Статті в журналах: "Agricultural pests Control Victoria"

1

Benedict, J. H., J. C. Segers, and B. R. Maher. "Seed Treatment Test with Orthene for Control of Cotton Insect Pests, 1981." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 257–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/11.1.257a.

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Abstract A field study was conducted on Victoria sandy clay loam at the Texas A&M Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Corpus Christi, Texas to determine the efficacy of Orthene 75S as a hopperbox seed treatment for control of early season cotton pests. Test plots were planted 24 Mar, with ‘Tamcot SP-21S’, a cotton fleahopper susceptible variety. The soil type was Victoria sandy clay loam. Treatments were replicated 4 times in plots 80 ft long by 12 rows wide (0.07 acre) in a randomized complete block design. The planting rate was approximately 20 lb seed/acre. Cotton seed and Orthene 75S for each treatment were mixed dry by shaking them together in a large plastic bag prior to filling the hopperboxes.

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2

Gower, Jane M. C., Ary A. Hoffmann, and Andrew R. Weeks. "Effectiveness of spring spraying targeting diapause egg production for controlling redlegged earth mites and other pests in pasture." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 8 (2008): 1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07048.

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Earth mites are a complex of related species introduced into Australia in the early part of last century that cause economic damage to crops, especially canola, and to pastures. A general method of chemical control aimed at interrupting the life cycle at the most effective stage, by spraying in the spring before the mites enter diapause, has recently been adopted for controlling earth mites, particularly the redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor (Tucker). Here we use paired-paddock treatments and field enclosures to test the effectiveness of this method on pest populations of H. destructor as well as on other pests over two seasons at multiple pasture sites in Victoria. Halotydeus destructor numbers at the start of the winter growing season were suppressed by up to 85%, but this control level was not sustained. The numbers of H. destructor and other pests were similar to or higher than those in the unsprayed areas by spring. Spring spraying is, therefore, a useful means of suppressing H. destructor in early autumn, but its effects disappear relatively quickly over time in Victoria. This strategy also has little impact on the control of the blue oat mite Penthaleus major (Duges) and other phytophagous invertebrate pests.

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3

Horne, Paul A., Jessica Page, and Cam Nicholson. "When will integrated pest management strategies be adopted? Example of the development and implementation of integrated pest management strategies in cropping systems in Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 12 (2008): 1601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08072.

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This paper discusses the development and implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for broadacre cropping in Victoria, Australia, with reference to other crops and also the levels of adoption of IPM in Australia and overseas. Levels and rates of adoption are mostly low but with some exceptions. The reasons for differing levels of adoption include the failure of strategies to successfully deal with all pests, the lack of motivation to change to using IPM given current successful pesticide-based controls, and the poor availability of IPM advisors in the field. This paper outlines how IPM strategies for wheat, barley and canola crops were developed and implemented using a collaborative approach between farmers, agronomists and entomologists. It was found that although there were no existing specific IPM strategies for the crops grown in the region of south-eastern Australia, there was sufficient information for farmers to start using an IPM approach. This paper gives a case study of implementing change to IPM from conventional pesticide spraying, including the development of a course in IPM for growers and agronomists. It focuses on the process of changing practices and information transfer rather than on entomological details.

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4

Manczinger, L. "BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF AGRICULTURAL PESTS BY FILAMENTOUS FUNGI." Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica 46, no. 2-3 (May 1999): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/amicr.46.1999.2-3.16.

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5

Carlson, Gerald A. "Economics of biological control of pests." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 3, no. 2-3 (1988): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300002277.

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Biological pest control techniques usually have identifiable costs and constraints that they must overcome before they will be adopted by farmers. Many biological control agents are developed in the public sector and need economic assessments at an early stage. The methods often have hidden costs related to farm labor adjustments or initial costs of development. Living biological controls frequently escape, and they may be disrupted by pesticides, regulations, or farm commodity programs. Pest control registration procedures and small markets also present obstacles. Area-wide implementation programs and changes in incentives for researchers may speed development and adoption of biological controls.

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6

ZHANG, HONG, LANSUN CHEN, and PAUL GEORGESCU. "IMPULSIVE CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR PEST MANAGEMENT." Journal of Biological Systems 15, no. 02 (June 2007): 235–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339007002106.

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In this paper, we propose two impulsive differential systems concerning biological and, respectively, integrated pest management strategies. In each case, it is observed that there exists a globally asymptotically stable susceptible pest-eradication periodic solution on condition that the amount of infective pests released periodically is larger than a certain critical value. When the amount of infective pests released is less than this critical value, the system is shown to be permanent, which implies that the trivial susceptible pest-eradication solution loses its stability. Further, the existence of a non-trivial periodic solution is also studied by means of numerical simulations. In the case in which a single control is used, one can only use the amount of infective pests which are periodically released in order to control pests at desirable low levels, while in the case in which integrated management is used, one can use the proportion of pests removed by means of spraying chemical pesticides together with the amount of infective pests which are periodically released to control pests at desirable low levels.

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7

Edelson, J. V. "Control of Secondary Pests, 1988." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 14, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/14.1.230.

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Abstract Cotton was planted 15 Apr at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station annex farm in Mercedes. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 replicates. Plots were 2 beds wide and 40 ft long with 2 beds of sorghum between plots and 20-ft alleys between plots in rows. Applications were made with a tractor-mounted CO2-powered sprayer that delivered 20 gal/acre. Three nozzles were used for each bed, 1 over the top of plants and 1 on a drop on each side of the plants. All plots were treated with cypermethrin (0.01 lb [AI]/acre) at 7-d intervals to induce secondary pest population increases. Surveys were conducted at 7-d intervals by collecting the third fully expanded leaf down from the terminal of each of 3 plants/plot. Leaves were returned to the laboratory and mites and aphids were counted. Plots were treated with Capture 2 EC on 22 and 28 Jul.

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8

Frank, J. H., and D. S. Hill. "Agricultural Insect Pests of Temperate Regions and Their Control." Florida Entomologist 75, no. 3 (September 1992): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3495866.

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9

Rothschild, G. H. L. "Agricultural insect pests of the tropics and their control." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 13, no. 1 (April 1985): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(85)90103-3.

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10

Aeschlimann, J. P. "Agricultural insect pests of temperate regions and theic control." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 20, no. 4 (July 1988): 323–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(88)90171-5.

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11

Edelson, J. V. "Control of Secondary Pests, 1988." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 14, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/14.1.230a.

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Abstract Cotton was planted 15 Apr at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station annex farm in Mercedes. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 replicates. Plots were 2 beds wide and 40 ft long with 2 beds of sorghum between plots and 20-ft alleys between plots in rows. Applications were made with a tractor-mounted CO2-powered sprayer that delivered 20 gal/acre. Three nozzles were used for each bed, 1 over the top of plants and 1 on a drop on each side of the plants. All plots were treated with cypermethrin (0.01 lb [AI]/acre) at 7-d intervals to induce secondary pest population increases. Experimental treatments consisted of applications of Curacron 8 EC (0.75 lb [AI]/acre) to control secondary pests at various action threshold levels based on survey counts of pests from the previous week. Surveys were conducted at 7-d intervals by collecting the third fully expanded leaf down from the terminal of each of 3 plants/plot. Leaves were returned to the laboratory and mites and aphids were counted.

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12

Mill, Alan E. "Termites as Agricultural Pests in Amazônia, Brazil." Outlook on Agriculture 21, no. 1 (March 1992): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709202100107.

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This paper presents a preliminary, qualitative assessment of termite damage in agriculture within the Amazonian region. The vast majority of farms are small holdings, of between 10 and 100 hectares, so no quantitative assessment of losses throughout the region has been attempted. A visual assessment suggests that individual crop losses due to termite attack may be as high as 65%. Current chemical control techniques are reviewed.

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13

Abdel Kader, Mahmoud H. "Photodynamic field control of malaria vector, schistosomiasis and agricultural pests." Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 12, no. 3 (September 2015): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.07.163.

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14

Kirsch, Philipp. "Pheromones: Their potential role in control of agricultural insect pests." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 3, no. 2-3 (1988): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300002241.

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Serious side effects from the conventional use of traditional chemical pesticides for routine arthropod pest management have prompted the investigation and development of alternate strategies for the minimization of pest damage. Insect sex pheromones have been proposed as a potential group of alternative control agents for over twenty years. The possible uses of these substances for insect control are discussed and factors influencing their development for pest management are presented. The scientific research and commercial development of oriental fruit moth mating disruption is presented as a case study for the commercialization of this approach. Advantages and limitations of pheromone-based control tactics are presented. Mating disruption technology is starting to find its place in a number of diverse cropping situations. The use of pheromones for pest control promises to be an important component of the ongoing challenge to develop alternatives that may help to solve major environmental and human health problems associated with chemical pesticide use in agriculture.

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15

PATHAK, SWETA, and ALAKES MAITI. "MICROBIAL PEST CONTROL: A MATHEMATICAL MODEL." Journal of Biological Systems 18, no. 02 (June 2010): 455–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339010003317.

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The traditional method for controlling pests is the application of chemical pesticides. Growing concern on the negative effects of chemicals has encouraged the development of alternatives. Inundatively and inoculatively applied microbial control agents (virus, bacteria, fungi, and entomopathogenic nematodes) have been developed as alternative control methods of a wide variety of pests. A mathematical model for microbial control of pests is formulated in this paper. The dynamical characteristics of the system are studied. The role of time-delay has been discussed. Numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the analytical findings. Biological implications have been discussed.

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16

Gatehouse, Angharad M. R., Vaughan A. Hilder, and John A. Gatehouse. "Control of insect pests by plant genetic engineering." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 99, no. 3-4 (1992): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000005492.

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Crop protection against pests and diseases is of prime importance and plays a major role in agricultural production both in the Developed and Developing parts of the world.Although chemical pesticides have been in use for a long time it is only since the Second World War that a very heavy and almost exclusive reliance has been placed upon their use. This, in many cases, has resulted in the rapid build-up of resistance by insect pests to such compounds, as is illustrated by the rapidly developed resistance to the organochloride insecticides by the cotton bollworm, Heliothis virescens. Indeed, there are many examples of resistance in a major pest being observed within the first year of field use (Metcalf 1986). In some cases the indiscriminate application of pesticides has exacerbated the problem of insect herbivory where elimination of a wide range of predatory species along with the primary pests has resulted in secondary pests becoming primary pests themselves with even more devastating effects (Heinrichs & Mochida 1983).

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17

Eman Mohamed Taher Azize, Dalia Abdulelah Mohammed, Aulfat T, Eman Mohamed Taher Azize, Dalia Abdulelah Mohammed, Aulfat T. "Biological Control of Insect Pests by Bacterial Species Present in the Environment: المكافحة الحيوية للآفات الحشرية بفعل أنواع بكتيرية متواجدة في البيئة". Journal of agricultural, environmental and veterinary sciences 5, № 2 (29 червня 2021): 47–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.v070221.

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Because of the severe damage caused by insect pests in agricultural fields, which cost billions of dollars annually, countries used chemical pesticides to eliminate these pests. The continuous use of chemical pesticides led to many environmental impacts, besides the emergence of resistance to insect pests. Therefore, it was necessary to search for an effective treatment for insect pest problems that was environmentally friendly and safe for human health. Biological control of insect pests has gained considerable importance in agricultural fields for its efficiency and safety for humans and other non- target organisms. In addition to its natural presence in the environment, cheaper cost, and more environmentally friendly, And a better alternative to synthetic chemical pesticides as well as being environmentally safe, they not only help establish food security by fighting against insect pests but also ensure food safety, they have enormous potential for achieving agricultural sustainability and environmental safety. In this review, we will highlight the definition and classification of insect pests, microbial pesticides. Besides, the advantages and disadvantages of these kinds of pesticides. We will also focus on the most effective bacterial species used in the production of pesticides and protein toxins that kill insect pests, their mechanism of action, method of marketing, and application to insect pests. We have looked at future research in eradicating insect pests.

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18

Skendžić, Sandra, Monika Zovko, Ivana Pajač Živković, Vinko Lešić, and Darija Lemić. "The Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Insect Pests." Insects 12, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12050440.

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Climate change and global warming are of great concern to agriculture worldwide and are among the most discussed issues in today’s society. Climate parameters such as increased temperatures, rising atmospheric CO2 levels, and changing precipitation patterns have significant impacts on agricultural production and on agricultural insect pests. Changes in climate can affect insect pests in several ways. They can result in an expansion of their geographic distribution, increased survival during overwintering, increased number of generations, altered synchrony between plants and pests, altered interspecific interaction, increased risk of invasion by migratory pests, increased incidence of insect-transmitted plant diseases, and reduced effectiveness of biological control, especially natural enemies. As a result, there is a serious risk of crop economic losses, as well as a challenge to human food security. As a major driver of pest population dynamics, climate change will require adaptive management strategies to deal with the changing status of pests. Several priorities can be identified for future research on the effects of climatic changes on agricultural insect pests. These include modified integrated pest management tactics, monitoring climate and pest populations, and the use of modelling prediction tools.

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19

Van Driesche, R. G. "How organic producers can make classical biological control work for them." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 4, no. 3-4 (December 1989): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300003027.

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AbstractOrganic producers have traditionally understood the value of conserving the natural enemies of the pests of the crops they grow. An equal appreciation of the value of importing new species of natural enemies is also needed. Given this understanding, the interests of organic farmers could then be promoted by efforts to stimulate greater activity by government agencies in charge of such importations. Furthermore, the focus of such importations could be altered to target more precisely pests of crops most commonly grown by organic producers. This would benefit organic farmers by permanently solving or greatly reducing the intensity of problems from many introduced crop pests. The potential benefit of a coordinated federal and state program of classical biological control could be very large for organic farmers. There is an increasing interest nationwide in expanding the use of classical biological controls. Organic producers now have the opportunity to add their influence to this trend to reshape the country's pest control agenda away from chemicals and toward biological controls and to focus this at least in part on those pests of greatest concern to organic producers. To do so, however, organic producers will have to learn a new lesson, i.e., the difference between native and imported pests and the value of importation as a means to control the latter.

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20

Shaw, M. W. "Book review: Agricultural Inspect Pests of Temperate Regions and their Control." Outlook on Agriculture 16, no. 4 (December 1987): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072708701600413.

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21

Mumford, J. D. "Book review: Agricultural Insect Pests of the Tropics and their Control." Outlook on Agriculture 17, no. 2 (June 1988): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072708801700214.

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22

Emden, H. F. Van. "Book Review: The Use of Natural Enemies to Control Agricultural Pests." Outlook on Agriculture 20, no. 3 (September 1991): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709102000315.

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23

Moffitt, L. Joe, and Richard L. Farnsworth. "Thresholds for Chemical Control of Agricultural Pests in a Dynamic Ecosystem." Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie 35, no. 3 (November 1987): 627–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7976.1987.tb02254.x.

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24

Agatz, Annika, Roman Ashauer, Paul Sweeney, and Colin D. Brown. "A knowledge-based approach to designing control strategies for agricultural pests." Agricultural Systems 183 (August 2020): 102865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102865.

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25

Edelson, J. V., Tom A. Royer, and B. Cartwright. "Control of Arthropod Pests on Cantaloupe, 1986." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 12, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 108–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/12.1.108.

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Abstract ‘Magnum 45’ variety cantaloupe was direct seeded in beds on 2 m centers on 17 Mar at the Texas Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX. Soil type was a Willacy fine sandy loam. Plants were thinned to 45 cm spacing on 15 Apr. Sixty-eight kg N-32 per ha was applied prior to planting. Pesticide treatments were applied 22 Apr and 6 Jun to single bed, 9 m long plots with a tractor mounted, C02 powered sprayer calibrated to deliver 143 liter/ha (2.8 kg/cm2, 4 TX-4 nozzles, 6.4 kmph). Arthropod populations were monitored by surveying 3 primary vines per plot on 29 Apr and 14 May and recording number of cucumber beetle adults, melon aphids, spider mites, flea beetle adults, leafhopper nymphs and adults, leaves with leaf miner mines, leaves, flowers, and fruit. Melon yield was determined as wt/melon and total wt of melons/plot on 3, 6, 10 and 13 Jun. Aphid and mite counts were transformed by taking the loglO + 1 of counts, due to the aggregated nature of populations of these species.

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26

Speese, John. "Control of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage, 1995." Arthropod Management Tests 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 100–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/21.1.100a.

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Abstract Cabbage was transplanted on 10 Aug at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a single 25ft row with 3ft spacing between rows. Plots were separated from each other by untreated guard rows. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Treatments were applied with a backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles/row and delivering 60 gal water/acre .at 40 psi. Application dates were 30 Aug; 12, 19, and 26 Sep; 9 and 18 Oct. An additional V71639 application was made on 5 Sep, as early applications of this material are necessary for maximum ovicidal activity. Latron B-1956 was added to each treatment at 8oz/100 gal water. Evaluation criteria consisted of counts of all worm species present on 5 random plants/plot. Dates with high populations for each species are recorded in the table. On 26 Oct, 5 plants/plot were rated for feeding damage according to Greene et al. in J. Econ. Entomol. 62(4): 798-800. A rating greater than 3 is considered unmarketable.

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27

Bacon, Catherine G., and David B. South. "Chemicals for Control of Common Insect and Mite Pests in Southern Pine Nurseries." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 13, no. 3 (August 1, 1989): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/13.3.112.

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Abstract Several pests of agricultural crops can cause low-level and occasionally catastrophic damage in southern pine nurseries. Although cultural control methods can help prevent or minimize pest damage, chemical control methods are sometimes needed. To effectively control these pests, nurserymanagers need up-to-date information on the rates and costs of the pesticides that are legal for use on trees. Pesticides currently labeled for controlling eight common pests of pine seedlings are listed along with their approximate costs. South. J. Appl. For. 13(3):112-116.

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28

Hoy, Marjorie A. "Biological control of arthropod pests: Traditional and emerging technologies." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 3, no. 2-3 (1988): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300002198.

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AbstractBiological control of arthropod pests has a long history of useful practical application. Parasites, predators, and pathogens have been employed in many cases to control pest arthropods in an efficient, cost-effective, and permanent manner. The traditional tactics used in biological control (classical, augmentation, and conservation) remain vital and valuable tools in the biological control of pests for agricultural crops, range lands, forests, and glasshouses. New technologies offer promise. One emerging technique involves the genetic improvement of natural enemies of arthropods through selection, hybridization, or recombinant DNA technology.

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29

Lashomb, James H., William Metterhouse, and Robert Chianese. "Use of biological control measures in the intensive management of insect pests in New Jersey." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 3, no. 2-3 (1988): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s088918930000223x.

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AbstractThe U.S. public is expressing strong preference for the use of biological control methods in the management of U.S. agricultural, forest, and rangeland insect pests. This follows from a widespread understanding among citizens that synthetic insecticides have potentially harmful side effects on humans and that they are spreading increasingly as pollutants in the environment. Major recent increases in the number of pesticide-resistant insect species also put pressure on the agricultural community toward adoption of alternative non-agchemical plant and animal protection strategies. Movement in the direction of such alternatives has been facilitated by the fact that in the last two decades much progress has been made in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) through an improved understanding of the interactions of pests with their hosts. In that time period, many advances have been made in describing and predicting insect movement, seasonal cycles, and the effects of secondary plant compounds on insect reproduction. Simultaneously, much has been learned about the behavior, physiology, and population dynamics of insect parasitoids, i.e. parasites on insect pests. In the 1990's and subsequently, Biological Control Intensive Pest Management (BCIPM) will require continuing research to attain needed advancement in knowledge of growth and development of host plants, population dynamics of pests and parasitoids, and ecology of secondary pests that may interfere with implementation of BCIPM programs. Extension and research personnel will then be increasingly able to devise useful control methods for pests within selected cropping systems. We describe here examples to illustrate present and potential future use of BCIPM in different practical plant systems in New Jersey.

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30

Fedorenko, V., S. Mostoviak, and I. Mostoviak. "Ecologically safe methods of pest control in modern agricultural technologies." Agroecological journal, no. 4 (October 28, 2021): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2077-4893.4.2021.252957.

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The issue of agricultural crop protection against pests remains constantly relevant. Annual crop losses in the world are 18–20%, estimated at more than 470 billion US dollars because of the harmful effects of arthropods. Most part of the losses of the grown crop occurs under the field conditions before harvest and requires a number of measures to protect plants from pests. The chemical method of plant protection against pests continues to be used by most agricultural producers, which is confirmed by the positive dynamics of the pesticide market development in the world with an annual growth of 2.5–3%. Among the range of chemical plant protection products, sales of insecticides account for 25.3% of world sales. Despite the use of about 3 million tons of pesticides per year, the level of crop losses from harmful entomofauna remains significant. At the same time, deterioration of the phytosanitary condition of agroecosystems caused by a number of abiotic and biotic factors requires a qualitative estimation of the condition and determination of ways of complexes changing of pest organisms in agrobiocenoses and development of new innovative, environmentally safe measures to control their number. Alternative environmentally friendly methods of pest control which meets the principles of integrated plant protection and replacement of chemical insecticides with biological preparations or other environmentally safe methods in modern agrotechnologies for growing crops are increasingly used. This is evidenced by the positive dynamics in the development of the global market for biopesticides with a forecast of annual growth by 14.7%, which may reach $ 8.5 billion US dollars by 2025. 47% of preparations in the range of biopesticides by functional purpose on the world market are preparations against phytophagous insects. Effective control over the pest number in modern agrotechnologies is based on the use of biological control, microbial pesticides, chemical compounds produced by living organisms and can change pest behaviour, secondary metabolites of plants (eg, phenols and polyphenols, terpenoids, alkaloids), on formation of stable plant varieties and plant immunization, etc.

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31

Yang, Guang. "Optimal Chemical Control Based on τ-Periodic Solution Models in Pest Management". Advanced Materials Research 1079-1080 (грудень 2014): 720–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1079-1080.720.

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For the issue of the optimal chemical control method in agricultural pests, impulsive differential equations theory is applied to establish and analyze both the pest management model of spraying pesticides and the corps effectiveness model; for -periodic solution models, in order to make the residual pesticide dosage in crops and the dosage of spraying minimum, control pest number under the economic damage threshold, optimal control theory is employed to determine the optimal pesticide dosage and spraying interval. So, a best method about controlling agricultural pests via pesticide is given. Finally, Numerical Simulation is used to explain the implement of this method.

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32

Herz, Annette, Sherif A. Hassan, Esmat Hegazi, Feeby N. Nasr, Ali A. Youssef, W. E. Khafagi, Essam Agamy, et al. "Towards sustainable control of Lepidopterous pests in olive cultivation." Gesunde Pflanzen 57, no. 5 (April 30, 2005): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10343-005-0076-9.

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33

Andrews, Gordon L. "Control of Soybean Insect Pests in Mississippi, 1984." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 333–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/11.1.333.

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Abstract This test was conducted at the White Sands Unit of the South Mississippi Branch Station of the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station in Poplarville, MS. Soybean plots consisting of 6 rows 50 ft long were planted 23 May. Four of the 6 rows were used as the test plot and the other 2 rows were unsprayed border rows. Plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide applications were made on 29 Aug, with a Hi-boy delivering 5 gal total volume/acre using CO2 as a propellant. Insect densities were estimated by making 25 sweeps with a 15-inch sweep net in each plot. Net samples were transferred to paper bags and killed. These samples were counted under laboratory conditions.

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34

Guan, Hong Jun. "Aperiodic Solution Mathematical Model for Pest Management and Optimization Chemical Control." Advanced Materials Research 1079-1080 (December 2014): 660–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1079-1080.660.

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In view of the bestsolution of chemical control agricultural pests, we first build and analysisthe pest management model of spraying insecticide, the crop efficacy model and thedose model of the surrounding environment according to impulsive differentialequations. In view of the aperiodic solution model, we will find out theoptimal dose for the pesticides and time interval for sprayingby using optimal control theory, which can make the residue of the dose for thepesticides in crop and for the pesticide spraying the surroundings reach theminimum, make the number of pest under economic damage threshold at the sametime , and give the best solution to control agricultural pests by using the pesticides.At last, we explain the implementation of the scheme through the numericalsimulation.

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35

Fauzana, Hafiz, Rusli Rustam, Nelvia Nelvia, Desita Salbiah, Yunel Venita, and Irfandri Irfandri. "Pengenalan dan pengendalian hama dan penyakit pada tanaman Ubi Kayu di Unit Pelaksana Teknis Badan Penyuluhan Pertanian (UPTBPP) Kulim." Unri Conference Series: Community Engagement 3 (November 18, 2021): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/unricsce.3.397-405.

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Cassava (Manihot utilissima) is the third food source in Indonesia. Cassava commodity has economic value and is widely planted in the Technical Implementation Unit of the Agricultural Extension Agency (UPTBPP) Kulim, Pekanbaru City. This service aims to provide knowledge and skills to cassava farmers in the Technical Implementation Unit of the Kulim Agricultural Extension Agency (UPTBPP) of Pekanbaru Municipality about the types of pests and diseases that attack, symptoms of attacks, and their control techniques. The target of service is mainly cassava farmers in the Technical Implementation Unit of the Agricultural Extension Agency (UPTBPP) Kulim Pekanbaru Municipality so that farmers' incomes become better and more prosperous. The service method used the method of counseling and demonstration. The extension method uses LCD and infocus, pictures of pests, life cycles, damage are presented, along with explanations of control techniques. The demonstration method includes the practice of control techniques consisting of first introducing natural enemies in the form of videos, making glumon traps and making forest betel leaf and soursop vegetable pesticides. The measuring instrument for achieving the goals of service was the understanding and knowledge of farmers about pests and diseases of cassava plants, controlling cassava pests and changing farmers' views on pest control no longer prioritizing the use of synthetic pesticides and the ability of farmers to recognize the types of natural enemies of pests. Achievement is measured by distributing questionnaires to determine changes and increase in farmer knowledge. The results of the service program in the form of counseling and demonstrations were very well responded by cassava farmers. Participants paid close attention, asked many questions. The results of the questionnaire assessment of farmers showed an increase in farmers' understanding of controlling pests and diseases of cassava plants after service activities. Thus this service will provide great benefits to cassava farmers in controlling pests and diseases in cassava cultivation.

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36

Hossain, M. S., and D. G. Williams. "Phenology of carpophilus beetle populations (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae, Carpophilus spp.) in a fruit dump in northern Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 10 (2003): 1275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02133.

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Carpophilus spp. are important pests of stone fruit in Australia. Maintenance of good orchard hygiene has been promoted as a way of reducing pressure from Carpophilus spp. In northern Victoria, Australia, it is common practice for fruit processors to dispose of waste fruit in dumps, many of which are near orchards. The importance of such dumps to Carpophilus spp. was not previously known. Seasonal variation of Carpophilus spp. in a fruit dump in Cobram, northern Victoria, was studied from September 1998 to September 2000. Three locations within the dump were randomly selected and inspected for presence of adults, larvae and pupae of Carpophilus spp. at regular intervals. Adults were used to determine species composition. Three species, C. hemipterus, C. humeralis and C. davidsoni were observed, with the former almost always dominant throughout monitoring. Carpophilus davidsoni was recorded only twice and in small numbers. The greatest number of C. hemipterus adults occurred during autumn and spring. Larval populations were high in late spring and early autumn and overwintering occurred as adults, larvae and pupae. The potential of populations of Carpophilus spp. in the fruit dump to cause damage in nearby ripening stone fruit is discussed.

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37

Bartels, D. W., R. L. Hines, and W. D. Hutchison. "Control of Lepidopteran Pests in Cabbage, 1996." Arthropod Management Tests 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.87.

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Abstract This study was conducted at the University of Minnesota Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station. Cabbage was transplanted bare-root on 28 Jun. Plots consisted of two 25 ft (7.6 m) rows on 40 inch (1.0 m) centers with plants spaced 13 inches (0.33 m) apart. Ten ft (3.0 m) borders and 10 ft (3.0 m) alleys separated plots. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Treatment applications were initiated during the 9-12 true leave stage, before precupping. Treatments were applied 26 and 31 Jul, 08, 14 and 21 Aug using a moderate-clearance Spirit sprayer with 3 TX-10 hollowcone nozzles (1 overhead and 2 drop nozzles) per row. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 27 gpa (252.5 liters/ha) at 47 psi (3.3 kg/cm2) and 3 mph (4.8 km/hr). Bond sticker/extender was added to all treatments (except Confirm treatments) at a rate of 0.10 fl oz/gal (0.8 ml/liter). Counts were taken from 5 heads per plot on 15 Aug and 10 heads per plot on 26 Aug. Ten heads per plots were evaluated for feeding damage on 30 Aug using Green’s rating scale (J. Econ. Entomol. 1969 62:4 798-800): 1 = no feeding damage; 2 = minor feeding damage on the wrapper leaves (1 % eaten); 3 = moderate feeding damage on the wrapper leaves (2–5% eaten) with no head damage; 4 = moderate feeding damage on the wrapper leaves (6-10% eaten) and minor feeding scars on the head; 5 = moderate to heavy feeding on the wrapper leaves (11-30% eaten) and moderate feeding scars on the head; 6 = >30% of the wrapper leaves eaten and numerous feeding scars on the head.

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38

Beck, John J., and Rachel L. Vannette. "Harnessing Insect–Microbe Chemical Communications To Control Insect Pests of Agricultural Systems." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 65, no. 1 (November 25, 2016): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04298.

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39

Reichelderfer, Katherine H., and Dale G. Bottrell. "Evaluating the economic and sociological implications of agricultural pests and their control." Crop Protection 4, no. 3 (September 1985): 281–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(85)90031-6.

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40

Jervis, M. A. "Commentary - Metapopulation dynamics and the control of mobile agricultural pests: Fresh insights." International Journal of Pest Management 43, no. 4 (January 1997): 251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/096708797228537.

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41

Edelson, J. V. "Control of Cabbage Pests in South Texas, 1988:." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 14, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 92–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/14.1.92a.

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Abstract ‘Early Round Dutch’ cabbage was direct seeded in plots at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, Tex., on 19 Feb 1987. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Plots were 2 beds wide, 1 row/bed, and 40 ft long. Pest surveys were initiated 21 Mar and were conducted by counting all lepidopterous larvae and aphids on 3 randomly selected plants/plot. Surveys were conducted 6 DAT, and plots were treated 1 d after surveys whenever larval counts averaged greater than 0.3/plant or aphids averaged greater than 10/plant. Insecticide applications were made with a tractor-mounted spray boom with 4 nozzles/bed at 40 psi and a rate of 10 gal/acre until 26 Apr, at which time rates were increased to 20 gal/acre. Plots were rated for damage at head maturity by examining 10 plants/plot and noting the number of heads with insect-feeding damage and the number infested with larvae or aphids. Data from insect surveys were pooled across survey dates and subjected to ANOVA.

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42

Zang, Lian-Sheng, Su Wang, Fan Zhang, and Nicolas Desneux. "Biological Control with Trichogramma in China: History, Present Status, and Perspectives." Annual Review of Entomology 66, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 463–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-060120-091620.

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Trichogramma species make up one of the most commonly used groups of natural enemies for biological control programs worldwide. Given the major successes in using Trichogramma to control economically important lepidopterous pests on agricultural crops in China, the biology and ecology of these wasps have been intensively studied to identify traits that contribute to successful biological control. Since the 1960s, improved mass production of Trichogramma and better augmentative release methods to suppress agricultural pests have been achieved. We review the history of research and development; current knowledge on biodiversity and bio-ecology of the species used; and achievements in mass-rearing methods, release strategies, and current large-scale applications in China. In addition, we discuss potential issues and challenges for Trichogramma research and applications in the future .

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43

MENG, XINZHU, ZHITAO SONG, and LANSUN CHEN. "A NEW MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR OPTIMAL CONTROL STRATEGIES OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT." Journal of Biological Systems 15, no. 02 (June 2007): 219–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339007002143.

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A state-dependent impulsive SI epidemic model for integrated pest management (IPM) is proposed and investigated. We shall examine an optimal impulsive control problem in the management of an epidemic to control a pest population. We introduce a small amount of pathogen into a pest population with the expectation that it will generate an epidemic and that it will subsequently be endemic such that the number of pests is no larger than the given economic threshold (ET), so that the pests cannot cause economic damage. This is the biological control strategy given in the present paper. The combination strategy of pulse capturing (susceptible individuals) and pulse releasing (infective individuals) is implemented in the model if the number of pests (susceptible) reaches the ET. Firstly, the impulsive control problem is to drive the pest population below a given pest level and to do so in a manner which minimizes a weighted sum of the cost of using the control. Hence, for a one time impulsive effect we obtain the optimal strategy in terms of total cost such that the number of pests is no larger than the given ET. Secondly, we show the existence of periodic solution with the number of pests no larger than ET, and by using the Analogue of the Poincaré Criterion we prove that it is asymptotically stable under a planned impulsive control strategy. Further, the period T of the periodic solution is calculated, which can be used to estimate how long the pest population will take to return back to its pre-control level. The main feature of the present paper is to apply an SI infectious disease model to IPM, and some pests control strategies are given.

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44

CAMARGO, LENIO CESAR MORAES DE, DANILO DE BRITO GARCIA, OTÁVIO JORGE GRÍGOLI ABI SAAB, AMARILDO PASINI, DANILO AUGUSTO SARTI, and CARLOS TADEU DOS SANTOS DIAS. "INSECTICIDE APPLICATION SPEED IN THE CONTROL OF LEPIDOPTERAN PESTS IN SOYBEAN1." Revista Caatinga 33, no. 1 (March 2020): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252020v33n108rc.

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ABSTRACT During the chemical control of pests, diseases and weeds, great importance is given to the phytosanitary product and little attention to the application technology. The control of soybean pests did not escape the general rule and, therefore, some pests known as secondary, and even nonexistent, became responsible for great damage to the soybean crop. The objective of this work was to test the application of insecticide at different speeds (5 and 16 km h-1) by varying the rates of application in 108 to 110 and 199 to 216 L ha-1 to quantify the difference in the coverage percentage of the applied insecticide in the canopy of soybean plants, and to verify the interaction of these factors with efficacy parameters for the control of caterpillars (Helicoverpa armigera and Chrysodeixis includens). In general, the highest leaf coverage by the insecticide was observed in the upper part of the canopy, regardless of the rate and speed of application, resulting in lower leaf damage. For the middle and lower thirds of the plant, the decrease in speed influenced more the decrease in leaf damage by the caterpillars than the increase in the spray volume.

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45

Bale, J. S., J. C. van Lenteren, and F. Bigler. "Biological control and sustainable food production." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1492 (September 6, 2007): 761–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2182.

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The use of biological control for the management of pest insects pre-dates the modern pesticide era. The first major successes in biological control occurred with exotic pests controlled by natural enemy species collected from the country or area of origin of the pest (classical control). Augmentative control has been successfully applied against a range of open-field and greenhouse pests, and conservation biological control schemes have been developed with indigenous predators and parasitoids. The cost–benefit ratio for classical biological control is highly favourable (1 : 250) and for augmentative control is similar to that of insecticides (1 : 2–1 : 5), with much lower development costs. Over the past 120 years, more than 5000 introductions of approximately 2000 non-native control agents have been made against arthropod pests in 196 countries or islands with remarkably few environmental problems. Biological control is a key component of a ‘systems approach’ to integrated pest management, to counteract insecticide-resistant pests, withdrawal of chemicals and minimize the usage of pesticides. Current studies indicate that genetically modified insect-resistant Bt crops may have no adverse effects on the activity or function of predators or parasitoids used in biological control. The introduction of rational approaches for the environmental risk assessment of non-native control agents is an essential step in the wider application of biological control, but future success is strongly dependent on a greater level of investment in research and development by governments and related organizations that are committed to a reduced reliance on chemical control.

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46

Moreno-Gavíra, Alejandro, Victoria Huertas, Fernando Diánez, Brenda Sánchez-Montesinos, and Mila Santos. "Paecilomyces and Its Importance in the Biological Control of Agricultural Pests and Diseases." Plants 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): 1746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9121746.

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Incorporating beneficial microorganisms in crop production is the most promising strategy for maintaining agricultural productivity and reducing the use of inorganic fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides. Numerous microorganisms have been described in the literature as biological control agents for pests and diseases, although some have not yet been commercialised due to their lack of viability or efficacy in different crops. Paecilomyces is a cosmopolitan fungus that is mainly known for its nematophagous capacity, but it has also been reported as an insect parasite and biological control agent of several fungi and phytopathogenic bacteria through different mechanisms of action. In addition, species of this genus have recently been described as biostimulants of plant growth and crop yield. This review includes all the information on the genus Paecilomyces as a biological control agent for pests and diseases. Its growth rate and high spore production rate in numerous substrates ensures the production of viable, affordable, and efficient commercial formulations for agricultural use.

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47

Marković, Dimitrije. "Crop Diversification Affects Biological Pest Control." АГРОЗНАЊЕ 14, no. 3 (December 13, 2013): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/agren1303449m.

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Crop monocultures encourage the multiplication and spread of pest insects on massive and uniform crop. Numerous studies have evaluated the impact of plant diversification on pests and beneficial arthropods population dynamics in agricultural ecosystems and provided some evidence that habitat manipulation techniques like intercropping can significantly influence pest control. This paper describes various potential options of habitat management and design that enhance ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems. The focus of this review is the application and mechanisms of biodiversity in agricultural systems to enhance pest management.

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48

van Lenteren, Joop C. "Implementation of biological control." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 3, no. 2-3 (1988): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300002265.

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AbstractThe number of species of insect pests, estimated to be maximally 10,000 worldwide, forms only a small part of the millions of species of plant-eating insects. Chemical pest control is becoming increasingly difficult and objectionable in terms of environmental contamination so that other methods of pest control need to be developed. One of the best alternatives is biological control. Natural and inoculative biological control has already proven successful against a variety of pests over large areas. One is inclined to forget, however, how successful a biological control program has been as soon as the pest problem has been solved. Other types of biological control involving the regular introduction or augmentation of natural enemies are better known, although these have been applied on a much smaller scale; a survey of the present-day application of these latter types of biological control is presented here. Phases in the implementation of biological control are illustrated and needed future developments in research are discussed. The main limitation on the development of biological control is not the research, since natural enemies are easier found and with a much lower investment than new chemical pesticides, but rather the attitudes held by growers and disinterest on the part of industry, policy-makers, and politicians. The first priority for those concerned with the development and application of safer pest control should, therefore, be to change the perceptions that these other groups have of biological control.

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Thovhogi, R., E. M. Zwane, and J. Van Niekerk. "Knowledge of extension officers on pest management in Horticulture in Thulamela Local Municipality in Vhembe District of Limpopo Province." South African Journal of Agricultural Extension (SAJAE) 50, no. 1 (November 2, 2022): 20–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3221/2022/v50n1a13115.

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This paper focuses on the knowledge of the extension officers on pest management in horticulture in Thulamela municipality - Vhembe district. The study was conducted among 31 extension officers who were selected based on their speciality for dealing with crop production issues in the Thulamela municipality. The study revealed that most of the respondents had some shortcomings in different areas of their expertise such as limited knowledge of different pest management strategies (e.g. cultural control, biological control, and Integrated Pest Management). The majority (71%) of the respondents chose chemicals as a way for controlling pests, this is a cause of concern as it depicts their limited knowledge of other control methods (e.g. cultural, Integrated Pest Management, and biological) that are used to control pests. A small number of only 3.2% of the respondents knew the role that is played by natural enemies (biological control) in the management of pests. The study had the following recommendations, firstly, there is a need for agricultural extension officers to be regularly trained on pest management so that they can be up to date with new technology on plant protection issues. Secondly, there is a strong need to train agricultural extension officers on how to conduct pest surveillance, this will enable them to detect and manage pests on time.

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50

Kenzhegaliev, A. M., Sh B. Smagulova, A. Sh Shokanova, A. D. Abdukadyrova, and B. B. Alisher. "Pests in corn fields of Almaty region." Kazakhstan zoological bulletin 3, no. 2 (November 22, 2022): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54944/kzbtf799ir67.

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Анотація:

On the territory of Kazakhstan, including in the Almaty region, where the research was conducted, plant agricultural pests were most widespread in corn fields in the Maloshuisk, Zhidelinsky and Pidzhimsky rural districts of the Panfilov district. Of these, there is 1 species in the Pyralidae family, 3 species in the Elateridae family, and 1 species in the Tenebrionidae family. Currently, the development of integrated methods of pest control in agriculture is aimed at finding environmentally safe ways to control their numbers. This is due to the fact that the use of chemical insecticides is accompanied by significant environmental pollution, so this problem is relevant in agricultural lands, gardens and nature conservation areas. To combat the number of pests, environmentally friendly products are used, which means timely treatment with biological preparations. Measures to combat corn pests: plowing the land; destruction of weeds in the fields and the collection of plant residues and mowing of weeds in peripheral areas; optimal-fast cleaning of pest-infested corn. On the basis of agrotechnical control measures, it is necessary to destroy large weeds and deeply plow the acreage. As a result of these events, you can get environmentally friendly products. In Kazakhstan, biological control of herbivorous lepidoptera is carried out only at the Kazakh Research Institute for Plant Protection and Quarantine.

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