Дисертації з теми "Agricultural waste management"
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Stephenson, Gregg T. "The Effects of Agricultural Waste-Based Compost Amendments in Organic Pest Management." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2019. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2042.
Повний текст джерелаTorr, Leigh Christine. "Applications of dairy wastewater as a fertilizer to agricultural land : an environmental management perspective." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1641.
Повний текст джерелаAs with any form of intensive agriculture, there are potential environmental impacts associated with the management and housing of livestock on dairy farms. Within the field of dairy farming, particular focus falls to the issue of environmental degradation of water resources, as this form of pollution is currently a major environmental issue around the world. Conventional agricultural practices involving the application of chemical fertilizers to land and crops are causing environmental problems as a result of poor management practices. Dairy wastewater and manures could however be a valuable resource for agricultural producers in the form of an alternate fertilizer for their crops. Waste application as a fertilizer is more environmentally friendly than chemical fertilizers, and could drastically reduce costs for farmers, whilst alleviating storage and management problems often associated with farmyard manures (FYM). The application of organic wastes, notably livestock manures, to land has historically been important for maintaining soil fertility on farms in terms of nutrient status and organic matter levels, as well as helping to reduce soil erosion and improve waterholding capacity. The research sought to investigate the environmental and economical feasibility of using dairy wastewater and manures as an alternative form of fertilizer within agriculture in South Africa.
Hammond, Leslie. "Nutrient Availability and Dynamics of Compost Bedded Pack Dairy Barn Waste." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/68.
Повний текст джерелаKwaw-Mensah, David. "Perceptions of agricultural extension educators regarding livestock waste management education in the North Central Region." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.
Знайти повний текст джерелаVaz, Sílvia Liliana de Seixas. "Caracterização e diagnóstico da situação relativa à gestão dos resíduos sólidos de origem agrícola no concelho de Vila Franca de Xira." Master's thesis, ISA/UTL, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/5350.
Повний текст джерелаThis paper presents a critical analysis of the agricultural solid waste management, taking as case study the county of Vila Franca de Xira. In order to support this analysis we present the literature review and the contacts with public and private entities and organizations with an interest in the present work. It is made a brief introduction to clarify the reasons that explain the genesis of the problem of waste in general and the agricultural waste in particular and the importance of its managing. It is also mentioned the main problems raised by wastes in the environment, its management, and the main solutions adopted for each of these wastes. It is presented the legislation and institutional framework for the wastes of agricultural sources, indicating the documents and entities involved in waste management. For the case study, it was characterized the county in general and justified the decision to limit the analysis to the Lezíria Grande de Vila Franca de Xira. The data related to waste management in the area and a critical analysis of the actual situation, including suggestions for intervention in the management of agricultural waste that may help to improve the current situation.
Mbeng, Lawrence O. "The impact of public attitudes and behaviour on the effective valorisation of household organic waste into agricultural compost : case study Limbe and Douala - Cameroon." Thesis, University of Northampton, 2009. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/2834/.
Повний текст джерелаKeeney, Daniel Colin. "Transforming Organic Waste Into A Marketable Product: A Conjoint Analysis Of Bulk Compost Preferences And Strategies For Expanding The Compost Market In Vermont." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2014. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/304.
Повний текст джерелаFreeman, Amanda N. D. "The importance of fisheries waste in the diet of Westland Petrels (Procellaria westlandica)." Lincoln University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/298.
Повний текст джерелаThull, Jean-Paul. "Management of stock effluent spillage from trucks in New Zealand." Lincoln University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/778.
Повний текст джерелаLin, Long. "Technical, Microbial, and Economic Study on Thermophilic Solid-state Anaerobic Digestion of Lignocellulosic Biomass." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1500505570855855.
Повний текст джерелаBarbosa, George Leandro Monte. "Gerenciamento de residuo solido : Assentamento Sumare II, Sumare-SP." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258153.
Повний текст джерелаDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: O meio rural não é mais um espaço onde são desenvolvidas atividades exclusivamente agrícolas, já que, tem passado por intensas mudanças, que induzem a pluriatividade, fazendo com que o espaço seja tido como um continuum da zona urbana. Estas mudanças que assemelham o rural ao urbano trazem, a reboque desta reestruturação, mazelas há muito discutidas e pouco solucionadas, das" cidades", como uso e ocupação do solo de maneira desregrada, ausência de saneamento básico, entre outras. A respeito do saneamento, o Gerenciamento Integrado de Resíduo Sólido ainda é uma realidade bem distante, para as comunidades rurais, mesmo para aquelas juntas às zonas urbanas. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho é a elaboração de um Plano de Gerenciamento de Resíduo Sólido para o Assentamento Sumaré II, localizado no município de Sumaré, no Estado de São Paulo, através do diagnóstico da situação do resíduo no local, caracterizando-o, bem como avaliando o programa de coleta de resíduo desenvolvido na comunidade. Para tanto, foi feita uma análise do espaço e dos indivíduos, por meio de dados bibliográficos e questionários de campo, bem como a caracterização do resíduo, para determinar a composição gravimétrica e a taxa de resíduo gerada na comunidade. O trato com o resíduo da comunidade, por parte da prefeitura, é incipiente e inconsistente. Há uma grande distinção de hábitos dos assentados, identificada pelo material que constitui o resíduo de cada família, bem como o modo de descarte do mesmo. De maneira geral, as taxas de resíduo não são geradas com a mesma magnitude, não havendo período do ano com uma produção diferenciada de resíduo. A partir das análises do resíduo é possível afirmar que existe uma "urbanização dos hábitos" dos assentados, realçando a idéia de que esta zona torna-se um continuum das urbanidades
Abstract: The agricultural area is not more a space where exclusively agricultural activities are developed since it has being passed for intense changes that induce the pluriactivities, making that the space is had as a continuum of the urban zone. These changes create, when comparing the agricultural and the urban area, problems that are very argued and little solved about the "cities", such as use and occupation of the ground in disordered way, absence of basic sanitation, among others. Regarding the sanitation, the Integrated Management of Solid Waste still is a very distant reality, for the agricultural communities, even for those near to the urban zones. The objective of this work is to elaborate a Solid Waste Management Plan for the li Assentamento Sumaré II", located in Sumaré city, in São Paulo State, through making a situation inventory of the waste in the place, characterizing it, as well as evaluating the existing program of waste collection developed in the community. In order to get it, analysis of the space and the individuals were made, by bibliographical data and field questionnaires, as well as the characterization of the waste to determine the gravimetrical composition and the taxes of waste generated in the community. The community waste management made by the city hall was incipient and inconsistent. It has a great distinction of habits of these rural people, identified by the waste content of each family, as well as the way of discarding it. In general way, the waste taxes are not generated with the same magnitude, not having a differentiated production of waste by period of the year. From the waste analysis it is possible to affirm that a "urbanization of the customs" of the rural people exists, corroborating with the idea that this zone becomes one continuum of the urbanities
Mestrado
Saneamento e Ambiente
Mestre em Engenharia Civil
Андрейченко, А. В. "Науково-економічне забезпечення розвитку безвідходного виробництва в аграрному секторі". Thesis, Одеса, 2019. http://ir.stu.cn.ua/123456789/17362.
Повний текст джерелаУ дисертації сформульовані концептуальні організаційно-економічні засади формування, впровадження та розвитку безвідходного виробництва в аграрному секторі економіки України, до числа основних з яких слід віднести: урахування зарубіжного досвіду та національних інституціональних особливостей; мінімізацію витрат сировинних і енергетичних ресурсів в аграрному виробництві; обмеження негативного впливу аграрного виробництва на природне середовище; забезпечення циклічності матеріальних та фінансових потоків; раціоналізацію аграрної виробничо-господарської діяльності, збалансування функціонування економічної, соціальної та довкільної сфер життєдіяльності людини в сільській місцевості. Розкрито питання впровадження безвідходного агровиробництва крізь призму проблематики забезпечення сталого розвитку та національної безпеки України. Викладено методико-методологічне обґрунтування впровадження безвідходного агровиробництва. Проаналізовано сучасний стан та структурно-динамічні тенденції розвитку безвідходного агровиробництва із зосередженням уваги на питаннях ресурсозбереження в аграрному секторі, вивченні кон’юнктури ринку продукції безвідходного агровиробництва. Розглянуто специфіку державної регуляторної політики у сфері розвитку безвідходного агровиробництва. Досліджено світовий досвід розвитку безвідходного агровиробництва. Запропоновано заходи посилення конкурентоспроможності суб’єктів господарювання безвідходного агровиробництва. Запропоновано заходи підвищення економіко-соціальної та екологічної результативності безвідходного виробництва в аграрному секторі економіки. Висвітлено особливості розвитку інвестиційно-інноваційного забезпечення безвідходного агровиробництва. Здійснено економіко-математичне моделювання ефективного розвитку безвідходного агровиробництва.
В диссертации сформулированы концептуальные организационно-экономические основы формирования, внедрения и развития безотходного производства в аграрном секторе экономики Украины, к основным из которых следует отнести: учет зарубежного опыта и национальных институциональных особенностей; минимизацию затрат сырьевых и энергетических ресурсов в аграрном производстве; ограничение негативного влияния аграрного производства на окружающую среду; обеспечение цикличности материальных и финансовых потоков; рационализацию аграрной производственно-хозяйственной деятельности, сбалансирование функционирования экономической, социальной и естественной сфер жизнедеятельности человека в сельской местности. Раскрыты вопросы внедрения безотходного агропроизводства сквозь призму проблематики обеспечения устойчивого развития и национальной безопасности Украины. Изложено методико-методологическое обоснование внедрения безотходного агропроизводства. Проанализировано современное состояние и структурно-динамические тенденции развития безотходного агропроизводства с сосредоточением внимания на вопросах ресурсосбережения в аграрном секторе, изучении рынка продукции безотходного агропроизводства. Рассмотрена специфика государственной регуляторной политики в сфере развития безотходного агропроизводства. Исследован мировой опыт развития безотходного агропроизводства. Предложены меры усиления конкурентоспособности субъектов хозяйствования безотходного агропроизводства. Предложены меры повышения экономико-социальной и экологической результативности безотходного производства в аграрном секторе экономики. Освещены особенности развития инвестиционно-инновационного обеспечения безотходного агропроизводства. Представлено экономико-математическое моделирование эффективного развития безотходного агропроизводства.
The thesis contains conceptual organizational and economic principles of formation, introduction and development of non-waste production in the agricultural sector based on national realities and international experience. The study of the issues of the non-waste agricultural production implementation into the practice of management has been carried out through the consideration of such major "blocks": theoretical-conceptual and methodological substantiation; analysis of the current state and trends of agricultural production development; organizational and economic provision of formation and development of non-waste agricultural production; investment and innovation support of non-waste agricultural production; implementation of economical and mathematical modeling of efficient development of non-waste production in the agricultural sector of the economy. The triad of properties of non-waste agricultural production has been proved: firstly, to extract the most valuable and complex components of raw materials, transforming them into useful products; secondly, to ensure the social effectiveness of agricultural production; thirdly: to eliminate or minimize the harm done to the environment as a result of production and economic activity. The applied significance of the application of the non-waste agricultural production principles, that minimizes the cost of raw materials and energy resources, limits the negative impact of production on the environment, ensures the cyclicality of material and financial flows, rationalizes the production and economic activity of the agricultural sector of the economy, balances the functioning of the economic, social and environmental spheres of human life has been ensured. The connection between the efficient functioning of non-waste production in the agricultural sector of the economy and the noosphere teaching has been highlighted, which are aimed at achieving the goal of a common harmonious development of nature and society. The peculiarities of the "mental" attitude to the problem of agricultural waste at the national and global levels have been investigated. The necessity of evaluating the efficiency of non-waste agricultural production on the system of indicators reflecting economic, social, ecological and institutional characteristics of the investigated phenomenon has been argued. The inextricable link between the intensification of agricultural production and resource conservation has been proved, which lies in the increase of the efficiency of the resources utilization and their comprehensive savings. The main types of products of non-waste agricultural production (foodstuffs, feed and feed additives, organic fertilizers, alternative sources of energy, products of technical purpose) have been determined, and economic, social and environmental benefits of such products have been identified: resource conservation, reduction of energy intensity of agroproduction; provision of regional electricity needs; financial benefits from the conversion of waste from the agricultural sector to biogas, biofertilizers, feed additives, etc.; absence of payment for emissions; competitiveness on the domestic and world markets; minimizing environmental damage and protecting the biosphere; assistance in preserving the health of the nation; protection of consumer rights; new jobs creation; development of rural territories. The author has identified the directions, the systematic implementation of which will provide the multifaceted task of strengthening the competitiveness of economic entities of non-waste agricultural production in the domestic and world markets. Economic-mathematical modeling of efficient development of non-waste production in agricultural sector have been presented. The directions of improvement of non-waste agricultural production marketing have been substantiated. The author has proved the significance of the increase of the economic, social and ecological efficiency in the field of non-waste agricultural production for the development of the agricultural sector of Ukraine and for each non-waste production entity in the agricultural sector, as: less resources and labor per unit of production are spent, that entails a decrease in the cost of production of non-waste agricultural production; reduction of the non-waste agricultural production cost affects the creation of economic conditions for the reduction of retail prices in the market of agricultural products; improvement of the non-waste agricultural production efficiency affects the increase of incomes and the level of profitability of economic entities of non-waste agricultural production; minimizes the damage to the environment during the production of products. Economic-mathematical modeling of efficient development of non-waste production in agricultural sector of economy have been presented
Hormenu, Michael Commander. "Municipal Organic Waste Composting as Management Option for Urban Agriculture: A case of Accra Metropolis, Ghana." Thesis, KTH, VA-teknik, Vatten, Avlopp och Avfall, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-96301.
Повний текст джерелаSutton, Robert. "Evaluation of Constructed Wetlands for the Waste Management of a Large Scale Swine Production Unit." TopSCHOLAR®, 1996. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/822.
Повний текст джерелаDefrance, de Tersant Guillaume(Guillaume M. ). "Challenges facing agriculture : evaluation of the impact of AgTech, recommendations, and opportunity identification in food waste reduction." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122562.
Повний текст джерелаThesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2019
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 102-113).
Global food production faces severe challenges that will test the world's ability to mobilize technology, industry participants, and governments to develop a sustainable response. Feeding a growing population and accommodating for rapidly evolving diets calls for a significant expansion in production. Progress is needed to help produce more with less, limit the environmental impact of chemical inputs, and curb agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. The agricultural workforce is facing increasingly challenging economic conditions, a lackluster generation of new producers, and industrywide labor shortages that threaten the continuity of food production. Innovative systems are crucially needed to boost productivity, while protecting natural resources and sustaining a vital workforce. In the past decade, Agriculture has witnessed the rise of a novel proponent of such systems stemming from an unprecedented wave of investments, innovations, and entrepreneurial ventures, referred to as AgTech for the purpose of this work. The aim of this work is initially to analyze the most pressing challenges faced by global food production, communicate on their magnitude, and highlight opportunities for innovation. In parallel, this work aims to increase awareness on the magnitude of food waste and loss, and present opportunities associated with food waste reduction and prevention. Then, this work will briefly define AgTech, present its benefits, and evaluate its impact on the food production industry. Based on this evaluation, limitations of AgTech will be presented, and industrywide recommendations to enhance its impact will be proposed. Finally, this work will propose a concept to reduce food waste in agricultural production.
by Guillaume Defrance de Tersant.
S.M. in Engineering and Management
S.M.
S.M.inEngineeringandManagement Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program
S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Adamisin, Peter, Emilia Huttmanova, and Jana Chovancova. "Economical and ecological consequences of the management of biological wastes arising in the intensive agricultural livestock production." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/42765.
Повний текст джерелаPohanková, Lucie. "Architektura ekofarem v České republice." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233237.
Повний текст джерелаMoore, Emily. "The Value of Waste: The Cycle of Products and Byproducts in Nepal’s Eastern Hills." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/946.
Повний текст джерелаTukana, Andrew. "A Study of biogas digesters as an animal waste management tool on livestock farming systems in Fiji /." View thesis, 2005. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20060502.151953/index.html.
Повний текст джерела" A thesis presented to the School of Environment and Agriculture, University of Western Sydney, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Honours)." Includes bibliography : leaves 165 -175, and appendices.
Lima, Lucas Kennedy Silva. "Desenvolvimento do feijÃo caupi em funÃÃo da utilizaÃÃo de resÃduo da indÃstria do cafà como fonte de potÃssio." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=12810.
Повний текст джерелаA regiÃo Nordeste se caracteriza por apresentar uma agricultura em sua grande maioria de base familiar. Dentre as culturas produzidas o feijÃo caupi se destaca sendo uma das mais importantes. Um dos principais entraves da agricultura familiar à o gasto com aquisiÃÃo de adubos. O desenvolvimento de prÃticas que visem substituir esse modelo à bem aceito principalmente quando apresenta reduÃÃo nos custos de produÃÃo. Uma das tÃcnicas que vem sendo estudadas à a utilizaÃÃo de resÃduos industriais e agroindustriais. O trabalho com o objetivo de avaliar o desenvolvimento do feijÃo-caupi a partir da utilizaÃÃo de resÃduos da indÃstria de cafà em comparaÃÃo com adubaÃÃo potÃssica convencional foi desenvolvido em Casa de VegetaÃÃo da Universidade Federal do Cearà Campus do Pici. A unidade experimental foi representada por um vaso plÃstico contendo 22 kg de solo. Como substrato foi utilizado solo coletado na camada de 0-20 cm do perfil na Ãrea DidÃtica do Departamento de Fitotecnia as formas de adubaÃÃo foram o resÃduo oriundo do processo de torrefaÃÃo do cafà e o cloreto de potÃssio convencional. ApÃs a conclusÃo do primeiro experimento foi realizado um segundo cultivo com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito residual da adubaÃÃo. As caracterÃsticas avaliadas foram comprimento da haste principal diÃmetro do caule ao nÃvel do solo nÃmero de folhas Ãrea foliar aos 17 e 60 dias apÃs semeadura Ãndice de Ãrea foliar evapotranspiraÃÃo Ãndice de colheita eficiÃncia no uso da Ãgua nÃmero de vagens por planta comprimento da vagem nÃmero de sementes por vagem massa das vagens massa das sementes e teores de N P K no tecido foliar. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial duplo 2x6 sendo duas fontes de potÃssio (cloreto de potÃssio e resÃduo do cafÃ) e seis nÃveis de adubaÃÃo (0 50 100 150 200 250 kg/ha-1). Como resultados foram observados que o potÃssio no feijÃo caupi apresenta respostas satisfatÃrias mesmo em baixas concentraÃÃes desse nutriente em ambos os cultivos o teor de K na folha foi maior quando utilizado o resÃduo. As elevadas temperaturas influenciaram na produÃÃo em ambos os cultivos provocando abortamento floral assim como tambÃm a infestaÃÃo da cochonilha no segundo cultivo limitou a produÃÃo do caupi. O resÃduo do cafà pode ser utilizado como fonte de potÃssio para a cultura do feijÃo caupi
The northeast region is characterized by presenting an agriculture mostly family based. Among the crops produced the cowpea stands out being the most important. One of the major obstacles family agriculture is spent on with purchase of fertilizers. The development practices aimed replace this model is well accepted principally when shows a reduction in the production costs. One of the techniques that has been studied is the utilization of industrial and agro-industrial residue. The work aimed of evaluate the development of the cowpea from the use of industrial residue coffee, compared with conventional potassium fertilization was developed in a greenhouse of University Federal of Cearà Campus do Pici. The experimental unit was represented by a plastic pot containing 22 kg. As substrate was used soil collected in the 0-20 cm layer profile in the experimental area Department of Fitotecnia, the forms fertilization were the residue originating from the process of roasting coffee and the conventional potassium chloride. After the conclusion the first experiment was realized one second cultivation with the objective to evaluate the residual effect of fertilization. The Characteristics evaluated were length of the main stem stem diameter at the ground level number of leaves leaf area at 17 and 60 days after seeding leaf area index evapotranspiration harvest index water use efficiency number of pods per plant pod length number of seeds per pod mass of the pods seed mass evapotranspiration and levels of N P K in leaf tissue. The experimental design was randomized blocks in double factorial scheme 2x6 with two sources of potassium (potassium chloride and coffee residue) and six levels of fertilization (0 50 100 150 200 250 kg/ha-1). As results were observed that potassium in cowpea presents satisfactory answers even at low concentrations of this nutrient in both crops the K content was higher in the leaf residue when used. The high temperatures influenced the production of in both crops causing floral abortion as well as also infestation of cochineal in the second crop limited production of cowpea. Taking in consideration the cost benefit the coffee residue can be used as source of potassium for the crop of cowpea
Schumann, Dolf. "A feasibility study of a CDM compliant small-scale biomass gasification electricity generation project at a Western Cape wine cellar." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/14633.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: The goal of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a small-scale biomass gasification system within the context of a cooperative wine cellar operation in the Western Cape of South Africa. Central to this goal was the questions whether the time for the implementation of such small-scale renewable energy technologies in South Africa has arrived, in light of the status quo which has changed drastically from the days of abundant and cheap coal-based electricity, and whether the new opportunities afforded by the CDM can help foster financial feasibility. There are various macro-drivers contributing to the current-day emphasis on renewable energy and cogeneration projects. The first and most pressing driver is the global climate change imperative, while the others include the increased aspiration of countries towards energy security, the realization of the importance of sustainable development and the subsequent renewable energy policies that falls within the ambit of sustainable development. Small-scale biomass gasification technology still poses some challenges, particularly when it comes to the gasification of agricultural residues, as with grape residues in the case of this project. The most important technical feasibility problem to overcome is the low ash agglomeration temperature of grape residues reported in the literature. Although the local equipment manufacturer foresees no problem in this regard with their system design - since they have conducted tests on sunflower seed residues, which have similar ash properties, without experiencing any agglomeration problems - the seriousness of this aspect will be confirmed during pilot trials. In order to be eligible for emissions reduction trading under the CDM, the project must adequately demonstrate that the emissions reductions are additional to the business-as-usual scenario, in both the environmental and financial sense. The project will satisfy the environmental additionality requirement, since in its absence the wine cellar will continue its full reliance on coal-based electricity from the grid. Financial additionality, in its strictest sense, requires for the project to be infeasible if it does not pursue CDM participation, which the financial feasibility modeling results indicated to be true in this case. A feasibility model was developed to - subject to the input parameter values assumed and basic assumptions made - be able to assess the financial viability of the project. The main assumptions were that the private feed-in into the national electricity grid was available to all IPPs, in spite of the fact that in its Medium Term Power Purchase Program me (MTPPP) of May 2008 Eskom had only requested expressions of interest from IPPs that had a generating capacity of 5MW and higher to install private base load capacity. This assumption is commensurate with the country's renewable energy targets and the official government aim of achieving a 30% contribution from IPPs to the national electricity mix. The second assumption was that the 65 to lOOclkWh offered by Eskom in its MTPPP will be applicable to sub-SMWe IPPs as well (Creamer, 2008), and that this lower bound electricity price of 65clkWh can be applied over the whole project lifetime. Inherent to this assumption is the further supposition that the progressive decline of electricity prices to an eventual level of 35clkWh by 2018 foreseen by Eskom will not materialize, due both to the sustained pressure an expanding South African economy will put on the considerable but time-consuming supply-side initiatives launched by Eskom, and the likelihood for price premiums to be introduced for clean electricity in order to meet the country's renewable energy targets. From the assumed input parameter values the initial capital and COM expenditures, operating revenues and costs over the project lifetime were determined, and then used to calculate the net cash flows, where after the NPV was computed to serve as the deciding criterion on financial feasibility. A discount rate of 18% was assumed, corresponding with the subjectively judged risks that the project posed as a small-scale renewable energy system within the wine cellar operations. In the case where the project excluded all CDM aspects, the NPV was negative at - ZAR342 573, but this improved to ZAR325 193 if the project participated in the CDM. Thus it was concluded that the project will only be financially feasible if it includes CDM participation, and that this positive contribution can be leveraged by pursuing a programmatic CDM approach. This entails the development of this project as part of a larger program in which similar projects are implemented as they arise, up to the official UN limit of 15MWe in total to still qualify as a small-scale program. The nature of the assumptions that form the backbone of this study indicate that the positive financial feasibility result in the case where the project includes COM participation will become practically relevant only over the short- to medium-term as these assumptions become reality in South Africa. Therefore, although the time for such small-scale renewable energy projects has clearly not arrived as yet, it would seem that it is indeed around the corner.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die mikpunt van die navorsing was om die lewensvatbaarheid van 'n klein-skaal biomassa vergassing sisteem binne die konteks van 'n kooperatiewe wynkelder in die Wes-Kaap van Suid-Afrika te ondersoek. 'n Sentrale aspek was die vrae of die tyd aangebreek het om klein-skaal volhouhare energie projekte in Suid-Afrika tot uitvoering te bring, gesien in die lig van 'n status quo wat drasties weg beweeg het van die tydperk toe elektrisiteit volop en goedkoop was, en of die geleentheid wat die CDM bied sulke projekte finansieel lewensvatbaar kan maak. Daar is verskeie eksterne makro-drywers wat bydrae tot die huidige fokus op sulke volhoubare energie projekte. Hieronder tel globale klimaatsverandering as die dringendste drywer, terwyl die res onder andere die hernuwe strewe van lande tot verbeterde energie-sekuriteit, die besef van die belangrikheid van volhoubare ontwikkeling en die daaropvolgende volhoubare energie beleid stappe insluit. Daar bestaan nog etlike tegniese uitdagings tot die toepassing van klein-skaal biomassa vergassing tegnologie, spesifiek met betrekking tot die vergassing van afval landbou byprodukte, soos wat die geval is met druiwe afval in hierdie projek. Die belangrikste tegniese uitvoerbaarheids-aspek wat aandag verg is die lae smeltpunt van druifafval-as wat in die literatuur rapporteer word. Alhoewel die plaaslike toerustings-vervaardiger nie enige probleme in hierdie verhand voorsien nie, aangesien toetse met sonneblom afval - met as-eienskappe rofweg identies aan die van druiwe-afval - geen smelting van die as getoon het nie, sal dit tog nogsteeds aan verdere toetse onderwerp word. Vir die projek om te kwalifiseer as geskik vir verhandeling in kweekhuisgas vermindering deur middel van die COM, moet dit voldoende bewys kan word dat alle uitlaatgas vermindering addisioneel is tot wat die geval sou wees in die gewone gang van besigheid. Hierdie addisionaliteit is relevant in beide 'n omgewings- en finansiele sin. Hierdie projek sal orngewings-addisionaliteit bevredig deurdat die wynkelder in sy afwesigheid volkome afhanklik van die steenkool-gebaseerde elektrisiteit vanaf die nasionale netwerk sou bly, terwyl finansiele addisionaliteit bewys is deur die finansiele lewensvatbaarheids-model wat getoon het dat die projek slegs ekonomies uitvoerbaar sal wees indien dit CDM deelname insluit. Die lewensvatbaarheids-model is ontwikkel om die ekonomiese uitvoerbaarheid van die projek te evalueer, onderworpe aan die aangenome inset parameter waardes en basiese aannames in die studie. Die hoof-aanname was naamlik dat privaat terugvoer in die nasionale elektrisiteits-netwerk vir alle grootte IPPs moontlik is, ten spyte van die feit dat Eskom se MTPPP van Mei 2008 slegs kapasiteite van 5MW en groter aanvaar bet. Hierdie aanname is gebaseer op Suid-Afrika se volhoubare energie teikens en die regering se offisiele mikpunt om 30% van alle krag-voorsiening vanaf IPPs te bekom. Die tweede hoof-aanname was dat die 65 tot 100clkWh wat Eskom in sy MTPPP aangebied het, ook van toepassing sal wees op sub-SMW IPPs (Creamer, 2008), en dat die laer prys-limiet van 65c/kWb oor die hele projek-leeftyd toegepas kon word. Inherent tot hierdie aanname is die verdere veronderstelling dat die progressiewe daling in elektrisiteits-pryse tot 'n eventuele vlak van 35clkWh voorsien deur Eskom nie sal realiseer nie, beide as gevolg van die volgehoue druk wat die groeiende Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie op die aansieniike, maar tydrowende, opwekkings-kapasiteit uitbreidings van Eskom behoort te plaas, en ook die hoe waarskynlikheid dat prys premiums vir skoon elektrisiteit ingestel word sodat Suid-Afrika sy volboubare energie telkens kan bereik. Die aanvanklike kapitaal en CDM uitgawes, en bedryfsuitgawes en - inkomstes oor die projekleeftyd is vanaf die aangenome inset parameter waardes afgelei, waarop die NPV van die projek uitgewerk is om te dien as die beslissende maatstaf van ekonomiese haalbaarheid. 'n Diskontokoers van 18% is gebruik, ooreenstemmend met die subjektief beraamde risikos wat die projek inhou as 'n klein-skaal volhoubare energie sisteem. Die resultate van die finansiele lewensvatbaarheids-model het getoon dat in die geval waar die projek geen CDM aspekte bevat nie, die NPV hoogs negatief sou wees met 'n waarde van -ZAR342 573, terwyl dit verbeter na ZAR325 193 as die projek CDM deelname insluit. Die gevolgtrekking is dus gemaak dat die spesifieke projek slegs ekonomies haalbaar sal wees indien dit wel CDM deelname insluit, en dat hierdie positiewe finansiele bydrae van die CDM geoptimaliseer kan word deur 'n programmatiese CDM benadering te volg. Dit behels die ontwikkeling van die projek as deel van 'n groter program waarin soortgelyke projekte mettertyd geimplementeer word soos hulle ontstaan, tot by die offisiele VN limiet van 15MWe om sodoende nog te kwalifiseer as 'n algehele klein-skaalse program. Die aard van die hoof-aannames in hierdie studie is indikatief dat die positiewe finansiele lewensvatbaarheid in die geval waar die projek CDM deelname insluit, eers oor die kort- tot medium-termyn prakties relevant sal word soos die aannames bevredig word. Dus, alhoewel die era van klein-skaalse volhoubare energie projekte nog nie aangebreek het in Suid-Afrika nie, lyk dit tog asof dit om die draai is.
Zimmermann, Kelly K. "Food Waste Reduction Strategies in Supermarkets: The Lived Experiences of Perishable Food Managers in Michigan." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4264.
Повний текст джерелаMollatt, Michelle Claire. "Ecological food sense : connections between food waste flows and food production in Enkanini Informal Settlement, Stellenbosch." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86550.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: In situ Informal Settlement Upgrading (ISU) was explored in this thesis, focussing on its relevance to waste service upgrading options immediately available and practically implementable for residents of Enkanini, a poorly serviced township (slum) in Stellenbosch, South Africa. Household food waste (kitchen scraps) was chosen as a key point of entry for exploring the context and viability of in situ improvement of solid waste management services in the area. This was done by investigating ways biological and social aspects of soil quality and food waste management can be incrementally improved in the settlement. Transdisciplinary methodology, Participatory Action Learning and Social Learning perspectives, combined with ecological thinking were used to explore different methods of managing food waste in Enkanini. A food waste collection pilot project was initiated in Enkanini by the Stellenbosch Municipality in 2012. The project was modified and continued in 2013, which served as the case study for this thesis. In 2013, food waste was collected by 56 households over five months. It was treated with Bokashi Effective Micro-organisms (Bokashi EM) containing yeasts, lactic acid bacteria, actinomycetes and photosynthetic bacteria. The Bokashi EM partially fermented the waste before it was used for composting or feeding to Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae. Laboratory testing of food waste, compost, soils and larvae waste residue determined the safety, potential and sustainability of food waste for recycling and contribution to local urban agriculture by closing the organic waste loop, and for generating an income stream. A total of 5851kg food waste was collected, saving 6m3 landfill space. Households generated 5,2kg - 9,6kg food waste per week. Extrapolating this lower figure for all of Enkanini (about 2400 households), about 50,2 tonnes of food waste could be generated per month. If this were collected and recycled or composted, this would save 51,2m3 landfill space per month. The most commonly cited benefit of food waste collections by participants was reduction of vermin in or around their homes. Laboratory testing indicated that some samples had high levels of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. No traces of Salmonella were found in food waste, compost and soil samples, and most were within acceptable limits for heavy metals. It was cautioned that vegetables grown on soils or compost with high E. coli be washed or cooked before consumption. Following socially and ecologically sustainable management of Enkanini’s food waste requires a combination of waste management methods. Options include localised composting - burying EM treated food waste in soil; in situ container composting of waste and adding this to soil; processing of EM treated food waste by Black Soldier Fly larvae (and their subsequent use as feed for chickens or fish); and finally by anaerobic digestion for generation of biogas and effluent fertiliser in local biodigestors. The thesis showed that biological elements (such as bacteria and soil nutrients) have impacts on residents in communities and these need to be considered significant. The thesis suggests ecological elements be considered as indicators or building blocks for ISU locally, nationally and internationally. Keywords: in situ incremental upgrading, food waste management, Effective Micro-organisms, social learning, urban agriculture, closed-loop systems, organic waste management, informal settlements.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In situ Opgraderingsprojek vir Informele Nedersetting (OIN) is in hierdie tesis ondersoek, met die fokus om die relevansie van afval diens opgradering opsies prakties te implementeer vir die inwoners van Enkanini, Stellenbosch, Suid Afrika, 'n gemeenskap met swak dienslewering. Huishoudelike kombuis voedselafval is gekies om die konteks en lewensvatbaarheid van in situ verbetering van vaste afval bestuur dienste te ondersoek. Dit is bereik deur maniere te ondersoek om die biologiese en sosiale aspekte van die kwaliteit van grond en voedselafval bestuur in die nedersetting te verbeter. Transdissiplinêre metode, Deelnemende Aksie Leer en Sosiale Leerprosesse, gekombineer met ekologiese denke, is gebruik is om verskillende metodes van die bestuur van voedselafval in Enkanini te verken. 'N Enkanini voedselafval versamelingsprojek is in 2012 deur die Stellenbosch Munisipaliteit begin. Dit is in 2013 aangepas en vir hierdie studie gebruik. Gedurende vyf maande in 2013 is voedselafval deur 56 huishoudings ingesamel. Dit is behandel met Bokashi effektiewe mikro-organismes (EM Bokashi) met gis, melksuur bakterieë, aktinomisete en fotosintetiese bakterieë. Die Bokashi EM het die afval gedeeltelik gegis voordat die afval gebruik was vir kompos of voeding aan Swart Soldaat Vlieg (Hermetia illucens) larwes. Voedselafval, kompos, grond en larwe oorskot laboratourim toetse het die veiligheid bepaal, asook die potensiaal en volhoubaarheid van die afval vir herwinning en die bydrae tot die plaaslike stedelike landbou deur middel van die organiese afval siklus, en vir inkomste generering. 5851kg voedselafval is ingesamel en 6m³ se opvullingsruimte bespaar. Die huishoudings het 5,2kg – 9,6kg voedselafval per week gegenereer. Die laer syfer in aggeneem, kan sowat 50,2 ton voedsalafval per maand in Enkanini (ongeveer 2400 huishoudings) gegenereer word. As dit ingesamel, herwin of gekomposteer was, sou 51,2 m³ opvullingsruimte per maand bespaar word. Die belangrikste voordeel van die voedselafval versamelings was die vermindering van knaag en aasdiere rondom wonings. Laboratoriumtoetse het hoë vlakke van Escherichia coli (E. coli) bakterieë in sommige monsters gevind. Geen spore van Salmonella is in die voedselafval, kompos en grondmonsters gevind nie en meeste was binne die aanvaarbare perke vir swaar metale. Die gemeenskap is gewaarsku om groente wat in die grond of kompos gekweek is voor verbruik in chloorwater te was of kook. Die sosiale en ekologies volhoubare bestuur van Enkanini se voedselafval vereis 'n kombinasie van afval bestuursmetodes. Opsies sluit gelokaliseerde kompos - begrawe EM behandelde voedsel afval in die grond; in situ houer kompos afval en die toevoeging van hierdie tot die grond; verwerking van EM behandelde voedselafval deur Swart Soldaat Vlieg larwes (en hul daaropvolgende gebruik as voer vir hoenders of vis); en uiteindelik deur mestvergisting vir die generasie van biogas en kunsmis in biovergisters. Die tesis toon dat biologiese elemente (soos bakterieë en voedingstowwe in grond)'n impak het op die gemeenskap se inwoners en as n belangrik faktor beskou moet word. Die tesis dui ekologiese elemente as n toekomstige aanwysers aan indien OIN plaaslik, nasionaal of internasionaal oorweeg word. Sleutelwoorde: in situ toenemende opgradering, kos afval bestuur, effektiewe mikro-organismes, sosiale leerproses, stedelike landbou, geslotestelsel-sisteme, organiese afval, informele nedersettings.
Devkota-Wasti, Mina Kumari [Verfasser]. "Nitrogen management in irrigated cotton-based systems under conservation agriculture on salt-affected lands of Uzbekistan / Mina Kumari Devkota-Wasti. Landwirtschaftliche Fakultät." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1017437483/34.
Повний текст джерелаJogdand, Surbhi Shivaji. "Some Study related to Refractory Waste Management in Sweden : A move towards a greener and sustainable Swedish steel industry." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-286836.
Повний текст джерелаFör decennier sedan krävde 1 ton stål 80 kg eldfast material. Medan scenariot har förändrats helt genom åren. Idag behöver 1 ton stål cirka 11 kg eldfast material beroende på stålverk. Eldfasta produkter är vana vid högtemperaturprocesser, till exempel produktion av stål, glas etc. Mängden förbrukade eldfasta produkter har också ökat med ökad efterfrågan på dess produktion. För tillverkning av eldfasta produkter finns det en enorm användning av jungfruliga råvaror men med prisökningen och minskade råvarukällor blir det svårt att fortsätta på det sättet i framtiden. Medan miljöproblemen inom stålindustrin ökar i snabb skala, såsom global miljöförorening, bevarande av naturresurser och den viktigaste ökningen av kostnaderna för deponering. Därför är det nödvändigt att i framtiden uppnå noll slöseri och korrekt användning av material från förbrukade eldfasta anläggningar av ekonomiska och miljömässiga skäl. Detta projektarbete fokuserar på att samla in information om eldfast avfallshantering för stöd till mer hållbar svensk stålindustri. Projektet genomförs i samarbete med KTH Royal Institute of Technology och den svenska stålproducentföreningen Jernkontoret. Detta arbete fokuserar på en undersökning av välkända svenska stålföretag Sandvik Materials Technology (SMT) AB och Höganäs AB. Det vetenskapliga arbetet koncentrerar sig på undersökningen av blandat avfall av MgO-C-tegel, samlat från Mireco AB, upp till en kornstorlek på 20 mm. Tre prover med olika kompositioner och olika kornstorlekar samlades från återvinningsstället och bearbetades för kolreduktion. På flera stigar uppnåddes den maximala kolelimineringen vid en temperatur högre än 800 ° C med en hålltid längre än 5 timmar. Böterna genomgick mekanisk pressning av 40 MPa för att bilda pellets med 16 mm och 32 mm i diameter. De viktigaste spårade elementen i MgO, SiO2, CaO, Al2O3 och Fe2O3 kan användas för applikationer inom jordbruksindustrin. MgO finns i den maximala kvantiteten (70-80%). Genom möjlig utvinning av MgO från böterna kan användas i degelindustrin, byggindustrin och stålindustrin för slaggbildning. MgO i form av tillskott för magnesiumbristjord eller kalciummagnesiumoxid för neutralisering av jordens pH genom balansering av surheten kan användas. Böternas kompatibilitet kan vara till hjälp för att lösa transportproblem och gynna praktiska tillägg till processer. Sammantaget ger detta arbete en hög potential för att använda sådana eldfasta avfallsmaterial för applikationer förutomdeponering med tonvikt på jordbruk
Siqueira, Thais Menina Oliveira de. "Compostagem de resíduos sólidos urbanos no estado de São Paulo." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/185.
Повний текст джерелаAre there successful composting experiences of municipal solid waste (MSW)? Is it possible to have alternative solutions for urban organic waste different from the conventional model of centralized composting plants? Answering these questions was the main objective of this work. The state of São Paulo was the focus of the research. Methodology included a survey of primary and secondary data of centralized and decentralized composting experiences in São Paulo and semi-structured interviews with managers in face to face, telephone or e-mail contacts. Six modalities of composting and fifteen treatment routes of organic waste with source separation had been identified, as well as factors boosting and restricting the development of composting activities in the State. The results showed the diversity of alternatives for organic waste recovery in urban areas, pointed out gaps that benefit final disposal groups and revealed the lack of public support to the composting activities undertaken by several actors in the State. The study concludes that decentralizing activities, diversifying technological routes of composting and stimulating social, public and private entrepreneurs can accelerate the diversion of MSW from landfills and dumps. Such actions can also contribute to urban and rural agriculture and enable implementation of a rational culture of solid waste management.
Existem experiências bem sucedidas com compostagem de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU)? É possível implantar soluções para os resíduos orgânicos urbanos, alternativas ao modelo convencional de usinas de triagem e compostagem? Responder a estas perguntas foi o principal objetivo deste trabalho. O estado de São Paulo foi o foco da pesquisa. A metodologia incluiu o levantamento de dados primários e secundários acerca de experiências paulistas de compostagem centralizada e descentralizada e entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores, em contatos pessoais, telefônicos ou via correio eletrônico. Foram identificadas seis modalidades de compostagem e quinze rotas de tratamento de resíduos orgânicos com separação na fonte, além de fatores que impulsionam e que restringem o desenvolvimento de atividades de compostagem no estado. Os resultados desvelam a diversidade de alternativas para valorização de resíduos orgânicos em meio urbano, apontam brechas para a atuação de grupos que lucram com a disposição final e revelam a falta de apoio e incentivo público às atividades de compostagem empreendidas por diversos atores no estado. Conclui-se que a descentralização da atividade, a diversificação das rotas tecnológicas de compostagem e o estímulo aos empreendedores sociais, públicos e privados pode acelerar o desvio de RSU dos aterros sanitários e lixões, contribuir para a agricultura urbana e rural e permitir a implantação de uma cultura racional de gestão de resíduos sólidos.
Rosenblum, James S. "The Relationships of Pathogenic Microbes, Chemical Parameters, and Biogas Production During Anaerobic Digestion of Manure-based Biosolids." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1376929611.
Повний текст джерелаDurant, Valerie A. "Sustainable urban agriculture and forestation : the edible connected city." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26246.
Повний текст джерелаDissertation (MTRP)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Town and Regional Planning
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McKenzie, Joanne T. "Deep anthropogenic topsoils in Scotland : a geoarchaeological and historical investigation into distribution, character and conservation under modern land cover." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/203.
Повний текст джерелаTirado, Sandra M. "Effects Of Turning Frequency, Pile Size And Season On Physical, Chemical And Biological Properties During Composting Of Dairy Manure/Sawdust (Dm+S)." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1218133685.
Повний текст джерелаKessler, Angelika. "Aspects socio-économiques d'un compost phytosanitaire issu des ordures appliqué dans l'agriculture périurbaine en Afrique de l'Ouest." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15087.
Повний текст джерелаBy the EU financed project called "Utilisation of composted waste from urban households in the peri-urban agriculture for plant protection purpose in West Africa" with took place in Rufisque in Senegal, Conakry and Timbi Madîna in the Republic of Guinea the same as Lomé and Tsévié in Togo from 1999 to 2002, the data which are the base of this study have been collected. These towns are mainly settled by Wolofs, Fulanis, Sussus and Ewes. The size of the towns varies from 4 000 to 1.4 mill inhabitants. Production systems of urban vegetable farmers as well as peri-urban rain fed farmers have been investigated. The objective was to analyse the willingness of household, to collect organic waste, and of farmers, to use composted household waste for plant protection, to facilitate the introduction of compost for phytosanitary purpose. Hence standardised interviews of 1802 farmers and 1775 households have been done. About 10 % of the answers have been standardised in a way which allowed analysing them in 18 models of logistic regression with the first level of interactions. The results of the models have been compared to the qualitative results of the standardised, the half standardised and the unstructured interviews as well as the observations and the case studies. We find out that: There are no traditional obstacles inhibiting the collection of organic waste, the processing and the use of compost. Wild waste heaps disturb the people. They are ready to participate financially on waste collection. For the separation of waste the households need bins adapted to the climate and to the amount of waste. Anyway households separating waste would like to pay reduced waste fees. The waste collection is actually a rentable economic activity. A conflict avoiding accountability for waste fees is essential for the long lasting of a waste collection organisation. An optimal place for a compost station is a small rural town with many waste problems, without an institutionalised waste collection and with many vegetable farmers aware of diseases. The production of compost is very labour-intensive and rentable only if the compost is sold on organic pesticide prices. Compost is well known in West Africa. The innovation would be the application of compost for pest treatment of soil related diseases. Therefore a compost station needs a very efficient marketing.
Ivany, Peter Andrew 1966. "Site characterization, design, construction, and management of a field experiment to assess groundwater contamination by agricultural waste management practices /." 1993. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,152999.
Повний текст джерелаArruda, Miguel António Taveira Franco Sousa. "Management of agricultural waste on a sample of farms on the island of São Miguel (Açores)." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.3/3395.
Повний текст джерелаMilhões de toneladas de resíduos sólidos urbanos são gerados a partir de fontes agrícolas, urbanas e industriais, a cada ano. Esses valores devem aumentar exponencialmente devido ao crescimento da população mundial e ao aumento das áreas urbanizadas. A agricultura representa o principal pilar da economia da região autónoma dos Açores, contribuindo decisivamente para o equilíbrio da balança comercial. O setor agrícola representa atualmente cerca de 50% da economia dos Açores. Neste contexto, a os municípios da Ilha de São Miguel, a maior do arquipélago, pretendia perceber qual o destino final geralmente dado pelos agricultores a resíduos agrícolas específicos: plásticos, embalagens de produtos fitossanitários e veterinários, pneus usados e óleos usados. O instrumento utilizado para a coleta de dados foi um questionário. Para o efeito, foi construída uma tabela com questões de investigação. Este estudo concluiu que o conhecimento legal da maioria dos agricultores acerca dos resíduos era reduzido. Isto pode dever-se à falta de planos de formação e de campanhas de informação eficazes. Ainda assim, os agricultores mostraram preocupação em relação ao impacte ambiental dos resíduos produzidos na sua atividade, embora a maior parte não tenha conhecimento do destino final correto a dar aos resíduos. Embora os agricultores tenham referido que consideram muito importante tratar os resíduos de forma adequada, não tinham a certeza de qual a sua responsabilidade no processo. Concluiu-se que, uma parte considerável dos tipos de resíduos-alvo nesta investigação, não têm o destino final adequado. Para reverter essa situação devem ser implementadas campanhas de formação e sensibilização dirigidas aos agricultores.
ABSTRACT: Millions of tons of solid wastes are generated from agricultural, municipal and industrial sources every year. These amounts are expected to increase exponentially due to the growth of the world’s population and the increase of urbanized areas. Agriculture represents the main pillar of the economy of the Autonomous region of the Azores, contributing decisively to the equilibrium of the trade balance. The agricultural sector currently represents approximately 50% of the Azores economy. In this context, the Municipalities in the largest island, São Miguel, were interested in understanding what is the final destination generally given by farmers to particular types of agricultural waste: plastic, packages of phytosanitary and veterinary products, used tires and used lubricant oils. The instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire. To that end, a table with research questions was built. This study concluded that the legal knowledge of the majority of farmers regarding waste was reduced. This might be related to the lack of effective training and information campaigns. Even so, farmers showed concern about the environmental impact of waste produced in their activity though most are unaware of the correct final destination that should be given to waste. Although farmers stated that they consider important to dispose of the waste properly, they were not sure about their responsibility in the process. It is concluded that a considerable portion of the targeted waste types in this research does not have the adequate final destination. In order to reverse this situation, training and awareness campaigns directed to farmers should be implemented.
Zimmerman, Kathleen Agnes. "Negotiation in environmental policy-making: a case study of nitrate regulation in B.C.’s Code of agricultural practice for waste management." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/4260.
Повний текст джерелаPopov, Vladislav H., University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and School of Environment and Agriculture. "A catchment approach to managing agricultural pesticides in the environment : a case study with the herbicide atrazine." 2005. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/22967.
Повний текст джерелаDoctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Galli, Giovanni. "Packaging waste management: Financial support and cost efficiency in Portugal and Italy." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/18709.
Повний текст джерелаA presente dissertação discute a gestão de resíduos de embalagens e analisa o tema a partir de duas abordagens diferentes. Do ponto de vista qualitativo, visa comparar os esquemas de conformidade implementados em Portugal e na Itália, e o modelo de cálculo do apoio financeiro às autoridades locais. Além disso, sob ponto de vista quantitativo, pretende-se avaliar as eficiências de custo relativas, nas suas componentes variantes e invariante no tempo, por meio da análise de fronteira estocástica. Em relação ao primeiro objetivo, as principais diferenças entre as transferências financeiras para as autarquias locais são a presença, em Portugal, de um fator de avaliação da qualidade do serviço; enquanto, em Itália, existe a implementação de uma compensação financeira progressiva, baseada em faixas diferentes para a qualidade dos resíduos coletados. No que respeita à segunda parte, uma eficiência determinística de custo persistente e invariável no tempo e uma eficiência residual estocática de custo, e variável no tempo, estimadas a partir de dois panel data, um para cada país. Os resultados obtidos para o sistema português mostram um pequeno impacto de ineficiências variáveis no tempo, e definem o setor com uma eficiência de custo geral que é metade do score apresentado pela empresa mais eficiente no panel. No que concerne a Itália, a análise detetou um impacto maior dos fatores variáveis no tempo na eficiência geral de custo do setor, que, em média, é cerca de um terço da eficiência da melhor entitade.
Jiang, Limin. "Scope economies between indiscriminate and selective urban solid waste collection." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/15434.
Повний текст джерелаA reciclagem é uma opção possível na gestão de residuos sólidos urbanos para lidar com a crescente quantidade deste tipo de resíduos que é produzida. Não existem muitos Estudos que tenham analisado este serviço e perguntado se as entidades gestoras de resíduos sólidos urbanos beneficiam do fornecimento simultâneo dos serviços de recolha de lixo e de reciclagem. Esta dissertação procura responder a essa questão no contexto português. Por outras palavras, ela tenta descobrir se existem economias de gama na gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos no mercado português entre a recolha de resíduos e os serviços de reciclagem. Para responder à questão, este estudo estima uma função de custo para os serviços de recolha de resíduos sólidos urbanos e de reciclagem em Portugal. Usando um painel de 260 entidades gestoras de serviços de gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos observadas de 2011 a 2015, estima-se uma função de custos multi-produto translog. O índice de economias de gama é de -0.27, significando que existem deseconomias de gama.
Deecke, Imme Dorothea. "Reasons for the Underperformance of Clean Development Mechanism Project Activities in the Animal Waste Management Sector." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B05A-F.
Повний текст джерелаAbreu, Daniela Alexandra Correia de. "A economia circular na visão estratégica de uma empresa portuguesa." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10437/9028.
Повний текст джерелаNos últimos anos a economia circular tem cativado a atenção no mundo, como uma forma de alterar o atual modelo de produção e consumo. Pretende-se fechar o ciclo de produção dentro do sistema económico. A economia circular visa aumentar a eficiência na utilização dos recursos, com um enfoque especial em resíduos urbanos e industriais, para alcançar um melhor equilíbrio e harmonia entre a economia, o ambiente e a sociedade. A Gestão de Resíduos, nas empresas portuguesas, é maioritariamente considerada como uma despesa, vista simplesmente como uma forma de eliminar materiais, gerando uma enorme perda de recursos valiosos e consequentemente graves impactes ambientais. Utilizando como caso de estudo o Grupo Esporão analisou-se de que forma esta empresa colocava em prática os conceitos de economia circular e identificaram-se oportunidades de transformação de alguns resíduos produzidos em matérias-primas. No sentido da inclusão da abordagem da economia circular nos processos produtivos, analisou-se a possibilidade de valorização do bagaço de uva, resultando assim, na possibilidade de extração de compostos antioxidantes e, devido à presença de açúcares redutores, a obtenção de biocombustível ou outros produtos com interesse comercial. Ficou então demonstrado um grande potencial na transformação dos resíduos de bagaço em novos produtos de valor acrescentado.
Over the last years Circular Economy has been captivating the attention of the world has a way to modify the current production and consumer model. It intends to close the cycle of the production inside the economic system. The Circular Economy aims to increase the efficiency in the use of resources with a special focus on urban and industrial residues to achieve a greater balance and harmony between the economy, the environment and society. The Waste Management on the Portuguese enterprises is highly considered as an expense and is seen simply as a way to eliminate materials which generates a huge loss of valuable resources and consequently has grave environmental impacts. Using the case study of the “Grupo Esporão” it has been analyzed in which way this enterprise already placed into practice the concepts of circular economy and it was identified opportunities of the transformation of produced residues into raw materials. In order to include the approach of the circular economy in the production processes the possibility of valorization of grape marc was analyzed resulting in the possibility of the extraction of antioxidant compounds and (due to the presence of reducing sugars) the acquisition of biofuel or other products with commercial interest. It has been demonstrated the enormous potential of the conversion of grape marc in new value-added products.
Houlbrooke, David John. "A study of the quality of artificial drainage under intensive dairy farming and the improved management of farm dairy effluent using 'deferred irrigation' : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Soil Science, Institute of Natural Resources, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1665.
Повний текст джерелаJensen, Anke Katrin. "An analysis of food waste mitigation strategies in grocery retail: practices and lessons from the German market." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/21462.
Повний текст джерелаA nível global, um terço dos alimentos produzidos para consumo humano é desperdiçado ou extraviado a cada ano. Particularmente nos países industrializados, isto tem enormes consequências económicas, ambientais e sociais. Enquanto intermediários entre produtores e consumidores, retalhistas alimentares, como os supermercados, desempenham um papel importante para mitigar o desperdício alimentar. Faltam estratégias de mitigação de desperdício alimentar para apoiar os profissionais do setor. O objetivo deste estudo é encontrar as estratégias mais eficazes de mitigação de desperdício alimentar no retalho de mercearia e desenvolver um "Quadro Estratégico para o Desperdício Alimentar" que combine o conhecimento anterior com a experiência de especialistas na Alemanha. No âmbito da análise qualitativa de conteúdos, foram conduzidas oito entrevistas semi-estruturadas com especialistas em desperdício alimentar de supermercados, instituições de caridade alimentar e outras organizações do retalho alemão. Os dados foram codificados e analisados através de uma abordagem dedutiva-indutiva. Os resultados revelam cinco fatores internos e cinco fatores externos que levam ao desperdício alimentar, bem como dezasseis áreas estratégicas com quarenta e uma estratégias possíveis para a mitigação do problema. Os especialistas alemães identificam a redução de preço em lacticínios e outros produtos perecíveis, formações de sensibilização para os funcionários, campanhas sobre data de consumo preferencial para os clientes, atualização de sistemas de controlo de inventário e donativos a instituições de caridade alimentar como as estratégias mais eficazes contra o desperdício alimentar.
Oliveira, André Jorge de. "A externalização nas operações de gestão de resíduos." Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/4921.
Повний текст джерелаIn an environment in which municipal solid waste have been gaining increasing im-portance in the concerns of the public, its management deserves special attention. Many entities have resorted to outside organizations to manage their waste, looking forward to get more sustainable solutions. Bearing that in mind, this work tried to assess the reasons for the municipalities to outsource the management of municipal solid waste. Through simple statistics, as well as statistical non-parametric tests, this work tried to iden-tify which aspects contribute most to this decision, and what, between those that could jus-tify this kind of decision in the private sector, do not have a significant impact in what con-cerns the management of municipal solid waste. It also sought different response patterns between the intrinsic characteristics of the municipalities. Lastly, it tried to explore eventu-al correlations between the initial variables chosen. The results indicate that this decision is not only affected by reasons related to costs and investment, but also by more operational aspects, such as improvement driven reasons or more organizational driven issues. Also, deserves note that there was not found statistical evidence pointing to significant differences depending on the characteristics of the munici-pality. Finally, limitations to the results obtained were identified and clues were given for future research.
Varela, João Ramalho. "Redefinição do sistema logístico com vista a reutilização de equipamentos de proteção individual em estabelecimentos que prestam cuidados de saúde." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/24220.
Повний текст джерелаThe pandemic caused by the Sarscov-2 virus, and its successive variants spread around the world, caused an increase in the consumption of several products, particularly Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) that assumed a very relevant role at a global level, with this safety measure being used to prevent the spread coming into a greater complexity in various systems. In the Regional Health Association (ARS) of Lisboa and Vale do Tejo for the performance of daily tasks the use of surgical suits is mandatory in certain functions. The high consumption of this type of single-use material has caused a very significant environmental impact, and the supply is sometimes insufficient, and for these reasons other alternatives should be considered. This dissertation focuses on the redefinition of the current logistics system that allows the replacement of disposable surgical suits by recyclable surgical suits, and consequent study of the impacts related to these measures. Based on the literature review, it is possible to conclude that these changes might result in a positive impact for organisations that adopt this type of measures, both in terms of comfort and safety for users, and at an environmental and economic level. To find the optimal solution, key variables were identified, hypotheses were defined and different scenarios were built. The lowest cost was reached by the scenario that results in the sorting being done together with the laundry, the washing being done in the SUCH and the registration being done only after the washing.
Yates, Julian S. "Integrated organic waste management: advancing socio-environmental policies for local development in Diadema, Brazil." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/1719.
Повний текст джерелаFreire, Catarina Suzano. "Comparação entre o modelo nacional de gestão de resíduos de embalagens e o modelo implementado na Alemanha." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/21737.
Повний текст джерелаThe waste is a growing concern that affects the society. Its management faces new challenges every day, with countries forced to adopt new measures and strategies in response to face it. In this study, a comparison is made between Portugal and Germany, in terms of their packaging waste management models, to take possible measures to be implemented that allow the improvement of the Portuguese’s system performance. The research begins with a literature review about waste management and their respective systems, and the Principle of Extended Producer Responsibility, this is a fundamental principle of waste management models. It also discusses the issue of the presence of monopolies, and what are the effects of competition between Producer Responsibility Organizations - PRO's. Subsequently, a qualitative investigation is carried out to evaluate the packaging waste management models, depending on their configuration, performance, and competition. The results of this investigation revealed that Portugal needs to take urgent measures to achieve the recycling and recovery targets imposed by the EU until 2025. In this sense, possible strategies are presented that can contribute to the achievement of the goals. Finally, a particular analysis is conducted to the Portuguese system, assessing the consequences of the introduction of competition between PRO's. It will try to quantify the impact on the number of packages declared, on the production of packaging waste produced and the respective recovery, as well as on the financial provision (Ecovalor) and on the level of investment in awareness and Research & Development.
Sobral, João Guilherme Rodrigues. "Plano de atuação comercial da Olimec para o ano de 2022." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/24900.
Повний текст джерелаThe present project has as general objective to understand how commercial relations were maintained during the pandemic period and create a commercial plan for Olimec for the year 2022. The years 2020 and 2021 will be remembered in history as the biggest pandemic ever recorded. The disease called COVID-19, forced the shutdown of numerous activities, services and industries to contain the Pandemic. In the meantime, it was also necessary to maintain certain sectors of activities as they were considered essential, such as the maintenance and repair of waste collection vehicles. The relationship between suppliers and customers was highly important to keep during this period of uncertainty, in order to continue operating, within the restrictions and limitations imposed by the pandemic. Following a brief introduction in the first chapter, the second chapter focus on a theoretical and technical framework on the sector through a bibliographical review. The third chapter defines the methodology adopted to carry out a market analysis in which Olimec operates, with the purpose of identifying and analyzing the costumer strategy and commercial approach that Olimec and its competitors established during this period. In the fourth chapter, the company's external and internal analysis is carried out.In the fifth chapter, the results obtained in the market study are analyzed, to give in the sixth chapter a suggestion to implementation of a commercial plan for Olimec for the year 2022. The project will be concluded in the seventh chapter, together with the limitations felt in the project.