread clearing of native vegetation in Southwest Western Australia has led to land degradation associated with rising groundwater, secondary salinisation and waterlogging. Land degradation can be controlled by re-establishing native deep rooted perennial vegetation across parts of the landscape. Alley farming is an agroforestry practice where multiple perennial tree belts are planted in alternation with traditional agricultural crops. To identify the best configuration (belt width verses alley width) for controlling rising groundwater levels and providing viable economic returns, a large scale experiment was established in 1995. The experiment contains seven different alley farming designs, each with transects of piezometers running across tree belts into adjacent alleys to monitor changes in the groundwater level. Two control piezometers were also installed in an adjacent paddock. At the site groundwater is shallow (<3 m) and of poor quality (pH 3–5, Ec 2.1–45.9 mS cm−1) and so root water uptake from the saturated zone is limited. Simple hydrograph analysis did not identify any treatment effects on the water table response. Subsequent statistical analysis revealed that 20–30% of the variability in the water table data over the 12 year period was attributable to the alley farming experiment. It was hypothesized that a climate trend (reducing annual rainfall over time) may be obscuring the effect of the experiment. To further investigate the effect of the experiment on groundwater response, further hydrograph analysis was conducted to compare the trends in the control piezometers in relation to those located within the belts. A difference of 0.9 m was observed between the mean groundwater levels in the control piezometers and the mean levels in the perennial belt piezometers. For a mean specific yield of 0.03 m3 m−3 this equates to a small additional water use of 27 mm yr−1 by the perennial agroforestry system. It is concluded that declining annual rainfall is the principal control on hydrograph response at the site. Perennial biomass development and perennial root development (both laterally and vertically) exert only a small influence on water table depth. The implications of this study indicate that alley farming has a limited ability to control a rising water table in low lying areas with a shallow saline water table.
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Eastham, J., CW Rose, DM Cameron, SJ Rance, T. Talsma, and DA Charles-Edwards. "Tree/pasture interactions at a range of tree densities in an agroforestry experiment. III. Water uptake in relation to soil hydraulic conductivity and rooting patterns." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 4 (1990): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9900709.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Eucalyptus grandis was planted in a Nelder fan design in November 1983 into a previously established pasture dominated by Setaria sphacelata cv. Kazungula, at the CSIRO Sanford Pasture Research Station, Queensland, Australia. Nine concentric rings of 18 trees were planted at radii of 4.4-61.6 m, giving a range of tree densities which decreased from 3580 to 42 stems/ha. Tree transpiration was studied at three tree densities (2150, 304 and 82 stems/ha, representing high, medium and low densities) over a 'drought' period of approximately 1 yr (Nov. 1985-Sep. 1986) and related to rooting patterns and soil hydraulic properties. Over the range of soil water contents studied, the ratio of tree transpiration rate to equilibrium evaporation rate (T/Esub(eq)) decreased linearly with decreasing mean soil water content at each tree density. To investigate the effects of soil hydraulic conductivity and root length density on the total transpirational flux, overall soil conductances (Ksub(s)) were calculated, with soil conductance in each horizon weighted according to the length of root in that horizon. At each tree density, decreases in the ratio T/Esub(eq) were related to decreases in ln Ksub(s) measured at 1.2 m from the stem. A more rapid decrease in T/Esub(eq) with decrease in water content observed at the low tree density was attributed to a greater decrease in Ksub(s) as mean water contents decreased. The greater decrease in Ksub(s) at low tree densities was associated with a larger proportion of water extracted and a higher proportion of total root length in surface soil horizons, which showed a greater decrease in hydraulic conductivity than subsoil horizons for the same decrease in water content.
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Abafe, Ejovi Akpojevwe, Yonas T. Bahta, and Henry Jordaan. "Exploring Biblioshiny for Historical Assessment of Global Research on Sustainable Use of Water in Agriculture." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (August 26, 2022): 10651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710651.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There are quite a lot of studies from global and regional perspectives that touch on sustainable water use in agriculture. As a result, we explored Biblioshiny to review the scholarly research on the sustainable use of water in agriculture. Using data analysis and visualization technique of 4106 documents authored by 12,686 scholars in 724 journals published between 1990 and 2022, we find that research on this topic gained momentum in 2007 and has followed a steady increase with an annual growth rate of ~16.12%. The results of the co-occurrence network mappings highlight five trendy topics in research on sustainable water use in agriculture, which were categorized based on five (5) Word Minimum Frequency and Number of Words per Year. These topics include the AquaCrop model, Agroforestry, Biochar, No-tillage, and Diet. While renowned journals such as Agricultural Water Management, followed by Sustainability and Water, have taken leading roles in pushing research on sustainable water use in agriculture. Regarding the impact of perspective, in terms of institutional affiliation and countries, we found that the top three most prominent affiliated institutions producing publications allied to research on the sustainable use of water in agriculture are Northwest A&F University in Xianyang, China, China Agricultural University, and Hohai University in Nanjing, China, while the top three countries are China, the USA, and Australia, accounting for 45,039 (43.4%) of the total 103,900 global citations. The study’s findings can be helpful to scholars in presenting an overview of the literature on the sustainable use of water in agriculture.
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Manzoor, J., and MJ Jazib. "Distribution Pattern and Phytosociological Study of Agroforestry Trees in Poonch District of Jammu and Kashmir, India." Journal of Biodiversity Conservation and Bioresource Management 6, no. 2 (September 21, 2021): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcbm.v6i2.55249.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study focuses on distribution pattern, diversity and phytosociology of tree species associated with traditional agroforestry in Poonch district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Data was collected from fifty quadrats (10×10m) sized thrown randomly in agriculture fields. Twenty six tree species belonging to 16 families and 21 genera were encountered. Grewia optiva, Pyrus persica and Celtis australis were the dominant tree species. Grewia optiva was the most dense tree species 3.88 stem/ha followed by Pyrus persica with 3.74 stem/ha. Buxus wallichiana was recorded as the least dense species (0.82 stem/ha). The study revealed that the area has vast potential sites for the plantation of various agroforestry tree species to solve fuel, fodder and timber. J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2020, 6(2): 77-82
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Kirby, Michael C., J. A. Sinden, and G. W. Kaine. "Appraisal of agroforestry investment under uncertainty: A South Australian case study." Australian Forestry 56, no. 2 (January 1993): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1993.10674597.
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Ngulube, Mzoma R., Gabriel B. J. Chapola, and Lusayo Mwabumba. "The potential of Australian dry zone acacias for agroforestry in Malawi." Forest Ecology and Management 56, no. 1-4 (January 1993): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(93)90105-v.
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Jordon, Matthew W., Kathy J. Willis, William J. Harvey, Leo Petrokofsky, and Gillian Petrokofsky. "Implications of Temperate Agroforestry on Sheep and Cattle Productivity, Environmental Impacts and Enterprise Economics. A Systematic Evidence Map." Forests 11, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): 1321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11121321.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The environmental impacts of ruminant livestock farming need to be mitigated to improve the sustainability of food production. These negative impacts have been compounded by the increased spatial and cultural separation of farming and forestry across multiple temperate landscapes and contexts over recent centuries, and could at least in part be alleviated by re-integration of livestock and trees via agroforestry systems. Such integration also has the potential to benefit the productivity and economics of livestock farming. However, the delivery of hoped-for benefits is highly likely to depend on context, which will necessitate the consideration of local synergies and trade-offs. Evaluating the extensive body of research on the synergies and trade-offs between agroforestry and environmental, productivity and economic indicators would provide a resource to support context-specific decision making by land managers. Here, we present a systematic evidence map of academic and grey literature to address the question “What are the impacts of temperate agroforestry systems on sheep and cattle productivity, environmental impacts and farm economic viability?”. We followed good practice guidance from the Collaboration for Environmental Evidence to find and select relevant studies to create an interactive systematic map. We identified 289 relevant studies from 22 countries across temperate regions of North and South America, Australasia and Europe. Our preliminary synthesis indicates that there is an emerging evidence base to demonstrate that temperate agroforestry can deliver environmental and economic benefits compared with pasture without trees. However, to date measures of livestock productivity (particularly weather-related mortality and heat- and cold-stress) have received insufficient attention in many temperate agroforestry systems. The evidence base assembled through this work provides a freely accessible resource applicable across temperate regions to support context-specific decision making.
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Manzoor, Javed, and Mohd Junaid Jazib. "Distribution Pattern and Phytosociological study of Trees Associated with Agroforestry in Poonch District of Jammu and Kashmir, India." Journal of Bioresource Management 8, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35691/jbm.1202.0167.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The focus of present study was to find the phytosociology, distribution pattern, and diversity of different species of trees associated with traditional agroforestry in the district of Poonch, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Data was collected through quadrat survey method. A total of fifty quadrats of the size (10x10m) each were thrown randomly in agriculture fields. Total 26 tree species belonging to 16 families and 21 genera were encountered in the agricultural fields with Grewia optiva, Pyrus persica and Celtis australis being the tree species in dominance. The most dense species of tree recorded was Grewia optiva with a density value of 3.88 tree/ha which was followed by Pyrus persica with a density of 3.74 tree/ha. Buxus wallichiana was the least dense species recorded (0.82 tree/ha). The study revealed that the area has vast potential sites for the plantation of various agroforestry related tree species to solve the problems of fuel, fodder and timber.
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Reid, Rowen. "The Australian Master Tree Grower Program." Australian Journal of Environmental Education 17 (2001): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s081406260000361x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Department of Forestry at The University of Melbourne with the financial support of the Myer Foundation, the RIRDC/LWRRDC/FWPRDC Joint Venture Agroforestry Program (JVAP) and the National Farm Forestry Program (AFFA) have developed and are delivering a unique and innovative participatory outreach and extension program for farmers active in revegetation, farm forestry and remnant forest management. Since the first program in 1996, 25 regional Australian Master Tree Grower (MTG) programs have been conducted involving more than 500 landholders across Australia.By acknowledging and drawing on the commitment and experience of locally selected tree growers, the MTG program aims to instil confidence through knowledge, provide farmers with a support network and encourage them to truly aspire to be ‘master tree growers’ in their own right. By starting with the landholders' motivations, rather than ending with them, the program allows participants to investigate and farm forestry projects. This is leading to the full potential of multipurpose tree growing to be realised for economic, social and environmental outcomes for farmers and their rural communities.
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Joly, HI, M. Zeh-Nlo, P. Danthu, and C. Aygalent. "Population Genetics of an African Acacia, Acacia albida. I. Genetic Diversity of Populations From West Africa." Australian Journal of Botany 40, no. 1 (1992): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9920059.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Acacia albida (Faidherbia albida) is an important species for agroforestry and widely distributed in Africa. This paper proposes a genetic control for 14 enzymatic systems. The eight more reliable ones, involving 10 loci, have been used to study the genetic diversity of 22 populations, mostly from west Africa. A. albida exhibits a high level of genetic diversity (H = 0.45) compared with that found in Australian acacias studied so far. Most populations exhibited a deficit in heterozygotes (FIS = 0.21). All analyses showed large differences between western and eastern populations.
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Pereira, Luanna Fernandes, Sylvana Naomi Matsumoto, Ueliton Soares de Oliveira, Anselmo Eloy Silveira Viana, and Ednilson Carvalho Teixeira. "Arabica coffee and cedar tree: integrating biotic and abiotic drivers." Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais (Online) 56, no. 2 (2021): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/z21769478763.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Agroforestry systems are important forms of sustainable farming, providing several ecosystem services. However, characterization and management of factors such as thermal and light heterogeneity, as well as interactions between trees and coffee plants, are determinants for achieving the desired sustainability. This study aimed to verify whether different distances between Coffea arabica L. and Australian red cedar can change soil and microclimate characteristics and how they alter morphological and physiological attributes of coffee plants over the rainy season and a prolonged drought period (veranico) in Summer. The trial was carried out in the municipality of Barra do Choça, in an area with Australian red cedar trees (Toona ciliata M. Roem), distributed in two hedges, spaced 19.8 × 3 m apart, in a northeast-southwest direction, and coffee plants var. Catucaí Vermelho (3.3 × 0.5 m). Treatments were defined by the distance between the coffee plants and the first row of the Australian red cedar hedge (3.3 m, T1; 6.6 m, T2; 9.9 m, T3; 13.2 m, T4; 16.4 m, T5). Morphology and physiology of coffee plants, soil temperature, incident light on coffee plants, and the allelopathic potential of Australian red cedar leaf extracts were assessed in the wet and dry season of the 2016–2017 Summer. Temperatures fluctuated less in experimental units close to the hedge. The reduced growth of coffee plants close to the hedges was related to self-shading associated with light restriction by the trees. The experiment showed the allelopathic potential of Australian red cedar leaves.
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Panwar, Vijender, and M. K. Gupta. "Soil Fertility Status under Important Agroforestry Tree Species in Himachal Pradesh." Indian Journal of Forestry 37, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2014-owyu6a.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A study was conducted to evaluate the soil fertility status under six different agroforestry species in Himachal Pradesh. Soil reaction was found to be nearly neutral under all the vegetations with lesser variability which showed pH stability. Bulk density was observed lower in the soils under different vegetations as compared to control in all the depths. Organic carbon and organic matter was higher in the soils under different vegetation as compared to control. Organic carbon was decreasing down the profile under all the vegetation and maximum in upper layers. Among the vegetations, maximum (1.38 %) organic carbon was observed in the soils under Bauhinia variegata followed by Morus alba (1.33 %), Grewia optiva (1.30 %), Toona ciliata (1.28 %), Albizia chinensis (1.22 %) and the least was under Celtris australis (1.20 %). The availability of nitrogen was higher in the surface soils under different vegetations in comparison to soils without any vegetation. The pattern of availability of phosphorous and its distribution in soil profile was therefore similar to that of organic carbon and nitrogen. Ex. potassium content varied from (97.17 kg/ha to 195.29 kg/ha) in all the depths under different vegetation, as compared to control (83.27 kg/ha to 139.87 kg/ha). pH and bulk density under barren land was statistically different at 0.05 level with the pH and bulk density under different plantations. Organic carbon in the soils under barren land showed statistically significant differences with the soils under different plantations.
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Edwards, Todd. "Trees, water and salt. An Australian guide to using trees for healthy catchments and productive farms." Pacific Conservation Biology 9, no. 2 (2003): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc030156.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
READING the Foreword and Preface of Trees, Water and Salt, I was pleasantly satisfied by the promised content of this, the first publication in a series from CSIRO addressing dryland salinity. This is not a book of "Doom and gloom", all too often associated with salinity, but is a forward thinking attempt to combat a complex problem. The authors suggest that the best way to curtail or stop salinity would involve the re-vegetation of entire catchments with native species. Trees, Water and Salt recognizes the agricultural and economical impracticalities this option proffers, accepting that some salinity will occur as the price of our current consumer demands. Trees, Water and Salt suggests that to help m�l�e salinity, land managers must design and implement different agroforestry systems.
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Reid, Rowan. "Developing farmer and community capacity in Agroforestry: is the Australian Master TreeGrower program transferable to other countries?" Agroforestry Systems 91, no. 5 (November 8, 2016): 847–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-016-0039-4.
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Singh, Bhupendra, Munesh Kumar, Marina M. S. Cabral-Pinto, and Bhagwati Prasad Bhatt. "Seasonal and Altitudinal Variation in Chemical Composition of Celtis australis L. Tree Foliage." Land 11, no. 12 (December 12, 2022): 2271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11122271.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Celtis australis is an important agroforestry tree in the Himalayan region providing major fodder to the livestock and many other needs for sustaining life in local rural communities. Including their fodder value and wide altitudinal distribution ranges, it is extracted by the villagers in large scale during the lean period (May to June). Thus, the aim was to understand the nutritive values of the species influenced by the altitude and harvesting season. For this investigation, leaves of C. australis were collected from four different altitudes during the months of February to December. The nutritive value of collected foliage, i.e., dry matter, ash, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, crude protein, crude fiber, starch, sugar, and phenolic were estimated by using stranded methods. The results of present study reveal that significant seasonal variations have been observed for the chemical composition of C. australis tree foliage collected from different altitudes. On an average, between seasons, crude protein ranged from 9.17 to 16.97%, phosphorus 0.08 to 0.16%, potassium 0.28 to 0.76%, crude fiber 13.94 to 19.80%, sugars 1.11 to 1.83%, and starch 4.79 to 6.53%. Altitude also significantly influenced nutritive content. Between altitudes, phosphorus ranged from 0.10 to 0.11%, potassium 0.42 to 0.50%, crude protein 12.66 to 14.02%, crude fiber 1.61 to 1.71%, sugars 1.45 to 1.66%, starch 4.71 to 6.31%, and phenolic 0.43 to 0.78%. Potassium, calcium, crude protein, and starch were significantly positively correlated with altitude of foliage collection. However, dry matter content, phosphorus, and soluble sugars, significantly correlated inversely with altitude.
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Anderson, GW, and RW Moore. "Productivity in the first seven years of a Pinus radiata-annual pasture agroforest in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 2 (1987): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870231.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pinus radiata seedlings were planted into an annual pasture at low, medium and high densities. The trees were pruned annually from year 4 and those with poor form were progressively culled until final stand densities of 75, 150 and 225 trees ha-1 were achieved 7 years after planting. The pastures were grazed by sheep from year 4. The sheep carrying capacities of the pastures declined as tree density increased because of competition between trees and pasture and also because of debris from thinning and pruning. In year 7, under the high density trees, the sheep carrying capacity of the pastures was 73% and light transmission was 69% of that of control pastures (no trees) and debris covered about 22% of the pasture. Diameter growth measurements from year 5 to 7 were 7.65, 7, 45 and 6.35 cm for low, medium and high density of trees respectively, which indicates that competition between trees had commenced at the high density (P<0.05). There was little conflict between the agricultural and forestry components at the low stand density with satisfactory production from both. This system has the potential to generate annual income to offset pine establishment and silvicultural costs while providing another source of income in the long term. It is being tried on farm scale by some landholders wishing to diversify from grazing-only enterprises.
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Eastham, J., P. R. Scott, R. A. Steckis, A. F. M. Barton, L. J. Hunter, and R. J. Sudmeyer. "Survival, growth and productivity of tree species under evaluation for agroforestry to control salinity in the Western Australian wheatbelt." Agroforestry Systems 21, no. 3 (March 1993): 223–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00705242.
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Edirisinghe, Gayan, Thilina Surasinghe, Dinesh Gabadage, Madhava Botejue, Kalika Perera, Majintha Madawala, Devaka Weerakoon, and Suranjan Karunarathna. "Chiropteran diversity in the peripheral areas of the Maduru-Oya National Park in Sri Lanka: insights for conservation and management." ZooKeys 784 (September 12, 2018): 139–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.25562.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In Sri Lanka, there are 31 species of bats distributed from lowlands to mountains. To document bat diversity and their habitat associations, 58 roosting sites in Maduru-Oya National Park periphery were surveyed. Fifteen bat species were recorded occupying 16 different roosting sites in this area. Among all the species recorded, Rhinolophusrouxii was the most abundant species per roosting site whereas Kerivoulapicta was the least abundant. A road-kill specimen similar to genus Phoniscus was found during the survey, a genus so far only documented in Southeast Asia and Australasia. Although our study area provided habitats for a diverse chiropteran community, the colony size per roost was remarkably low. Although our study area is supposedly a part of the park’s buffer zone, many anthropogenic activities are threatening the bat community: felling large trees, slash-and-burn agriculture, excessive use of agrochemicals, vengeful killing, and subsidized predation. We strongly recommend adoption of wildlife-friendly sustainable land management practices in the buffer zone such as forest gardening, agroforestry (alley cropping, mixed-cropping), and integrated farming. Bat conservation in this region should take a landscape-scale conservation approach which includes Maduru-Oya National Park and other surrounding protected areas into a regional conservation network. Extents of undisturbed wilderness are dramatically declining in Sri Lanka; thus, future conservation efforts must be retrofitted into anthropocentric multiuse landscapes and novel ecosystems like areas surrounding Maduru-Oya National Park.