Дисертації з теми "Agriculture – Politique publique"
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Ndayisaba, Eric. "Le thé au Burundi des années 1950 à 2018 : politique publique de développement, rente et appropriations." Thesis, Pau, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PAUU1059/document.
Tea farming was introduced in Burundi since the 1950s as a public policy of development. The goal was to diversify the national economy and famer’s income.Currently, this agro-industrial and commercial sector is the second largest sector of the economy of Burundi according to export earnings. It is also the third or fourth income generating activity for more than 60,000 households.By a socio-historical approach, the present work analyzes the issues of the introduction of Tea as a public policy and studies the importance of its economy for different actors. This thesis is also interested in the issues of national and peasant’s participation and appropriation in a process context of interactions and negotiations between the main actors such as International Donors, the State, producers, private sector and associations
Aubin-Brouté, Raphaèle-Jeanne. "Le contrat en agriculture." Thesis, Poitiers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013POIT3014.
Contracts concluded by the farmer for the satisfaction of its professional needs form a family of contracts : all have part in the public action in agriculture. Their common identity is methodological. The contract is a legal instrument of the agricultural policy. All its utilities are mobilized for protecting the farmer or managing the agriculture. The special law of the agricultural contracts allows the penetration in the legal act of the value system chosen by the State. The contractual public order in agriculture also shows itself by an action of police of the contract. The contract in agriculture is not only an object of the public action : it is also one of its modalities. The contractualization shows itself at first by a joint production of the legal rule, with the State or between professionals. It shows itself then by the research for the consent in the standard, specially environmental. The contractual speech justifies the public action in agriculture. The agro-environmental contract allows the public remuneration for an ecological or territorial performance supplied by the farmer. This thesis brings to light a deep change of paradigm in the agricultural policy. While the law of the exploitation is absorbed, partly, by that of the company, an original legal corpus appears which proceeds of the new multifunctional identity recognized by the agricultural activity. This thesis also reveals the methodological sliding which takes place of the private contractual law forced by the public law towards the public law produced by contract
Loubier, Sébastien. "Gestion durable des équipements d'hydraulique agricole : conséquences sur la tarification et les politiques publiques en hydraulique agricole." Montpellier 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON10049.
Benoit, Maude. "Reconfiguration de l’État et renouvellement de l’action publique agricole : L’évolution des politiques agroenvironnementales au Québec et en France." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTD048/document.
Since the 1990s, environmental issues in agriculture have increasingly become a public policy problem in industrialized countries, notwithstanding the fact that they are integrated very differently in their respective agricultural policies. Based on this observation, this research seeks to explain the various national institutionalization and evolution paths of the so-called agri-environmental policy through a comparative analysis between Quebec and France. The analytical framework considers both the structures and the policy actors in the agri-environmental policy construction by studying specifically two variables: the configuration of agricultural policies and the role of public administrations. This qualitative research investigates a long time frame (1990-2013) and combines three data collection methods: content analysis, discourse analysis and semi-structured interviews. This thesis shows that traditional agricultural policy key players (agricultural administrations and agricultural professional organizations) act as filters of reformist ideas present globally and that they “acclimate” both the sustainable development paradigm and the new public management paradigm to the specificities of their countries and of their public policy sector
Coëdel, Joseph. "Évaluation des politiques publiques d'aide à l'investissement dans les petites entreprises : les plans de modernisation en agriculture : le cas de la Loire-Atlantique à la lumière de l'expérience des Pays de la Loire, de la France et de la Communauté économique européenne." Paris 10, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA100119.
Modernization plans, which were first introduced by the European community, have gradually become the linchpin of policy for farm modernization in France. They have achieved the goals set in the legislation ; but they have done so very selectively, and with unwanted side-effects which derive ultimately from the history of the common agricultural policy which engendered them and the contradictions inherent in it. An overall assessment of these plans reveals the other side of modernization which is usually ignored but which nonetheless does affect the results achieved. The assessment shows how modernization plans have tended to widen social and geographic disparities, illustrates the unspoken technical and economic assumptions underlying the models used ; and highlights the importance of human factors in the success or failure of the development projects which have been attempted. On the basis of these findings, recommendations are put forward which are intended as a contribution to what would amount to public policy engineering firm local development : on farm, first of all with a learning process for investment in family farms to enable them to come forward with new and better produce, work on new products and take on new functions ; and off-farm too, with the measures studied being redeployed in this direction and opened up to comparable small businesses outside agriculture, which play a vital role in the local and economic fabric, against the background of a new dialogue between…
Diendéré, Achille. "Changement institutionnel, utilisation des produits phytosanitaires et gestion de la qualité de l'eau : le cas de trois zones d'agriculture intensive au Burkina Faso." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOU10042.
The principal objective of this research is to study the mechanisms, which contribute to lead the process of institutional change to avoid water pollution by agriculture in Burkina Faso (BF). Part first of the thesis provides an overview of the evolution of agricultural and water policies in BF. We also discuss the interest of addressing the issue regarding the degradation of water quality from an academic and policy points of view. The second part examines the motivations of farmers' practices in the use of pesticides and the conditions for changes. In this section, based on concepts and tools drawn from institutional economics (the historical school), we make the hypothesis of a causal relationship between the behavior of farmers and the property status of water resources and, more precisely, the property status of water quality. The third part of our thesis attempts to test this theoretical proposition by collecting and analyzing, using statistical and econometric methods, data obtained from 389 farmers located in three different agricultural areas of BF. In this last part, we also draw conclusions on policy implications to lead institutional change. One major result of our research is that the degree of farmers’ involvement in collective management of water quality depends on their beliefs about the degradability of quality water. Therefore, a change in the legal system of incentives and penalties is not sufficient for an effective institutional change. To make the status of water quality evolve, the shared beliefs of farmers, who are members of the same collective, have also to evolve. In other words, the process of institutional change sought relies on how collective learning processes are organized and launched by public policy
Morsel, Nathan. "Les systèmes agro-pastoraux économes : élevage et agro-écologie en régions de moyenne montagne et de piémont méditerranéen." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB008.
On the Limousine Moutain and the Lodévois, two small middle mountain and foothills regions of the Massif central, animal husbandry development focused on increasing physical productivity of human work led to an increased part of fodder and concentrated feeds in the flock diet, and increased the grassland use at the expense of the rangelands. One the basis of flock feeding, those rangelands were mainly abandoned or planted with conifers. Several breeders with limited access to moto-mechanized areas go against this dynamic. Thus, they try to reorganize the alimentation of their flocks around diversified rangeland grazing, which implies a systemic modification of production logics. The technoeconomic analysis of these agropastoral systems indicates a significant reduction of fodder and concentrated feed needs and consequently allows less farm equipments investments and input purchases. Comparing the economic results of agro-pastoral farms and farms that have remained within the dominant agricultural development movement shows that despite the reduction of the production per animal and the flock size per active person, these systems called frugal create more added value and help maintaining or even creating jobs in areas that would have been abandoned otherwise. This frugal agro-pastoral systems seems an alternative to the dominant agricultural development in these two middle mountain and foothills regions. However, the development of these systems on a larger scale is currently restrained by the lack of short-circuit outlets for agro-pastoral products, which are often out of step with standard products. Furthermore, the current subsidies allocation of the Common Agriculturis is less advantageous for agropastoral systems and can also impeach their running
Vivier, Dominique. "Les agriculteurs de montagne et la Communauté européenne : l'exemple du pays de La Mure (Isère)." Paris, EHESS, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988EHES0058.
What role does the economic european community attribute to mountain farmers? what is the farmers' reponse to the unfolding policies of the eec? an exploration of the farmers' strategies, during the period of agricultural "modernization" and again during the crisis resulting from over-production (1980), has brought into focus many relationships and correlations amoung the economic, cultural and social dimensions of the strategies; among social codes, common perceptions and the inter-workings of economic spheres, and those between the social system and the economic relations defined by the european market. In spite of the over-production crisis, new farming enterprises have sprung-up in opposition to the logic of pac (common agriculture policy). Can a joint action of these new strategies and other initiatives change the rules of the game, creating the conditions necessary to structure a new social system around local cooperative effort? controling the policies of decentralization and local development through "community policy" might provide the necessary adjustments between individual and collective initiatives which have been outlined, and create structures based on a system of values which allow the whole of humanity to oppose their loss of control over their destiny
Alphandéry, Pierre. "Les campagnes françaises de l'agriculture à l'environnement (1945-2000) : politiques publiques, dynamiques sociales et enjeux territoriaux." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001IEPP0012.
Décosse, Frédéric. "Migrations sous contrôle : agriculture intensive et saisonniers marocains sous contrat « OMI »." Paris, EHESS, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EHES0114.
This dissertation explores the material conditions of Moroccan agricultural workers under seasonal contracts managed by the Office des Migrations Internationales. The methodology is based on semi-directed interviews, archival work and participant observation within the "Collectif de défense des travailleurs agricoles saisonniers". The main question the thesis attempts to answer is the following: ta what extent do es the seasonality of the job and the stay of the OMI foreign manpower, as it combines statutory precarity and mobility control, warrant the subjection of this manpower and separate the space and time of production and reproduction of its workforce? The condition of the OMI workers consists of three main axis: -the seasonal migratory system, more precisely understood in its socio-historical dimension (colonial origin, evolutions of the migratory utilitarianism in agriculture); -mobilizations against the OMI status and the regulatory adjustments developed by the State in order to control/bridle the right of agricultural migrant workers to move to other sectors of activity; -the health of seasonal foreign workers, which is nevertheless constructed among three factors: it is rendered invisible, externalized, and in terms of resistance. This thesis conducts a reflection on controlled migration and its limits. It shows to what extent the intensive agriculture of the South of France is dependent of the humanpower, and that the limitation of the right to stay to a temporary work contract tends to rend their employees' rights ineffective. It brings new elements to the analysis in foregrounding the articulation between the "fait colonial" and post-colonial migrations
Léger-Bosch, Christine. "Les opérations de portage foncier pour préserver l'usage agricole : une analyse par les coordinations, les transactions et les institutions." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAE001/document.
This PhD dissertation focuses on land backing actions, which notably increase in France since the early 2000s. These initiatives include different types of stakeholders among local authorities, agricultural professional organizations and non-governmental organizations. By acquiring land, they aim to control long-term agricultural use in areas threatened by urbanization by securing farmers' access to land. Some comparable collective initiatives also occur in European and North-American countries (Land trusts, fiducies, cooperatives ...), particularly raising environment and alternative agriculture issues. The land backing actions observed in France are specific for two reasons: in one hand they involve local public authorities, and in the other hand they emerge facing the threat of urbanization. Yet the devolved public action has many available instruments for the preservation of agricultural land. Hence, the use of ownership, which is now considered in the long term, brings up questions. This PhD thesis addresses the singular modalities induced by land backing actions in the farmland governance. It combines three analyses at the coordinations meso-economic level, at the transactions micro-economic level, and at the institutions macro-economic level. Rooted in institutional economics, the approach provides some focus from these three points of view. The first one is an analysis of the agreement design, on which the land backing actions stand, between stakeholders with various goals and legitimacy. It is based on the framework of the Economics of conventions. The second one focuses on the effect of land backing actions on farmers' access to land use. An analysis grid of the different land-use access costs is developed, using in particular the transaction costs concept. The third focus is a consideration of institutional changes induced by land backing actions, via a historical analysis of the use-ownership relation as an institutional formula. This thesis maintains that negotiations between stakeholders who are involved in land backing actions hardly ever broach the subject of farmland preservation facing urbanization, aside from the question of its use. The projected farming model often founds the initiative, notably for the relationship between agriculture and environment. Nevertheless farmland backing induces a new land use access mode for farmers, which is more difficult to organize, but also much less uncertain. At the same time, the private property right is back in the use-ownership relation resulting therefrom. The property right was however relatively subservient to the private right to use, for the public interest that it represents since the mid-20th century. By not much specifying the outlines of general interest, public action let its determination at the discretion of the local private dynamics, with a risk of inducing territorial inequalities
Vidal, Marion. "Sortir des phytos en viticulture : pratiques professionnelles, action collective et normalisation environnementale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20058.
Pesticides used in agriculture are a known environmental problematic fact. Despite the involvement of agriculture and the contribution of significant public funding, agri-environmental public policies deployed for over 40 years struggle to achieve their goals, where sustainable production systems remain convincing but marginal. Faced with this context, designing and spreading alternative techniques to chemicals remains a challenge for government and professionals. From case of a professional project aiming at removing herbicides in the South West of France vineyards, this thesis proposes to re-examine, through the prism of a sociology that pay attention to action (less than actors), the innovation capacity of agriculture and the responsiveness of public authorities about agri-environment, focusing on the analysis of professional collective action as a way of regulating environmental public issues, and considering its development out, in parallel, upstream or below established public policies offer. The research shows that in such conditions, objects, mobiles and collectives comprised by environmental action are heterogeneous, ambiguous, variable and flexible, throughout their discussions. Plurality and change situations emphasize as much unpredictability of collective action that impossibility of standardization, that are likely to call (on the contrary) differentiated institutional responses to the same environmental problem
Blancaneaux, Romain. "Changements d'échelles dans la régulation politique de l'économie : Les transformations du secteur vitivinicole en Gironde et en Languedoc Roussillon." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0457.
This research aims to understand the conditions that emerged and caused the stabilization and destabilization of the organizational structure of the wine industry, which had first been established in France in the first half of the twentieth century. During this initial period, the State granted to certain wines the “controlled designation of origin” or Appellations d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) – established as a singular model of excellence – the power to control their own regulations, while also placing other categories of wine under its guidance due to the public interest issue of chronic overproduction. However, with the deepening of European integration as of the 1970s, a rescaling of regulatory changes began, including new sectoral policy regulations. Since then, and against all expectations, AOC wines gradually began to compete in price and reputation against those which had once been valued the least. This thesis reveals, on the one hand, the historically strong independence of AOC wines and, on the other hand, the dependence of the others wines vis-à-vis public authorities, set the terms of this upheaval. Gironde and the Languedoc-Roussillon, while administratively different territories, but both structurally dominant on a national level, have been the two most relevant fields of observation. The two conceptions of wine emblematically developed in those two regions have divided the national wine industry. The unions who spearheaded each of the two types of wine also developed asymetrical relations with the authorities. Moreover, the implementation of European Community legislation affected them differently, thus creating a price ‘scissors’ phenomenon. By examining the tensions this caused, this thesis tackles a wider problem. The case of the wine industry thus enable analysis to examine the long term impact of scaled changes with regards to the political regulation of the economy. Through the application of analytical frameworks and tools provided by political science and economic sociology, this example allows to focus on the conditions under which public policy (national and communautaire”) came to destabilize economic behaviour without the results that occurred having been aimed for, or even anticipated
Douet, Mathieu. "Des Parcelles aux Quartiers : Potentialités et limites de la mise en œuvre d’une agriculture durable de proximité dans l’aire urbaine de Caen-Métropole. Approche socio-anthropologique." Caen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CAEN1025.
We used a socio-anthropological approach to study the social and political dynamics of an ecological transition. We tried to evaluate the responsibility of the actors of intensive agriculture and of local authorities for the disappearance of peri-urban agricultures, and for the difficulties to implement a local sustainable agriculture. Local authorities are interested in such a development. Some of them consider the settlement of a market garden within city limits. Despite this, the idea of promoting another agricultural model is very recent, and remains hard to grasp for local authorities and for the actors of intensive agriculture. Both have a weak vision of sustainability, which focuses on economy and divides public policies into sectors. For instance, according to them, public policies on housing, mobility, economic development and urban planning have nothing to do with agriculture, nor with the rural world and the urban area food supply. The aim of this research is to demonstrate – using an approach that is not exclusively urban, nor technical – that the implementation of a local sustainable agriculture can become an important tool for city planning. It would increase urban areas’ sustainability, via agriculture and the food resilience it provides
Kassoum, Ayouba. "De la caractérisation microéconomique des pesticides à l’estimation de leur productivité marginale." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL12005/document.
The main goal of this thesis is to enlarge to the multi-crops framework the specification of production technologies that account for the specificity of pesticides. This allows, on one side, the estimation of the marginal productivity of pesticides and on the other side to investigate the impact of the considered characterisation of pesticides on the level of their marginal productivity. We start form the observation that the current empirical analyses, trying to extract this marginal productivity of pesticides face the lack of an appropriate multi-crops framework. These studies, to get around this problem, either aggregate the different outputs to come down to the case of one crop (output), or use non parametric estimation techniques, whose drawbacks is not to handle the damage reducing input, or pass through the estimation of a cost function using the inputs price information when they are available. This observation motivates the setting up of an appropriate framework for the analysis of multi-crops farms. This enables us to well understand the intensity of farmers’ relation to this input. The results of our analysis show that the Eure-et-Loir’s farmer level of pesticide use is under-optimal. This result highlights somehow the effects of the regulation of pesticides: public policies setting up to lower the use of pesticides impact significantly the production decisions of Eure-et-Loir farmers
Backiny-Yetna, Prosper Romuald. "Politiques publiques et pauvreté : trois études de cas d'évaluation des performances de ciblage et d'analyse d'impact." Phd thesis, Université Paris Dauphine - Paris IX, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00871728.
Landel, Pauline. "Participation et verrouillage technologique dans la transition écologique en agriculture. Le cas de l'Agriculture de Conservation en France et au Brésil." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0022/document.
Intensive use of pesticides in agriculture has environmental and sanitary impacts that led to the need for less harmful techniques. Policy makers are claiming for an “ecological transition” of the sector but they are facing technological lock-ins : pesticides-based solutions remain dominant because of institutional and cognitive factors that prevent the development of other alternatives (Cowan, Gunby, 1996; Vanloqueren, Baret, 2008…). In this context, the idea of enlarging the participation of new actors in technological decisions has gained success as it is supposed to enlarge the range of available evidence and lead to better and fairer technological choices (Barber, 1984; Callon et al., 2001; Elgert, 2010)This PhD research aims at questioning the idea of participation as a way to unlock technological lock-ins , using the case of Conservation Agriculture (CA) in France and Brazil, an innovation presented as based on participatory dynamics of R&D and a way to achieve sustainable agriculture, in spite of the dependence of some practices on an intensive use of herbicides. Data was collected from academic literature, documentary analysis, and semi directive or collective interviews with 51 actors both in France and Brazil. Results show the deep changes the regime of knowledge in agriculture has undergone in the last decades under the liberalization of the sector- and why referring to the idea of participation is unefficient to counterbalance these structural changes, or can even have perverse effects.Academic literature described the evolution of agricultural policies, at the international, European and French levels, analyzing the “environmental” turn of the 1980s and the “liberal” turn of the 1990s-2000s (Fouilleux, 2003; Muller, 2000; Trouvé, 2007). But few studies focused on the impacts these changes had on how decision makers and farmers have access to scientific and technical evidence to innovate and cope with new situations. This PhD research shows how the regime of knowledge in France evolved from the modernization period (1960s) - when access to reliable evidence was an issue of public concern and funding in the State administrations and extension services; to a turning point in the 2000s when the State progressively disengaged from the debate on the technological trajectory of the sector and private firms became more and more implicated. In the case of CA, the results of a policy networks analysis show the concentration of material resources to produce robust evidence (R&D, extension services, databases ) in the hands of private firms wishing to develop technological packages based on the use of pesticides. On the other hand, local farmers trying to reduce their consumption of pesticides lack resources to systematically evaluate the innovations they produce.In this context, the idea of participation refers to organizing big national consultations (as the Grenelle de l’Environnement) that rather aim at producing consensus than shedding light on existing controversies and alternatives. It is also used to discharge the responsibility for producing pesticide-less alternatives to different kinds of partnerships at a local level (sometimes associating private firms with commercial interests in selling pesticides).This research therefore shows that, besides other institutional and cognitive factors, the issue of accessing adequate evidence is of crucial importance to understand changes in policy making and the State and at the heart of great economic and socio-political conflicts. It also highlights the importance of taking into account structural determinants and evidence-related power games in order to evaluate the impacts of “participation” on improving technological choices
Kadiri, Zakaria. "L'action publique à l'épreuve de la participation : Généalogie du projet d'irrigation du Moyen Sebou au Maroc." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM3051.
The subject of this thesis is the analysis of public action in the field of irrigation water in Morocco. We analyze the confrontation of a state-led irrigation project, and a rural territory in the North of Morocco, by looking at the configuration and interaction of actors and local issues of its social and political components. How did the irrigation project contribute to the acceleration of a reconfiguration of power relations and local leadership in the area? Our analysis examined this question through the logic of the different actors. We worked within an analytical framework borrowed from political sociology and based on the analysis of state action in the field of irrigation. This analytical framework allowed us to identify two parallel models of analysis: 1) the synoptic model for the analysis of public action monopolized by public actors, 2) the mutual adjustments for the analysis of a multitude of actors in a situation where the state no longer has the monopoly of public action. We have made the methodological choice of analyzing the actors in action, focusing on empirical work based on the analysis of practices, and by decrypting a fine genealogy of the Moyen Sebou scheme in Morocco. The area is managed by public authorities in the context of a state-centralized management of the agricultural administration. Negotiations with the financial donors, that took place during the international debate on ‘Participative Irrigation Management', led the public administration to entrust the management of irrigation to farmers who are active in associations
Vidal, Marion. "Sortir des phytos en viticulture : pratiques professionnelles, action collective et normalisation environnementale." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20058/document.
Pesticides used in agriculture are a known environmental problematic fact. Despite the involvement of agriculture and the contribution of significant public funding, agri-environmental public policies deployed for over 40 years struggle to achieve their goals, where sustainable production systems remain convincing but marginal. Faced with this context, designing and spreading alternative techniques to chemicals remains a challenge for government and professionals. From case of a professional project aiming at removing herbicides in the South West of France vineyards, this thesis proposes to re-examine, through the prism of a sociology that pay attention to action (less than actors), the innovation capacity of agriculture and the responsiveness of public authorities about agri-environment, focusing on the analysis of professional collective action as a way of regulating environmental public issues, and considering its development out, in parallel, upstream or below established public policies offer. The research shows that in such conditions, objects, mobiles and collectives comprised by environmental action are heterogeneous, ambiguous, variable and flexible, throughout their discussions. Plurality and change situations emphasize as much unpredictability of collective action that impossibility of standardization, that are likely to call (on the contrary) differentiated institutional responses to the same environmental problem
Berumen, Colin Paulina. "La politique de sécurité alimentaire en Afrique du Sud face aux enjeux sectoriels et territoriaux : la complexité de l'action publique dans un environnement régionalisé illustré par le cas des provinces du KwaZulu‐ Natal et du Limpopo." Phd thesis, Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00527912.
Wang, Wen. "Intégrer l'agriculture dans les politiques d'atténuation chinoises." Thesis, Paris 9, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA090001/document.
This thesis is an evaluation of the overall technical and economic mitigation potential in China agriculture and the conditions of putting a carbon price in this sector. The research scope is cropland emissions and particularly those related to synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use. The thesis is articulated around the construction of a bottom-up marginal abatement cost curve (MACC) which offers a rational framework for combining biophysical and economic data to reflect mitigation costs. This tool allows the aggregation of the mitigation potential arising from the application of a subset of cost-effective measures above a notional baseline level. An analysis of Chinese climate policies reveals that agriculture is nearly absent in the current national mitigation strategy. We therefore intend to assess the technical, economic and political feasibility of integrating agriculture into domestic mitigation policies. In the first place, the emissions trends and calculation methods are assessed to determine a rigorous approach to build baseline scenarios from projected business-as-usual activities to 2020. Secondly, we identify nine cropland mitigation measures, evaluate their abatement rates and future applicability beyond the baseline scenario to conclude a total feasible technical mitigation potential. The translation to the economic potential is then made by comparing the implementation costs of different mitigation options relative to conventional farming practices. The MACC results show that agriculture provides significant mitigation potential to be able to offset about one-third of baseline emissions and realisation of one-third of the potential is cost-negative for farmers. We finally examine the conditions of using economic instruments to reduce emissions at the lowest cost for the agricultural sector. Given the institutional, behaviour and socials obstacles, we strongly suggest a reform in agriculture fertilizer subsidies to send a clear political signal from central planning. Scaling-up offset projects using carbon intensity as the standardized baseline is recommended and can prepare the grounds for a possible experimental emission trading programme in agriculture. In light with the top priority of safeguarding food security in China, cases studies on regional cereal production are carried out in all these steps, including the analysis of provincial greenhouse gas intensity of production, regional abatement potential related to synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use as well as implementation cost disparities in certain regions
Candau, Jacqueline. "Les agriculteurs face aux politiques de développememt agricole : univers de pensées, politiques publiques et inscription territoriale." Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR21012.
Soulard, Christophe-Toussaint. "Pratiques, politiques publiques et territoires : construire une géographie agricole des villes." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01016218.
Laudié-Lecomte, Nancy. "Le compromis agricole réunionnais, mutation sectorielle et construction territoriale à l'île de la Réunion (des origines à l'heure européenne)." Montpellier, ENSA, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENSA0031.
This study sets out to explore the paradox constituted by the dynamism of agriculture in Réunion with respect to the island's natural and socio-economic constraints, and the rapid marginalisation of agriculture in the macro economic aggregates. Based on a re-examination of the economic and institutional trajectory taken by Réunion in the last centuries, priority is given to the identification of actors, their strategies and their interdependences, as well as the way in which the balance of power bas changed. This analysis shows that the present configuration and specific status of local agriculture can be explained by the compromises that have been reached at sectorial and territorial levels. The enquiry into the dynamics of the agricultural sector and the various ways in which they are regulated, then into the cross-dynamics of the strategies of dominant industrial and commercial groups, and the interplay of local politics, reveals a network-based logic related to the defence and the promotion of Réunion interests. This opens the door to a clearer understanding of the mobilisation of public fundings to agriculture, not just in Réunion, but also at national and European levels
Thiébaut, Luc. "Demandes de biens d'environnement et interventions publiques en agriculture : cas de la France." Montpellier 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON10035.
Sérès, Claire. "Approche coût-efficacité des politiques agri-environnementales : impact des critères d'éligibilité des exploitations agricoles." Phd thesis, Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux IV, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00089610.
Les résultats montrent que la solution collective la plus coût-efficace est réalisée quand seules les exploitations les plus coût-efficaces sont intégrées dans la politique. Or, cette solution ne représente pas la meilleure des solutions d'un point de vue environnemental ; les exploitations les plus polluantes n'étant pas toujours les plus coût-efficaces, et les bénéfices environnementaux de la politique étant susceptibles d'être dilués par l'intégration d'un nombre restreint d'exploitations. La prise en compte de la localisation des exploitations sur un territoire constitue une solution pertinente pour l'amélioration de l'efficacité environnementale d'une politique, même si cette solution s'avère être plus coûteuse. Aussi, si les pouvoirs publics optent pour des politiques plus performantes d'un point de vue environnemental, ils doivent s'attendre à ce que le coût de la politique soit supérieur à celui proposé par une solution économiquement efficace.
Isbasoiu, Ancuta. "Analyse multicritère des politiques publiques environnementales dans l'Union Européenne." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA019/document.
The European Union has an ambitious agenda to deal with the effects of climate change, the European institutions must now take environment into account within the framework of its policies. The objective of my thesis is to evaluate the impacts of European public policies on agriculture and environment, to measure their crossed effects and to assess the potential for a better coordination of these policies. The thesis aims to enrich the economic analysis on important issues refocused on the reduction of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions in the EU and the level of agricultural production, from a quantitative perspective. The methodology is based on a mathematical programming model that simulates the European agricultural supply (AROPAj), using data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network. The analysis is carried out at several levels, European, national, regional and sub-regional, taking into account the variability of the economic context that characterizes the European agriculture over the six years 2007-2012. We first assess how agriculture may contribute to the mitigation of EU GHG emissions and provide a detailed analysis of marginal abatement cost curves. The results show that, on average, over the period 2007-2012, EU agriculture may reduce its emissions by around 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively for emission prices of 38, 112.5 and 205 EUR/tCO2eq. We show that agriculture may offer substantial mitigation and that mitigation costs and potential vary in time and in space. The second issue studied concerns the compatibility between the increase in agricultural production and the reduction of the impact of agriculture on the environment. By introducing a primal approach (via a carbon price) and a dual approach (via a calorie target), we show that we can reduce GHG emissions and change agricultural supply while increasing the quantity of food calories. We extend the issue of GHG emissions by separating the prices of the two gases (CH4 et N2O). A differentiated price system allows to better adapt the climate regulation policy according to the time horizon on which we are projected, offering flexibility in reducing the emission abatement costs
Mouysset, Lauriane. "Les politiques publiques au défi de la biodiversité : modèles et scénarios bio-économiques pour une agriculture durable." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MNHN0004.
Global changes such as the climate change, the agriculture evolution or the urbanization, have exerted significant pressures on biodiversity (declines, extinctions, and biotic homogenizations). In this context, reconciling human activities with a sustainable biodiversity turns out as a main issue. To respond to this objective, the development of bio-economic analysis appears as an interesting perspective for public policies facing biodiversity. However the agri-environmental policies have not yet been able to provide a relevant management of biodiversity. Based on a bio-economic process, this PhD intends to contribute to the debate on public policies facing the challenge of a sustainable management of agriculture and biodiversity. The systemic models developed in this work combine both ecologic and economic dynamics through land-use variables at the small agricultural area scale across the whole France. In our case, biodiversity is perceived as a community of 34 common birds, avoiding an emblematic species-based approach. Calibration of the models is based on agri-economic and ecological time series from 2001 to 2009. Different scenarios are generated up to 2050 and their bio-economic performances are compared through a set of indicators, avoiding the problem of biodiversity monetization. A focus on the choice of these indicators has been driven to characterize correctly the status of communities. In particular, different aspects of the sustainability are explored by combining cost-effectiveness and co-viability approaches. This study shows that it is possible to improve simultaneously ecological and economic performances in comparison to the current trends. In the one hand, economic incentives at the macro-economic scale guide directly the farmers’ choices towards more biodiversity-friendly activities. In the other hand, diversification mechanisms, in response to economic risk, have also a positive influence on the bio-economic performances. However, it appears difficult to maximize simultaneously economic and ecological objectives. The PhD explores several options to overcome this bio-economic trade-off. In particular, an analysis based on public costs suggests that the integration of ecological objectives in the public policies generates a double dividend. Finally, in an uncertain context, the approach of co-viability allows us to identify scenarios leading to a multi-functional agriculture that remains fair through generations. Extending these bio-economic approaches towards the concept of ecosystemic services should bring further insight into the design of public policies achieving a sustainable biodiversity
Pahun, Jeanne. "L’agriculture face aux politiques alimentaires : une analyse comparée dans trois régions françaises." Thesis, Paris Est, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PESC2025.
The increase of alternative food networks outline an agricultural controversy : in order to “eat better”, we should first “produce better”; which means that the agricultural model the food industry depends on should be transformed. This research addresses the way this controversy is translated into local policies and managed on a sub-national level: do agricultural components of local food policies renew the local public regulation on agriculture? To answer this question, we have built a database from one hundred interviews with key players from nine local food policies originating from different French regions : Grand Est, Bretagne and Occitanie. Thanks to an original analytical framework which draws from the studies of social problems as well as from the cognitive analysis of local policies, we were able to show that local food policies act as if the agricultural sector was undergoing changes, although these changes are, indeed, minor. On the urban government scale, when food political outsiders have access to power, they can campaign for different ways of developing agriculture, but the competencies of urban administrations and their internal power struggles largely impediment the impact and the operational implementation of such political programs. On a regional scale, the promotion of “local food” is a way to support conservative agricultural policies. Regional food policies are thus largely dominated by local hegemonic farmers’ organisations but their actions vary a great deal, from one place to another (be it channelling food controversies or overriding them). In addition, we demonstrate that local food policies become part of communication strategies (local marketing or political marketing), making them new symbolic resources of power for local authorities and agricultural elites. Thus, with this thesis, we aim to help renew the way political change is analysed, by studying the new dynamics in public regulation that local policies and integrated policies are bringing
François, Marie. "EAU ET DÉVELOPPEMENT EN ESPAGNE POLITIQUES ET DISCOURS Les exemples de l'Aragon et de la Région de Murcie." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00459592.
Brovia, Cristina. "Migrants de saison : les camps de travailleurs agricoles étrangers comme problème public : le cas de Saluzzo (Italie)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D041.
This thesis examines how the presence of seasonal migrant workers’ camps in intensive agricultural areas in Northern Italy is framed and addressed as a public problem. It draws on fieldwork carried out between 2013 and 2017 in the rural area of Saluzzo (Piedmont). The qualitative methodology includes sociological interviews, participant observation with organizations and in migrants’ camps, and the analysis of the local press. The thesis aims to understand how the presence of seasonal migrants is defined and constructed by a range of actors with divergent interests. In particular, it examines a set of public mobilisations and counter-mobilisations, analysing how they have influenced the actions undertaken to solve “the problem” of migrants’ camps in the Saluzzo area. The main argument is that the problem has been progressively constructed around the temporariness of migrants’ presence in the area. This has justified the setting up of temporary and precarious reception systems, leading to the spatial and temporal confinement of the migrants. In particular, the thesis shows how the organisation of institutionalised and controlled camps, managed by a major humanitarian organization and benefiting from wide public consensus, resulted in a decrease of conflict around seasonal labour migration, and to the sidelining of the issue in the political debate. Contributing to literature on migration in the field of political sociology, the monograph represents a timely intervention in highly topical debates on the politics of migrants’ presence in the Italian society
Questa ricerca riguarda i processi di costruzione di un problema pubblico ad un livello locale, partendo da diverse problematiche scaturite intorno ad accampamenti di lavoratori migranti stagionali in alcune zone di agricoltura intensiva in Italia. Lo studio è principalmente basato su una ricerca empirica svolta tra il 2013 e il 2017 nell’area rurale di Saluzzo (Piemonte) utilizzando una metodologia qualitativa che comprende interviste sociologiche, osservazione partecipante con associazioni militanti e all’interno degli accampamenti di migranti e l’analisi di articoli della stampa locale. L’obiettivo principale era quello di studiare il modo in cui la presenza di lavoratori migranti, in questo contesto specifico, è percepita come un problema pubblico, in che modo quest’ultimo è definito e costruito da una serie di attori animati da interessi contrastanti in un gioco di mobilitazioni e contro-mobilitazioni, poi di analizzare le conseguenze di tali dinamiche sulle azioni messe in atto per la risoluzione del problema. La tesi dimostra in particolare che la costruzione del problema si è progressivamente focalizzata sul carattere temporaneo della presenza dei migranti, a scapito di altri possibili frame, andando a giustificare la messa in atto di dispositivi di accoglienza precari e provvisori, finalizzati al confinamento spaziale e temporale dei migranti. Inoltre, l’instaurazione di campi sempre più istituzionalizzati e controllati, gestiti da un’organizzazione umanitaria riconosciuta, ha favorito la riduzione dei conflitti intorno alla questione e un accantonamento del problema sul piano del dibattito politico pubblico. Più in generale, questo lavoro, analizzando una questione inerente a dinamiche migratorie attraverso il prisma della sociologia politica, invita ad una più ampia riflessione sul trattamento politico dei migranti e sulla costruzione collettiva della posizione che essi occupano all’interno della società italiana di oggi
Coinon, Marine. "Essais sur les externalités spatiales associées à l'agriculture biologique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UBFCG003.
This thesis includes three papers on topics related to organic farming, namely its determinants and effectiveness. Chapter 1 studies the key determinants of organic farmers to understand the pull and push factors. The success of a policy is the result of dynamics coming from territories and the farmers themselves. I study peer effects in adopting organic farming. Using land-use data in France, I first show how important it is to use data at the parcel level to understand these effects. In particular, I find that using data at the municipality level on the headquarters ' location will be associated with significant measurement errors as more than 30% of parcels are located in a different municipality than their headquarter. Then, I combine the parcel level data with exhaustive census and policy information, and I use this data to show that peer effects play an essential role. A farmer is more likely to convert to organic farming in 2018 if a larger share of her five-nearest neighbours is organic farmers, and even more if these peers are located upwind.Chapter 2, co-authored with Sylvain Chabé-Ferret, Arnaud Renaud and Eva Tène, provides large-scale estimates of the causal impact of organic farming on water quality, biodiversity and on farmer's profits and productivity using the large increase in areas under organic farming that happened in France after 2000 as a result of a massive increase in subsidies for the conversion to organic farming. We leverage the spatial clustering of conversion to organic farming in a Difference-In-Differences framework, modified to take into account spillover effects along river streams. Applying our estimator to data from 2,800 monitoring stations with more than 400,000 observations on water quality, we find that organic farming decreases nitrate concentrations in water by up to 1.3mg/l, a decrease of 8%. We nevertheless find that organic farming fails to increase biodiversity and decrease eutrophication because it does not curb phosphorus emissions. We find that yields decrease by 33% after conversion to organic farming, which implies that agricultural area has to expand by 50% for organic farming to produce the same amount of food as conventional farming. Overall, because organic products sell at a higher price and spending on synthetic inputs decreases, conversion to organic farming increases farm profits. Chapter 3 studies the perception bias of agricultural practices and how organic farming is bringing an additional signal. Along with co-authors Rachel Guillain and Sophie Legras, we evaluate the willingness-to-pay for proximity to farmland using novel data on housing prices in France, coupled with land use data. The objective of this chapter is twofold. First, it aims to determine the spatial extent of the benefits derived from proximity to an agricultural plot and improved agri-environmental practices. Second, by merging real estate transactions with geo-referenced agricultural data, we can isolate the informational aspect of the organic label
Gubert, Flore. "Migration et gestion collective des risques : l’exemple de la région de Kayes (Mali)." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CLF10219.
Minviel, Jean-Joseph. "Subventions publiques et décisions de production des agriculteurs une analyse microéconomique." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NSARE040/document.
The thesis focuses on the impact of public subsidies on farmers’ production decisions. It first concentrates on the link between public subsidies and farm technical efficiency, and then investigates the potential effects of decoupled subsidies on farmers’ provision of ecosystem services. The influence of public subsidies on farmers’ behaviour is an important policy question in the context of the successive reforms of agricultural policies. There exists an extensive literature on this question, but this literature has three main shortcomings. First, the literature on the specific topic of the subsidy-efficiency nexus relies on a plethora of empirical models in which subsidies are often treated in an ad hoc way. Second, this literature is almost exclusively based on static modelling, while most agricultural production decisions are dynamic in nature. Finally, in the literature on the incentive effects of decoupled subsidies, the multitasking nature of farming activities has receivedlittle attention. The thesis addresses these issues, first, by undertaking a meta-analysis of the existing empirical findings on the subsidy-efficiency nexus, in order to control for effects arising from the various methodologies used. The results show that modelling subsidies as outputs, or using the ratio of subsidies to farm revenue as a subsidy proxy, could lead to misleading results. Then, the thesis develops and estimates a dynamic frontier model; for comparison purposes, the static counterpart of this model is also estimated. The results indicate that the static framework overestimates the (detrimental) effect of subsidies on farm technical efficiency. Finally, the thesis develops and tests a multitasking agency model, indicating that decoupled subsidies could raise farmer's incentives to provide environmental services and ecologically sound production
Ghib, Marie Luce. "Transformations des structures agricoles de production en Roumanie : quelles politiques publiques d'accompagnement ?" Thesis, Dijon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DIJOE017/document.
This thesis deals with the context of the accession of Romania to the EU and more widely with thesecond post-communist decade (2000-2010) in which we analyse the evolution of Romanian agricultural structures. In this context, the question of the main factors of structural changes arised as well as the role of supportive public policies. Firstly, the theoretical framework based on development economics and historical institutional economics is built. It then enables in a first partthe analysis of the embeddedness of Romanian agricultural sector within its social context. In thispart, we are also define and characterize so called “agricultural production structures”. The role of agriculture as a social buffer is also observed over the period studied, in addition to other forms of regulation which have emerged (national and international migrations). Structural evolutions arethen analysed using different databases. We observed a decrease in smaller units for the benefit of the average farms. Larger farms have also known a decrease in number and in size, which we attribute to restitution and to the end of privatization. The thesis attempts to identify the factors of these evolutions (survival and growth) using an econometric model in two stages. For that purposewe are also compare the evolution of Romanian structures to those of other European countries including Hungary and Slovenia. Finally, a policy evaluation is conducted on a series of measures identified to have restructuring goal. It appears that in general the absorption of funds, the intermediate target, is prefered to rural penetration of these levers, which is the final objective of thepolicy. Thus, while support for average farms seems relevant somes limitations appear in the implementation. Finally, the reorientation of the agricultural population will not be achieved onlyby the measures studied, for they are under-budgeted or because their effects are over-estimated
Teza susţinută se deruleaza în contextul aderării României la UE, şi pe scară mai largă teza analizeaza evoluţia structurilor de producţie agricola românesti pe al doilea deceniu post-comunist(2000-2010). În acest context, se pune problema pe principalii factori de schimbare structurală şirolul politicilor publice de susţinere. In primul rând, un cadru teoretic bazat pe economie dedezvoltare şi economie istorica instituţională este construit. Multumita acestui cadru se poateanaliza într-o primă parte, sectorul agricol românesc cuprins in sfera sociala, după definirea şi caracterizarea a ceea ce sa numit "structurile agricole de producţie”. Rolul de amortizor social aagriculturii se mai observa în perioada studiată, cu toate că alte forme de regulare au apărut(emigraţia naţionala şi internaţionala). Se face apoi observarea evoluţiilor folosind diferite baze dedate. Şi se observă o reducere în unităţi mai mici în beneficiul fermelor medii. Entităţile mai mari,de asemenea, cunosc o micşorare negativa în număr şi mărime, pe care le atribuim la sfârşitul procesului de privatizare şi de restituire. Teza încearcă să identifice apoi aceşti factori (de supravieţuire şi de creştere), utilizând un model econometric în două etape. Comparam evoluţia structurilor româneşti, cu cele din alte ţări europene, inclusiv Ungaria şi Slovenia. În ultima parte, oevaluarea politică se desfăşoară pe o serie de măsuri identificate pentru a avea un obiectiv de restructurare. Se pare că, în general, absorbţia fondurilor, obiectivul intermediar, este privilegiata laprenetratie in mediu rural din aceste pârghii, obiectivul final al politicii. Astfel, în timp ce sprijinulpentru fermele medii pare relevant apar niste limitarii în punerea în aplicare. In sfirsit, reorientarea populaţiei agricole va avea loc nu numai prin măsurile studiate, care sunt sub-bugetate sau ale cărorefecte sunt supra-estimate
Marty, Pauline. "Les appropriations urbaines de la question agricole. Le cas de Brive, de 1945 à 2012." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00999857.
Bair, Sabrine. "Assessing the impact of the use of information and communication technologies in the agricultural sector in Africa : the case of mobile telephony." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLM034.
The objective of this thesis is to capture the potential of information and communication technologies (ICTs), specifically mobile phones in Africa to alleviate the living conditions and empower households in rural areas, particularly in Sub-SaharaAfrica through information dissemination, rent redistribution, and financial inclusiveness. As the last developed continent, Africa suffers from poverty, lack of essential infrastructure, famine problems, the highest illiteracy rates, and limited access to financial services, so International organizations such as the World Bank argues that the expansion of mobile telephony adoption represents an opportunity to overcome some of Africa’s obstacles through innovative uses in the rural world, which suffers more from physical barriers. We focus on assessing the impact of the innovative uses of mobile phone services in the agricultural sector where I will draw conclusions on mobile phone services’ benefits, quantify them, and advise public and private authorities and organizations to set up suitable services to the populations’ needs
Salmona, Michèle. "Les cultures techniques et le travail des paysans français face aux politiques publiques de vulgarisation et d'incitation économique." Paris 7, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA070033.
The thesis presents, in its first part, the technical cultures, work, and professions of stock-breeder and market-gardener. This analysis is characterized by an access to the affective, cognitive, imaginary dimensions of work and to the natural and living supports of that work. Referring to french books and oral african traditions, an historical approach introduces an enrichment of the study of the work through a comparison with important stock-breeding and market-gardening societies. The second part deals with the affects of cultural pauperization and with the emerging pathologies bound to methods of popularization and to paradoxes conveyed by national politics of economical incitement. Interdisciplinary methods are required to value those politics in order to approximate the psychical costs as well as the tactics of resistance among groups, to the denial of technical cultures
Maillot, Ulrich. "La perception du développement durable à la Réunion : entre discours et réalité, politiques publiques et perceptions d'acteurs." Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0015/document.
Since 2002, three institutionnal players ad an economic player developed different policies for sustainable development in La Reunion. The Regional Council was the first to launch into with its agenda 21 and « Le Plan Réunionnais de Développement Durable ». He was followed by the General Council with the « Schéma Départemental d'Aménagement et de Développement Durable » in 2004, by La Réunion Économique in 2006 with « Reunion ïle Verte 2030 » and finally by the French State in 2007 with GERRI. This thesis aims to determine whether there is a sustainable dévelopment strategy shared by all the local actors. It also aims to identify whether there is a gap between the discourse of different actors about the concept of sustainable development and the action taken. These objectives lead us to take stoke of actions taken in La Reunion to justify the gap between rhetoric and reality, public policy and actor’s perceptions in the field of sustainable development. To fulfill these objectives, the research protocole implemented focused on three actors : political, socio-economic player and the population. For each of these actors, the objectif was to identify the type of action developed in the context of sustainable development and to define the associated representation. political actor have often take advantage of the ambiguity of the concept to engage in this process, or at least in its « communication » component. The concept of sustainable development is reduced to its simple expression of the protection of an environment that should provides services to the population. This adherence to the « environmental protection » hide an utilitarian view of the environment. It’s therefore a sustainability approach that could be described as « weak » and that seems to emerge in La Reunion
Kuate, Fotue Landry. "Allocation des dépenses publiques pour la transformation structurelle." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26133.
Russo, Paola Sabina. "Territoires, institutions et politiques publiques en matière de biotechnologies agricoles : les OGM en grandes cultures : étude comparée France (Moyenne-Garonne) - Italie (Emilie-Romagne)." Paris 8, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA083597.
Research on the propagation of agronomic GMOs in Europe has thus far focused on issues of political, economic and social regulation of this technological innovation, with emphasis on either a macroeconomic, sectoral or territorial type of approach, but has rarely attempted to combine the three. This thesis proposes a comprehensive approach to the governance issues posed by the propagation of this agronomic innovation, in terms of various spatial patterns and time scales, across extensive farming systems producing cereals (maize) and oilseeds (soybean, colza). Whether to replace chemical pesticides or to modify their conditions of use, seeds that have been genetically modified to tolerate specific herbicides and/or resist specific pests offer farmers new means for crop protection. How do the host environments react to the constraints imposed by the innovation? How do those environments reconcile the associated risks and benefits? In what ways are agrarian, social and mental structures likely to resist or on the contrary facilitate technical change? These were the questions that led us to undertake this work, joining the current of research on the dissemination of innovations in agriculture. We adopted a multi-scalar approach in order to gain an understanding of the stakes involved in the propagation of agronomic GMOs, not only at the global and European levels – and more specifically in two Member States, France and Italy – but also on an infra-national scale, in the regions of Emilia-Romagna and Moyenne-Garonne
La ricerca sulla diffusione degli OGM agronomici in Europa ha finora affrontato i problemi di regolazione politica, economica et sociale dell'innovazione da un punto di vista macroeconomico, settoriale o territoriale ma raramente essa a tentato una sintesi dei tre approcci. Questa tesi propone un approccio comprensivo ai problemi di "governanza" posti di la diffusione, a differenti scale spaziali et temporali, di una innovazione agronomica destinata al comparto delle grandi culture, più specificamente, al settore maidicolo e a quello delle oleaginose. Ora sostituendosi ai pesticidi chimici, ore modificandone le condizioni d'uso, le sementi modificate geneticamente per resistere agli attacchi di alcuni insetti o/e per tollerare certi erbicidi offrono agli agricoltori uno strumento supplementare per la protezione delle colture. Come viene valuto il rapporto rischi/benefici ? Di che natura sono la resistenze o le facilità che le strutture agrarie, sociali e mentali possono opporre o offrire al cambiamento ? Come regiscono i territori ai vincoli giuridici, normativi et tecnici impostidalle instituzioni ed dal mercato nonché dalla natura stessa dell'innovazione ? Tali sono i quesiti che ci hanno spinto ad intraprendere questo lavoro di ricerca che si inserisce nel vasto ambito degli studi sulla diffusione delle innovazioni in agricoltora. L'obiettivo che ci proponiamo é di far luce su alcune delle problematiche sollevate dalla diffusione degli OGM agronomici non solo a livello mondiale et europeo, et più specificamente in due Stati membri - l'Italia et la Francia - ma anche a livello infranazionale, in Emilia Romagna e in Moyenne-Garonne. Il nostro approccio é dunque multiscalare
Hobeika, Alexandre. "Les représentations de la FNSEA : profession, Etat, marchés (Orne, années 1980-2015)." Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0106.
FNSEA, the main farmers' union, is a central institution of the government regime of agriculture in postwar France. It represents them vis-à-vis the state, farm commodity markets, and agricultural organizations. In order to the changes in this regime since the 1980s, this study focuses on this union in the Orne departement, in which productions (cereals, milk, meat) are key for the cafe and for FNSEA, and where opposition unions are strong. It is based on the obervation of the activity of the union during several years, an analysis of its working documents, combined with an ethnography of its local roots within two local districts (cantons), and interviews with leaders, members and non-members of the union. We analyze the activities of co-administration, regulation of the farmland market and of the milk market. We show that the union manages to maintain comanagement tools with public institutions, but appears vulnerable to the liberalization of commodity markets in spite of its strong expertise and its large number of members. In order to tackle the decrease in the membership rate, it tries to develop its offer of commercial services, but is limited by strong competition from other agricultural organizations and by its style based on personalized relationships. It produces and trains administrators for the institutions of agriculture, but fails to attract today's elite farmers. These are more interested in systems of production with high added value
Piet, Laurent. "Spatialisation d'un modèle d'équilibre général calculable pour l'étude de la localisation des activités agricoles à une échelle infra-nationale." Paris, ENGREF, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ENGR0002.
Our main objective consists in the introduction of the spatial dimension into a computable general equilibrium model so as to model as accurately as possible the processes governing agricultural activities location at a local scale thanks to the use of spatial economics concepts. We therefore develop a multiregional computable general equilibrium model where the studied economic system is split up into several regions which may trade commodities with one another. Giving up the classical Armington assumption on imports and exports, we assume that goods produced in different regions are perfect substitutes, while explicitly introducing transport costs. Production activities and trade relations may thus become active or inactive in counterfactual experiments. Starting with the construction of a national micro-consistent social accounting matrix, we propose an original two-step calibration method which permits the endogenous calculation of the benchmark multiregional equilibrium. The nomenclature identifies 3 production factors, 7 activities producing 10 commodities, 1 representative consumer and one governmental institution. The model is implemented as a mixed complementarity program using the GAMS software. Simulations are run with an 8-region version of the model, but successful tests have been carried out with up to 35 regions. An unconditional systematic sensitivity analysis regarding elasticity parameters concludes to a satisfactory robustness. When the neighbouring relationships between regions, the definition of reference points for the calculation of distances and the distance measure itself are successively modified, it appears that contiguity and accessibility among regions are decisive parameters. Finally the study of two stylised agricultural policy reforms demonstrates the relevance of taking the spatial dimension into account. In particular, the multiregional framework permits the comparison of the impact of seemingly equivalent policies which are defined at different scales
Leege, David M. "Dans quelle mesure la microfinance et la formation agricole peuvent-elles contribuer à la réduction de la pauvreté dans une région défavorisée du Cambodge." Montpellier 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON10044.
Devaux, Pascal. "La relation entre le crédit et l'investissement en milieu rural sahélien." Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50374-1999-9.pdf.
The part of credit in the agricultural investment decision is particular in sahelian zone given nonseparability of production and consommation decisions. Empirical studies allow to establish that sahelian farmers face an uninsurable background risk. The farmer's investment decision is therefore both affected by income maximisation and income securisation. In integrating credit into investment decision, we have to consider multiple source of risk : the income risk and the investment risk. The hypothese of prudent and strong risk aversion in ross sense behaviour allow to consider a double effect of credit on the investment decision : an incitative wealth effect linked to the increase in available liquidity, and a negative debt effect on investment. This debt effect is linked to the consequences of a debt to repay from an uncertain futur income. Beyond strictly productive elements, the relationship between credit and investment in rural sahelian zone depends on the income level and the income risk. The negative impact of financing investment by credit on income risk can lead sahelian producer not to invest, or to favour divisible and liquid agricultural investments, in order to minimise the debt and its effects on risk. Natural agricultural environment is likely to be affected; in furthering investment linked to extensive agriculture to the detriment of soil conservation investment, the latter being undivisible and illiquid
Pédelahore, Philippe. "Stratégies d'accumulation des exploitants agricoles : l'exemple des cacaoculteurs du Centre Cameroun de 1910 à 2010." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOU20047.
This thesis, which was undertaken in Cameroon, analyses the cocoa surface area accumulation trajectories and strategies of three generations of cocoa planters, covering the period 1910-2010. To do so, we carried out semi-structured interviews with a sample of 82 planters representing different sized cocoa plantations. The analysis of their trajectories shows that while the first two generations of planters accumulated just a few hectares of cocoa land, over the past thirty years, the current generation has accumulated several dozens of hectares, particularly in the frontier areas. Farmers with large amounts of financial capital generated through non-agricultural, and generally urban, activities mainly are responsible for these high levels of accumulation of cacao land. Spatial mobility, in the direction of the frontier regions or towards the city, and professional mobility, which allows agricultural and non-agricultural activities to be mixed, thus appears to be the most effective strategy for accumulating large surface areas for cocoa production. These strategies lead to the development of large capitalist and enterprise cocoa plantations that reinforce the commoditization of land and labour. These large plantations compete with small family farms over land, leading to the proletarianisation of some of the poorest farmers. These results suggest that there is a need to develop research policies which focus less on improving technical practices and yields and more on the mobility of the labour force and of financial capital between the different sectors of the national economy and between regions. The results also indicate that the government should not abandon the management and future of these people and territories to the free market alone
Salaris, Coline. "Mobilisations en souffrance : analyse comparative de la construction de deux problèmes de santé publique : (familles victimes du Distilbène et agriculteurs victimes des pesticides)." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0462/document.
To self-identify as a victim and to get involved publicly as a victim is not selfevident,even for members of victims associations. It is a long process of identityreformulation which entails giving a meaning to a past hurtful experience as a traumaor a mourning. For members of victims groups getting mobilized in the context of publichealth scandals is also a collective process. It consists in going beyond a prioripersonal griefs and being able to build a sufficiently coherent group around publichealth problem.This thesis analyses the multiple individual and collective processes, betweenpersonal and public spheres. It is based on a comparative study between the scandalsof Diethylsbestrol and the social mobilization of agricultural workers victims ofpesticides contaminations. It gathers 77 semi-directive interviews and about 15ethnographic observations. In this study we have been trying to understand to whichextend scattered and hurt individuals progressively and collectively manage toestablish themselves as public players and more precisely in public health
Chaussat, Alain-Gilles. "Les populations du Massif armoricain au crible du sarrasin. Etude d'un marqueur culturel du Bocage normand (XVI-XX siècle)." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC035/document.
Today, buckwheat is unavoidably associated with the famous Breton galettes (buckwheat pancakes), yet we know little of its history. Introduced as a subsistence crop in western France (Brittany and west Normandy) during the 15th and 16th centuries, buckwheat became the predominant crop and foodstuff in the region from the 17th century. This study examines the role of buckwheat in various aspects of societies in western France from the 16th century to the 20th century, via four main sections: the introduction and spread of buckwheat in Europe, its place in the agrarian systems of the Armorican Massif, its impact on the diets of populations in this region and its use in relieving subsistence crises. The chapters compare practices in Brittany and Normandy, to identify elements of a common identity among populations in western France, and elements that are specific to territories. This comparative approach is repeated within these two spaces, to identify local particularities
Coradini, Lucas. "Jovens e mulheres na agenda de políticas públicas para o rural : o problema da reprodução social na agricultura familiar." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/150323.
A partir do problema da crise na sucessão geracional em unidades produtivas familiares e da reprodução social do modo de produção familiar, este estudo lança um olhar sobre os dilemas enfrentados pelas populações rurais e sobre as ações desenvolvidas pelo Estado para o atendimento de suas demandas, através das políticas públicas. As especificidades do processo de sucessão na agricultura familiar remetem a questões de gênero e geracionais, colocando os jovens e mulheres no centro da análise. Objetiva-se, num primeiro momento, traçar um detalhado diagnóstico da situação juvenil e feminina no meio rural, compreender suas demandas e o processo de formação da agenda de políticas para estes segmentos. Num segundo momento, busca-se caracterizar e analisar os diferentes programas e políticas desenvolvidas, seus impactos sobre a realidade rural, as avaliações que se têm sobre eles, elevando o conhecimento sobre os avanços e limites destas intervenções. Para o diagnóstico da realidade rural, realiza-se uma ampla revisão dos estudos recentes nesta temática, delimitando a análise à agricultura familiar do Rio Grande do Sul, o que inclui um trabalho empírico sobre os jovens agricultores familiares do município de Faxinal do Soturno/RS. Para a análise das políticas públicas, busca-se traçar o percurso histórico das ações desenvolvidas pelo Estado para o rural brasileiro, com especial atenção para a formação da agenda e a inclusão das pautas de jovens e mulheres da agricultura familiar, abordando as diferentes etapas que compõe o ciclo de políticas públicas. Ao final, as respostas institucionais são colocadas frente às demandas das populações rurais, permitindo um balanço sobre a efetividade das ações até então desenvolvidas. Particularidades da situação juvenil e feminina no meio rural ampliam os fatores explicativos da evasão do trabalho agrícola, apresentando novos elementos para o entendimento da reprodução social na agricultura familiar, o que aponta para a necessidade de adaptações no foco das políticas públicas para este público.
From the problem of the crisis in the generational succession in family production units and of the social reproduction of family farming, this study takes a look at the dilemmas faced by rural populations and on the actions taken by the state to meet their demands through public policy. The specifics of the process of succession in family farming refer to gender and generational issues, putting young people and women in the center of the analysis. It aims, at first, to draw a detailed diagnosis of juvenile and women's situation in rural areas, to understand their demands and the process of creation of the policy’s agenda for these segments. Secondly, it seeks to characterize and to analyze the different programs and policies that are developed, their impact on the rural reality, the evaluations that we have on them, raising awareness about the progress and limits of these interventions. For the diagnosis of the rural reality, we carried out a comprehensive review of recent studies on this topic, limiting the analysis to the family farm in Rio Grande do Sul, which includes an empirical work on the young farmers of Faxinal do Soturno/RS. For the analysis of public policies, we seek to trace the historical course of the actions taken by the State for the brazilian countryside, with special attention to the formation of the agenda and the inclusion of guidelines for youth and women in family agriculture, addressing the different steps that constitute the cycle of public policies. Finally, the institutional responses face the demands of rural populations, enabling an assessment of the effectiveness of actions hitherto developed. Special features of the youth and women's situation in rural areas expand the explanatory factors of evasion of agricultural work, introducing new elements to the understanding of social reproduction in family farming, which points out to the need for adjustments in the focus of public policies for this audience.
Boullier, Denis. "Les questions agricoles à l'assemblée législative de la Seconde République (mai 1849-décembre 1851)." Paris 10, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA100086.
In France, the proclamation of the Second Republic and the institution of universal suffrage in the mid nineteenth century led to the eruption on the political scene of an electoral body composed of some 75% of rural dwellers. The votes of an overpopulated agricultural world in crisis were suddenly much sought after. How are the people's elected representatives at the assembly going to come to terms with this new political force? What will be the importance of rural and in particular agricultural issues in the work of the assembly? What have these 750 representatives done for agriculture between May 1849 and December 1851? 52 parliamentary initiatives dealing with 22 different agricultural questions, 32 commissions, endless debates but only four laws voted through of which only one is really innovative: a pretty poor legislative showing for this assembly elected by a large majority of rural dwellers. Political right-left bipolarization, opposition between intransigent liberals and interventionists, town-country antagonisms, cultural dashes between the intellectuals of "the bar" and elected self-made autodidacts, rivalries between partisans of the Elyse and its opponents; such were the many factors which contributed to the ineffectiveness of this assembly. No wonder, then that this legislative should have laid the foundations for a certain anti-parliamentary from which Napoléon the third was to be the first benefit. A political experience whose lesson the Republicans were to draw upon in making the Third Republic on of rural dwellers