Дисертації з теми "Agriculture and politics"
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1
Agyare, Jimima. "The politics and governance of GM agriculture in Africa." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.518757.
2
Moosbrugger, Lorelei K. "Institutions with environmental consequences : the politics of agrochemical policy-making /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3027042.
3
Nigro, Justin Anthony. "The Politics of Change: Reforms of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1145824988.
4
Carriere, Jason Lee. "The political ecology of sewage sludge the collision of science, politics, and human values/." view abstract or download file of text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1203585801&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Анотація:
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Oregon, 2006.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 146 - 153). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
5
Whitaker, James Long. "The union of Demeter with Zeus : agriculture and politics in modern Syria." Thesis, Durham University, 1996. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1160/.
6
Pile, Stephen John. "The private farmer : transformation and legitimation in advanced capitalist agriculture." Thesis, University of London, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310515.
7
Bach, Claire Emmanuelle. "Citizen-led Urban Agriculture and the Politics of Spatial Reappropriation in Montreal, Quebec." PDXScholar, 2016. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3366.
Анотація:
Urban Agriculture (UA) has been practiced in Montreal, Quebec for well over a century. In the last five years or so, a renewed enthusiasm for UA has manifested itself in the form of citizen-led UA projects. The latter are often established in residual spaces, from vacant lots to sidewalks, and alleyways. These more spontaneous and informal UA practices point to a shift in how urban inhabitants perceive and use urban space. Through a case study of informal UA projects in Montreal, QC, this work brings attention to the dynamics surrounding the establishment of citizen-led UA projects, paying special attention to their complex structure. Indeed, although they are usually initiated by groups of citizens, other actors are either directly or indirectly involved, including non-profit organizations, municipal officials, or business owners. To better understand these processes, I ask the following questions: Why are citizens in Montreal reappropriating vacant and underused urban spaces for UA? How are these spaces being established, and who is involved? How might these spaces and the social relations forged within them, contribute--or not--to a democratic urban politics?
Bringing together existing scholarship on critical urban agriculture, radical democracy, and urban geography, this research exposes some of the inherent tensions present in contemporary UA. This work demonstrates that collective UA projects exist simultaneously as a political practice, and one that might not significantly alter the existing spatial and social orders.
8
Sánchez, Dávila Mario Elmer. "Comprender la agricultura en los Andes peruanos: Economía y política en la comunidad de Yanque (Caylloma, Arequipa)." Escuela de Antropología de la Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristiano (UAHC), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/622619.
Анотація:
Este artículo analiza la agricultura en el mundo andino a través del caso de la comunidad de Yanque, distrito de la provincia de
Caylloma, departamento de Arequipa (Perú). La agricultura es su principal actividad social debido a la vital importancia colectiva
de sus dimensiones económicas y políticas, que muestran cómo Yanque es una comunidad andina que, en el siglo XXI, continúa
preservando la tradición de sus herencias culturales mientras se encuentra inserta en modernos cambios sociales que conllevan
los dinámicos procesos de interrelación con sociedades urbanas y globales capitalistas.This paper analyzes agriculture in the andean world through the case of the community of Yanque, district of Caylloma province, department of Arequipa (Peru). Agriculture is the main social activity because of the vital collective importance of its economic and politics dimensions, that show how Yanque is an Andean community that, in the 21st century, continues to preserve the tradition of its cultural heritages while it is inserted in modern social changes that entail the dynamic processes of interrelation with urban and global capitalist societies.
9
Lyne, T. G. "The politics of agriculture : Le Mouvement pour la Defense de l'Exploitation Familial 1959-1982." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377097.
10
Fernandez, Inara. "Control and Continuity: Sustainability, Land Rights, and the Politics of Food in Guatemala." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/19725.
Анотація:
This thesis seeks to understand the intersection of cultural identity and food security in a country that has had a difficult time feeding its people. The discourse on food in Guatemala, in the realm of development and international studies, maintains a focus on the lack thereof. Moreover, the author examines the food traditions and beliefs people in Guatemala feel are important as well as the obstacles they face in realizing food self-sufficiency. Many Guatemalans have an intimate connection with their land, and unequal land distribution hinders farmers’ abilities to access the foods they most value. In addition to this, the unfolding sustainable development agenda has resulted in biofuel projects that threaten the livelihoods of many rural farmers. Through interviews with chefs, agricultural workers, and agricultural commodity traders, the author pieces together the differing perspectives of various stakeholders to present a complex mosaic of Guatemalan foodways.
11
Gratton, David John. "Paternalism, politics and estate management : the fifth Earl Fitzwilliam (1786-1857)." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310792.
12
Sousa, José Weyne de Freitas. "Política e seca no Ceará - Um projeto de desenvolvimento para o Norte (1869 - 1905)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-07122009-113715/.
Анотація:
Neste trabalho historiográfico procuramos mostrar que de 1869 a 1905, houve a implantação de um projeto de desenvolvimento econômico para o Ceará que se baseava no emprego de trabalhadores desvalidos durante as secas que atingiram a região Norte (atual Nordeste) quando havia uma escassez de água, alimentos e forragem para os gados. Nesse período, os socorros públicos foram implantados à luz do projeto Pompeu Sinimbú, que levou as famílias pobres sertanejas a migrarem em direção às cidades litorâneas onde o governo acenava com os socorros públicos. Por trás da idealização do projeto Pompeu Sinimbú havia o problema das disputas por melhoramentos materiais entre o Norte e o Sul do Brasil. Mas a consecução desse projeto atingiu diretamente a população pobre sertaneja que ao invés de receber o socorro no próprio domicílio ou ser alvo de políticas públicas de prevenção aos efeitos das secas, foi utilizada como mão de obra abundante e barata, cujo sofrimento diante da seca servia para que as elites conseguissem o envio de recursos à província. Denominamos esse projeto de Pompeu Sinimbú, porque ele foi concebido inicialmente pelo senador Pompeu e tornado oficial pelo visconde de Sinimbú. Esse projeto preconizava a idéia de utilizar a mão de obra disponível durante as secas para a realização de obras públicas, pautando nesse mecanismo o progresso da província. Porém, paralelamente a execução dessa proposta houve uma outra propugnada pelo barão de Capanema e pela Comissão Científica de Exploração que não considerava a seca um óbice ao desenvolvimento da região, mas o atraso da atividade agrícola e a falta de medidas de prevenção aos efeitos das estiagensIn this work we tried to show that from 1869 to 1905, there was the implantation of a project of economical development for Ceará that based on the destitute workers\' job during the droughts that reached the North area (current Northeast) when there were a shortage of water, foods and forage for the cattle. In that period, the public helps were implanted to the light of the project Pompeu Sinimbú, that took the country poor families migrate her towards the coastal cities where the government waived with the public helps. Behind the idealization of the project Pompeu Sinimbú there was the problem of the disputes for material improvements between the North and the South of Brazil. But the attainment of that project reached the country poor population directly that instead of receiving the help in the own home or white being of public politics of prevention to the effects of the droughts, it was used as hand of abundant and cheap work, whose suffering before the drought served so that the elites got the sending of resources to the province. We denominated that project of Pompeu Sinimbú, because he was conceived initially by senator Pompeu and tornado official by the viscount of Sinimbú. That project extolled the idea of using the hand of available work during the droughts for the accomplishment of public works, ruling in that mechanism the progress of the province. However, parallel the execution of that proposal had another one proposed by the baron of Capanema and for the Scientific Commission of Exploration that didn\'t consider the drought an obstacle to the development of the area, but the delay of the agricultural activity and the lack of prevention measures to the effects of the droughts
13
Tekin, Bilbil Ebru. "The Politics of Uncertainty in a Global Market| The Hazelnut Exchange and its Production." Thesis, Bogazici Universitesi (Turkey), 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10630511.
Анотація:
The purpose of this dissertation is to examine how the market works on the ground. It analyzes the hazelnut market in Turkey and explores the interaction between the market agents. It reveals how this interaction relates to the presence, production and circulation of forms of uncertainty. It also ascertains what uncertainty means in market settings and what role production, representation, dissemination and limiting of uncertainty play in market relations.
In market relations, intentionally or unintentionally, individuals try to forecast, value, prevent and qualify (as risk or loss) uncertainties. They assume that they can perceive, measure and avoid uncertainties on the basis of probabilities, level of knowledge about unknowns or ability to overcome. As such, uncertainty is assumed to be given yet with inadequate attention into its constitutive dynamics, actors of its making and its role in the market creation. The dissertation examines how uncertainties are constructed and what role this construction plays in constituting the market exchange and relations. The conclusions reached are that economizing uncertainty becomes a market device in production, exchange, circulation, pricing and policy making.
The dissertation starts with an analysis of the market reform policies and agricultural transformation in Turkey. Next, it traces the processes of the production and calculation of hazelnuts, examining how hazelnuts are produced and measured under uncertainty, and how uncertainty is created in the calculation of hazelnuts. It then explains exchange relations and price politics created at different spheres and with different expectations. After that, it explores the struggles and controversies among market groups over the production, calculation, exchange and pricing of hazelnuts and policy making. Subsequently, it analyzes what the politics of uncertainty means and how it is produced in the market setting.
Following uncertainties and observing their making in markets require a research program that draws on literatures concerning economics, political science and sociology. The research program includes the discussion of material things, individuals, formal and informal institutions and prices as well as their interactions. The research was based primarily on qualitative interviews, participant observations, case studies and document analysis conducted between 2006 and 2009.
14
Halpin, Darren Richard. "Authenticity and the representative paradox : the political representation of Australian farmers through the NFF family of interest groups /." View thesis View thesis, 1999. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030527.163228/index.html.
15
Vink, Emma Maria. "Rethinking conventional agriculture : the politics and practices of 'environmentally-friendly' production in the South African wine industry." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17877.
Анотація:
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: When the South African wine industry re-entered the global wine markets in the early 1990’s, it faced a number of profound challenges. The most significant of these has been to gain a foothold in the international markets where both New and Old World wine producers fiercely compete for the consumer’s purse. In the effort to bolster its competitiveness and in response to a growing global trend towards ‘environmentally-friendly’ food production the industry launched the Integrated Production of Wine (IPW) scheme in 1998.This voluntary regulatory system provides guidelines for best agricultural practices and a producer must pass either the audit or the annual self-evaluation questionnaire in order to comply. A new Integrity & Sustainability seal has been introduced which advertises this compliance on each bottle of wine. This home-grown regulatory scheme is the first and only of its kind in the world and is now accepted by markets globally. The Biodiversity & Wine Initiative (BWI) is a collaboration between the wine industry and conservationists which aims to protect endangered species of the Cape Floral Kingdom, promote sustainable practices and rehabilitate indigenous flora and fauna on wine farms. Wines of South Africa (WOSA) is a marketing organisation which promotes the interests of South African wines in international markets. WOSA’s marketing slogan, ‘Variety is in Our Nature’ seeks to create a ‘common language’ which promotes the environmental aspects of South African wine production and a platform from which producers can establish their own marketing strategies. On the surface it would appear that the industry stands united behind this innovative initiative. But is this really the case? This thesis explores the views and attitudes of key industry informants as well as the responses of 14 different cellars from across the Western Cape. Each respondent was questioned on his/her notion of ‘environmentallyfriendly’, the cellar’s environmental practices, as well as their views IPW, BWI and WOSA’s efforts of promoting the South African wine industry’s new environmental identity. This study has found that the ‘greening’ of the South African wine industry enjoys broad support and compliance at both industry and cellar level. However, the results also show that there is serious criticism against the three-pronged ‘project’ which, if not addressed, could damage the integrity and credibility of industry’s new ‘image’ and undo its innovative edge. At the theoretical level, the study challenges aspects of both Global Value Chain Theory and Conventionalisation Theory. Regarding the former, the ‘home-grown’ way in which the industry has created its own ‘environmentally-friendly’ regulating scheme challenges the role lead firms take in international value chains. Regarding the latter, because IPW works within conventional agricultural practices and is far more cost effective than international ‘environmentally-friendly’ regulations, both large and small farmers can implement IPW regulations with the same effectiveness.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Toe die Suid-Afrikaanse wynbedryf in die vroeë 1990s her-toegetree het tot die globale wynmark, het dit ‘n aantal ernstige uitdagings in die gesig gestaar. Die belangrikste hiervan was om’n vastrapplek te bekom in die internasionale markte, waar Nuwe, sowel as Ou Wêreld wynprodusente fel met mekaar kompeteer vir die verbruiker se beursie. In ‘n poging om die bedryf se mededingendheid te verbeter en in respons tot ‘n groeiende tendens na ‘omgewingsvriendelike’ voedselproduksie, het die bedryf in 1998 die sogenoemde Integrated Production of Wine (IPW) skema van stapel gestuur. Hierdie vrywillige regulasie-sisteem verskaf riglyne vir optimale landboukundige praktyke en die produsent moet òf die oudit slaag, òf aan die vereistes van ‘n jaarlikse self-evaluering voldoen. ’n Nuwe Integrity & Sustainability seël is in gebruik geneem wat die nakoming van die IPW reëls op elke bottel wyn adverteer. Hierdie tuis-ontwikkelde reguleringskema is die eerste en enigste van sy soort in die wêreld. Die Biodiversity & Wine Initiative (BWI) is ’n samewerkingsooreenkoms tussen die wynbedryf en omgewingsbewaarders wat ten doel het om die bedreigde spesies van die Kaapse Blommeryk te beskerm, volhoubare praktyke te bevorder en inheemse flora en fauna op wynplase te rehabiliteer. Wines of South Africa (WOSA) is ’n bemarkingsorganisasie wat die belange van Suid-Afrikaanse wyne op die internasionale markte bevorder. WOSA se bemarkingsleuse, ‘Variety is in our Nature’, het ten doel om ’n ‘gemeenskaplike taal’ te skep wat die omgewingsaspekte van die Suid-Afrikaanse wynproduksie bevorder en ‘n platvorm daarstel waarop produsente hulle eie bemarkingstrategieë kan lanseer. Op die oog af wil dit voorkom asof die bedryf verenig staan agter hierdie vernuwende inisiatief. Maar is dit werklik so? Hierdie tesis ondersoek die perspektiewe en houdings van sleutel mense in die bedryf, asook die response van 14 verskillende kelders van dwarsoor die Wes-Kaap. Elke respondent is gepols oor sy/haar opvatting oor wat ‘omgewingsvriendelik’ behels, die kelder se omgewingsvriendelike praktyke, hulle siening van IPW en BWI, sowel as WOSA se poging om die Suid-Afrikaanse wynbedryf se nuwe omgewingsidentiteit te bevorder. Die studie het bevind dat die ‘vergroening’ van die Suid-Afrikaanse wynbedryf breë steun geniet en die geïnstitusionaliseerde regulasies grootliks nagekom word. Die resultate wys egter ook dat daar ernstige kritiek is teen die bedryf se driedubbele ‘projek’ – soveel so dat as hierdie kritiek nie aangespreek word nie, dit die integriteit en geloofbarigheid van die bedryf se nuwe ‘beeld’ kan beskadig, en daarmee saam sy innoverende voorsprong ongedaan kan maak. Op ‘n teoretiese vlak bevraagteken die studie aspekte van beide Globale Waardeketting Teorie en Konvensionaliseringsteorie. Wat eg. betref bevraagteken die ‘tuisgemaakte’ manier waarop die bedryf sy eie ‘omgewingsvriendelike’ reguleringssisteem geskep het, die rol wat ‘leiersfirmas’ in internasionale waardekettings speel. M.b.t laasgenoemde: omdat IPW funksioneer binne die raamwerk van konvensionele landboupraktyke en baie meer koste-effektief is as internasionale ‘omgewingsvriendelike’ regulasies, kan klein sowel as groot produsente IPW regulasies met ewe veel effektiwiteit implementeer.
16
Osmond, Jonathan. "The free peasantry : agrarian protest in the Bavarian Palatinate, 1893-1933." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:18ff2c23-f1b2-47a8-99b8-093dce81e7c7.
Анотація:
This is a study of a German peasant pressure group of the 1920s. It is intended as a contribution to the debate about the role of the agrarian interest in the development of modern German politics. Its geographical scope is primarily the Bavarian Palatinate, but attention is also given to broader areas of the Rhineland and Bavaria. It is hoped too that light is cast upon issues common to large parts of Germany. The Free Peasantry (Freie Bauernschaft) developed a new concept of peasant trade unionism, which it hoped would assert peasant interests against those of industrial labour. Taking hold in small-farm areas of western and southern Germany, it lasted only from its foundation on the Lower Rhine in 1919 to its dissolution in the Saar territory in 1934, and for the even shorter period of 1920-29 in the Palatinate itself. In the Palatinate, however, it had a huge impact, launching agricultural delivery strikes against the postwar controlled economy and in 1923 providing the leader of most successful of the Rhenish separatist Putsche. The thesis places the Free Peasantry in the context of agrarian organisation and protest from the foundation of the Agrarian League (Bund der Landwirte) to the first year of National Socialist rule. These years saw the growth and then the disintegration of the freely organised peasant interest. Emphasis is placed on the agricultural economy, particularly during the inflation and the depression, and the central question posed is how the peasantry tried to find a satisfactory representation of its interests during these years of economic turmoil. The main sources were official papers in the Bavarian and Rhineland archives, the newspapers of the peasant associations, and the author's interview with the former chairman of the Free Peasantry.
17
Leung, Shi Chi. "Farming as Method: Contextualising the Politics of Food and Farming in South China." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/25683.
Анотація:
How can we feed China? This perennial question addresses the human, social, economic and ecological problems that China has confronted for centuries. Agriculture, which includes peasants, villages and the land, has been an enduring material and theoretical subject for the Chinese communist agrarian revolution and transformation. Drawing on Chen Kuan-hsing’s Asia as Method (2010), I analyse farming as an evolving social and historical-material practice. This entails a decolonial contextualisation in rethinking Chinese modernisation. I propose the concept of farming as method to analyse the shifting conjuncture of food production and consumption within specific historical, social and material conditions¬—namely from socialist to reformist China. I ground this with empirical data collected during my ethnography of food activism in the Guangdong area. My thesis is structured by three major moments. First, for the Maoist “long collectivisation” (1950s–70s), I analyse what I call the “socialist toilet system,” and provide a metabolic account of human waste for understanding the shifting local and geopolitical conditions of the Cold War. Second, I show that the food activism in South China attempts to revitalise “traditional” farming knowledge as a cultural method for peasants’ struggles over livelihood and the environment while countering the reformist development. Third, I investigate a participatory method for forming a producer-consumer nexus, and focus on the articulation of a “convivial technique” that recognises and negotiates responsibilities among different actors caring for the agricultural commons. I conclude that farming as method provides a historically grounded, socially engaged, and ecologically concerned approach to think about our food present and future.
18
Shubert, Natalie E. "No Farm, No Food: Organizing Appalachian Family Farms around the Politics of 'Good Food'." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1272911792.
19
Klepek, James Matthew. "Against the Grain: Biotechnology Regulation and the Politics of Expertise in Post-War Guatemala." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/145291.
Анотація:
Since the 1990s, genetically modified (GM) agriculture has become a multi-billion dollar industry. Despite the rapid commercialization of GM crops in the United States, global controversy has slowed the adoption of the technology in developing countries. Yet, few studies have examined regulatory disputes outside of the United States and Europe. Debates in the United States and Europe focus on issues of human health and consumer choice. In other parts of the world, particularly Latin America, disputes center on the threats that GM agriculture poses to unique centers of biodiversity and food security, as well as issues related to bio-fuel expansion and the control over genetic resources and knowledge. My dissertation takes research on biotechnology in a new direction by analyzing the political process through which regulatory knowledge related to GM agriculture is negotiated, contested and reformulated. Guatemala is a key case to examine the politics of biotechnology regulation because despite strong US trade and transnational commercial interests, it is still illegal to grow biotech crops. The question becomes: what explains resistance to agricultural biotechnology? To address this issue, my dissertation focuses on three primary themes. First, I examine historical Mayan rural livelihood strategies within a context of political exclusion and state violence during the country's 36-year civil war. This history, in turn, informs a contemporary context characterized by the continued importance of subsistence-based corn production in the face of mounting rural inequality. Second, I contend that biotechnology regulatory debates in Guatemalan state institutions are integrally tied to a unique national context of corn biodiversity. I focus specifically on disputes between US-sponsored biotechnology regulations based on the principles of free trade and a more cautionary United Nations biosafety program. Third, I argue that resistance to agricultural biotechnology is bringing together diverse Guatemalan Mayan organizations until recently divided by the violence of the civil war. These organizations are deploying sophisticated cultural, economic and environmental knowledges that are effectively challenging efforts to commercialize GM agriculture. On a broader level, this study asserts that resistance to agricultural biotechnology is emblematic of broader struggles over the definition of legitimate knowledge in neoliberal development.
20
Brooks, Murrell Lamont. "Coffee, liberalization and democratic development in Tanzania a study in the politics of agriculture and development in transitional states /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1459916001&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
21
Arruda, Juliana. "Agricultura urbana e peri-urbana em Campinas/SP : analise do Programa de Hortas Comunitarias como subsidio para politicas publicas." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257090.
Анотація:
Orientador: Nilson Antonio Modesto ArraesDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
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Resumo: A Agricultura Urbana e Peri-urbana (AUP) contemporânea vêm ganhando destaque no cenário mundial e nacional e reafirmando-se como um fator permanente nos processos de desenvolvimento sustentável das pessoas e da sociedade.Em Campinas, a câmara e o executivo têm, através das legislações municipais e da regulamentação do Programa de Hortas Comunitárias de Campinas (PHC), sinalizada a intenção em trazer à agenda política do município o tema de agricultura urbana. Porém na atual administração, Hélio de Oliveira Santos (2005-2008), o PHC ainda não tem destino claro. Neste contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o PHC, de forma a subsidiar uma nova formulação de políticas públicas de AUP no município. Seus objetivos específicos compreendem a análise da gestão do PHC, dos projetos de hortas no município e do perfil dos participantes, bem como tecer proposições a cerca da percepção dos entrevistados. Os dados utilizados foram obtidos a partir de visitas sistemáticas e entrevistas dirigidas ao longo do ano de 2005, realizadas junto a formuladores, gestores e beneficiários de hortas urbanas escolares, terapêuticas e comunitárias do município de Campinas, além da fonte documental. A análise da maneira como se deu a gestão do PHC evidenciou a, quase total, desvinculação entre o programa e as políticas setoriais de educação, saúde e ação social. A análise do gerenciamento dos projetos evidenciou a importância das ações individuais na implementação e sucesso das atividades, mesmo com recursos escassos. Por fim, na descrição da operacionalização, chama atenção à importância que os projetos ganham na vida dos beneficiários e a boa articulação dos coordenadores com outras instituições, tanto do setor privado (Petrobras), como do setor público (CEASA)
Abstract: Contemporary Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture (UPA) is gaining prominence in the worldwide and national scene as it reaffirms itself as a permanent factor in the processes of sustainable development of people and society. In Campinas, the Municipal Chamber and Executive have, through municipal legislation and the regulation of the Community Kitchen-gardens Program of Campinas (CKP), signaled the intention of bringing to the political agenda, the subject of urban agriculture. However, in the current administration, Hélio de Oliveira Santos (2005-2008), the CKP still does not have a clear destination. In such a context, the objective of this work is to analyze the CKP, and to develop anew form of public politics of UPA in the city. Its specific objective is to understand and analyze the management of the CKP and kitchen-gardens projects in the city and the social economic profile of the participants. The data used had been gained from systematic visits and interviews during the whole of 2005 with the participation of the planners and policy makers, managers and institutional and communitarian urban beneficiaries of kitchen-gardens in the city of Campinas, beyond the documentary source. The analysis of the evidence gave the management of the CKP, an almost total picture, disconnected between the program and education, health and social action politics. The analysis of the projects managed here showed the importance of individual action in the implementation and success of the activities, particularly those with scarce resources. Finally, in describing the operation, it calls attention to the importance of projects that benefit the life of the beneficiaries and the joint efforts of the coordinators with other institutions the private (Petrobras) and the public sectors (CEASA)
Mestrado
Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável
Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola
22
Swanepoel, Stefanie Rae. "Seed politics : an exploration of power narratives in the South African seed industry." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86352.
Анотація:
Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study (Seed politics: An exploration of power narratives in the South African seed industry) attempts to unravel the contradictory power relations shaping South Africa’s seed system and to explore spaces of system intervention that could allow alternate seed systems to emerge. As a base for the agricultural sector, the seed system plays an important role in determining the type, quality and cost of seed supplied to the country’s farmers. By extension then, it also partly determines the type, quality and, to some extent, the cost of food sold to the country’s citizens. Ownership of seed germplasm, protected through plant breeders’ and intellectual property rights, is a contentious, current issue. Debate on international and national levels focuses on possible health issues related to consumption of genetically modified food, ethical considerations around ownership of plant life, monopolisation of seed markets, and the implications of biodiversity loss for food security and climate change adaptation. The first article (Contesting the credibility of consolidation of the South African seed industry) examines how historic and current power relations (on a global and local level) have shaped the ‘modernistic’ direction of South Africa’s seed system, which is now dominated by two US-based multinational companies. The contradictions between this direction and state policy are highlighted, focusing particularly on issues of food security, biodiversity and climate change. Article 2 (Imagining a sustainable South Africa seed system) unpacks the assumptions on which the current system is based, in order to provide space for a new ‘narrative’ around seeds to emerge, motivating for a collaborative ‘imagining’ of a sustainable seed industry, based on a social learning approach. Points of system intervention are suggested and expanded on. In both articles, the complexity of seed systems is outlined providing a framework for understanding the interconnectedness of system elements, intervention points and potential for non-linearity. The study weaves together theory drawn from a diversity of themes to expose how the ‘hidden’ faces of power (entrenched in economic hierarchies and institutions) predetermine the path of the system and whom it benefits and whom it excludes. These themes include economics of consolidation, innovation theories, patenting issues, South African policy documents, international treaties and agreements, systems theory and complexity thinking, social learning, industrial and agro-ecological farming methods, agricultural productivity, and climate change. The study promotes social learning as a tool that could unlock the potential of the seed system to contribute to the urgent issues South Africa faces around biodiversity loss, food insecurity and climate change. Keywords: seed system, genetically modified and hybrid seed, seed patents, seed innovation, social learning, systems theory, complexity thinking, consolidation of seed industry.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie (Saadpolitiek: ʼn ondersoek van magsnarratiewe in die Suid-Afrikaanse saadbedryf) poog om die teenstrydige magsverhoudinge wat vorm aan die Suid-Afrikaanse saadstelsel gee, uit te pluis en ruimtes van stelsel-intervensie wat die opkoms van afwisselende saadstelsels moontlik kan maak, te ondersoek. As grondslag van die landbousektor speel die saadstelsel ʼn belangrike rol in die bepaling van die soort, gehalte en koste van die saad wat aan die land se boere verskaf word. Dus bepaal dit ook deels die soort, gehalte en, in ʼn sekere mate, die koste van die voedsel wat aan die land se burgers verkoop word. Eienaarskap van saadkiemplasma, wat deur planttelersregte en regte op intellektuele eiendom beskerm word, is ʼn omstrede en aktuele kwessie. Debatvoering op sowel internasionale as nasionale vlak fokus op moontlike gesondheidskwessies wat verband hou met die inname van geneties gemodifiseerde voedsel, etiese oorwegings ten opsigte van eienaarskap van plantlewe, monopolisering van saadmarkte, en die implikasies van die verlies aan biodiversiteit op voedselsekerheid en aanpassing by klimaatsverandering. Die eerste artikel (Betwisting van die geloofwaardigheid van die konsolidering van die Suid-Afrikaanse saadbedryf) ondersoek hoe historiese en huidige magsverhoudinge (op sowel globale as plaaslike vlak) die ‘modernistiese’ rigting van die Suid-Afrikaanse saadstelsel, wat nou deur twee multinasionale maatskappye in VSA-besit oorheers word, gevorm het. Die teenstrydighede tussen hierdie rigting en regeringsbeleid word uitgelig, en daar word in die besonder gefokus op die potensiële invloed op voedselsekerheid, biodiversiteit en die kapasiteit om by klimaatsverandering aan te pas. Artikel 2 (‘n Veronderstelling van ʼn volhoubare Suid-Afrikaanse saadstelsel) ondersoek die aannames waarop die huidige stelsel gegrond is, ten einde plek te maak vir ʼn nuwe ‘narratief’ oor saad, motivering vir ʼn medewerkende ‘veronderstelling’ van ʼn volhoubare saadbedryf, gegrond op ʼn benadering van sosiale leer. Punte van stelsel-intervensie word voorgestel en op uitgebrei. In albei artikels word die kompleksiteit van saadstelsels uitgestippel ten einde ʼn raamwerk te bied waarvolgens die onderlinge verband van stelselelemente, intervensiepunte en die potensiaal vir nie-lineariteit begryp kan word. Die studie verweef teorie vanuit diverse temas ten einde bloot te lê hoe die roete van die stelsel, asook wie daaruit voordeel trek en wie daardeur uitgesluit word, vooraf deur die ‘versteekte’ aangesigte van mag (verskans in ‘stelselgeheue’ en bekragtig deur instansies) bepaal word. Hierdie temas sluit in die ekonomie van konsolidasie, innoveringsteorieë, patentkwessies, Suid-Afrikaanse beleidsdokumente, internasionale verdragte en ooreenkomste, stelselteorie en kompleksiteitsdenke, sosiale leer, industriële en agro-ekologiese boerderymetodes, landbouproduktiwiteit en klimaatsverandering. Die studie bevorder sosiale leer as ʼn hulpmiddel wat die potensiaal vir die saadstelsel om tot die dringende uitdagings vir Suid-Afrika ten opsigte van die verlies aan biodiversiteit, voedselonsekerheid en klimaatsverandering by te dra, kan ontsluit. Sleutelwoorde: saadstelsel, geneties gemodifiseerde saad, hibriede saad, saadpatente, saad-innovering, sosiale leer, stelselteorie, kompleksiteitsdenke, konsolidasie van saadbedryf.
23
Halpin, Darren Richard. "Authenticity and the representative paradox: the political representation of Australian farmers through the NFF family of interest groups." Thesis, View thesis View thesis, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/22.
Анотація:
This thesis examines the political representation of Australian farmers. The NFF family of interest groups is charged with the political representation of farmers in Australia.Given that their state affiliates are the only organisations that farmers can directly join, this study takes the case of the New South Wales Farmers' Association (NSWFA) as its major reference point. A paradox is immediately confronted. On one hand, both the state and commentators refer to the NFF family as an exemplar of a successful modern interest group. However, on the other, the NFF family is being confronted with escalating levels of disillusionment and criticism from its own constituency.Two points of interest are highlighted. Firstly, it is suggested that theoretical frameworks, which assist commentators and researchers to come to the conclusion that the NFF family is 'successful', are not constructed in such a fashion as to throw sufficient light on the paradoxical nature of an existing situation. Secondly, this paradox suggests that the NFF itself must be able to disassociate the contingent relationship between its internal levels of support and external levels of access and influence. These two focal points are explored in this thesis, and the framework used by researchers to understand the actions of Australian farm interest groups are scrutinised. Discussing 'authentic' political representation assists considering the major theme of the 'representative paradox'. It is argued that this paradox is best understood by locating it within a search by farmers for authentic political representation - both through the NFF family and apart from it.
24
Wells, Callie R. "Uses of Social Media by Ohio House of Representatives and Ohio Senate Members as it Relates to Agricultural Policies." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1337657142.
25
Ali, Ayesha. "Water Politics in a Water-Scarce Landscape : Examining the Groundwater Debate in California’s Central Valley." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-414194.
Анотація:
The history of California is in many ways a story about water, and the outsized effect that droughts, floods, and seasonal precipitation rates have had on the political and economic development of the state over the past 170 years. This thesis uses discourse analysis of historical and ongoing negotiations that have been presented in federal and state reports, narratives, case laws and legislation to explore how the discourse around water politics has been shaped in the state. From this, an antiessentialist environmental history develops around the relationship between overdrafted groundwater basins in the Central Valley and the agriculture industry located there. Finally, this thesis explores what the future of a waterscape built during the capitalization of modern society may look like as we move towards a new regime of nature.
26
Johnson, Aidan. "The Evolution of U.S. Immigration Policy: The Effect on Migrant Workers and its Impact on the Agricultural Sector." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2138.
Анотація:
This paper looks at the development of U.S. immigration policy since 1965. In attempts to lower the number of immigrants from the southern border, Congress and the Executive branch have passed immigration measures that bolster illegal immigration. Furthermore, these policies have created an agricultural sector that is reliant on illegal migrant workers. However, recent changes in immigrant characteristics and attitudes are negatively impacting farmers. Going forward, temporary migrant worker programs must be expanded and improved upon to ensure the health of the agricultural industry.
27
Sakamoto, Kiyohiko. "MAKING BOUNDARIES AND LINKING GLOBALLY: “MATERIAL POLITICS” OF PHYTOSANITARY REGULATION ON MEXICAN MANGOS." UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/sociology_etds/7.
Анотація:
This dissertation illuminates how phytosanitary (PS) regulations enable mango exportation from Mexico to the United States. PS regulations are technical and legal measures to prevent plant pests from proliferating or being transported to other places and are important regulatory mechanisms enabling the globalization of agriculture. My case study investigates how PS regulations enable Mexican mango exportation as an aspect of the globalization of agriculture, illustrating the consequences of PS regulations to humans and non-humans. More specifically, three research questions are posed: (1) How does the PS regulation network operate to draw distinctions between pest/non-pest, thereby enabling the export of Mexican mangos to the United States? (2) What values are associated with the PS regulation network, and what are the normative, moral, or ethical implications of the regulations? And, (3) How are the PS regulations in transition in the state of Sinaloa changing economic prospects for mango growers and packers to tap into global mango markets?
Theoretically, the analysis draws on a concept called “material politics,” which claims that politics is enacted through not only discursive measures, such as statutes, but also physical embodiment by material beings. Thus, PS regulations are conceptualized as a materially heterogeneous network that establishes boundaries between pest/non-pest, thereby connecting distinct places, such as mango orchards and consumers. The material politics concept also suggests the emergence of socio-material “ordering” effects by regulations, such as values, morals, and norms, as well as unequal economic opportunities.
Nine months of ethnographic fieldwork in Mexico, which employed in-depth interviews, (participant) observations, and documentary research, yielded the following findings: (1) PS regulations as a network of governance (re)configured the production of the commodity, “disciplining” humans and non-humans to conform to the global regulatory order; (2) in this network, non-governmental entities played critical roles, fitting squarely with the recent neoliberal political-economic orientation in Mexico; and (3) although the government’s pest eradication program could improve market chances for growers, local political-economic circumstances, including small-scale growers’ dependence on packers for marketing, still left substantial challenges for such economic prospects to materialize.
28
Ruxin, Joshua Nalibow. "Hunger, science, and politics FAO, WHO, and Unicef nutrition policies, 1945-1978 /." Thesis, Online version, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.288630.
29
Larsson, Anders. "Landskapsplanering genom jordbrukspolitik : en kritisk granskning av EU:s agrara miljöstödspolitik ur ett planeringsperspektiv /." Alnarp : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://diss-epsilon.slu.se/archive/00000497/.
30
Spolador, Humberto Francisco Silva. "Reflexões sobre a experiência brasileira de financiamento da agricultura." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-07052002-091407/.
Анотація:
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo estudar a trajetória do crédito rural dos anos 60 até os dias de hoje, a fim de compreender a escassez de crédito do sistema atual, e as novas propostas em questão sob o enfoque dos modelos de competição imperfeita e assimetria de informação nos mercados de crédito. A natureza deste trabalho é essencialmente analítica, de forma que não foi estabelecido nenhum modelo empírico de teste e análise dos dados apresentados. Por outro lado, foi realizada uma revisão de literatura do crédito rural no Brasil e, também, uma revisão da literatura de teoria econômica sobre mercados de crédito ao longo dos últimos 20 anos. A falta de recursos do sistema tradicional de financiamento da agricultura é uma forte evidência do esgotamento do modelo tradicional. São vários os entraves para um novo sistema de financiamento, entre eles: uma legislação muito pouco adequada (que acaba por dificultar a concessão de empréstimos), o forte endividamento dos agricultores, os altos custos bancários de transação para concessão de empréstimos, a assimetria de informação no mercado e, no contexto macroeconômico, as altas taxas de juros praticadas na economia brasileira. A CPR (Cédula do Produto Rural), e o mecanismo de equalizações são importantes instrumentos em uma fase de transição de um sistema basicamente sustentado pelo Estado para um sistema cujos recursos sejam, em grande parte, gerados pelo mercado.The present work has for objective to study the path of the agricultural credit for the 60th until the present in order to understand the scarcity of credit in the current system, and the new proposals in question under the approach of the models of imperfect competition and asymmetry of information in the credit markets. The nature of this work is essentially analytical. In this context, it was not established and tested a empirical model or analysis of the data presented here. On the other hand, it was carried through a literature review about the agricultural credit in Brazil and the economic theory on markets of credit to the long one of last the 20 years. The lack of features in the traditional system of agriculture financing is one strong evidence of the debility of the traditional model. There are several impediments for a new system of financing, as: a smaller adjusted legislation (that results in difficulting the concession of loans), the strong indebtedness of the agriculturists, the high banking transaction costs for concession of loans, the asymmetry of information in the market and, in the macroeconomic context, the high taxes of interests practised in the Brazilian economy. The CPR (Cédula do Produto Rural), and the mechanisms of equalization are important instruments in the transition of a system supported basically by the State to a system whose features are, to a large extent, generated for the market.
31
Lander, Christopher David. "Foreign direct investment in the Russian agricultural sector." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8a5e811a-fdcc-4216-80ec-9aa0c140d129.
Анотація:
This thesis investigates the experiences of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the agricultural sector of the Russian Federation. The focus is on the form of FDI, and how each investor responds, and adapts, to the Russian operational environment. This is achieved through extensive qualitative, and multiple methods research on three manifestations of FDI: corporate, privately-funded investment; corporate, publically-funded investment; and smaller, individual private investment. Of interest are the Russia-specific constraints that may be largely underprepared for by foreign investors, and unexpected events that occur in the Russian space that hamper the efforts of investors. This thesis, thus, informs the reader of the variable nature of the Russian agricultural sphere, and the problems that exist within its boundaries, and presents the stories of some of the foreign investors that have tried to penetrate its market, mostly since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The thesis consists of four papers that have either been published, or submitted for publication, in academic journals, and utilises fieldwork that was conducted between 2013 and 2014. This thesis finds that all of the foreign investors studied have experienced - in certain aspects - failure on the Russian frontier, though there have also been certain successes. It seems that financial success is dictated by the business model of each investor; those who are afforded longer time horizons, more time to adapt on the frontier, and a source of funds that does not place short-term pressure on the business, are more likely to succeed. The Russian operating environment is unique, peculiar, and unpredictable, with a tendency to produce substantial obstacles that, for investors, are difficult to overcome; for agricultural FDI to avoid these struggles, these environmental conditions need to be anticipated and prepared for, with clear strategies painstakingly thought through before any venture physically begins on Russian soil.
32
Halpin, Darren Richard, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, and School of Agriculture and Rural Development. "Authenticity and the representative paradox: the political representation of Australian farmers through the NFF family of interest groups." THESIS_FEMA_ARD_Halpin_D.xml, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/22.
Анотація:
This thesis examines the political representation of Australian farmers. The NFF family of interest groups is charged with the political representation of farmers in Australia.Given that their state affiliates are the only organisations that farmers can directly join, this study takes the case of the New South Wales Farmers' Association (NSWFA) as its major reference point. A paradox is immediately confronted. On one hand, both the state and commentators refer to the NFF family as an exemplar of a successful modern interest group. However, on the other, the NFF family is being confronted with escalating levels of disillusionment and criticism from its own constituency.Two points of interest are highlighted. Firstly, it is suggested that theoretical frameworks, which assist commentators and researchers to come to the conclusion that the NFF family is 'successful', are not constructed in such a fashion as to throw sufficient light on the paradoxical nature of an existing situation. Secondly, this paradox suggests that the NFF itself must be able to disassociate the contingent relationship between its internal levels of support and external levels of access and influence. These two focal points are explored in this thesis, and the framework used by researchers to understand the actions of Australian farm interest groups are scrutinised. Discussing 'authentic' political representation assists considering the major theme of the 'representative paradox'. It is argued that this paradox is best understood by locating it within a search by farmers for authentic political representation - both through the NFF family and apart from it.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
33
Wako, Adi Liban. "Ideology as commodity : industry of a theocracy and production of famines in Ethiopia /." View thesis, 2003. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20031007.091020/index.html.
Анотація:
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, 2003.Thesis submitted as fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, August, 2003. Bibliography : leaves [281]-310.
34
Agboaye, Izilin Christiana. "Nigerian Military Government and Problems of Agricultural Development." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1985. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc504109/.
Анотація:
This thesis attempts to analyze the military government's role in solving the country's agricultural problems. This analysis is essential because it was during the military's stay in power that Nigeria's potential as a selfsufficient and food exporting nation declined. Materials collected to analyze the above problems reveal that the military government's lack of adequate personnel to supervise and implement decisions taken on agriculture, unplanned schemes, and unresearched projects were partly responsible for the government's inability to solve Nigeria's agricultural problems. While it may be necessary to blame the military government for not being able to completely solve the country's numerous agricultural problems, the presence of global political and economic decisions seriously hampered measures taken by the military government.
35
Souza, Ronie Cl?ber de. "Efeitos da previd?ncia rural na agricultura familiar da microrregi?o Serra de S?o Miguel - RN." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/16431.
Анотація:
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Previous issue date: 2012-03-30Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Norte
The objective of the present work is to verify the effects of Rural Social welfare in the family agriculture of the microrregi?o Serra de S?o Miguel-RN. The study based on available bibliography on the theme, in secondary data and in a rising amostral accomplished in three municipal districts (Encanto, S?o Miguel and Riacho de Santana) of the microrregi?o. The universe of the study was the establishments of the family agriculture appeared in the Agricultural Census of 2006, in those municipal districts. The unit of considered analysis was the rural family, with the interviews being applied close to the farmers' families with and without retired rural. The sample was of 94 present families in the family establishments. The results demonstrate that the Rural Precaution reaches a significant covering degree in the rural area of the researched municipal districts, with an average of 1,57 beneficiaries for home in the families with retired. The data of the research attest that the family agriculture in the microrregi?o Serra de S?o Miguel-RN it has few favorable conditions for his/her development, once, besides the shortage of lands and of the climatic factor of the area, the returned public politics the family farmers' totality - like PRONAF and PAA -, it has been unable to give effective answers for the improvement of the life conditions in the rural way, have seen the minimum amount of families reached by those politics, be in function of the drawing or of the atmosphere where they are done. In this context, he/she stands out the importance of the Rural Precaution that, in function of the application of the constitutional devices that you/they guaranteed his/her universalization, it has been the only relevant public politics that, in fact, it has been reaching her/it all their beneficiary potentials. Given the general situation of the family agriculture of the microrregi?o and of the specific characteristics of the researched family establishments, the hypothesis was corroborated that the rural retirement doesn't contribute directly to the increase / making possible of the family agriculture. In spite of 57,4% of the families with retired have declared to use resources of the retirement in the costing of the rural activity carried out by the family, the annual medium value of the expense just located around 7,02% of the annual value of the retirements gained by the families in the year of 2010. Data the low levels in that the social reproduction of the great majority of the family establishments of the microrregi?o, the maintenance of the families is operated represents the main destiny of the resources precautions. It was also confirmed the hypothesis that the Rural Precaution constitutes the main monetary contribution of the families with retired. For more than 93% of the families with retired, the retirements doing 50% or more of the total of the family monetary income, and in the composition of the rural income of the families with retired and pensioners, the originating from income the rural retirements are equal to 65,24% of the total of the annual income obtained by the families. It is ended, because, that the rural precaution, given to the adversities for the development of the family agriculture, of the operational inefficacy of the public politics and of the few opportunities of generation of existent income in the local savings, it is the main responsible for the reduction of the poverty and, consequently, for the improvements of the conditions of life of the families of and with seniors in the rural way of the microrregi?o Serra de S?o Miguel-RN
O objetivo do presente trabalho ? verificar os efeitos da Previd?ncia Social Rural na agricultura familiar da microrregi?o Serra de S?o Miguel-RN. O estudo baseou-se em bibliografia dispon?vel sobre a tem?tica, em dados secund?rios e em um levantamento amostral realizada em tr?s munic?pios (Encanto, S?o Miguel e Riacho de Santana) da microrregi?o. O universo do estudo foram os estabelecimentos da agricultura familiar apontados no Censo Agropecu?rio de 2006, nesses munic?pios. A unidade de an?lise considerada foi a fam?lia rural, com as entrevistas sendo aplicadas junto ?s fam?lias de agricultores com e sem aposentados rurais. A amostra foi de 94 fam?lias presentes nos estabelecimentos familiares. Os resultados demonstram que a Previd?ncia Rural atinge um grau de cobertura significativo na zona rural dos munic?pios pesquisados, com uma m?dia de 1,57 benefici?rios por domic?lio nas fam?lias com aposentados. Os dados da pesquisa atestam que a agricultura familiar na microrregi?o Serra de S?o Miguel-RN disp?e de poucas condi??es favor?veis para o seu desenvolvimento, uma vez que, al?m da escassez de terras e do fator clim?tico da regi?o, as pol?ticas p?blicas voltadas a totalidade dos agricultores familiares - como o PRONAF e o PAA -, tem sido incapazes de dar respostas efetivas para a melhoria das condi??es de vida no meio rural, haja vista a quantidade m?nima de fam?lias atingidas por essas pol?ticas, seja em fun??o do desenho ou do ambiente onde elas s?o operacionalizadas. Neste contexto, se sobressai a import?ncia da Previd?ncia Rural que, em fun??o da aplica??o dos dispositivos constitucionais que garantiram a sua universaliza??o, tem sido a ?nica pol?tica p?blica relevante que, de fato, tem atingido a todos os seus potenciais benefici?rios. Dada a situa??o geral da agricultura familiar da microrregi?o e das caracter?sticas espec?ficas dos estabelecimentos familiares pesquisados, corroborou-se a hip?tese de que a aposentadoria rural n?o contribui diretamente para o aumento/ viabiliza??o da agricultura familiar. Apesar de 57,4% das fam?lias com aposentados terem declarado utilizar recursos da aposentadoria no custeio da atividade rural desempenhada pela fam?lia, o valor m?dio anual do gasto situou-se apenas em torno de 7,02% do valor anual das aposentadorias auferidas pelas fam?lias no ano de 2010. Dados os baixos n?veis em que se opera a reprodu??o social da grande maioria dos estabelecimentos familiares da microrregi?o, a manuten??o das fam?lias representa o principal destino dos recursos previdenci?rios. Confirmou-se tamb?m a hip?tese de que a Previd?ncia Rural constitui o principal aporte monet?rio das fam?lias com aposentados. Para mais de 93% das fam?lias com aposentados, as aposentadorias perfaziam 50% ou mais do total da renda monet?ria familiar, e na composi??o da renda rural das fam?lias com aposentados e pensionistas, a renda proveniente das aposentadorias rurais equivalem a 65,24% do total da renda anual obtida pelas fam?lias. Conclui-se, pois, que a previd?ncia rural, dadas ?s adversidades para o desenvolvimento da agricultura familiar, da inefic?cia operacional das pol?ticas p?blicas e das poucas oportunidades de gera??o de renda existente nas economias locais, ? a principal respons?vel pela redu??o da pobreza e, consequentemente, pelas melhorias das condi??es de vida das fam?lias de e com idosos no meio rural da microrregi?o Serra de S?o Miguel-RN
36
Carvalho, Soraya Abreu De. "Entre opportunisme et persistance. Quelles dynamiques et perspectives d'évolution pour les exploitations laitières familiales de la Transamazonienne ?" Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00605840.
Анотація:
L'Amazonie brésilienne, qui détient une grand epartie de la biodiversité de la planète, subit actuellement de grandes transformations sur les plans économiques, sociaux, culturels et écologiques. La région Transamazonienne est caractéristique, par l'importance de l'agriculture familiale, en termes d'occupation des surfaces agricoles, population et production d'aliments. Elel se distingue par des systèmes de production agricole diversifiés, où l'élevage laitier joue assume un rôle stratégique pour l'alimentation des familles, et les revenus monétaires obtenus par la vente du lait et des veaux. Dans ce contexte, ces systèmes d'élevage laitiers sont eux-aussi l'objet de transformations, ansi que la filière laitière. L'objectif de cet étude est de comprendre comment fonctionnent ces systèmes laitiers des exploitations agricoles familiales dans une région de front pionnier amazonien, à Brasil Novo (Pará). Un ensemble de méthodologies à été utilisé, combinant des enquêtes auprès d'éleveurs et d'informateurs clés, des analyses rétrospectives sur le rôle du lait dans les rajectoires des exploitations, des typologies d'exploitations en 2001 et en 2009, et une connaissance empirique accumulée par l'auteur au cours de 15 ans de recherche développement dans la région. Les résultats montrent un gradient d'évolution des établissements laitiers, où se détachent deux types de producteurs laitiers, que nous avons nommés " opportunistes " et " persistants ". En fonction d efacteurs internes et externes aux exploitations, se produisent des évolutions constantes des systèmes laitiers aulong de ce gradient. Parmi ces facteurs, l'accès au marché a un rôle central, et définit en grand epartie les orientations que le sproducteurs suivent dans la conduite de leurs systèmes laitiers. La filière du lait apparaît fragilisée. La vente directe du lait du producteur au consommateur é uma pratique encore commune. Les laiteries existentes sont de petites tailles, possèdent un faible rayon de collecte et leur historique de fonctionnement est marqué par une grande instabilité. La précarité des infrastructures, de la mailel routière et d el'électrification sont les principaux facteurs explicatifs de cette faible structuration de la filière. Ces aspects placent les agriculteurs dans des situations de grande incertitude, empêchant des investissements dans l'activité laitière, malgré les bas coûts de production du lait. Ces carences pourraient être résolues par des politique spubliques adaptées, ou par la forte croissance du marchéconsommateur local, que provoquerait l'ouverture de l'usine de Belo Monte.
37
Scheba, Andreas. "Commodifying forest carbon : how local power, politics and livelihood practices shape REDD+ in Lindi Region, Tanzania." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/commodifying-forest-carbon-how-local-power-politics-and-livelihood-practices-shape-redd-in-lindi-region-tanzania(c98476d1-8948-4582-9468-88ac2ceea40d).html.
Анотація:
International efforts to promote REDD+ (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest-carbon stocks) have enjoyed widespread support in climate negotiations. While proponents of this ‘payments for ecosystem services’ approach proclaim win-win benefits, others critique this commodification of forest carbon for contributing to social and environmental injustices that will undermine conservation and development in the longer-term. In this dissertation I respond to these concerns by critically examining how REDD+ initiatives emerge in the context of Lindi Region, Tanzania. I specifically investigate how REDD+ initiatives interact with local livelihood practices, local forest governance and the drivers of land use in order to interrogate the mechanism’s contribution to local development. I conducted ethnographic fieldwork in two villages, both characterised by relatively large forest areas and ‘shifting cultivation’, where different REDD+ projects are underway. In total I stayed in Tanzania for 11 months and applied qualitative and quantitative methods that resulted in 116 recorded interviews, one focus group discussion, innumerable journal entries from ethnographic interviewing and participant observation, 118 household surveys and data from document analysis. Drawing on debates within international development and neoliberalisation of nature I conceptualise REDD+ initiatives as processes promoting ‘inclusive’ neoliberal conservation. In doing so I point at the inherent contradictions of this mechanism that aims to combine a neoliberal conservation logic with inclusive development objectives. I empirically examine local livelihood practices to question popular notions of land use and argue that REDD+ initiatives must grapple with poverty, intra-village inequality and villagers’ dependence on land for crop production to contribute to inclusive economic development. I follow up on this argument by discussing the importance of material and discursive effects of REDD+ initiatives to the livelihoods of poor, middle income and wealthy households and to forest conservation. I then link these effects to an examination of how power and politics shape the implementation of REDD+ initiatives on the ground, specifically discussing the technically complex and politically contested process of territorialisation and the local practices of community-based forest management. I illustrate how seemingly technical REDD+ initiatives are inherently political, which gives them the potential to contribute to local empowerment. At the same time I question naïve assumptions over community conservation and good governance reforms by showing in detail how community-based forest management institutions are practiced on the ground and how this affects benefit distribution within the villages. My last empirical chapter examines how Conservation Agriculture is introduced in the villages as the best way to reconcile agricultural development with forest protection. I specifically discuss the role of social relations in shaping the dissemination and adoption of this new technology in rural Tanzania. Throughout this thesis I argue that local livelihood practices, power struggles and politics over land and people shape how REDD+ initiatives, as inherently contradictory processes of ‘inclusive’ neoliberal conservation, emerge on the ground and I empirically show what this means to different forest stakeholders.
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Phakdeewanich, Titipol. "The role of farmers groups in Thai politics : a case study of domestic and global pressure on rice, sugarcane, and potato farmers." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2004. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/55736/.
Анотація:
The thesis studies the political participation of Thai farmers and focuses on two main factors, namely the domestic and the external impacts, which inform the case studies of rice, sugarcane, and potato farmers groups. Overall, the research has established that farmers groups have felt the impacts of domestic factors far more strongly than external factors. Furthermore, through comparative studies in relation to the case studies of rice, sugarcane, and potato farmers groups in Thailand, differences emerged between these three Thai farmers groups, in terms of the degree to which domestic factors impacted on their political participation. The theories of Western interest groups are reviewed, in order to examine their applicability to explaining farmers groups formation in Thailand. The concepts of 'collective benefits' and 'selective incentives', which were used by Mancur Olson have been adopted as the main theoretical framework. With reference to this, the research has established that selective incentives have played a highly significant role in Thai farmers groups formation, and concludes that the problems of mobilisation, which relate to rice, sugarcane, and potato farmers groups, have been solved primarily through the provision of a range of selective incentives by the farmers groups themselves. In order to classify the differing levels of political participation of Thai farmers groups, the analytical framework provided by Grant Jordan, Darren Halpin, and William Maloney has been utilised. Accordingly, the rice and potato farmers groups are classified as 'potential pressure participants', whilst the sugarcane farmers group is classified as an 'interest group', which has enabled an examination of their political participation through the Western concept of the policy network/community framework. In order to make the Western policy network/community framework more applicable to the policy-making process in Thailand, the specific, dominant characteristics of the Thai political culture, namely the patronage system and the operation of both vote-buying and corruption are included in the analysis. This conceptual stretching does not significantly affect the original concept of the framework and the way in which it was intended to be applicable, because it already includes informal relationships such as those, which exist within the policy network/community framework. This understanding is an important aspect, which forms a part of the theoretical contribution to the discipline of international political economy and to the arena of Thai political studies. The policy network/community framework provides a new conceptual lens in the study of the political participation of Thai farmers groups. Accordingly, these arguments promote the opportunity to consider alternative frameworks in the analysis of the political participation of Thai farmers groups, and group participation across civil society more generally. The study of the political participation of Thai farmers has utilised empirical evidence, which illustrates the successes of farmers' interest groups in both Japan and the United Kingdom, in order to explain the relative successes and failures of Thai farmers. In contrast to the experiences of Western and notably Japanese farmers groups, in many respects Thai farmers are largely excluded from the policy-making process, with the only exception in Thailand being certain sugarcane farmers groups. The thesis concludes that the political participation of farmers groups in Thailand has generally been affected by domestic impacts rather than by external impacts, and that their influence in domestic policy-making has been, and is likely to remain for the foreseeable future at least, somewhat limited.
39
Morales-Grosskopf, Hermes. "L'évaluation des conséquences de décisions stratégiques en élevage extensif en Uruguay. Une approche par les systèmes multi-agents." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00606388.
Анотація:
L'activité humaine a des conséquences sur l'évolution de la société et de l'environnement. Dans notre cas nous nous intéressons aux particularités de l'élevage comme activité humaine dans le Nord de l'Uruguay, dans la région d'Arapey. Pour effectuer l'étude nous utilisons une approche systémique, où se combine une analyse narrative avec la simulation en utilisant des systèmes multi-agents. Sont décrites les principales caractéristiques de l'activité agricole, en incluant les évolutions sur le long terme. Nous démontrons ainsi comment l'agriculture et l'élevage ont permis le développement de sociétés stratifiées et comment ce processus s'est accéléré avec le temps. En particulier, nous montrons les interactions entre société, science et agriculture, en expliquant comment au cours du dernier siècle, des augmentations énormes de productivité ont été réalisées par l'industrialisation de l'agriculture, et cela grâce à l'utilisation de combustibles fossiles. L'élevage uruguayen est en permanente interaction avec ce qui se passe en dehors des frontières. La mondialisation de l'alimentation a vu le jour en même temps que la viande d'Uruguay était globalement distribuée, tout au long de la seconde moitié du 19ième siècle. La construction du modèle Arapey comprend trois étapes : i) identification de pratiques " significatives " au moyen d'une combinaison d'enquêtes, recherches et observations de terrain ii) modélisation du système à l'échelle des exploitations en privilégiant les pratiques qu'on a choisi d'étudier, et en utilisant le " Unified Modeling Language " (UML) et iii) évaluation des conséquences de ces pratiques sur l'évolution des exploitations et de la région, en utilisant la plate-forme Cormas pour réaliser les simulations à partir du modèle Arapey ainsi construit. Face à des situations de grande incertitude, une amélioration de l'action collective peut être obtenue par la mise en discussion des actions à prendre. Elle doit s'appuyer sur une grande participation des acteurs intéressés, ainsi que sur l'utilisation d'instruments permettant à la fois d'intégrer des connaissances d'origines diverses et d'explorer différentes scénarii en représentant différents points de vue, comme par exemple les systèmes multi-agents et/ou une famille de diagrammes. Une connaissance approfondie de la situation est une condition nécessaire pour que cette action puisse être significative, croyable et légitime. Les SMA en tant que " laboratoire virtuel " peuvent accélérer l'apprentissage en incorporant des variables qualitatives, ce qui augmente le coté réaliste du modèle et sa capacité à être un support effectif de prises de décisions.
40
Friedrich, Andréia Carla. "A RIZICULTURA NO MUNICÍPIO DE AGUDO RS: UMA ANÁLISE A PARTIR DO CONCEITO DE REDE GEOGRÁFICA." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2010. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/9331.
Анотація:
The modern productive relations aim at updating, qualifications and competitiveness towards the competition imposed by the capitalism and the dynamic presented in the
production and commercialization relations that, somehow, also influences the agricultural sector imposing new behaviors, patterns and dependencies. This work
aims to analyze and discuss the organization of the rice culture in the city of Agudo, RS. In order to do that, the starting point is the conception of a networking area to
understand how the integration between sections involved in the production, processing and trade process of rice happens, as well as in the previous steps related to the production process (financing, industry to agriculture, etc.) The methodology used in the development of this work was the collection of data through questionnaires, interviews, informal conversations, photos, statistics and census. Even though the family agriculture is maintained as productive basis, highly dependent of public politics, some sectors of this activity were specialized,
maintaining strong relations with each other and assuring its importance in the local market. To make this possible, it was provided a great stimulus through financings
and loans, empowering the bonds between growers and processing industries, which broadened their action market through investments in infra-structure and technology.
The spatial relations have become more complex when transposing the territories through intersectorial flows.As modernas relações produtivas buscam atualização, qualificação e competitividade frente à concorrência imposta pelo sistema capitalista em vigor e à dinâmica presente nas relações de produção e comercialização que, de certa forma, influenciam também o setor agropecuário, impondo novas condutas, padrões e dependências. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar e discutir a forma de organização do espaço rizícola do município de Agudo RS, partindo da concepção de um espaço em rede para entender como ocorre a integração entre os setores envolvidos no processo de produção, beneficiamento e comercialização do arroz, assim como nas etapas anteriores ao processo produtivo (financiamentos, indústria para a agricultura, etc). Os processos metodológicos empregados no desenvolvimento do trabalho foram coleta de dados por meio de questionários, entrevistas, conversas informais, fotografias e dados estatísticos e censitários. Embora mantendo a agricultura familiar como base produtiva, fortemente dependente de políticas públicas, manifestou a especialização em setores da atividade, os quais mantêm amplas relações entre si, a fim de assegurar sua expressividade no local. Para que isso fosse possível, houveram grandes incentivos através de financiamentos e empréstimos, aprofundando os vínculos entre produtores rurais e indústrias de beneficiamento, e estas por sua vez ampliaram seu mercado de atuação através dos investimentos em infra-estrutura e tecnologia. As relações espaciais adquiriram maior complexidade ao transpor os territórios através de fluxos intersetoriais.
41
Silva, Marito Bento da. "Tipificação dos agricultores familiares no pólo citrícola do estado de Sergipe." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2008. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/6632.
Анотація:
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThe use of typology and indicators in the sustainable agriculture have allowed to reach confident and very important results for the agricultural activities. The objective of this work was to identify the types of the agriculturist that exist in the Pólo Citrícola of Sergipe state. For this, the use of the measure of similarity followed by the analysis of cluster, for the method of Ward's. Finally it was made a selection of sustainable indicators using the methodology of the Organization for the Cooperation and Economic Development - OCDE, the model of indicators Pressão-Estado-Impacto-Efeito-Resposta (PEI/ER). Seven types of agriculturist has been found and, about thirty sustainable indicators were chosen. We hope that the results reached in this research allowed to have a better perception of the family agriculturist situation in the Pólo Citrícola, as well as contributing in the adoption of sustainable public politicies for the region.
O uso da tipificação e dos indicadores de sustentabilidade na agricultura tem permitido o alcance de resultados importantes para o planejamento e gestão dos sistemas de produção agrícola. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar os tipos de agricultores familiares existente no Pólo Citrícola do estado de Sergipe. Para isso, fez-se o uso da análise de correspondência múltipla, seguida da análise de conglomerados, pelo método de Ward s. Por último foi feita à seleção de indicadores de sustentabilidade usando a metodologia da Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico OCDE, o modelo de Indicadores de Pressão-Estado-Impacto-Efeito-Resposta (PEI/ER). Foram encontrados sete tipos de citricultores e, selecionados trintas indicadores de sustentabilidade. Espera-se que os resultados alcançados nesta pesquisa permitam que se tenha melhor percepção do perfil da agricultura familiar no Pólo Citrícola, bem como contribuir na adoção de políticas públicas sustentáveis para a região.
42
Machini, Mariana Luíza Fiocco. "Nas fissuras do concreto: política e movimento nas hortas comunitárias da cidade de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8134/tde-12092018-135858/.
Анотація:
Esta dissertação analisa algumas das hortas urbanas comunitárias da cidade de São Paulo. Trata-se de uma etnografia que explora as conexões, motivações e formas de ação desses agrupamentos autogeridos de voluntários que criam e mantêm espaços de plantio em áreas públicas. São tratadas de maneira mais detida três delas: a Horta das Corujas, no bairro da Vila Beatriz, a Horta do Centro Cultural São Paulo, no bairro Vergueiro e a Horta dos Ciclistas, na Avenida Paulista. A intenção dessa análise, no entanto, não é se ater a territórios fixos, e sim apreender os movimentos propiciados pela prática das hortas comunitárias na cidade. Dessa maneira, são aqui traçadas algumas das relações entre essas hortas e outras formas de agricultura urbana em São Paulo, os entrelaçamento e perspectivas de co-construções que emergem entre humanos e não humanos, além de suas relações com instâncias políticas formais. A interação entre as ações no espaço público, as técnicas e os ensinamentos de agroecologia propagados pelas hortas e a rede de trocas que opera entre elas expõe maneiras de se vincular à cidade que são permeadas por uma noção de política do cotidiano, a qual não se encontra apenas nas relações com o e do Estado.This dissertation analyses some of the community urban gardens of São Paulo, SP. We have carried out an ethnography exploring the connections, motives and ways of action of those selfmanaged groups of volunteers, who create and keep cultivating spaces amidst public areas. We focus of three urban gardens: Horta das Corujas [Owls Garden], at Vila Beatriz neighborhood, the São Paulo Cultural Center Garden, at Vergueiro neighborhood; and Horta dos Ciclistas [Cyclers Garden], at Paulista Avenue. This analysis is not restrained, however, to fixed territories, but rather apprehends the movements engendered by community garden practices in the city. Thus, we trace some relations between those gardens and other forms of urban agriculture in São Paulo, their intertwining and the co-construction perspectives that emerges among humans and non-humans, as well as their relations with formal public agents. The interaction among actions performed in public spaces, the agroecology techniques and teachings, and their exchange network are embedded with a concept of everyday politics, practiced not only by or in face of the State.
43
Assouly, Olivier. "Les nourritures politiques de Jean-Jacques Rousseau : cuisine, goût et appétit." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010612.
Анотація:
Au vu de l’histoire de la philosophie et du traitement marginal que celle-ci n’a cessé de réserver tant au sens du goût qu’à la cuisine, Rousseau occupe une place à part et novatrice : tout en condamnant l’hybris de la cuisine et les vanités de la grande table, il considère que le goût, source de volupté, constitue un objet digne d’être pris en compte tant par l’éducation qu’au plan politique. Outre que se nourrir, au-delà des simples besoins vitaux, constitue un moteur des échanges et un facteur potentiel d’inégalités et d’injustices, c’est aussi un moyen, en préservant un lien étroit avec l’amour de soi, de juguler les faux désirs et l’amour-propre.Toutefois, l’Émile amorce un tournant décisif : Rousseau intronise la notion d’appétit, qui prime alors sur le goût, et s’impose aux dépens de la sensibilité aux saveurs et à la cuisine. A défaut d’instinct et face à la prolifération de besoins secondaires, l’appétit est cet instrument – à la fois pédagogique et politique – utile à reconditionner la faim et ainsi à récréer, par le travail, la mesure nécessaire pour se nourrir et jouir légitimement. En même temps que Rousseau abolit l’idée d’une configuration naturelle des besoins et des désirs dès lors qu’il appartient à l’homme de les composer en fonction des circonstances, il achoppe sur le dessein politique du pacte social, lequel exige des citoyens, et non plus des hommes, de renoncer au jeu des préférences et certainement aux dispositions subjectivantes de l’appétitGiven the history of philosophy and the marginal treatment that has traditionally been reserved for both the sense of taste and cooking, Rousseau’s position is separate and innovative: while criticising the hubris of cuisine and the vanity of the “grande table”, he considered that taste, a source of sensual pleasure, constitutes an object that merits attention on both an educational and political level. In addition to mere food, and going beyond basic needs, it constitutes a means for exchange and is a otential factor for inequality and injustice, it is also a way of curbing one’s false desires and self-esteem, through its close connection to self-love. Nevertheless, Emile marks a turning point: Rousseau inaugurates the notion of an appetite that takes precedence over taste and takes over to the detriment of flavour and cooking. In the absence of instinct and faced with the proliferation of secondary needs, the appetite is an educational and political instrument, used to recondition hunger and thus recreate, through work, the measure necessary to feed oneself and enjoy it legitimately.While Rousseau was abolishing the idea of a natural configuration of needs and desires when it is man’s responsibility to compose them according to circumstances, he stumbled onto the political design of the social pact that required that citizens, and no longer man, give up the game of preferences and certainly the subjectivising tendencies of the appetite
44
Kinyanjui, Felistus Kinuna. "Causes of persistent rural poverty in Thika district of Kenya, c.1953-2000." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/898/.
45
Leblois, Antoine. "Quels changements organisationels pour l'agriculture Africaine ? Essais sur les réformes des filières cotonnières et les assurances fondées sur des indices météorologiques." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00765746.
Анотація:
Ce travail de thèse présente l'analyse de deux changements organisationnels dans le cas du secteur agricole en Afrique Subsaharienne. Ce travail est composé de cinq chapitres qui peuvent être regroupés en deux parties distinctes. Dans le premier cas il s'agit de la comparaison et de l'estimation de l'impact de réformes institutionnelles au sein du secteur coton en Afrique Sub-Saharienne. Dans le second, de l'étude ex ante d'une innovation organisationnelle récente: les assurances fondées sur des indices météorologiques au sein de la zone soudano-sahélienne. Dans les deux cas ces analyses tentent de répondre à un besoin d'orientation les politiques visant au développement du secteur agricole en Afrique de l'Ouest et plus particulièrement à la question de l'accès au marché du crédit et de l'assurance pour les producteurs, nécessaire pour dépasser le stade de l'agriculture de subsistance (de Janvry et Sadoulet, 2011). Dans le premier chapitre, je passe en revue les réformes des filières cotonnières qui ont eu lieu en Afrique Sub-Saharienne. Je construis trois indices synthétiques de libéralisation: la présence de capitaux privés et le degré de concurrence entre égreneurs ainsi que la flexibilité des prix au cours de la campagne. Ceci nous permet de construire et de valider la base de données utilisée dans le second chapitre. Nous montrons d'abord que les deux vagues de réformes ont été très différentes. La première concerne les pays anglophones, dont le secteur cotonnier a été libéralisé entre 1985 et 1995. La seconde (après 1995) concerne les pays francophones d'Afrique de l'Ouest et du Centre. Nous montrons que ces dernières reposent plus sur une régulation de la filière, conservant de nombreuses caractéristiques des filières intégrées issue de la colonisation, contrairement aux réformes de la première vague de libéralisation. Tout d'abord, la concurrence établie n'est pas réelle puisque l'on voit l'installation de monopsones territoriaux d'égreneurs: les pays étant, dans la plupart des cas, divisés en zones d'opération pour chacun d'eux. Ensuite, les prix d'achat du coton sont encore fixés au semis et garantis jusque la récolte, absorbant les variations intra-saisonnières du prix international. Finalement on observe une rémanence du secteur privé, bien que des parts des sociétés cotonnières soient cédées au privé. Dans un second chapitre nous étudions l'impact de ces réformes sur la performance du secteur du coton dans les 16 principaux producteurs d'Afriques Sub-Saharienne en 2008. Nous utilisons pour cela des données de panel, issu de la FAO, appariées sur la période 1961-2008 à des données météorologiques mensuelles en grille (CRU TS3.1) considérées sur la période de croissance du coton, ce pour chaque année et chaque pays. Chaque cellule de la grille étant pondérée par la densité des surfaces cultivées en coton sur l'ensemble des territoires nationaux. Nous comparons les pays n'ayant pas réformé aux pays ayant régulé, installé une concurrence faible ou encore une concurrence forte. Nous montrons que les réformes menant à une régulation et à une forte concurrence ont un impact significatif sur les surfaces cultivées et les rendements. Ces résultats semblent validés par une estimation du potentiel biais de sélection, source limité d'endogéneité et robustes aux deux spécifications choisies: la première exploitant la dimension dynamique du panel (méthode des moments généralisés, dite GMM) et la seconde étant une analyse en différence de différences (moindres carrés avec effets fixes). Nous montrons d'abord que les réformes tendent à augmenter les rendements, hormis les réformes menant vers un faible niveau de concurrence, pour lequel l'effet des réformes n'est pas significatif. Les pays ayant régulé leur secteur cotonniers ont vu une croissance des surfaces semées en coton après les réformes. Les réformes menant à une forte compétition ont en revanche eu un impact négatif sur les surfaces cultivées, ce qui tend à valider l'approche institutionnelle qui suppose que le crédit aux intrants au semis, sans autre garantie que le coton récolté en fin de campagne, nécessite une relation de coordination qui est mise à mal par la concurrence. De même, comme le montre la littérature sur le sujet (Brambilla et Porto, 2011), il est possible qu'un effet de sélection ait opéré dans ces secteurs les plus concurrentiels, menant à limiter le nombre de producteurs cultivant du coton, aux dépend des producteurs les moins productifs, n'ayant pas accès aux marchés du crédit et de l'assurance. Dans le troisième chapitre nous réalisons une revue de la littérature sur les assurances indi- cielles, recensant les expériences dans les pays en développement, les méthodes sous-jacentes et les questions de recherche qui en découlent. Nous étudions finalement dans les chapitre 4 et 5 le potentiel de telles assurances dans deux cas spécifiques: le mil au Sud-Ouest du Niger et le coton au Nord du Cameroun. Ces assurances constituent une alternative intéressante aux assurances agricoles traditionnelles, coûteuses en raison de l'asymétrie d'information qui les caractérisent et de la nécessité de constater les dommages effectifs. Dans les deux cas nous montrons d'abord qu'accroître la complexité des indices pour mieux appréhender l'impact de la pluviométrie sur les rendements ne semble pas nécessaire. Les résultats, robustes à la cross-validation, corrigeant l'effet de la sur-identification (over-fitting) montre en effets que les gains de l'assurance sont relativement limités, mais surtout qu'il ne sont pas accrus par l'utilisation d'indices plus sophistiqués. Nous montrons aussi, dans le cas du mil, que la prise en compte de la forte variation des rendements au sein du même village est significative et qu'elle joue un rôle important dans le cas d'une fonction utilité concave. Les parcelles cultivées étant situées à moins de 3 kilomètres de la station météorologique, ce risque de base est bien dû à la présence de chocs idiosyncratiques (maladies, ravageurs...) ou à l'hétérogénéité des agents et des parcelles et non à un choc météorologique. Ce résultat tend à montrer que l'existence de ce risque de base résiduel, peut limiter la demande pour ce type d'assurance, en présence d'aversion pour le risque. Il s'inscrit dans la suite des travaux de Clarke (2011) qui montre que l'absence d'indemnisation, en cas de mauvais rendements, peut rendre l'assurance désavantageuse du fait du paiement de la prime (ce que j'appelle une erreur de type I). Ces résultats doivent être interprétés à la lumière du faible intérêt des producteurs pour ce genre de produits observés dans les récentes, mais néanmoins nombreuses, études ex post. Finalement, toujours dans ce premier cas, l'utilisation de données sur des parcelles fertilisées permet de montrer que ces résultats ne sont pas radicalement modifiés par la prise en compte d'une potentielle intensification des cultures, rendant pourtant la culture de mil plus risquée, et donc l'assurance plus intéressante. Dans le second cas, le coton, nous utilisons d'abord une expérimentation de terrain mettant en œuvre des jeux de loteries (inspiré de Holt et Laury, 2002), pour estimer la distribution des paramètres d'aversion pour le risque des producteurs. Nous montrons d'abord que, dans ce cas, l'effet de l'imparfaite corrélation des rendements et de l'indice météorologique choisi sur le gain en équivalent certain des producteurs, est significatif. C'est en particulier le cas dans les zones les plus humides ou montrant un climat spécifique. Contrairement au cas du mil au Niger, assurer les producteurs de coton semble nécessiter l'observation de la date de semis, dont le simulation ne semble pas nécessaire ou inadéquate vu les contraintes institutionnelles du secteur (comme par exemple les retards de livraison de graines et d'intrants). Nous remarquons ensuite que l'échelle d'étude étant plus importante dans le cas du coton au Cameroun, l'assurance risque de mener à des péréquations non désirées, par exemple des zone les plus humides envers les zones plus arides. Finalement nous observons, dans le cas du coton au Cameroun, que le gain apporté par la stabilisation des rendements est similaire, voire inférieur, à celui apporté par la stabilisation intra-saisonnière des prix qui a lieu aujourd'hui dans la filière Camerounaise intégrée (la Sodecoton détenant le monopole d'achat du coton graine au Cameroun). En effet, en annonçant le prix de vente au moment du semis, la société offre implicitement aux producteurs une assurance contre les variations du prix international au cours de la campagne. J'ai donc montré certaines limites intrinsèques aux mécanismes d'assurance fondés sur des indices météorologiques, en dépit de l'appréhension de la forte variabilité spatiale qui caractérise le climat soudano-sahélien au sein duquel les deux terrains se situent. Nous disposons en effet, dans les deux cas, d'une densité de stations météorologiques unique dans la région permettant de limiter le risque de base spatial. Ces résultats ne prennent toutefois pas en compte les effets indirects de l'assurance qui, lorsqu'elle est offerte conjointement avec un crédit aux intrants, peut baisser le prix de ce dernier, en limitant la probabilité de défaut en cas de sécheresse. J'ai par ailleurs aussi montré l'importance de l'accès au crédit pour les producteurs de coton ainsi que l'intérêt de la couverture contre le risque de variation du prix international dans le cas des cultures de rentes.
46
Říšská, Eva. "Společná zemědělská politika Evropské unie." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-10963.
Анотація:
The diploma thesis gives an outline of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union and the Czech Republic, a member state of the EU. The definitions provided include principles, objectives and the nature and function of the CAP. Individual subchapters contain summary of the reform which the agricultural policy must have gone through throughout its development; also the summary explains the system of how the EU is funding and have funded the CAP in the course of history and today. Further, the thesis dwells on analyzing the agricultural development in the Czech Republic before and after the CAP principles have been applied. The analysis focuses on the agricultural sector from the point of view of employment of labour, soil fund, and selected commodities. Next, the thesis describes the Rural Development Policy in the Czech Republic as outlined and implemented for the period between 2007-2013. The comparative analysis comprises selected products of livestock production carried out in the Czech Republic and in the EU. The last chapter analyzes commodities that include wine and grape-vine, and common agricultural organization of the European wine market, and the Czech wine market itself.
47
Dezécache, Camille. "Les fondements de REDD+ à l’épreuve des modèles de déforestation : cas d’étude sur le Plateau des Guyanes." Thesis, Guyane, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017YANE0005/document.
Анотація:
Depuis ses balbutiements au début des années 2000, la Réduction des Emissions liées à la Déforestation et la Dégradation forestière, plus connue sous le sigle REDD+, a peu à peu été admise comme un moyen indispensable des politiques globales de lutte contre le changement climatique. Reposant sur le concept de « déforestation évitée », elle nécessite la formulation d’un scénario de référence servant à évaluer les efforts des pays dans la maîtrise de leur niveau de déforestation. Ces scénarios sont au cœur de nombreux débats politiques et scientifiques. Cette thèse constitue une mise en perspective des principes de REDD+ avec, comme cas d’étude, le Plateau des Guyanes. Dans un premier temps, on présentera l’établissement d’un modèle spatialisé de déforestation pour la Guyane française, insistant sur la nécessité de se focaliser sur les moteurs socio-économiques de la déforestation. Ce constat sera renforcé, dans un second temps, par l’étude de la déforestation liée à l’orpaillage à l’échelle de l’ensemble du Plateau des Guyanes, montrant un impact très fort du cours de l’or et des contextes politiques sur le niveau déforestation. Ces résultats alimenteront une discussion critique du mécanisme REDD+, basé sur la formulation de scénarios de référence potentiellement très variables et fondés sur des déterminants davantage politiques que scientifiques, ouvrant ainsi la porte à un potentiel chantage environnementalSince its appearance at the beginning of the 2000’s, the Reduction of Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation, known as REDD+, has gradually been admitted as an indispensable option for global policies aiming at tackling climate change. Relying on the concept of « avoided deforestation », it requires the formulation of a reference scenario aiming at evaluating efforts made by the countries involved in controlling their level of deforestation. Those scenarios are facing numerous political and scientific debates. This thesis aims at putting into perspective the principles of REDD+, based on a study site covering the Guiana Shield. In a first step, the formulation of a spatialiazed deforestation model over French Guiana will be presented, insisting on the necessity to focus on socio-economic drivers of deforestation. This statement will be reinforced, in a second step, by the the study of deforestation due to gold mining in the Guiana Shield, showing a very strong effect of gold prices and national political contexts on deforestation. These results finally contribute to a critical discussion on REDD+ mechanism, based on the formulation of very variable reference scenarios, relying more on political than on scientific determinants, and potentially enabling the emergence of environmental blackmailing
48
Larsen, Jean. "Farmworkers and Strawberry Cultivation in Oxnard, California: A Political Economy Approach." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/502.
Анотація:
I argue that although the abusive conditions experienced by farmworkers have complicated causes, they have persisted and will continue to persist as long as farmworkers are stripped of virtually any political and economic power. The chapters build upon each other logically, beginning with the second chapter, which uses farmworker testimony to establish that a combination of economic and political circumstances have kept farmworkers from protesting not only methyl bromide, but every other dangerous condition they face in the fields. In the third chapter, I argue that despite commonly held assumptions, growers are virtually powerless to change the circumstances of farm workers because competition they face in the strawberry market precludes any single grower from paying their workers more than the going rate. I will conclude by arguing that to begin to improve the working conditions of farm workers, consumers will need to engage with the issue on both political and economic levels. The conclusion builds on the arguments established in the second and third chapters; namely, given that neither growers nor farmworkers will be able to leverage change within the current political and economic context, consumers are the only remaining actors with both the incentives and power to influence both the political and economic arenas. Just as scholarship that focuses on only one set of actors (i.e. only growers or only regulators) will necessarily fail to provide practical solutions because such papers tend to discount the pressures faced by and produced by other actors, so too will change be impossible without consumers who advocate that farmworkers both receive a just share of political voice and fair wages.
49
Hanafi, Salia. "APPROCHE D'EVALUATION DE LA PERFORMANCE DES SYSTEMES IRRIGUES A L'ECHELLE DES EXPLOITATIONS AGRICOLES. Cas du périmètre irrigué de Borj Toumi (vallée de la Medjerda-Tunisie)." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00920810.
Анотація:
La performance des systèmes irrigués est souvent remise en question. Notre démarche de recherche est initiée par le constat suivant: les approches disciplinaires ayant abordé les performances spécifiques des systèmes sont simplificatrices. De ce fait, les interventions basées sur la seule dimension hydraulique ou économique n'apparaissent pas comme étant les plus adaptées. Il s'avère nécessaire de proposer une approche globale d'analyse et d'évaluation de la performance. Tel est l'objectif général de notre recherche. Notre démarche comprend trois étapes. La première étape vise à comprendre l'hydraulique du périmètre irrigué afin d'en identifier les causes de disfonctionnement. La deuxième étape procède à deux types d'évaluation: l'une porte sur des mesures hydrauliques in situ qui ont permis d'identifier l'indicateur hydraulique le plus pertinent, et l'autre, consiste à évaluer les efficiences économiques. Ces deux sous-étapes constituent une passerelle vers la troisième étape, dans laquelle des regards multidisciplinaires nous ont permis d'identifier les principaux leviers d'amélioration pour enfin proposer des scénarios et justifier leur validité. Le périmètre support de cette étude est sur la basse vallée de la Medjerda en Tunisie.
50
Jones, Mary Ellen. "Politically Corrected Science: The Early Negotiation of U.S. Agricultural Biotechnology Policy." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29868.
Анотація:
This social history of science policy development emphasizes the impact on the agricultural community of federal policies regarding release of recombinant DNA (rDNA) organisms into the environment. The history also demonstrates that the U.S. Coordinated Framework for Biotechnology Regulation (1986) is based principally in political criteria, not solidly based in science as its proponents claimed. The power struggle among policy negotiators with incompatible belief systems resulted in a political correction of biotechnology. I also demonstrate that episodes in the rDNA controversy occur in repetitive and periodic patterns.
During the 1980s, the first rDNA microbial pesticide, Ice-Minus, struggled through a policy gauntlet of federal agency approval processes, a Congressional hearing, and many legal actions before it was finally released into the environment. At the height of the controversy (1984-1986), the Reagan Administration would admit no new laws or regulations to slow the development of technologies or hinder American international competitiveness. At the same time, Jeremy Rifkin, a radical activist representing a green world view, used the controversy to agitate for social and economic reform. Meanwhile, a group of Congressional aides who called themselves the "Cloneheads" used the debate to fight for more public participation in the science policy-making process.
Conflicting perspectives regarding biotechnology originated, not in level of understanding of the science involved, but in personal perspectives that were outwardly expressed as political group affiliations. The direction of federal biotechnology policy was influenced most successfully by politically best-positioned individuals (what I call a "hierarchy effect") who based decisions on how biotechnology harmonized with their pre-existing beliefs. The success of their actions also depended on timing.
Historical events during the rDNA controversy followed the same periodic pattern--gestation, threshold, crisis/conflict, and quasi-quiescence--through two consecutive eras--the Containment Era (1970s) and the Release Era (1980s). These periods are modeled after Fletcher's stages through which ethical issues evolve (1990). However, an agricultural perspective on the debate reveals that such stages also occur in finer detail on repeating, overlapping, and multi-level scales. Knowledge of this periodicity may be useful in predicting features of future episodes of the rDNA controversy.Ph. D.