Дисертації з теми "Agriculture and state – China; Agriculture – China"
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1
Xu, Qing. "China's agricultural reforms : experience, empirical evidence and tendency /." Title page, abstract and table of contents only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phx9.pdf.
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2
Thiers, Paul Robert. "Green food : the political economy of organic agriculture in China /." view abstract or download file of text, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p9948031.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 1999.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 303-318). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users. Address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p9948031.
3
Krusekopf, Charles C. "Land-tenure institutions and agricultural productivity in post-reform China /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7460.
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4
Yuen, Kwok-keung, and 袁國強. "Changes in agricultural policies in communist China, 1949-1960: an historical analysis." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1989. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31949769.
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5
Lam, Hin-kwong. "The agrarian reform in China : changes and achievements, 1978-1983 /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1991. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13167108.
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6
Lam, Hin-kwong, and 林顯光. "The agrarian reform in China: changes and achievements, 1978-1983." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1991. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31950176.
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7
DeMare, Brian James. "Turning bodies and turning minds land reform and Chinese political culture, 1946-1952 /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1481674991&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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8
Wang, Yan Chao. "EU's agricultural support policy and its revelation on China's agricultural policy." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2555588.
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9
Kong, Jing. "Income inequality within and between villages in a rural region of China." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6029.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on April 15, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.
10
Ngan, Kit-yan, and 顔傑恩. "The role of entrepreneurship in China's economic development." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31954467.
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11
Han, Donglin. "Structural transformation and its impacts : evidence from Zhejiang /." View abstract or full-text, 2006. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?SOSC%202006%20HAN.
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12
Snell, Sabrina. "The party-state, business and a half kilo of milk : a study of the dynamics of regulation in China's dairy industry." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2014. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/51555/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis examines the challenge of regulation in China's dairy industry—a sector that went from being the country's fastest growing food product to the 2008 melamine-milk incident and a nationwide food safety crisis. In this pursuit, it attempts to bridge the gap between analyses that view food safety problems through the separate lenses of the state regulatory apparatus and industry governance. It offers state-business interaction as a critical and fundamental component in both of these food safety mechanisms, particularly in the case of China where certain party-state activities can operate within industry chains. Using this framework, it traces party-state involvement in the dairy value chain from the industry's initial takeoff in the late 1990s and early 2000s through the years leading up to and following the melamine-milk incident. It reveals that the realities of upstream dairy production diverged significantly from party-state and industry demands, creating space for food safety issues. At the same time, state-business interaction—particularly at the local level—limited the ability of actors to address these vulnerabilities. It constrained coordination and control between lead firms and their suppliers, between chain actors and party-state institutions and within the operations of vertically integrated enterprises. In sum, dairy's regulatory challenges stemmed from structural issues in the way that the party-state interacted with business, and not necessarily from a lack of appropriate legislation or value chain models. The thesis draws on fieldwork conducted from 2009-2010 and incorporates material from relevant government policy as well as from a set of internal documents detailing the operations of a particular Chinese dairy processor, here called “Company X,” one year prior to the melamine-milk incident.
13
Ngan, Kit-yan. "The role of entrepreneurship in China's economic development." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B15967414.
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14
Song, Xue Ping. "Issues on agricultural subsidies in WTO and their impact on China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2008. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1880415.
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15
郭正林. "村民自治與黨的領導 : 中國農村黨政關係的類型硏究 = Village self-government and leadership of Chinese Communist Party : study on the types of the relation between the party and village government". HKBU Institutional Repository, 1999. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/194.
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16
Sanson, Esther Mary. "The Chinese Communist Party and China's Rural Problems." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Languages and Cultures, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1903.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Vast disparities exist between China’s rural and urban areas. Throughout the history of Communist Party rule, ever-widening rural-urban inequality, problems with migration to the cities, and the threat of rural unrest have afflicted the countryside. Efforts by previous administrations have largely failed to solve the nation’s rural problems. China’s current leaders are determined to tackle these issues by means of a change in the direction in policy: the new focus is on sustainable development and social justice rather than rapid economic growth. At the same time, the central government hopes to strengthen the Communist Party’s power base and reduce potential threats to its ongoing reign. While the new policy direction is expected to improve the standard of living of China’s rural people and reduce social conflict in the short term, it may be insufficient to bring peace and satisfaction among the people in the long term.
17
劉震. "中國農地徵用補償政策研究 : 從失地農民權益保障角度出發". Thesis, University of Macau, 2007. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1881033.
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18
Wong, Chi-kwong Patrick. "Economic changes in rural China." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B15967487.
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19
Wong, Chi-kwong Patrick, and 黃志光. "Economic changes in rural China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31954509.
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20
Jia, Weiming. "Transition from foraging to farming in northeast China." Connect to full text, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/653.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2005.Title from title screen (viewed 20 May 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Dept. of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.
21
Marden, Samuel. "Agriculture, development and structural change in reform-era China." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3264/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Market based reforms to China’s agricultural sector, between 1978 and 1984, marked the start of the reform era. The reforms were enormously successful, resulting in dramatic increases in both agricultural productivity and output. The first two chapters of this thesis are an empirical exploration of the consequences of the agricultural reforms for the growth of China’s non-agricultural sector and the pattern of Chinese urbanisation. The third chapter uses the interaction between differential rural income growth and the One Child Policy, to shed light on how declining family size has fuelled the latent demand for sex selective abortion in China and beyond. The first chapter explores the link between agricultural productivity and industrialisation in the context of reform era China. A classic literature argues that, at low levels of development, improvements in agricultural productivity can provide an important stimulus to the nonagricultural sector, however empirical evidence of this is limited. Using a natural experiment provided by China’s agricultural reforms, I show that higher agricultural productivity growth had a substantial positive causal effect on non-agricultural output. I use the predictions of a simple two sector model, which nests the possibility of linkages through demand externalities, the supply of capital, and the supply of labour, to provide additional results indicating that the linkages I observe appear to be driven primarily by increases in the supply of capital. In the second chapter, I ask how higher agricultural productivity affected China’s urbanisation. In 1978, at the time of the reforms, more than 80% of China’s population lived in the countryside. By 2011, fewer than 50% did. Whether agricultural productivity increases the pace of urbanisation is theoretically ambiguous, and depends on whether the effect of higher rural incomes is more than offset by the increased demand for urban goods. I show that increased agricultural productivity not only increased the pace of urbanisation between 1978 and 1995, it also affected the type of cities that formed. Higher agricultural productivity increased the output of the urban service sector, at the expense of the tradable industrial sector. The results are consistent with a simple model where urbanisation and structural transformation are jointly determined. In the third chapter, I use China as a setting to explore the hypothesis that the increase in male-female sex ratios observed in China, and many other parts of the world, over the past fifty years is, at least in part, driven by the demographic transition to smaller family sizes. Since 1979, the One Child Policy has imposed economic, and sometimes non-economic sanctions, for breaching proscribed fertility levels. The economic sanctions have meant that, within a class of households, the 1CP may have constrained the fertility of poor households more than rich ones. Using plausibly exogenous variation in household income, I show that richer, less constrained households, had higher fertility in the wake of the implementation of the One Child Policy. I then show that this increase in fertility is associated with a subsequent decline in sex selection. The decline in sex selection is roughly contemporaneous with the emergence of pre-natal ultrasound which dramatically reduced the costs of sex selective abortion. Together, the results suggest that China’s dramatic decline in fertility in the 1970’s, may have played an important role in fuelling the demand for sex selection from the mid 1980’s onwards.
22
Lu, Tracey Lie Dan. "The transition from foraging to farming and the origin of agriculture in China /." Oxford : J. & E. Hedges, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37191931c.
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23
Zou, Pan. "The forestry system and the timber market in China." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26827.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the past two decades, China has achieved a spectacular success in its economic growth. As a basic input for the production process, the forest resource has been one of the fundamental factors propping up the expansion of China's economy. When China is absorbing imports of timber products in the global market, studies of China's forestry system and its timber market incite greater interest. This paper represents a systematic approach to probe into the comprehensive realities of China's forestry system and its timber market. Econometric methods are applied in analyzing the demand and supply patterns. The empirical analysis is used to forecast the quantity demanded for timber products in China.
24
Liu, Xiaoli. "Agriculture and the operation of the capital market in China." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=92519.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis considers China’s rural financial system and its impact on rural economy. It explores three specific aspects, i.e. the relationship between agricultural growth and finance; agricultural banking efficiency and financial reforms; and the impact of lack of access to credit on production. The results of the general finance-growth relationship over 1992 to 2003 indicate no evidence of a positive relationship between state finance and agricultural or overall growth, although, perhaps as a result of the reforms, this negative impact seemed to disappear when the later sub-period was considered. The results also suggest that the impact of the lagged state credit variable on growth is positive. There is also weak evidence that agriculture growth was less negatively affected by state lending than in the economy overall. There is also some indication that the changes which occurred after the 1993 financial reform were less in agriculture than for the wider economy. Examination on the performance of the Agricultural Bank of China (ABC) over the period 1979 to 1992 and 2002 to 2005 show that ABCs’ performance fluctuated over years. However, the overall comparison between the beginning and end of the period indicates an improvement in banking performance in the long-term.
25
Cody, Sacha. "Exemplary Agriculture: Organic Farming and Urban/Rural Space in China." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/110547.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Exemplary agriculture is a grassroots alternative food movement in Shanghai, China and the surrounding countryside. At the movement’s centre are a group of 13 independent and small-scale organic farmers. This thesis outlines the movement’s formation and functioning, and discusses participants’ motivations and objectives. It also identifies relationships between movement activists and intellectuals, rural residents, volunteers on the farms and customers in the city. Exemplary agriculture is different to other alternative food movements because it is heavily influenced by the continuing legacies of state socialism. Two legacies in particular affect how exemplary agriculturalists think and act. The first is exemplarity, a form of morality and social governance that achieves order through leadership by example and the emulation of role models. Exemplarity and the promotion of role models has been a pillar of Chinese Communist Party policy since the 1940s. The second is the differentiation of the urban and the rural. The household registration system, established by the CCP in the 1950s, paved the way for the formation of powerful discourses of
urban/rural difference. These discourses polarise the city and the countryside into discrete spaces and identities with clearly demarcated boundaries, privileging the urban. Exemplary agriculturalists worry about the health of Chinese society and want to provide alternatives. By growing organic produce in the countryside and selling to customers in the city, they want to relieve Chinese urbanites from anxiety caused by food safety concerns. At a deeper level, they want to influence urban attitudes toward rural China and improve relations between the two groups. Exemplary agriculturalists adopt principles derived from rural culture and call on others to emulate them. They encourage urban residents to apply these principles to their own lives, thereby facilitating alternative and better ways of city living. In short, they borrow from the rural to help the urban.
26
Schwoob, Marie-Hélène. "The sociopolitical patterns of agricultural modernization in China : stepping on transition pathways." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015IEPP0025/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Notre recherche, qui prend pour point de départ le récent renouveau de l’intérêt du gouvernement chinois pour le développement agricole, s’appuie sur deux approches. La première se fonde sur une analyse des documents de référence promulguant les lignes directrices des politiques de modernisation agricole entre 2004 et 2014, et a pour but de saisir les traits du référentiel dominant de modernisation tel que promu par le gouvernement central. Ce référentiel dominant, en particulier, promeut deux objectifs principaux – la sécurité alimentaire et le développement économique – et trois outils de mise en œuvre : le développement scientifique et technologique, l’implication des entreprises et l’exode rural. La diffusion de ce référentiel dominant a des conséquences sur les schémas sociologiques de la production agricole, que la deuxième approche explore au sein de quatre régions d’étude situées dans les provinces, zones administrative et municipalité du Ningxia, du Jiangxi, du Shandong et de Pékin. Cette analyse sociologique se penche sur l’étude des modalités de réinvestissement des activités de production agricole par les officiels locaux et montre que ces derniers s’appuient de manière préférentielle sur un réseau d’agroentrepreneurs industriels locaux. L’analyse des structures relationnelles locales qui se forment ou se cristallisent au cours de ce processus permet de saisir les contours de la trajectoire de modernisation sur laquelle s’engage aujourd’hui l’agriculture chinoise et révèle la formation d’obstacles institutionnels et sociologiques à l’évolution des pratiques agricoles vers plus de durabilité sociale et environnementaleThis dissertation takes as its point of departure the recent renewal of the interest of the Chinese state in agricultural development. The approach of this research is twofold: political and sociological. The political approach focuses on the analysis of agricultural modernization policies between 2004 and 2014, with the aim of understanding the frames of reference of agricultural modernization promoted by the central government, which is characterized by two main goals – food security and economic development – and three main levers – science and technology, industries and the rural exodus. The spreading of this dominant frame of reference has effects on the sociological patterns of agricultural production, which are explored by the second approach of this research in four targeted areas: Beijing, Shandong, Jiangxi and Ningxia. Drawing on fieldwork and interviews, this sociological analysis investigates the modalities of the reinvolvement of Chinese government officials in rural areas through the implementation of policies aimed at modernizing agricultural production and examines the pattern of relationships and the roles played by political and economic stakeholders in the modernization process. The analysis of the sociopolitical frames built in the course of the modernization of agricultural production enables to identify the features of the agricultural modernization pathway China is engaging on. In particular, the established patterns of power and institutions in rural areas led to the establishment of roadblocks that impede transition towards social and environmental sustainability of agricultural production
27
Guo, Huanxiu. "The "New Rural Reconstruction" : movement and sustainable agricultural development in China." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CLF10434/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cette thèse étudie le mouvement de la Nouvelle Reconstruction Rurale (NRR) sous l'angle du développement durable, en prenant l'exemple concret du village de Sancha, une communauté rurale de la province du Guangxi en Chine. Initié en 2003, la NRR est un réseau national de projets de développement qui réunit des intellectuels, des étudiants et des organisations dont l'objectif estd'expérimenter différents modèles de développement agricole et rural en Chine. Comme alternative à l'industrialisation agricole, la NRR favorise la coopération entre les petits agriculteurs, le savoir-faire local et l'agro-écologie pour le développement durable de l'agriculture. Afin de comprendre ses caractéristiques institutionnelles, son fonctionnement et son impact, nous avons mené une enquête dans le village de Sancha pour collecter des données sur les comportements socio-économiques de petits exploitants agricoles, et proposé trois études de cas sur la NRR. Nos analyses empiriques suggèrent que la NRR a promu le développement de l'agriculture biologique dans le village. Les activités sociales sont efficaces pour la construction du réseau social via lequell'agriculture biologique a été diffusée rapidement. Néanmoins, sans la formation technique suffisante et continue, les paysans récemment convertis à l'agriculture biologique tendent à sur-utiliser l'azote et perdent leur avantage environnemental dans la riziculture. Pour améliorer la performance des petits paysans, l'apprentissage participatif social paraît utile mais limité car les petits agriculteurs sont plutôt tirés par la performance économique que par la protection environnementale. De ces résultats, nous recommandons un partenariat Etat-société civile qui combine les services d'extension agricole du gouvernement et la reconstruction rurale ascendante pour l'objectif commun d'une agriculture durable en ChineThis doctoral thesis studies the New Rural Reconstruction (NRR) movement from a sustainable development perspective, through a concrete case of Sancha village, a rural community in China's Guangxi province. Initiated in 2003, the NRR is a grassroots network of development projects which unites intellectuals, students and organizations to experiment with different models of agricultural and rural development in China. As an alternative to agricultural industrialization, the NRR favors the cooperation of smallholder farmers, local knowledge and agro-ecology for sustainable agricultural development. In order to understand the NRR's institutional characteristics, functioning and impact, we conducted a survey in Sancha village to collect data on smallholder farmers' socio-economic behavior and performed three in-depth NRR case studies. Our empirical analysis suggests that the NRR has promoted the development of organic farming in the village. Social activities are cost-effective for social network building where organic farming is diffused rapidly. Nevertheless, without sufficient, ongoing technical training, farmers newly converted to organic farming tend to overuse nitrogen and lose their environmental advantage in rice production. To improve the performance of smallholder farmers, participatory social learning appears useful but limited because smallholder farmers are interested in economic performance rather than environmental protection. On basis of these results, we recommend a state-civil society partnership which combines the government's agricultural extension services and bottom-up rural reconstruction for the commonobjective of sustainable agriculture in China
28
Hodder, Rupert. "Some dynamics of peri-urban vegetable farming in China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1987. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31208216.
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29
Cheng, Kwok-hang, and 鄭國鏗. "Is vertical farming a more sustainable alternative to conventional farming in Hong Kong?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/207616.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hong Kong’s agricultural sector has been declining since the 1980s with the reduction in area of arable lands and number of farmers. The trend of over-reliance on imported produce is likely to continue with population growth in the upcoming decades. The climbing imported to locally grown food ratio might aggravate climate change. Vertical farming, which is promoted in recent years as a more sustainable mode of farming than conventional cultivation, is investigated mainly in terms of life cycle Greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions of its produce.
Assessment was carried out following the guidelines in two relevant sets of Publicly Available Specification (PAS). Lettuce variety “Heading European”, which is among the most popular leafy vegetables in Hong Kong, is chosen because of its significant share imported from Guangdong Province. Three sets of surveys have been conducted to find out if locally grown produce generates less GHG than imported one. The sustainability of vertical farming is also evaluated. It performs in a cradle-to-gate basis in which life cycle of the lettuce is assessed from the stage of farmland preparation to delivery of them to Vegetable Marketing Organization (VMO).
The results of life cycle GHG evaluation show that produce of local farm generates fewer amounts of GHGs than the imported one. For lettuces imported from the conventional farm in Songyuancun, Guangdong Province, it generates approximately 1.57E+00kg of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e). It is about 132% higher than the one grown in local conventional farm at Tai Kong Po Tsuen, which is around 6.77E-01kg of CO2-e
It seems the idea of replacing local conventional farming with vertical farming is not sustainable at this stage. Evaluation reveals the latter generates more amount of GHG which is 8.72E+00kg CO2-e/cup of Oak Leaf Lettuce. It is about 13 times higher than the locally grown in the conventional farm.
The energy-hungry lighting system and the lack of renewable energy are among the major reasons for high GHG emission in vertical farming. Although the GHG emissions are higher than conventional farming in the designated lifecycle, vertical farming does contribute to sustainable development in terms of food stability and job opportunity.
Uncertainties of this study could well be improved by developing a specific set of GHG emission factors for components in preparation stage and on-farm stage. More information could be collected for use and end-of-life stages, which is omitted in the study. Further comparison of wider variety of vegetables cultivated in different forms of farming should also be carried out.
Carbon labelling scheme for agricultural products would brush up environmental awareness of both producers and consumers. With the trend of green consumption, it would provide an incentive for producers to adopt this scheme. It is especially important for local vertical farms to impose this scheme to increase its market competiveness.
Moreover, government should play a significant role in promoting a more sustainable form of agriculture. Supportive policy like increasing investment in R&D for energy efficient technologies or even erecting a modern building for vertical farms would help achieve this goal. The lowered life cycle GHG emission would enhance sustainability of vertical farming.published_or_final_version
Environmental Management
Master
Master of Science in Environmental Management
30
Zhu, Ran. "COFFEE MARKET IN CHINA." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/69.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Although China is generally known as a tea-consuming country, both the production and consumption of coffee in China has seen double-digit growth in the last decade. This upward trend is projected to continue as long as investment is sustained and levels of disposable income continue to increase. In this rapidly expanding market, it is important for coffee producers and retailers in China to understand the preferences of emerging Chinese coffee consumers. Using survey data from Hubei and Zhejiang, China, we apply a Tobit regression model to analyze Chinese coffee consumers. Results show that the length of time consumers have been regularly drinking coffee, their self-assessed knowledge of coffee, and their taste preferences with regard to a variety of coffee products are all important factors in explaining Chinese coffee consumer trends. We suggest that coffee producers and retailers in China focus on improving the quality of their products to achieve long-term success.
31
Lau, Chi-king Vincent, and 劉子敬. "Incorporating urban agriculture into Hong Kong's built environment." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/195109.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With many of our cities today faced with a number of urban issues, there is an increasing need for cities to development sustainably. Urban Agriculture can play an important role in achieving environmental, social and economic sustainability for urban cities. The prospect of growing food locally will have profound benefits on the urban area.
This study is conducted to look at how urban agriculture can be incorporated into the built environment of Hong Kong in order to contribute to its sustainability.
Thorough extensive review of literature, overseas practices and interviews with various professionals, scholars, government officials, local bodies, etc., it is found that there are various development constraints inhibiting the development of urban agriculture in Hong Kong. Recommendations are made for enhancing urban agriculture from a planning policy and development framework perspective in hope that this study can spark interested from different members of the community in promoting local food production in urban cities.published_or_final_version
Urban Planning and Design
Master
Master of Science in Urban Planning
32
Atahan, Pia. "Early agriculture and holocene environments in the Yangtze river delta, China." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
[Truncated abstract] Environmental changes have had major impacts on past human societies across the globe, and a better understanding of this human-environment interaction is necessary for building societies with resilience towards future environmental change, and to effectively conserve areas of natural environments into the future. Regions such as the Yangtze delta, that have a long history of rice cultivation (dating to at least ca. 7000 BP) and a high density of prehistoric sites, provide an ideal backdrop to study both long-term human-environment interactions, and the environmental impacts of agricultural societies. This study aims to provide Holocene palaeoenvironmental reconstructions for three study sites in the Yangtze delta region, with the principle objectives of detecting human activity particularly that associated with the development of rice agriculture and identifying environmental changes within the palaeoenvironmental records. A parallel aim is to develop the use of quantitative biomarker and compound specific isotope analyses in Holocene palaeoenvironmental investigations, including in the detection of early agricultural environments, through analysis of sedimentary deposits. Palaeoenvironmental records for the three study sites, Qingpu, Guangfulin and Liangzhu, cover the time period from ca. 12,000 to ca. 400 BP. '...' Greater proportions of coniferous and deciduous taxa early in the records (prior to ca. 7000 BP) indicate comparatively cooler conditions, while the increased abundance of Chenopodiaceae during that time suggests both cooler conditions and a greater marine influence in the region. Palaeoenvironmental data obtained during this study suggest agriculture in the delta region to have gradually increased in importance from ca. 7000 2400 BP. The Guangfulin study site yielded the earliest evidence of agricultural activity, dating to ca. 7000 BP, principally in the form of a corresponding increase in Poaceae (Oryza comp.) abundance and decline of arboreal forest taxa. Subsequent periods of agricultural intensification are noted at ca. 5360 BP at Liangzhu and ca. 4700 BP at Guangfulin. Following the final period of intensification at Qingpu and Guangfulin (ca. 2400 BP), the extent of cultivated land in the delta region may have been comparable to modern times. Technological development during the early dynasties, particularly the greater availability of iron tools, is likely to have been a major factor driving the agricultural intensification detected ca. 2400 BP. The large tracts of natural vegetation detected by this research prior to ca. 2400 BP, would have afforded a degree of resilience to the human inhabitants of the delta region. Following the contraction of natural vegetation in the delta region, societies would have gained some resilience through access to the extensive trade network of the Chinese state. Resilience acquired through these means may, in part, account for the longevity of agricultural societies in the Yangtze delta region of China.
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D'Alpoim, Guedes Jade. "Adaptation and Invention during the Spread of Agriculture to Southwest China." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The spread of an agricultural lifestyle played a crucial role in the development of social complexity and in defining trajectories of human history. This dissertation presents the results of research into how agricultural strategies were modified during the spread of agriculture into Southwest China. By incorporating advances from the fields of plant biology and ecological niche modeling into archaeological research, this dissertation addresses how humans adapted their agricultural strategies or invented appropriate technologies to deal with the challenges presented by the myriad of ecological niches in southwest China. This dissertation uses ecological niche modeling to examine the options and constraints associated with practicing different types of agriculture in the specific ecological niches of southwest China. The predictions made by these models are then tested against archaeobotanical data from a series of sites from across the region. This approach allows one to understand how the spread of agriculture took place in its particular social and economic contexts.Anthropology
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Bruins, Randall J. F. "Modeling of flooding response and ecological engineering in an agricultural wetland region of central China /." The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487947908403558.
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Che, Yi. "Land rental market development in Rural China /." View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?SOSC%202009%20CHE.
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Fang, Huirong. "Land pawning practices in republican China : theory and reality /." View Abstract or Full-Text, 2002. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?SOSC%202002%20FANG.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2002.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 181-190). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
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Jia, Wei Ming. "Transition from foraging to farming in northeast China." University of Sydney. Philosophical & history enquries, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/653.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis is using a framework to analyse the process of transition from foraging to farming in northeast China. Tool complexes analysis is the particular method used to retreive prehistoric economies. Based on the result of these case studies about prehistoric economies in northeast China, this thesis attemp to apply the availability model of transition to farming in northern Europe, proposed by Zvelebil and Rowley-Convy, in the new area northeast China. The result of this research has implicated that the transition to farming in prehistory is the result of the interaction between human societies and environment. among many factors in this interaction, the motivation that prehistoric societies choosing agriculture economy to meet social, political and economic needs would have to be the major one leading to the transition occurred.
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Ayer, Harry, and George Frizvold. "The New U. S. - China Trade Agreement and Arizona Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/197452.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Gaining greater access to export markets, particularly Asian markets, is important to Arizona cotton producers. Over 80 percent of Arizona’s cotton shipments are exports, roughly double the U.S. average. Asian countries typically account for half of world cotton imports. Relative to the rest of the United States, Arizona (along with California) has a location advantage supplying these markets. In November 1999 the United States and China signed a trade agreement to reduce China’s trade barriers and win U.S. support for China’s entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO). According to recent USDA projections, the agreement would increase China’s net cotton imports by $359 million when fully implemented in 2005 and by $328 million per year between 2000-09. Political uncertainty surrounds the timing of China’s accession to the WTO, however, and China’s return to cotton net-importer status could be delayed by Chinese policies to draw down their large accumulation of cotton stocks.
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Weisskopf, A. R. "Vegetation, agriculture and social change in late Neolithic China : a phytolith study." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2010. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/20313/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Central China was the scene of important cultural developments, which impacted on agricultural practices and local vegetation. Using phytolith data from 4 archaeological -sites and a survey of a further 11 sites in Henan this project investigates changing crop choices, developments in crop processing and, to a lesser extent, differing local environments both temporally and spatially. Comparisons of relative levels of phytoliths from crop husks, Panicum, Setaria and Oryza, from each site and period were compared to provide evidence of changes in crop repertoire. Results from these investigations show crop variation both over time and in different parts of the region. Millet farming predominated in the more Northern sites in the Yellow River Valley, while rice was clearly the main crop at Baligang, the southernmost site within the Yangtze catchment. However, rice became more important in the Yellow River valley during the late Neolithic and interestingly despite a changing climate making rice farming more challenging in the Early Bronze Age farmers continued rice cultivation. Crop processing stages were interpreted by examination of differing proportions of phytoliths from crop husks, weed husks and crop and weed leaves which can illustrate differing cultivation systems, harvesting and processing practices. These can be seen especially clearly in the rice data from Baligang suggesting more successful agricultural practices and possible change in social organisation in the Late Neolithic. Evidence of local environmental variation was more challenging to unpick as all the phytolith samples available were from cultural contexts. However, the results of the investigation into the changing local environment reflect other proxy data. Differences in occurrence of specific key phytolith short cell morphotypes and changes in the levels of bulliforms, and cone shaped phytolith morphotypes from Cyperaceae indicating wetland were used to interpret local vegetational change, again both spatially and temporally. Rondel and bilobe shaped short cells represent Pooid and Panicoid grasses respectively and short cell morphotypes, such as rondels, bilobes, saddles, can also be used to track variation in levels of C3 and C4 grasses, so changes in proportions of these morphotypes can indicate larger vegetational change. A comparison between the dataset from Neolithic Central China and one from Neolithic India highlighted possible variations in arable systems with millet and wet rice farming in China contrasting with dry rice in India.
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Duan, Yuxin. "Saltwater intrusion and agriculture: a comparative study between the Netherlands and China." Thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-199218.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Saltwater intrusion, which can be facilitated by natural conditions, human activities and climate change, is a big threat to mankind from social-economic, environmental and ecological perspective. Agriculture, the largest consumer of water, is identified as both contributor and most vulnerable sector to saltwater intrusion, especially in coastal low-lying areas, with the increasing demands and competition of water owing to economic bloom, population growth and climate fluctuations. Sustainable water resource management is urgently needed owing to its essential in solving this issue. Hence this study is to deliver the understanding of linkage between saltwater ingress and agriculture and seek appropriate water resource management strategies in coastal low-lying areas to address saltwater intrusion and reduce its impacts on agriculture. This study conducts a comparative case study between Texel, the Netherlands and Shouguang, China to specify the linkages between saltwater intrusion and agriculture with local features. The reasons, impacts and associated mitigations and/or adaptations of the issue, together with the legislation of each region have been investigated and compared. The results show that for combating the saltwater intrusion and reducing the losses from agriculture, both study areas have adapted specific approaches. Among them similar approaches, despite different legislations and policies, such as developing alternative water resource (treated wastewater and rainwater) and saline agriculture are implemented by both of the regions. Through the comparison, each can learn the lessons from the other. The integrated water legislation together with its effective implementation, the strong involvements of different stakeholders and ecological approach to post-treat effluent of Texel can no doubt inspire Shouguang. While the highlights of counteract measures taken by Shouguang such separating rainwater from wastewater during collection and treatment, water diversion and development of special market to achieve high profit for saline products can obviously inspire Texel as well. The analysis and comparison between these two case studies can reflect the general problems regarding to water management on saltwater intrusion and agriculture in all the regions that suffer from this problem. Hence, it is concluded that 1) integrated water legislation and management (with climate change considered and integrated as well) are the foundations, while water conservation should be core idea that always kept in mind; 2) strong involvements of different stakeholders and necessary supervision systems can guarantee the effectiveness of implementation; 3) all actions should be based on both technical knowledge and local-cultural knowledge; 4) self-sufficient approaches should be promoted at micro level to reduce the dependency on external water intrusion; 5) economic means should be carefully combined with environmental and ecological ways as well to achieve the goal of development of sustainability; 6) monitoring systems are of great significance.
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Zhuang, Yijie. "Geoarchaeological investigation of pre-Yangshao agriculture, ecological diversity and landscape change in North China." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607843.
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Jequier, Quintas Roberto. "Sustainable Agriculture Management : A study case in the Ili-Balkhash basin. Xinjiang, China." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-102551.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Water is the source of life. Leonardo da Vinci, constructor of the drainage system of a swamp area north of Rome, said that “water is the blood of the soil”. Without water there is not fertile soil and without any of them there is no harvest. Sustainable Agriculture Management is all about how to develop and improve the use of different resources to make agriculture more sustainable. This study is about how to apply this concept into the study area. The Balkhash Lake is among the biggest lakes on earth, but due to unreasonable water utilization, the lake is facing the same fate as the Aral Sea. The lake belongs to the Ili Balkhash Basin IBB that is shared by two countries; Kazakhstan and China. Most of the water (around 80%), that feed the lake, come with the Ili River that is born on the Chinese side. Most of the water is used for agriculture purposes. Now the Chinese Government want to increase the irrigated area and develop more projects that require more water. If this is done without any improvement in the agriculture management, the IBB is under threat. The irrigation systems in the study area are very precarious. The farmers are isolated with almost no possibility to participate in the development process. The government is not interested in any research in water issues and the information that can be found about water consumption and cultivated area are proven to be far from reality. A difficult situation facing the above mention problematic. The agriculture area can grow but the water management in the Upper Ili Basin needs to be reviewed and improved. Just by doing small changes like changing rice cultivation for a crop with a higher water productivity the amount of water that can be saved is considerable. Or by importing virtual water from a region with a higher water productivity. But first a general recognition from the Chinese side about water shortage is necessary. The Ili Balkhash Basin can be sustainable if it is treated as a whole. The boundaries of the system need to be set around the whole basin. A partial view of the basin can be dangerous and jeopardize the subsistence of the natural environment of the area. When the carrying capacity of the basin is measured, the only way to grow is under this threshold. In this case, by improving water productivity with better agriculture management.
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Bizhi, Huang. "Effects of cultivation techniques on maize productivity and soil properties on hillslopes in Yunnan Province, China." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/302205.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The rapid population increase in China from 556.7 to 1226.7 million during the past 50 years means China has one-sixth of the world’s population. This population growth has imposed high pressures on Chinese agriculture. Crop production and productivities have more than doubled, for example mean maize yields have increased from 1.54 to 3.91 t ha-1 from 1960 to 1998. Despite this, food shortages remain major problems. These pressures have also led to intensive cultivation of sloping lands, making China the country with the most serious soil erosion problems in the world. Yunnan Province, south-west China, has some 70% of its total of 6.53 million hectares of cultivated fields located on sloping land, most of which suffers from soil erosion. Furthermore, traditional downslope cultivation of these upland fields produces increased soil loss and runoff and threatens agricultural sustainability. Crop yields on sloping land in these areas have decreased by 30-60% in the last century because of soil erosion and in 50-100 years most topsoil may have been removed. There is an urgent need to develop more productive and sustainable cropping systems and the dual aims of this project were to investigate ways of increasing productivity of maize on sloping land, while conserving soils. This investigation was carried out in Wang Jia Catchment (25028’N,102053’E), selected as a representative area of fragile slopes in Yunnan Province. Five treatments (1) Traditional + Downslope planting (control), (2) Traditional + Contour planting, (3) Traditional + Contour + Straw mulch, (4) Minimum tillage + Contour + Straw mulch and (5) Traditional + Contour + Polythene mulch, were selected for evaluation and established on replicated field plots in 1998 and 1999. An additional experiment in 1999 investigated the effects of irrigation on crop yield. Although there were variations during the growing season and between years, straw mulch with contour planting increased soil moisture (0-20 cm depth) and was associated with lower soil temperatures. Polythene mulch improved soil moisture retention when applied after early season rainfall or irrigation and caused increases in soil surface temperature of up to 4-50C. These increases in soil moisture and temperature were associated with increases in Green Leaf Area Index, Green Leaf Area Duration and standing biomass. Grain yield was increased up to 51.6%, compared to un-mulched plots. Straw mulch increases in yield 14.0 and 20.7% (nonirrigated treatment), compared with the control in 1998 (5.0 versus 4.3 t ha-1) and 1999 (6.2 versus 5.3 t ha-1), respectively. Furthermore, straw mulch appeared to be beneficial for maintaining soil fertility and improving soil structure. Irrigation improved early vegetative growth and final yields when early season rainfall was unreliable and maize grain yield increased by 39.5 to 59.6% in 1999, compared with the corresponding non-irrigated treatments. Polythene mulch and contour planting combined with early irrigation produced the highest maize yields. The results are compared with other published work, including research in erosion plots, where the effectiveness of mulches in reducing runoff and erosion has been evaluated. A cultivation technique combining polythene mulch, straw mulch, contour planting and early season irrigation is considered likely to be highly effective for increasing productivity and improving soil conservation on sloping land. This project is part of a larger programme, which aims to establish and evaluate a demonstration model at a catchment scale for more sustainable crop production systems in the highlands of South-East Asia.
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Shuhui, Wang. "Cultivation practises, maize and soybean productivities and soil properties on fragile slopes in Yunnan Province, China." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270315.
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袁縕思 and Wan-sze Cissie Yuen. "A study of the impact of environmental issues after China's entry intothe world trade organization." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41548814.
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Cerny, Astrid. "In search of greener pastures : sustainable development for Kazak pastoralists in Xinjiang, China /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5673.
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Vaterlaus-Staby, Claire F. "An Analysis of the Potential Environmental Remediation and Economic Benefits Anaerobic Digesters Offer to the Dairy and Swine Industries: A Comparison of China and the U.S." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:24078369.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this research is to investigate the environmental remediation and energy potential of anaerobic digesters on pig and dairy farms and to demonstrate how incorporating those benefits into a cost-benefit analysis would make biodigester projects more financially feasible. By assigning dollar values to the emissions and water pollution avoided by this technology, I sought to update the traditional cost-benefit analyses (CBAs) to demonstrate that this technology is more widely applicable. The study took place In the Lake Champlain Drainage Basin, USA and the Lake Tai Drainage Basin, China. Dairy and pork production are high density endeavors and produce large quantities of waste which make them ideal candidates for biodigesters. Using standard emissions estimates and gas production rates from past research and from the current Cow Power Program in Vermont, the methane and nitrous oxide emissions averted by adding a biodigester to a particular farm were estimated. Additionally, using past research, the total nitrogen and phosphorous collected by the biodigesters and diverted from becoming classified as non-point source pollution was calculated, valued, and incorporated into a CBA tool. The results from this study show that the incorporation of environmental benefits in a CBA for Green Mountain Dairy increased profitability by 60% and reduced the payback period by two years. Overall, projects that include environmental benefits are 72% more profitable and the payback period is cut in half. Further development of the CBA tool is needed to strengthen results. This study points to the need for more experimental data on the environmental benefits of biodigesters.
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Zhang, Li. "Peasant household economy under the influence of international trade, industrialization, and urbanization a case study of Wuxi peasants' response to economic opportunities, 1860s-1940s /." online access from Digital dissertation consortium, 2002. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3040214.
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Chen, Xiwei, and 陈希玮. "Wanqingsha : agriculture, urbanization, sea level rise : climate change adaptation in estuarine urbanizing area." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/207160.
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Myrick, Stephanie Nicole Bernice. "An Economic Impact Assessment of Cooperation-88 Potato Variety in China." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74871.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cooperation-88 (C88) is a late blight resistant potato variety that was formally released in China in 2001 and has become popular in China's Yunnan Province. The International Potato Center (CIP) and Yunnan Normal University collaborated to produce the variety, which is one of CIP's most successful varieties. C88 is popular due to its high quality and taste, and it is used commonly in China's expanding potato chip processing market. The purpose of this study is to examine adoption of C88 in the Yunnan Province, its value chain, and economic impacts.
The analysis indicates that C88 is still popular with 16.8% of the potato area in Yunnan devoted to this variety in late spring 2015. To examine factors affecting household decisions to adopt and the intensity of their adoption, village adoption, household adoption, and household intensity of adoption were assessed. A village's proximity to a metropolitan county was the most important factor explaining adoption and intensity of adoption. Households in villages closer to a metropolitan county disadopted at higher rates than those farther away.
To quantify the economic benefits of C88 adoption, an economic surplus analysis was conducted. Total surplus changes ranged from $2 to 3 billion indicating significant economic benefits to consumers and producers in Yunnan.Master of Science