Дисертації: "Agricultural pests Control Victoria"

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Bolton, Michael. "Genetic control methods for agricultural insect pests of global importance." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2017. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/63943/.

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Insect pests of agricultural significance pose substantial risks for food security in an ever-growing global population. Conventional control measures used against these pests have had varying degrees of success and examples of pesticide resistance and offtarget effects of pesticides highlight the urgent need for the development of new, environmentally benign control methods. Deployment of ‘self-limiting’ insects is a species-specific approach that can be used to combat many species, including two major agricultural insect pests, the Medfly, Ceratitis capitata, and the Diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella. In this thesis, I used transgenic ‘self-limiting’ strains of medfly and DBM to stress-test self-limiting technology in laboratory and field scenarios. In Chapter 2, I tested the effect of larval diet composition on the penetrance of a female-specific self-limiting system in the OX3864A strain of medfly under simulated control conditions. In Chapter 3 I investigated the potential for resistance to selflimiting systems, using artificial selection for survival under a low dose of the transgene antidote, in the OX3864A medfly strain. In Chapter 4 I used the OX4319L self-limiting strain of DBM and showed that its responses to an artificial pheromone source in wind tunnel flight trials were comparable to the wild type. I also described the field dispersal characteristics of a long-term, laboratory-reared wildtype DBM strain in a mark-release-recapture trial. In Chapter 5 I demonstrated that the OX4319L DBM strain had comparable field longevity, but reduced mating competitiveness, in comparison to a wild-caught DBM strain. Finally, in Chapter 6, I discuss the broader context and address the practicalities, regulatory controls and implications of transgenic technologies for insect pest control under open field conditions.

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Gregory, Matthew William. "The genetic control of agricultural pests (Plutella xylostella, L. and Tribolium castaneum, Herbst)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9c8c9251-2137-435e-ba61-e9f2cd84a2d9.

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The interaction between an increasing global human population and a number of important long-term trends and issues are putting strain on food production. Insects represent a significant food security concern causing up to 15% of global crop losses. Conventional chemical methods are ineffective; inducing resistance and degrading the environment. Sustainable alternatives are sought. The sterile insect technique provides a sustainable solution. Genetic engineering can augment this historic technique by replacing radiation-induced sterilization with sperm-specific nuclease expression to introduce double-stranded DNA breaks in the gametes of mass-reared and released males. This paternal-effect system is dependent on elucidation of appropriate sperm-specific promoters and suitable chaperone-nuclease combinations. This thesis develops this technology in the SIT neglected insect orders, the Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. Specifically the Plutella xylostella (Plutella xylostella, L.) and the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum, Herbst). I provide the foundations for a paternal-effect genetic-control-system in both species by developing a conditional sperm-specific expression system in Plutella xylostella and a female-specific expression system in Tribolium. Mass-rearing insects for the genetic control of a species can be augmented by recent developments in RNAi. I show that the sex ratio of Tribolium can be adjusted by treatment with dsRNA transformer, producing pseudomales as an additional bonus. In addition, an exploratory data analysis of producing transgenic lines in insects using piggyBac was undertaken. As well as providing a comprehensive compendium and assessment of the transgenic literature, something not yet published elsewhere, a predictive model was produced that could be very useful to a wide diversity of researchers in insect molecular biology, developmental biology, disease biology and genetics. It is hoped that this work will contribute towards the effective control of the Plutella xylostella in the near term, and form a model for the sustainable control of other lepidopteran and coleopteran species through genetic pest management.

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Müller, Elizabeth Johanna. "Evaluation of Metarhizium anisopliae mycoinsecticide as an alternative locust control measure in southern Africa." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2000. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-12062006-155512/.

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4

Stainton, Kirsty. "Genetic control of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670052.

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Hemmati, Farhad. "Aerial dispersal of the entomopathogenic fungus Erynia neoaphidis." Thesis, University of Reading, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284448.

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6

Ludewig, Michael Hans. "The establishment of a virus free laboratory colony of Cryptophlebia leucotreta (False Codling Moth) and characterisation of Cryptophlebia leucotreta Granulovirus (CrleGV) genes." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004016.

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Cryptophlebia leucotreta is an economically important agricultural pest throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. CrleGV has been considered as an alternative to chemical control of this pest due to its host specificity and innocuous nature towards vertebrates. A CrleGV free laboratory colony of C. leucotreta would be useful for the isolation of genotypically pure strains of the CrleGV and for virulence comparisons between isolates. It is preferable to have a full characterisation of CrleGV prior to its registration and release into the environment as a biopesticide. A laboratory colony of C. leucotreta, set up at Rhodes University, containing a low level of infection indicated that CrleGV is vertically transmitted. To establish a virus free laboratory colony of C. leucotreta, a solution of 3.5% sodium hypochlorite and 1% Tween 20 was used to surface decontaminate C. leucotreta eggs for removal of transovum CrleGV from the laboratory colony. No apparent infection by CrleGV was induced by subjecting larvae to stress. PCR of DNA extracted from larvae using CTAB failed to detect virus in the laboratory colony. This detection protocol was able to detect down to 60 fg (480 genome copies of CrleGV). The possibility of low-level virus remaining in the colony requires monitoring of genotypic purity of virus manipulated in the colony. Sequencing of Bam HI/KpnI fragments produced a preliminary sequence of the granulin region of CrleGV. This preliminary sequence supports the trend that the gene organisation of the granulin region of the granuloviruses infecting the family Tortricidae is conserved.

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Borth, Paul William. "Traditional and geostatistical modeling of pink bollworm spatial dynamics in Arizona cotton with application to sampling and computer mapping." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184253.

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The within-field spatial distribution of F₁, F₂, and F₃ pink bollworm (PBW) (Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders) generations were modeled with Taylor's power law (TPL), Iwao's patchiness regression (IPR), and the geostatistical semivariogram. Kriging interpolation was used to grid data for the generation of isarithmic maps. Distributional patterns and movements within a field are displayed in a time series of three maps depicting density across the field. The sampling protocol was replicated in eight commercial cotton fields in south-central Arizona during 1985 and 1986. Permanent sample stations were situated throughout the fields on a regular grid pattern. Samples were collected during the peak larval population and handled so as to maintain the integrity of site-specific samples (spatially identified by X,Y coordinates). TPL and IPR could not be used satisfactorily to model the F₁ generation. TPL fit the observed F₂ and F₃ data better than IPR. Both methods predicted the F₂ to be more highly aggregated than the F₃. For a given precision, optimum sample size increased when TPL and IPR model parameters were incorporated into sample size formulae relative to a formula which assumed random distribution. Ninety-five percent of the modeled PBW distributions were autocorrelated in 2-dimensional space and shown to conform to regionalized variable theory by the successful application of geostatistics. The semivariogram models are in conceptual agreement with traditional models and represent a worthy alternative to traditional modeling methodology. The semivariogram models have a large nugget effect proportion (average = 67%) which, in combination with low PBW density in commercial fields, limits the applicability of geostatistics in this system. Isarithmic maps showed that F₁ larvae are either localized near a field edge or generally scattered throughout the field. No consistent inter-generational dispersal pattern was identified. The use of systematic grid sampling is most advantageous (relative to random sampling) when density and the spatial dependence of samples is high, or many samples can be taken. Systematic sampling and kriging estimation yielded more precise estimates than random sampling and classical statistics, but the advantage was buffered by low PBW densities and large nugget effect.

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8

Brew, Tasha Marie 1961. "INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS IN COOPERATIVE EXTENSION." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276525.

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The purpose of this study was to assess the adoption response of cotton growers to Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs, identify the extension strategies used to promote IPM, and provide descriptive comparison of IPM programs between the foremost eleven cotton-producing states in the United States. Integrated pest management is presented as an alternative agricultural production strategy referred to as sustainable agriculture. IPM programs for cotton were evaluated by use of a survey instrument and telephone interviews with the IPM coordinators for the eleven cotton-producing states. The most significant findings were that programs vary considerably between states; the most widely employed IPM techniques were selective use of chemicals, use of economic thresholds and sampling for pests; the Cooperative Extension Service worked closely with private consultants and grower associations; and adoption of a wide variety of IPM techniques has been extensive for cotton producers in the eleven foremost cotton-producing states.

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9

Khan, Inamullah, University of Western Sydney, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, and Centre for Horticulture and Plant Sciences. "Aspects of the biology of the ladybird beetle Stethorus vagans (Blackburn) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)." THESIS_FEMA_HPS_Khan_I.xml, 2000. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/779.

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This thesis reports laboratory and field investigations on the aspects of biology of the Stethorus vagans, an Australian ladybird that feeds on all stages of two-spotted mite, Tetranychus urticae. Aspects of the biology of S. vagans were studied in the laboratory at constant and fluctuating temperatures. They regularly fed on all stages of T. urticae and there was no significant difference in male and female longevity at different temperatures. For field studies potted French bean plants infested with T. urticae were exposed in the field. Adult S. vagans was found to consume a range of alternative prey if the primary host was not available, but only one of the alternative hosts had the potential to support reproduction. Time partitioning behaviour and prey consumption rates were assessed, and how S. vagans located their prey was investigated. S. vagans exhibited many of the attributes of an effective biological control agent such as high reproductive level, location of prey at low levels, reproduction at low densities, and ability to feed on alternative hosts. It is concluded that S. vagans has a number of characteristics likely make them useful as a natural enemy of T. urticae
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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10

Sohati, Philemon Hakainda. "Studies on the egg parasitoids of Lygus lineolaris (P. de B.) (Hemiptera:Miridae) in southwestern Quebec." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55677.

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11

White, John Gordon. "Control of rodent damage in Australian macadamia orchard systems." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1999.

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12

Miller, Rachel Weslie Biological Earth &amp Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science UNSW. "Rattus tanezumi in the upland rice terraces of Banaue, Philippines: demography, habitat use, crop damage and yield assessment." Awarded by:University of New South Wales, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38038.

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Rodents cause significant damage to agricultural crops throughout the world, including rice, the staple food for the increasing population of Southeast Asia. Little is known about the ecology of pest rodent species, resulting in much effort being concentrated on ineffective, time consuming control practices. This research was designed to understand the demography and habitat use of the major pest rodent (Rattus tanezumi) of the Banaue rice terraces in order to identify the most efficient time and location to undertake pest control. Rodent crop damage and associated yield loss was also assessed in order to provide information for a cost : benefit analysis of rodent control practices. And the beliefs, perceptions and practices of Banaue rice farmers were investigated to assist in identifying future compatible rodent control programs. Replicated cage trapping was undertaken for a twelve month period over the entire rice cropping season in two study sites in the Municipality of Banaue Philippines. The breeding season of R. tanezumi corresponded with periods of food availability from the transplanted to ripening stages of the rice crop. A non-breeding season occurred from the fallow to seedling stages. The distinct breeding season occurred within the rice fields and adjacent village and scrub habitats. Radio-tracked and spool-and-line tracked R. tanezumi moved from adjacent habitats into the rice field during the breeding season, and individuals persisted in all habitat types, including the rice field, during the fallow, nonbreeding season. Overall rice yield was significantly greater (43%) in areas where rodents were excluded by fencing compared to areas where rodents were not excluded. More rodent damage to rice tillers occurred at the booting than at the ripening stage of the rice crop. These results suggest that to prevent rodent damage, control should be undertaken at the end of the R. tanezumi non-breeding season (prior to transplanting), before rodent numbers multiply and crop damage occurs. Further, the cost-benefit analysis of non-chemical rodent control programs in Banaue, suggests that benefits accrue once yield loss is likely to exceed 5%.

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Smaniotto, Lisonéia Fiorentini. "Seletividade de inseticidas alternativos a Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae)." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2011. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/256.

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Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a seletividade de inseticidas alternativos ao parasitóide Telenomus podisi (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Para isto foram utilizados os inseticidas alternativos Compostonat, Natuneem, Natualho, Óleo de Gerânio, Pironat e Rotenat. Foram pulverizados 0,2 mL de cada produto, na concentração recomendada pelo fabricante, sobre cartelas (1,0 × 5,0 cm) contendo ovos de Euschistus heros (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). A testemunha constou da pulverização de água destilada. Realizou-se teste com chance de escolha, confinando uma fêmea de T. podisi com duas cartelas, uma pulverizada com o inseticida alternativo e a outra com a testemunha, sendo avaliada a taxa de parasitismo, analisando a repelência provocada pelo inseticida alternativo em relação a sua respectiva testemunha. O teste sem chance de escolha consistiu em duas estratégias de pulverização, pulverização pré-parasitismo e pulverização pós-parasitismo. A pulverização pré-parasitismo consistiu em confinar uma fêmea com uma cartela pulverizada com o inseticida alternativo, ou confinada com uma cartela da testemunha, enquanto a pulverização pós-parasitismo consistiu em confinar uma fêmea com uma cartela não pulverizada, após 24 h retirou-se a fêmea e foi realizada a pulverização com o inseticida alternativo ou com água destilada, sendo esta a testemunha. Neste teste, avaliou-se o taxa de parasitismo, porcentagem de emergência, longevidade dos adultos, período ovo-adulto e razão sexual dos parasitóides emergidos. Verificou-se que no teste com chance de escolha os inseticidas alternativos Compostonat, Natualho e Óleo de Gerânio afetaram a taxa de parasitismo. No teste sem chance de escolha a taxa de parasitismo foi afetada pelos inseticidas alternativos Rotenat no pós-parasitismo, Natualho e Óleo de Gerânio no pré-parasitismo, enquanto a emergência foi reduzida por Compostonat e Óleo de Gerânio no pré-parasitismo. O parâmetro período ovo-adulto foi afetado pelos produtos Natualho no pré-parasitismo para fêmeas e Óleo de Gerânio no pós-parasitismo para macho, a razão sexual foi reduzida por Natualho e Óleo de Gerânio nos pós-parasitismo. A longevidade foi diminuída pelos inseticidas alternativos Rotenat e Óleo de Gerânio no pré-parasitismo, e aumentada pelo Óleo de Gerânio no pós-parasitismo. Assim, Natuneem foi o único produto a apresentar seletividade a T. podisi em todos os parâmetros avaliados, porém, os demais inseticidas alternativos não são seletivos, tomando por base os testes aqui realizados, pois afetaram a maioria dos parâmetros avaliados, comprometendo o controle do inseto-praga.
The aim of this study was to verify the selectivity of alternative insecticides to the egg parasitoid, Telenomus podisi (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). The following products were evaluated: Compostonat, Natuneem, Natualho, Geranium Oil, Pironat and Rotenat. A quantity of 0.2 ml of each product, at the manufacturer’s recommended concentration, was sprayed onto cards (1.0 × 5.0 cm) supporting the eggs of Euschistus heros (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). The control was sprayed with distilled water. In this test, it was available the parasitism rate, emergency of percentage, adults longevity, period of adult-egg, sexual ration of the emerged parasitoids. It was verified that in the test with chance of choice, the alternative insecticides Compostonat, Natualho and Geranium oil affect the rate of parasitism. In the test with no-chance of parasitism choice the rate of parasitism was affected by the alternative insecticides Rotenat in the post-parasitism, Natualho and Geranium oil in the pre-parasitism, while the emergency was reduced by Compostonat and Geranium oil in the pre-parasitism. The parameter period adult-egg was affected by the products Natualho in pre-parasitism for females and Geranium oil in the post-parasitism for male, the sexual ration was reduced by Natualho and Geranium oil in the post-parasitism. The longevity was reduced by alternative insecticides Rotenat and Geranium oil in the pre-parasitism, and elevated by Geranium oil in the post-parasitism. Thus, Natuneem was the unique product to present selectivity to T. podisi in all the available parameters, although the other alternative insecticides are no selective, basing in the tests hear realized, because they affected the majority of the available parameters, compromising the control of prague- insect.

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Vilani, Andréia. "Atividade de produtos fitossanitários naturais sobre Anticarsia gemmatalis hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Bacillus thuringiensis subesp. kurstaki e seletividade a Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae)." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2013. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/461.

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Conhecer os efeitos dos produtos fitossanitários naturais (PFN) sobre insetos praga e organismos não alvo é fundamental no contexto do Manejo Integrado de Pragas. Esse trabalho objetivou avaliar a atividade de PFN sobre Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), esporos e cristais de Bacillus thuringiensis subesp. kurstaki (Btk) e a seletividade sobre Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Foram utilizados os extratos de pitanga (Eugenia uniflora), pimenta (Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum), trombeta (Brugmansia suaveolens) e uva-do-japão (Hovenia dulcis), à 5%, Natuneem®, Natualho®, Pironat®, Rotenat® e Calda Bordalesa (CB), na concentração recomendada pelo fabricante. Para esporos, os tratamentos Btk + PFN e Btk, isoladamente, foram incubados em agitador horizontal (150 rpm, 30 ± 2 ºC, 2 h) e, inoculados em meio de cultura ágar nutriente (AN), em placas de Petri. Foram preparadas quatro placas (repetições), acondicionadas em câmara climatizada (30 ± 2 ºC, 18 h), quantificando-se as unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC)/mL. Para cristais, os PFN e Btk, isoladamente, água destilada esterilizada (testemunha) e Btk + PFN, após incubação, nas condições descritas acima, foram aplicados sobre cubos de dieta artificial para A. gemmatalis, em placas de Petri, que receberam 20 lagartas de segundo ínstar, cada. Foram preparadas quatro placas (repetições), acondicionadas em câmara climatizada (26 ± 2 ºC, UR: 70%±10 % fotofase 14 h). Avaliou-se a mortalidade após, 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 h, o percentual de empupamento e emergência e o período ovo-adulto. A seletividade sobre A. mellifera foi avaliada pulverizando-se os tratamentos sobre operárias e adicionando-os a pasta Cândi. Como testemunha utilizou-se respectivamente água destilada esterilizada e pasta Cândi pura. Em ambos os experimentos utilizou-se 30 operárias por tratamento (repetição), individualizadas em tubos de vidro (10 cm × 2,5 cm), acondicionados em câmara climatizada (25 ± 2 °C, U.R. 70% ± 10%, fotofase de 12 h) e a mortalidade, avaliada a uma; duas; três; quatro; cinco; seis; nove; 12; 15; 18; 21; 24; 30; 36; 42; 48; 60; 72 e 96 h. Verificou-se que os extratos de pitanga, pimenta e uva-do-japão reduziram significativamente as UFC/mL. O extrato de pitanga foi o único que afetou negativamente a toxicidade dos cristais de Btk. Nenhum extrato vegetal afetou a mortalidade, não havendo diferença entre os tempos de avaliação, nem o empupamento, emergência e período ovo-adulto. Na mistura com Btk o extrato de pitanga retardou a mortalidade e o extrato de pimenta acelerou a mortalidade. Nos experimentos com A. mellifera, houve redução significativa, apenas para o extrato de uva-do-japão, quando pulverizado. Os produtos Natuneem® e Rotenat® aumentaram significativamente as UFC/mL. Somente a CB afetou negativamente a toxicidade dos cristais de Btk. Nos demais parâmetros, observou-se redução significativa do percentual de empupamento para CB e Natualho®e percentual de emergência para CB e Natuneem®. Entre os tempos de avaliação, não houve influência dos produtos isolados, na mistura com Btk Natualho®, Pironat®, Rotenat® aceleraram a mortalidade e a CB influenciou negativamente. Não se verificou atividade dos produtos sobre o período ovo-adulto. Para A. mellifera, em ambos os experimentos, os produtos não afetaram significativamente a longevidade.
Knowing the effects of natural products phytosanitary (NPP) on pests and organisms target is not essential in the context of Integrated Pest Management. This study aimed to evaluate the activity of PFN on Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), spores and crystals of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk) and selectivity of Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). We used extracts of cherry (Eugenia uniflora), pepper (Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum), trumpet (Brugmansia suaveolens) and Blueberry japan (Hovenia dulcis), to 5%, Natuneem®, Natualho®, Pironat®, Rotenat® Bordeaux and Syrup (SB), the concentration recommended by the manufacturer. For spores, the treatments Btk + NFP and Btk alone were incubated on horizontal shaker (150 rpm, 30 ± 2 ° C, 2 h) and inoculated onto nutrient agar plates (NA), in petri dishes. We prepared four plates (repetitions), placed in a climatic chamber (30 ± 2 º C, 18 h), quantifying the colony forming units (CFU) / mL. To crystals, the PFN and Btk alone sterilized distilled water (control) and Btk + NFP after incubation under the conditions described above were applied on artificial diet cubes for A. gemmatalis, in Petri dishes, which received 20 second instar larvae of each. We prepared four plates (repetitions), placed in a climatic chamber (26 ± 2 º C, RH 70% ± 10% photophase 14 h), evaluating mortality after 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h, the percentage empupament and the emergence and egg-adult period. The selectivity of A. mellifera was evaluated by spraying treatments on workers and adding them to pasta Candi. As a control we used respectively sterile distilled water and paste Candi pure. In both experiments, we used 30 workers per treatment (repeat), individually in glass tubes (10 cm × 2.5 cm), packed in a climatic chamber (25 ± 2 ° C, RH 70% ± 10%, photophase 12 h) mortality, assessed by one, two, three, four, five, six, nine, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 60, 72 and 96 h. It was found that the extracts of cherry, pepper and Blueberry japan significantly reduced CFU / mL. The cherry extract was the only negatively affecting toxicity of Btk crystals. No plant extract affected the mortality, there was no difference between the time of evaluation, nor empupament, emergence and egg-adult period. In mixture with Btk cherry extract delayed the mortality and pepper extract accelerated mortality. In experiments with A. mellifera, was significantly reduced only to extract Blueberry japan, when sprayed. Natuneem® products and Rotenat® were the only ones who have significantly increased CFU / mL. Only the SB negatively affected the toxicity of Btk crystals. Ns other parameters, there was significant reduction in the percentage of empupament for SB and Natualho® and percentage of emergency and SB Natuneem®. Between the time of evaluation, no influence of individual products, the mix with Btk Natualho®, Pironat®, Rotenat® accelerated mortality and SB negatively influenced. There was no activity of the products on the egg-adult period. To A. mellifera, in both experiments, the products did not significantly affect longevity.

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15

King, Shirley Anne. "Development of techniques for the isolation of a granulovirus from potato tuber moth, phthorimaea operculella (Zeller)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015202.

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Phthorimaea operculella, commonly known as the Potato Tuber Moth, is an economically important agricultural pest worldwide. The baculovirus, Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus (PhoGV) has been considered as a means of control alternative to chemical control because of its host specificity and harmless impact on other organisms and ecosystems. An isolate of PhoGV obtained from a South African PTM population would be beneficial in the production of a biopesticide, which is not yet available. An efficient and cost-effective rearing method would be advantageous for potential commercial production. Commercial table and seed potato plantations and storage facilities located in Patensie, Bathurst, Howick and Ivanhoe were surveyed for PTM infestations. Patensie was the only site where milky discoloured larvae were found, a potential symptom of PhoGV infection. TEM analysis revealed no virus in these samples. Since no virus was found in the field-collected samples, PTM insects were collected to initiate rearing in the laboratory. PTM was raised by three different methods in the laboratory. A cost/benefit analysis, survival rate, fertility and sex ratio were recorded for each rearing method. Rearing method one was deemed unsuccessful for efficient commercial rearing, as survival percentage and fertility were low. Rearing methods two and three had high survival rates and high fertility, and were efficient and less labour intensive than rearing method one. Rearing method three was the most productive technique, but for commercial production rearing method two was considered the most manageable and efficient. The sex ratio was 1:1 for all three cultures. The cost analysis revealed that rearing methods two and three were less expensive than rearing method one because less labour was required to monitor insects. The success of rearing PTM for 19 months will enable these cultures to be up-scaled to a large production facility for mass rearing. Virus was not found in the field surveys or in laboratory cultures, therefore chemical, temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide stressors were used in an attempt to initiate a baculoviral infection. Symptoms were exhibited in larvae subjected to chemical, temperature and humidity treatments, but these were confirmed by TEM analysis not to be a result of PhoGV infection. The success of rearing PTM in the laboratory suggests that the method could be used in the commercial rearing of the insects in a large mass-rearing facility. The data obtained from induction protocols have allowed for better understanding for future induction for PhoGV and other baculoviruses in other insect species. The failure to isolate a South African PhoGV strain for developing a biopesticide against PTM has motivated further studies in obtaining a baculovirus in order for South Africa to develop a commercial product against this pest.

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Luna, John. "Development, implementation, and economic evaluation of an integrated pest management program for alfalfa in Virginia." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49827.

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17

Zapata, Mayta Edwin. "Diversity of insects from the Vespidae family in three ecological niches (forest, forest border, and agricultural area) in six communities in the Coroico and Coripata municipalities, department of La Paz." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2009. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5455.

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The Vespidae family (order Hymenoptera) is comprised of 4500 species of wasps in 268 genera and 7 subfamilies. These wasps prey upon a wide range of insects, including Lepidopteran caterpillars. Because of their low prey specificity, the use of Vespid wasps in biological control programs is limited. However, in their natural habitat, they play a role in controlling populations of some pest species. This study was conducted in six different communities in the department of La Paz within the municipalities of Coroico and Coripata. Three ecological niches were selected in each community: 1) the forest, 2) the edge of the forest and 3) a crop producing area. In each study unit, three Malaise traps were set up on a 14 day collection cycle from June to December 2007. Over the six month study period, we collected a total of 772 individuals and identified 36 different morphospecies from the six communities. The most abundant genera collected were Protopolybia sp., Mischocyttarus sp., and an unidentified genus (morphospecies #2) which had the greatest abundance of individuals in all of the different ecological niches. The niche factor did not have a significant influence on species diversity in the three ecological niches studied. Generally, this group of wasps is found in all three ecological niches.

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18

Östman, Örjan. "Landscape and farm management influence generalist predators : effects on condition, abundance, and biological control /." Uppsala : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2002. http://diss-epsilon.slu.se/archive/00000207/.

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Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2002.
Thesis documentation sheet inserted. Appendix reprints five published papers and manuscripts, three co-authored with others. Includes bibliographical references. Also available electronically via World Wide Web in PDF format; online version lacks appendix.

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19

Walton, Vaughn M. (Vaughn Martin). "Development of an integrated pest management system for vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret), in vineyards in the Western Cape Province, South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53361.

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Dissertation (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A survey was conducted in the Western Cape Province during the 1999/2000 and 2000/2001 seasons on mealybugs occurring in vineyards. P/anococcus ficus (Signoret) was the dominant mealybug in vineyards during this time. During this study P. ficus was recorded for the first time on roots of grapevines, which has far reaching implications for the control of this important vine leafroll virus vector as control actions were focused on above ground control. Other mealybugs presently recorded in local vineyards included Pseudococcus /ongispinus (Targioni) and Ferrisia ma/vastra (McDaniel). Pseudococcus viburni (Maskell) and Ps. so/ani Ferris were found on weeds in vineyards. Natural enemies of P. ficus recorded most frequently were species of Nephus predatory beetles, and the parasitaids Coccidoxenoides peregrinus (Timberlake), Anagyrus sp. and Leptomastix dacty/opii (Howard). Developmental studies on P. ficus and C. peregrinus indicated that the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was similar, peaking at 25°C (rm = 0.169 for P. ficus; rm = 0.149 for C. peregrinus). The net replacement rate (Ra) was higher for P. ficus than for C. peregrinus at all five temperatures tested. The Ra for P. ficus reached a maximum at 21°C (308.87) and C. peregrinus at 25°C for C. peregrinus (69.94). The lower and upper thresholds for development of P. ficus were estimated at 16.59 and 35.61°C respectively. The lower threshold for development of C. peregrinus was 8.85°C. These parameters indicated that both insects were well adapted to temperatures in the Western Cape Province. The lower minimum threshold temperature of C. peregrinus in relation to that of P. ficus suggests that C. peregrinus should be more active during winter and early spring than P. ficus. A central systematic presence-absence sampling system was developed for P. ficus. Monitoring three different plant parts on the vine indicated that new growth areas on vines adjacent to the main stem could serve as an early warning system for pending P. ficus bunch infestations. Intervention should be planned when 2 % of the stems are infested with P. ficus when using this system. Seasonal population studies of P. ficus and its natural enemies showed that stem infestation by P. ficus reached peak levels during January in Robertson and Stellenbosch and during February in the Hex River Valley. Vine mealybugs colonised new growth early in the season, followed by the leaves and eventually the bunches towards the end of the season. High stem infestations early in the season resulted in high bunch infestation levels at harvest. A density dependent relationship was evident between P. ficus populations and parasitoid populations, suggesting that the parasitoids played a mayor role in the biological control of P. ficus populations. Biological control was however only achieved towards the end of the season when damage to the crop had already occurred. Mass releases of C. peregrinus on P. ficus populations were done in order to augment biological control as an alternative to chemical control. Between five and six releases of 20 000 C. peregrinus per release were done at monthly intervals in three grapegrowing areas. Mass released C. peregrinus controlled P. ficus adequately in the Hex River Valley. Control of P. ficus using this approach was no worse than using chemical control in Robertson and Stellenbosch. C. peregrinus is commercially available and can therefore be used as an alternative to chemical control by producers. Degree day estimation was used to predict development of P. ficus populations. This information was used as an input in a P. ficus pest management model. Data acquired from P. ficus and ant monitoring were used as components to construct a decision chart. This chart can be used by producers to optimise the control of P. ficus populations using either chemical control or mass releases of C. peregrinus.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: "n Studie is gedurende die 1999/2000 en 2000/2001 seisoene gedoen met die doelom die witluisspesies wat in wingerde voorkom, te identifiseer. Planococcus ficus (Signoret) is tans die dominante witluisspesie in wingerde in die Wes Kaap Provinsie. P. ficus kolonies is op wingerdwortels gevind. Dié bevinding kan verreikende gevolge hê vir die beheer van dié plaag as "n belangrike rolbladvirus vektor aangesien beheer tot dusver gefokus het op bogrondse gedeeltes. Ander witluisspesies wat in wingerde gevind is, sluit in Pseudococcus /ongispinus (Targioni) en Ferrisia malvastra (McDaniel). Pseudococcus vibumi (Maskell) en Ps. so/ani Ferris is op onkruide in wingerde gevind. Dominante natuurlike vyande van P. ficus sluit predatoriese kewertjies van verskeie Nephus spp. en die parasitoïede Coccidoxenoides peregrinus (Timberlake), Anagyrus sp. en Leptomastix dacty/opii (Howard) in. Ontwikkelingstudies op P. ficus en C. peregrinus het aangetoon dat die inhirente voortplantingstempo (rm) soortgelyk was vir beide insekte met "n maksimum by 25°C (0.169 vir P. ficus, 0.149 vir C. peregrinus). Die netto vervangingstempo (Ra) was in vergelyking met C. peregrinus hoër vir P. ficus by al vyf temperature getoets. Die Ra van P. ficus het "n maksimum bereik teen 21°C (308.87) en die van e. peregrinus by 25°C (69.94). Die teoretiese hoër en laer drempels vir ontwikkeling van P. ficus was onderskeidelik 16.59 en 35.61 oe. Die teoretiese laer drempelwaarde van ontwikkeling vir e. peregrinus was 8.85°e. Hierdie parameters dui aan dat beide insekte goed aangepas is by temperature in die Wes Kaap Provinsie. Die laer minimum drempel vir ontwikkeling van C. peregrinus in verhouding tot P. ficus impliseer dat C. peregrinus in die winter en vroeë lente meer aktief sal wees as P. ficus. 'n Sentrale sistematiese aan-afwesig moniteringsisteem met bekende vlakke van steekproefnemingsfout is ontwikkel in kommersiële wingerde vir P. ficus. Monitering van drie verskillende dele op die wingerdstok het aangedui dat die nuwe groei areas kan dien as 'n vroeë waarskuwing vir latere P. ficus trosinfestasies. Dié sisteem sal produsente in staat stelom te bepaal wanneer optrede noodsaaklik is. Daar word voorgestel dat optrede noodsaaklik is by 'n P. ficus besmettingsvlak van 2 % op die nuwe groei areas op stokke. Stambesmetting deur P. ficus het in Januarie piekvlakke bereik in Stellenbosch en Robertson, en in Februarie in die Hex Rivier Vallei. P. ficus koloniseer nuwe groei vroeg in die seisoen waarna blare en trosse aan die einde van die seisoen gekoloniseer word. Dié data dui aan dat P. ficus besmetting op nuwe groei vroeg in die seisoen 'n aanduiding kan gee van hoë trosbesmetting aan die einde van die seisoen. 'n Digtheidsafhanklike verwantskap was waarneembaar tussen P. ficus plaagpopulasies en parasitoïed populasies. Dié verwantskap dui aan dat parasitoïede die belangrikste rol speel in biologiese beheer van P. ficus populasies. Biologiese beheer van witluis is egter eers aan die einde van die seisoen bereik toe die oes reeds beskadig was. Massavrylatings van C. peregrinus is in P. ficus besmette blokke gedoen om biologiese beheer aan te help en sodoende as alternatief tot chemiese beheer te dien. Tussen vyf en ses vrylatings met 20 000 C. peregrinus is een keer per maand gedurende die seisoen gedoen. Die vrygelate C. peregrinus het P. ficus populasies voldoende beheer in die Hex Rivier Vallei. Beheer van P. ficus deur massavrylatings van C. peregrinus was soortgelyk as chemiese beheer in Robertson en Stellenbosch. C. peregrinus is kommersieel beskikbaar en kan om hierdie rede as alternatief tot chemiese beheer gebruik word. Graaddag bepaling is gebruik om die ontwikkeling van P. ficus populasies te voorspel. Hierdie inligting is gebruik as 'n verdere hulpmiddel in die P. ficus plaagbeheermodel. Inligting verkry vanuit P. ficus en mier monitering is gebruik as komponente in die opstel van 'n besluitnemingstabel. Hierdie tabel kan gebruik word deur produsente om beheer van P. ficus plaagpopulasies te optimaliseer deur chemiese beheer of massavrylatings van C. peregrinus.

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Moreira, Grazielle Furtado [UNESP]. "Taxonomic studies of laelapid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) and their use in combination with entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) to control Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/115857.

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A família Laelapidae Berlese (Mesostigmata: Dermanyssoidea) é cosmopolita e ocupa uma diversidade de habitats, onde seus hábitos podem variar de espécies de vida-livre a espécies associadas a artrópodes, mamíferos e pássaros. Algumas espécies dessa família, bem como os nematoides entomopatogênicos (NEP) têm demonstrado bom potencial como agentes de controle biológico. Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), uma das espécies mais importantes de tripes-praga, causa danos a várias plantas cultivadas, atuando como praga ou vetor de patógenos. Os objetivos desse estudo foram a preparação de um catálogo taxonômico para lelapídeos de vida-livre e associados a artrópodes, o estudo taxonômico de espécies de Laelapidae coletados no Brasil, a preparação de uma chave para gêneros de Laelapidae de vida livre e associados a artrópodes até o momento conhecidos da América do Sul, e avaliar os efeitos de diferentes espécies de lelapídeos e NEP como agentes de controle de F. occidentalis. Um total de 828 espécies pertencentes a 41 gêneros são relatados no catálogo. Nove espécies novas foram descritas e uma chave para gêneros de ocorrência na América do Sul de Laelapidae foi elaborada. Em testes de laboratório, Cosmolaelaps jaboticabalensis Moreira, Klompen & Moraes e Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Womersley) predaram aproximadamente 2,5 e 3,9 pré-pupa/pupa de F. occidentalis e ovipositaram aproximadamente 2,2 e 1,4 ovos por dia, respectivamente. Heterorhabditis amazonensis GL Andaló, Nguyen & Moino Jr. foi o nematoide mais virulento, causando a mortalidade de aproximadamente 87,5% das pre-pupas/pupas oferecidas. Nenhum dos predadores avaliados mostrou preferência por este nematoide como presa e nenhum dos NEP avaliados interferiram na sobrevivência dos predadores. Para C. jaboticabalensis, a fase imatura (ovo-adulto) foi completada em 12,3 ± 5; 6,6 ± 0,6 e 7,1 ± 0,6 em F. occidentalis, Protorhabditis sp. ...
The cosmopolitan Dermanyssoidea mite family Laelapidae Berlese occupies a diversity of habitats, where their habits vary from free-living to arthropod, mammal and bird associates. Some species of this family as well the entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) have shown good potential as biological control agents. Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), one of the most important thrips pests, causes major damage to several cultivated plants, acting as pest or vector of pathogens. The aims of the study reported in this document were the preparation of a taxonomic catalog of the free-living and arthropod associated laelapid mites, the taxonomic study of the laelapid species collected in Brazil, the preparation of a key for the South American free-living and arthropod associated genera, and evaluations of the effect of different laelapid and EPN species as control agents of F. occidentalis. A total of 828 species of 41 genera are reported in the catalog. Nine new species were described and a key for the separation of genera reported in South America genus was prepared. In laboratory tests, Cosmolaelaps jaboticabalensis Moreira, Klompen and Moraes and Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Womersley) preyed upon about 2.5 and 3.9 pre-pupae/pupae of F. occidentalis and laid about 2.2 and 1.4 eggs per day, respectively. Heterorhabditis amazonensis GL Andaló, Nguyen and Moino Jr. was the most virulent nematode, producing mortality of about 87.5% of exposed pre-pupae/pupae. None of the evaluated predators showed preference for that nematode as prey and none of the evaluated nematodes interfered in the survivorship of the predators. For C. jaboticabalensis, total immature development (egg-adult) was completed in 12.3 ± 5, 6.6 ± 0.6 and 7.1 ± 0.6 on F. occidentalis, Protorhabditis sp. and T. putrescentiae, respectively. Fecundity and intrinsic rate of increase were higher on Protorhabditis sp. (71.6 ± 9.1 eggs/female; 0.28 female/female/day) than ...

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21

Moreira, Grazielle Furtado. "Taxonomic studies of laelapid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) and their use in combination with entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) to control Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) /." Jaboticabal, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/115857.

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Orientador: Gilberto José de Moraes
Coorientador: Antônio Carlos Busoli
Banca: Vanessa Andaló Mendes de Carvalho
Banca: Reinaldo José Fazzio Feres
Banca: Raphael de Campos Castilho
Banca: Daniel Junior de Andrade
Resumo: A família Laelapidae Berlese (Mesostigmata: Dermanyssoidea) é cosmopolita e ocupa uma diversidade de habitats, onde seus hábitos podem variar de espécies de vida-livre a espécies associadas a artrópodes, mamíferos e pássaros. Algumas espécies dessa família, bem como os nematoides entomopatogênicos (NEP) têm demonstrado bom potencial como agentes de controle biológico. Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), uma das espécies mais importantes de tripes-praga, causa danos a várias plantas cultivadas, atuando como praga ou vetor de patógenos. Os objetivos desse estudo foram a preparação de um catálogo taxonômico para lelapídeos de vida-livre e associados a artrópodes, o estudo taxonômico de espécies de Laelapidae coletados no Brasil, a preparação de uma chave para gêneros de Laelapidae de vida livre e associados a artrópodes até o momento conhecidos da América do Sul, e avaliar os efeitos de diferentes espécies de lelapídeos e NEP como agentes de controle de F. occidentalis. Um total de 828 espécies pertencentes a 41 gêneros são relatados no catálogo. Nove espécies novas foram descritas e uma chave para gêneros de ocorrência na América do Sul de Laelapidae foi elaborada. Em testes de laboratório, Cosmolaelaps jaboticabalensis Moreira, Klompen & Moraes e Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Womersley) predaram aproximadamente 2,5 e 3,9 pré-pupa/pupa de F. occidentalis e ovipositaram aproximadamente 2,2 e 1,4 ovos por dia, respectivamente. Heterorhabditis amazonensis GL Andaló, Nguyen & Moino Jr. foi o nematoide mais virulento, causando a mortalidade de aproximadamente 87,5% das pre-pupas/pupas oferecidas. Nenhum dos predadores avaliados mostrou preferência por este nematoide como presa e nenhum dos NEP avaliados interferiram na sobrevivência dos predadores. Para C. jaboticabalensis, a fase imatura (ovo-adulto) foi completada em 12,3 ± 5; 6,6 ± 0,6 e 7,1 ± 0,6 em F. occidentalis, Protorhabditis sp. ...
Abstract: The cosmopolitan Dermanyssoidea mite family Laelapidae Berlese occupies a diversity of habitats, where their habits vary from free-living to arthropod, mammal and bird associates. Some species of this family as well the entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) have shown good potential as biological control agents. Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), one of the most important thrips pests, causes major damage to several cultivated plants, acting as pest or vector of pathogens. The aims of the study reported in this document were the preparation of a taxonomic catalog of the free-living and arthropod associated laelapid mites, the taxonomic study of the laelapid species collected in Brazil, the preparation of a key for the South American free-living and arthropod associated genera, and evaluations of the effect of different laelapid and EPN species as control agents of F. occidentalis. A total of 828 species of 41 genera are reported in the catalog. Nine new species were described and a key for the separation of genera reported in South America genus was prepared. In laboratory tests, Cosmolaelaps jaboticabalensis Moreira, Klompen and Moraes and Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Womersley) preyed upon about 2.5 and 3.9 pre-pupae/pupae of F. occidentalis and laid about 2.2 and 1.4 eggs per day, respectively. Heterorhabditis amazonensis GL Andaló, Nguyen and Moino Jr. was the most virulent nematode, producing mortality of about 87.5% of exposed pre-pupae/pupae. None of the evaluated predators showed preference for that nematode as prey and none of the evaluated nematodes interfered in the survivorship of the predators. For C. jaboticabalensis, total immature development (egg-adult) was completed in 12.3 ± 5, 6.6 ± 0.6 and 7.1 ± 0.6 on F. occidentalis, Protorhabditis sp. and T. putrescentiae, respectively. Fecundity and intrinsic rate of increase were higher on Protorhabditis sp. (71.6 ± 9.1 eggs/female; 0.28 female/female/day) than ...
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Onzi, Angélica Carla. "Efeito de terpenóides e extratos vegetais sobre carnorhabditis elegans." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2013. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/913.

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Arruda, Josicléa Hüffner. "Ação de agroquímicos no controle de mofo branco em soja." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2014. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/759.

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A soja é uma das principais commodities produzidas no mundo. Entretanto, tem sua produtividade reduzida, significativamente, devido às doenças, dentre estas o mofo branco, causado pelo fungo Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, com expressiva severidade em regiões de clima ameno e úmido. O controle da doença, incluindo o uso de fungicidas, é pouco eficiente. Assim, o trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiência de herbicidas e adubos foliares à base de fosfito de potássio no manejo do mofo branco em soja, bem como a ação dos produtos, indução da síntese de fitoalexinas e das enzimas peroxidases e superóxido dismutase, assim como a ação direta dos agroquímicos sobre o patógeno. Para isso, avaliou-se a ação in vitro dos produtos químicos sobre o crescimento micelial do fungo e germinação de escleródios. A indução foi testada em laboratório por meio da avaliação da síntese de fitoalexinas em cotilédones de soja, e das enzimas POX e SOD, submetidas aos mesmos tratamentos de campo. O experimento de campo foi implantado em Coronel Domingos Soares - PR, safra 2012/2013, em área com infestação natural do fitopatógeno. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com 4 repetições e 6 tratamentos: testemunha, lactofen (0,6 L ha-1 em V4), bentazon (1,5 L ha-1 em V4), fluazinam (1 L ha-1 em R1) e dois adubos foliares denominados fosfito A (30 p/p % de P2O5 e 20 p/p % de K2O) (3 L ha-1 em V4 + R1) e fosfito B (26 p/p % de P2O5 e 19 p/p % de K2O) (2 L ha-1 em V4 + R1). O fungicida foi o único produto que inibiu totalmente o desenvolvimento do fungo in vitro. Em laboratório, o bentazon alcançou os maiores índices de produção de fitoalexinas, enquanto os adubos foliares não as induziram. Ambos os herbicidas e o fosfito A tiveram potencial para aumentar a atividade da enzima POX. No experimento de campo os herbicidas bentazon e lactofen destacaram-se no controle do mofo branco, sendo de 60,5% e 52,3%, respectivamente, e o tratamento com fosfito A com um controle de 37,9%, superiores ao tratamento com fungicida. Em relação aos componentes de rendimento houve incrementos utilizando os herbicidas, entretanto, não diferiram estatisticamente da testemunha pelo teste de Duncan a 5%.
Soybean is one of the most important crops in the world. However, several times the yield is reduced due to diseases as the stem rot (white mold) caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, which is a several fungal, mainly in areas with low temperatures and high moisture. The disease control, including the use of fungicides, is difficult. Thus, the objective of this study was to verify the effect of herbicides and foliar fertilizers with potassium phosphite on control of white mold soybean, determining the action of this agrochemicals about the phytoalexin, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase synthesis, and the direct action on the pathogen. For this, the in vitro effect of agrochemicals on the pathogen was evaluated. Also, the induction was tested in the laboratory by evaluation of phytoalexin synthesis in soybean cotyledons, and POX and SOD enzymes, subjected to the same treatment field. The field trials were conducted in Coronel Domingos Soares – PR, evaluations were made in 2012/2013 crop. A randomized-complete blocks design with 6 treatments and 4 replicates was used. The treatments were: lactofen (0,6 L ha-1 applied in V4), bentazon (1,5 L ha-1 in V4), fluazinam (1 L ha-1 in R1) and two foliar fertilizers called fosfito A (30 p/p % de P2O5 and 20 p/p % de K2O) (3 L ha-1 in V4 + R1) and fosfito B (26 p/p % de P2O5 and 19 p/p % de K2O) (2 L ha-1 in V4 + R1). . The fungicide was the only product that completely inhibited fungal growth in vitro. In the laboratory, the bentazon reached the highest levels of phytoalexin production, but the foliar fertilizers did not induce the production of the same. Both herbicides and phosphite A had the potential to elicit the production of peroxidase enzyme. In field experiments the herbicides bentazon and lactofen stood out in the control of white mold, being 60.5% and 52.3% respectively, and treatment with the fosfito A provided a control of 37.9%, being superior to the treatment with fungicide. Regarding the grain fields compounds had increase using the herbicides, but did not differed from the control by Duncan test at 5%.

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Garcia, Adriano Gomes [UNESP]. "Ecologia da paisagem e controle de pragas agrícolas." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/108773.

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Romano, Daniele [UNESP]. "Ocorrência de pragas na cultura do algodão transgênico (bt) e convencional cultivado no sistema adensado e não-adensado." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/110301.

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A cultura do algodoeiro apresenta um complexo de pragas que podem proporcionar danos na produtividade e qualidade da fibra. O sistema adensado de cultivo se diferencia do sistema de semeadura não-adensado por ter um maior número de plantas na mesma área, obtendo maior precocidade no ciclo, com colheita em até 150 dias, com menor custo de produção, podendo também ocorrer impacto na ocorrência e manejo de insetos. No Brasil o algodão com resistência a insetos lepidópteros Bollgard I (Bt) foi introduzido em 2005. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar comparativamente a ocorrência de pragas na cultura do algodão transgênico (Bt) e não-transgênico (NBt) cultivado no sistema adensado e não-adensado, na região de Primavera do Leste – MT, conduzido na 2ª Safra do ano agrícola 2010, no Campo Experimental do Instituto Mato Grossense do Algodão – IMAmt. Os tratamentos foram avaliados semanalmente, visando verificar a flutuação das principais pragas ao longo do ciclo do algodão. O monitoramento das pragas foi realizado em 10 plantas ao acaso por parcela, contando-se os artrópodes, separando-os por espécie e obtido o índice de infestação das pragas para tomada de decisão de pulverizações. Avaliou-se também a porcentagem de desfolha provocada pelas lagartas. Pela análise dos resultados concluiu-se que: os tratamentos com a cultivar Bt (NuOpal) apresentaram as menores incidências de lagartas de Alabama argillacea e Pseudoplusia includens em relação a cultivar não-Bt, o que não ocorreu para a espécie Spodoptera eridanea. A cultivar Bt, obteve menor percentual de desfolha provocadas pelas lagartas. A cultivar convencional (DeltaOpal) sofreu mais desfolha no sistema de cultivo adensado que no cultivo não-adensado, enquanto que a cultivar Bt (NuOpal) não diferiu no percentual de desfolha, independente do espaçamento adotado. O sistema de cultivo adensado produziu significativamente mais algodão em caroço que o ...
The cotton crop presents a complex of pests that can provide damage to the productivity and fiber quality. The narrow row cotton cultivation is different of the conventional space system, by having a larger number of plants in the same area, obtain greater precocity in the cotton cycle, with a cotton ready for harvest in 150 days, with a lower production cost, but can also occur impact on the occurrence and management of the insects. In Brazil cotton resistant to lepidopteran insects, Bollgard I (Bt), was introduced in 2005. The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of pests in transgenic crop (Bt) and non-Bt growing in the conventional and narrow row cotton in the region of Primavera do Leste - MT, conducted at the 2nd harvest crop year 2010, in the Mato Grosso Experimental Cotton Institute- IMAmt. The treatments were evaluated weekly in order to verify the fluctuation of the major pests of cotton throughout the cycle. Monitoring of pests were being in 10 plants per plot, counting arthropods and separating them by species and obtained the rate of infestation and then decide to spray. Even also the percentage of defoliation caused by the caterpillars was evaluated. Based on these results it was concluded that: treatments with Bt (NuOpal) had the lowest incidence of Alabama argillacea, Pseudoplusia includens than non-Bt cultivar which was not observed for the species Spodoptera eridanea. Bt cultivar had lower percentage of defoliation caused by the caterpillars. The conventional cultivar (DeltaOpal) have had more percentage defoliation in narrow row cotton cultivation as the conventional space system, while cultivating Bt (NUOPAL) did not differ in the percentage defoliation, regardless of the spacing adopted. The narrow row cotton cultivation produced significantly more of the conventional space system and treatments with insecticide application kept the crop yield potential.

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Romano, Daniele. "Ocorrência de pragas na cultura do algodão transgênico (bt) e convencional cultivado no sistema adensado e não-adensado /." Ilha Solteira, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/110301.

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Orientador: Geraldo Papa
Banca: Fernando Juarí Celoto
Banca: Germison Vital Tomquelski
Resumo: A cultura do algodoeiro apresenta um complexo de pragas que podem proporcionar danos na produtividade e qualidade da fibra. O sistema adensado de cultivo se diferencia do sistema de semeadura não-adensado por ter um maior número de plantas na mesma área, obtendo maior precocidade no ciclo, com colheita em até 150 dias, com menor custo de produção, podendo também ocorrer impacto na ocorrência e manejo de insetos. No Brasil o algodão com resistência a insetos lepidópteros Bollgard I (Bt) foi introduzido em 2005. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar comparativamente a ocorrência de pragas na cultura do algodão transgênico (Bt) e não-transgênico (NBt) cultivado no sistema adensado e não-adensado, na região de Primavera do Leste - MT, conduzido na 2ª Safra do ano agrícola 2010, no Campo Experimental do Instituto Mato Grossense do Algodão - IMAmt. Os tratamentos foram avaliados semanalmente, visando verificar a flutuação das principais pragas ao longo do ciclo do algodão. O monitoramento das pragas foi realizado em 10 plantas ao acaso por parcela, contando-se os artrópodes, separando-os por espécie e obtido o índice de infestação das pragas para tomada de decisão de pulverizações. Avaliou-se também a porcentagem de desfolha provocada pelas lagartas. Pela análise dos resultados concluiu-se que: os tratamentos com a cultivar Bt (NuOpal) apresentaram as menores incidências de lagartas de Alabama argillacea e Pseudoplusia includens em relação a cultivar não-Bt, o que não ocorreu para a espécie Spodoptera eridanea. A cultivar Bt, obteve menor percentual de desfolha provocadas pelas lagartas. A cultivar convencional (DeltaOpal) sofreu mais desfolha no sistema de cultivo adensado que no cultivo não-adensado, enquanto que a cultivar Bt (NuOpal) não diferiu no percentual de desfolha, independente do espaçamento adotado. O sistema de cultivo adensado produziu significativamente mais algodão em caroço que o ...
Abstract: The cotton crop presents a complex of pests that can provide damage to the productivity and fiber quality. The narrow row cotton cultivation is different of the conventional space system, by having a larger number of plants in the same area, obtain greater precocity in the cotton cycle, with a cotton ready for harvest in 150 days, with a lower production cost, but can also occur impact on the occurrence and management of the insects. In Brazil cotton resistant to lepidopteran insects, Bollgard I (Bt), was introduced in 2005. The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of pests in transgenic crop (Bt) and non-Bt growing in the conventional and narrow row cotton in the region of Primavera do Leste - MT, conducted at the 2nd harvest crop year 2010, in the Mato Grosso Experimental Cotton Institute- IMAmt. The treatments were evaluated weekly in order to verify the fluctuation of the major pests of cotton throughout the cycle. Monitoring of pests were being in 10 plants per plot, counting arthropods and separating them by species and obtained the rate of infestation and then decide to spray. Even also the percentage of defoliation caused by the caterpillars was evaluated. Based on these results it was concluded that: treatments with Bt (NuOpal) had the lowest incidence of Alabama argillacea, Pseudoplusia includens than non-Bt cultivar which was not observed for the species Spodoptera eridanea. Bt cultivar had lower percentage of defoliation caused by the caterpillars. The conventional cultivar (DeltaOpal) have had more percentage defoliation in narrow row cotton cultivation as the conventional space system, while cultivating Bt (NUOPAL) did not differ in the percentage defoliation, regardless of the spacing adopted. The narrow row cotton cultivation produced significantly more of the conventional space system and treatments with insecticide application kept the crop yield potential.
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Berna, Raquel 1989. "Espectro de gotas geradas por ponta de jato plano de impacto para aplicação aérea na presença de adjuvantes em caldas de pulverização /." Botucatu, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/150846.

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Banca: Fabio Henrique Roja Baio
Banca: Caio Antonio Carbonari
Orientador: Ulisses Rocha Antuniassi
Resumo: Por necessidade de maior capacidade de campo operacional durante as aplicações de produtos fitossanitários nas lavouras, a aviação agrícola têm se destacado como uma opção importante para diversas culturas. Porém, para garantir a eficácia da aplicação, alguns fatores devem ser considerados, como a calda, o elemento gerador de gotas e o fluxo de ar, pois estes irão influenciar no espectro de gotas formado e, consequentemente, no risco de ocorrer deriva. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a influência de diferentes adjuvantes nas características físicas das caldas contendo fungicida, analisando-se o espectro de gotas formado em função de cada ângulo de deflexão de uma ponta de pulverização aérea CP-03, buscando um indicativo de utilização dessas técnicas quanto à qualidade e segurança das aplicações. Foram avaliadas quatro caldas, sendo uma calda com fungicida, e outras três com as misturas do fungicida com cada um dos adjuvantes: um multifuncional; um óleo vegetal; e um óleo mineral. A aplicação aérea foi simulada através de um ventilador de alta capacidade, com velocidade média de vento de 180 km h-1. Na saída deste ventilador foi acoplada a ponta de pulverização CP-03, e a pulverização foi simulada com taxa de aplicação de 20 L ha-1 e pressão de 200 kPa. Todas as caldas foram pulverizadas com os três ângulos defletores da ponta (30°, 55° e 90°) e o espectro de gotas foi determinado utilizando-se um equipamento analisador de partículas em tempo real posicionado na frente d... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Due to the necessary of a greater operational efficiency during applications of plant health products in crops, agricultural aviation has been an important option for several crops. However, to ensure the effectiveness of the application, some factors must be considered as the spray formulation, the nozzles and the air flow, as these will influence the droplet spectrum formed and, consequently, the risk of spray drift. Based on this subject, the objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of different adjuvants on the physical characteristics of the spray mixture with the behavior of the droplet spectrum formed as a function of each deflection angle of the aerial spray tip CP-03 and to find an indicative of which of them are more suitable for reducing the risk of spray drift. Four spray formulations were evaluated, one spray solution with fungicide, and the other three sprays with a mix of each of the adjuvants containing fungicide, the first one surfactant, the second one mineral oil and the third one a vegetable oil. The aerial application was simulated through a high capacity fan with a high‐speed airstreams of 180 km h-1 . At the outlet of this fan the spray tip CP-03 was coupled, and the spraying was simulated with application rate of 20 L ha -1 and pressure of 200 kPa. All spray formulations were tested by three deflecting angles (30 °, 55 ° and 90 °) and the droplet spectrum was determined using a real-time particle analyzer positioned in front of the simu... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Garcia, Adriano Gomes. "Ecologia da paisagem e controle de pragas agrícolas /." Botucatu, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/108773.

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Ruiz, Anny Mery Marcon. "Intensidade de sintomas de oídio em minijardim clonal de eucalipto sob diferentes ambientes de cultivo /." Botucatu, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/190732.

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Orientador: Edson Luiz Furtado
Coorietador: Cristiane de Pieri
Coorietador: Fábio Suzart Albuquerque
Banca: Gilberto Rostirolla Batista de Souza
Banca: Fernando Broetto
Resumo: Em 2016, a eucaliptocultura atingiu 5,67 milhões de hectares plantados no Brasil, garantindo uma grande rentabilidade ao setor (IBÁ, 2017). Para manter esse patamar, é necessário a produção de mudas no viveiro e realizar o manejo adequado das plantas e doenças. Podosphaera pannosa (Wallr.) de Bary (oídio do eucalipto) é um dos principais patógenos biotróficos encontrados em viveiros florestais, que afeta o processo fotossintético da planta e causa intensos danos. Para o controle desta doença, é necessário encontrar novas alternativas, umas delas pode ser o uso de filmes plásticos difusores, os quais são responsáveis em aumentar a umidade e temperatura, filtrar a radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (PAR), e como consequência melhorar o desenvolvimento das plantas e controlar doenças. Para o sucesso do controle, é necessário compreender o comportamento do patógeno e realizar a quantificação dos sintomas. Dessa maneira, esse trabalho apresenta como objetivos específicos: 1) desenvolver a escala diagramática de oídio do eucalipto; 2) Avaliar o patossistema oídio-eucalipto em quatro materiais genéticos distintos de eucalipto Híbridos de Corymbia torelliana x C. citriodora ("Toreliodora"), Eucalyptus urophylla x E. grandis (IPB 02, IPB 13) e híbrido natural de E. urophylla (I144) em minijardim clonal sob quatro ambientes de cultivo (Pé direito alto, descoberto, mini túnel com plástico difusor branco e mini túnel com plástico difusor azul); 3) Correlacionar a intensidade de oídio com... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: In 2016, eucalyptus cultivation reached 5.67 million hectares planted in Brazil, guaranteeing a great profitability to the sector (IBÁ, 2017). To maintain this level, it is necessary to produce seedlings in the nursery and to carry out the appropriate management of the plants and diseases. Podosphaera pannosa (Wallr.) de Bary (Eucalyptus powdery mildew) is one of the main biotrophic pathogens found in forest nurseries, which affects the photosynthetic process of the plant and causes severe damage. To control this disease, it is necessary to find new alternatives, one of them may be the use of diffuser plastic films, which are responsible for increasing the humidity and temperature, filtering the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and consequently improving the development of plants and control diseases. For the success control of this disease, it is necessary to understand the behavior of the pathogen and perform the symptom quantification. In this way, this study presents as specific objectives: 1) to develop the diagrammatic scale of eucalyptus powdery mildew; 2) evaluate the oidium-eucalyptus patossystem in four different genetic materials of eucalyptus Hybrids: Corymbia torelliana x C. citriodora ("Toreliodora"), Eucalyptus urophylla x E. grandis (IPB 02, IPB 13) and natural hybrid of E. urophylla (I144) in clonal mini-garden under four different coverings (high right foot, uncovered, mini tunnel with white diffuser plastic and mini tunnel with blue diffuser plastic); 3) Correlate the intensity of powdery mildew with photosynthetically active radiation, temperature, rain and relative humidity; 4) measure the leaf nitrogen content of the clones in the different treatments; 5) analyze the plant defense metabolic responses through the enzymes peroxidase and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The experiment was installed in the Forest Nursery in the Department of Forest Science of the Faculty of ...
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Piva, Claudia Aparecida Guginski. "Extratos de canola e própolis no controle de oídio em pepineiro." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2013. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/438.

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O oídio, causado pelo fungo Podosphaera fuliginea, é uma doença de ocorrência universal, considerada uma das mais comuns entre as cucurbitáceas. Todas as espécies são suscetíveis, contudo a severidade está condicionada ao tipo de clima, espécies e cultivares. Na cultura do pepino (Cucumins sativus L.) o oídio provoca danos principalmente em cultivos protegidos, necessitando da utilização de produtos tóxicos no seu controle. É crescente o interesse pelos métodos alternativos de controle, englobando os biológicos, orgânicos ou naturais, por apresentar alternativas de controle eficientes, tendo como características o baixo potencial de contaminação ao ambiente, a saúde do aplicador e do consumidor. Experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação e repetidos em dois cultivos, com a utilização de extratos de canola e própolis para controle de oídio em pepineiro. No primeiro experimento testou-se o efeito potencial, de extratos de pó de canola (Brassica napus L.) em quatro formas de extração: extrato alcoólico, infusão, maceração e extrato aquoso e cinco concentrações de cada extrato: 0, 3, 6, 9, e 12%. A primeira aplicação foi realizada 24 horas antes de submeter as plantas ao inóculo do patógeno e as demais semanalmente, num período de 5 semanas. Avaliou-se a incidência e severidade da doença e o efeito elicitor dos extratos na indução de resistência por meio da atividade da enzima fenilalanina amônia-liase (FAL), fenóis totais e proteínas totais. No segundo experimento testou-se o efeito de extrato etanólico de própolis aplicado em épocas e concentrações distintas: 24 horas antes da inoculação do patógeno, 24 horas após a inoculação e no aparecimento dos primeiros sintomas da doença com concentrações de 0% (água destilada) 0,5; 1; 2; 4 e 8% do extrato. No primeiro experimento, verificou-se maior atividade da FAL e maior acúmulo de fenóis totais, sendo estes parâmetros relacionados à redução da AACPD para a incidência e severidade do oídio.Destacou-se como melhor controle o extrato maceração na concentração de 12%, com redução de mais de 50% de incidência e mais de 90% de severidade da doença. No segundo experimento verificou-se que o extrato aquoso de própolis aplicado 24 horas antes e 24 horas após a inoculação do patógeno conferiu melhor controle da AACPD da severidade e incidência, quando comparadas a aplicação no aparecimento dos primeiros sintomas da doença. Esse efeito foi mais significativo quando utilizou-se a concentração de 8%. Os resultados obtidos em ambos os experimentos demonstram que o extrato do pó de canola, assim como, o extrato alcoólico de própolis possuem potencial para controle de oídio em pepineiro.
Powdery mildew, caused by the fungus Podosphaera fuliginea, is a disease of universal occurrence, considered one of the most common among cucurbits. All species are susceptible, but the severity depends on the type of climate, species and cultivars. In the culture of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. Cucumins) powdery mildew causes damage mainly in greenhouses, necessitating the use of toxic products in your control. The interest in alternative methods of control is growing, including the biological, organic or natural alternatives to present efficient control, with features like the low potential for contamination to the environment, the health of the operator and the consumer. Experiments were conducted in a greenhouse and repeated in two crops, using canola and própolis extracts to control powdery mildew in cucumber. In the first experiment was tested the potential effect of powder canola (Brassica napus L.) extracts in four forms of extraction: alcoholic, infusion, maceration and aqueous extract and five concentrations of each extract: 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12%. The first application was made 24 hours before the pathogen inoculation and other weekly for a period of 5 weeks, measuring the incidence and severity of disease and the elicitor effect of extracts in the induction of resistance by the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia lyase (FAL), total phenolics and total proteins. In the second experiment was tested the effect of ethanol propolis extract applied in different times and concentrations: 24 hours before the pathogen inoculation, 24 hours after pathogen inoculation and the appearance of the firsts disease symptoms with 0% (distilled water); 0,5; 1; 2; 4 and 8% of the extract. In the first experiment, there was a higher activity of FAL and greater accumulation of phenolic compounds, which are parameters related to the reduction of AUDPC for the incidence and severity of powdery mildew, highlighting how the best to control the maceration extract at a concentration of 12%, with reduced more than 50% incidence and more than 90% disease severity. In the second experiment it was found that a própolis aqueous extract applied 24 hours before and 24 hours after the inoculation of the pathogen gave better control of AUDPC the incidence and severity when compared to aplication in the first disease symptoms. This effect was more significant when it was used at a concentration of 8%. The results in both experiments showed that the powder canola extract, as well as the alcoholic própolis extract, have potential for control of powdery mildew on cucumber.

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Oliveira, Cíntia Pimentel de [UNESP]. "Métodos metaheurísticos aplicados a um modelo de planejamento de culturas." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89777.

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No contexto atual de sustentabilidade, formas alternativas à utilização de produtos que podem levar o planeta a uma crise ambiental estão sendo fortemente estudadas. Na agricultura, uma preocupação brasileira ´e com a redução do consumo de agrotóxicos, já que o país é um dos maiores consumidores mundiais do produto. Neste sentido, o planejamento das atividades agrícolas é uma ação preventiva que pode colaborar com a redução da proliferação de pragas entre as culturas plantadas em lotes e, consequentemente, a redução no consumo de produtos químicos. Ele visa determinar a melhor forma de ocupação de áreas de plantio de modo que a disposição das culturas e/ou variedades em talhões favoreça o controle eficiente de pragas. Neste trabalho é proposto um modelo de otimização 0-1 para minimizar a probabilidade de proliferação de pragas entre as culturas plantadas, respeitando restrições de demanda, ocupação de lotes, período de cultivo das culturas e tempo de planejamento. Nesta modelagem, considera-se uma área de plantio genérica, com lotes irregulares e culturas já plantadas em fazendas vizinhas. Para resolução do modelo foram utilizadas as estratégias Metaheurísticas Algoritmo Genético (AG), Simulated Annealing (SA) e a abordagem híbrida Algoritmo Genético com Simulated Annealing (AG+SA) para obtenção de boas estimativas para o planejamento otimizado das atividades agrícolas. Aplicações práticas a duas instâncias distintas foram realizadas e as melhores soluções factíveis encontradas pelos algoritmos são apresentadas, bem como comparação e discussão dos resultados e desempenho computacional dos métodos. Os resultados computacionais indicam que os algoritmos metaheurísticos propostos encontraram soluções factíveis de boa qualidade em um tempo computacional reduzido, e em especial, as estratégias híbridas demonstraram ser excelentes ferramentas para auxilio no planejamento de plantio
In the sustainability context we are living nowadays, alternative forms to the utilization of products that can lead the Earth to an environmental crisis have been strongly studied. In agriculture, the Brazilian concern is about the reduction of pesticide consumption, once the country is one of the world’s major consumers of it. In this sense, the planning of the agricultural activity is a preventive action that can contribute to reduce the proliferation of pests among crops planted in lots and, consequently, decrease the excessive consumption of such chemicals. This approach aims to determine the best way to use the planting areas arranging the crops and/or varieties in support to an efficient pests control. The research’s objective is to propose an optimization model 0-1 in order to minimize the likelihood of pests proliferation among planted crops, considering constraints demand, lots occupation, crops growing period and planning time. In this model, it is considered a generic planting area with irregular lots and already planted crops in neighboring farms. In the model’s solutions, Genetic Algorithm and Simulated Annealing Metaheuristics strategies were used, as well as a Genetic Algorithm jointly with Simulated Annealing hybrid approach in order to obtain good estimates for the optimized planning of agricultural activities. A practical application for the two instances was performed and the best feasible solutions found by the algorithms are presented as well as a comparison and discussion of the results and performance of computational methods. The computational results indicate that the metaheuristic algorithms found feasible solutions with good quality in a reduced computational time, and in particular, the proposed hybrid strategies have proven to be excellent tools to help planning the planting

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Damascena, Alixelhe Pacheco 1995. "Nematoides entomopatogênicos para o controle de nematoide-das-galhas Meloidogyne enterolobii /." Botucatu, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/181187.

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Анотація:

Orientador: Silvia Renata Siciliano Wilcken
Banca: Maria José Marchi Garcia
Banca: Luis Garrigóis Leite
Resumo: Nos últimos anos, tem-se estudado o uso de nematóides entomopatogênicos (NEPs) como estratégia de controle de nematoides parasitas de plantas. No entanto, são necessários estudos que comprovem em quais fases do desenvolvimento dos nematoides fitoparasitas ocorre o efeito dos NEPs e os mecanismos envolvidos. Para verificar a influência Steinernema brazilense IBCB 06, S. feltiae (Filipjev) IBCB 47, S. rarum (Doucet) IB (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), Heterorhabditis amazonensis IBCB 24 e H. bacteriophora (Poinar) IB (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) na eclosão do fitonematoide M. enterolobii, 500 ovos e 1.000 juvenis infectantes de cada espécie de nematoide entomopatogênico foram colocados em um recipiente de plástico totalizando 25 mL de suspensão e mantidos em câmara incubadora a 25ºC. O número de juvenis eclodido na suspensão foi contado a cada dois dias totalizando 10 dias. Para contagem, foi retirado um mL de suspensão e o nematoide contado na câmara de Peters sob microscópio de luz. Para avaliar o efeito dos NEPs sobre a mortalidade de juvenis infectantes de M. enterolobii, 500 juvenis infectantes de e 1.000 juvenis de cada espécie de nematoide entomopatogênico foram colocados em um recipiente de plástico totalizando 25 mL de suspensão. A mortalidade foi avaliada a cada dois dias por um tempo de 10 dias. A avaliação da mortalidade de M. enterolobii foi realizada pela contagem dos nematoides móveis e imóveis adicionando-se duas gotas de NaOH 1N à suspensão de nematoides. A c... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: In recent years, the use of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) has been studied as a strategy to control plant parasitic nematodes. However, studies are needed to prove in which phases of development of plant-parasitic-nematodes occurs the effect of EPNs and the mechanisms involved. To verify the influence of Steinernema brazilense IBCB 06, S. feltiae (Filipjev) IBCB 47, S. rarum (Doucet) IB (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), Heterorhabditis amazonensis IBCB 24 e H. bacteriophora (Poinar) IB (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) in the hatching of M. enterolobii, 500 eggs and 1.000 infective juveniles of each entomopathogenic nematode species were placed in a plastic container totaling 25 ml of suspension and kept in an incubator chamber at 25 °C. The number of juveniles hatched in the suspension was counted every two days totaling 10 days. For counting, one mL of suspension was withdrawn and the nematode counted in a Peters's chamber under light microscope. To evaluate the effect of EPNs on the mortality of M. enterolobii infective juveniles, 500 juvenile infective of 1000 juveniles of each entomopathogenic nematode species were placed in a plastic container totaling 25 mL of suspension. Mortality was assessed every two days for a time of 10 days. The evaluation of M. enterolobii mortality was performed by counting the mobile and immobile nematodes by adding two drops of 1N NaOH to the nematode suspension followed by counting, considering the dead straight and immobile nematodes, and, alive, the twisted ones. The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized experimental design, in a subdivided plots scheme with six replications. The data were submitted to analysis of variance, comparing the means by the Scott-Knott test to 5% probability in the R Development Core Team program.To evaluate the effect of EPNs on M. enterolobii infection, tomato seedlings were inoculated with 500 eggs and infective ...
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Mukiibi, Joy Lois Nalweyiso. "Optimisation of spore production by the potential fungal biocontrol agent for aphids, Erynia neoaphidis." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/324344.

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The optimisation of spore production by the potential fungal biological control agent for aphids, Erynia neoaphidis Remaudiere and Hennebert (Zygomycetes: Entomophthoraceae) was studied. The fungus was able to grow in semi-defined Frynia medium (SDEM) containing glucose, yeast extract, mycological peptone, and 0.02% oleic acid buffered to a pH 6. Oleic acid was fungicidal at 0.1 % (v/v) while 0.02% (v/v) oleic acid was the optimum for radial grovvth. Plugs cut 5-10 mm from the margin ofa colony produced more conidia than plugs cut 13-20 mm from the colony margin. Renewed grovvth continued through two subcultures on solid SDEM lacking yeast extract (SDEML YE), and SDEM lacking mycological peptone (SDEMLMP). The continued growth was attributed to the carry over of nutrient in the inoculum. Growth was supported on SDEMNH4S04 when ammonium sulphate was used as the nitrogen source instead of mycological peptone suggesting that the fungus could obtain the growth factors it required from yeast extract. When chitin was added to SDEM in insoluble powder form instead ofglucose (SDEMC 1 & SDEMC2), the absence of a clearing zone around the developing colony suggested that chitin was not metabolised by E. neoaphidis. Biomass grown on SEMA and on SDEMDG (containing double the original concentration ofglucose 3 2grl), resulted in production of fewer conidia oflarger volume compared to SDEMDMP containing double and half the original concentration of mycological peptone (SDEMHP), SDEM containing halfthe original concentration ofglucose (SDEMHG). Increasing the glucose to double the original concentration resulted to an increase in biomass. Erynia neoaphidis grown on aphid cadavers produced many, smaller conidia. Mycelial mats harvested from biomass grown in fed-batch liquid fermenter culture in SDEMDG at the end ofthe exponential phase and placed on water agar discharged conidia at a rate of 6,700 conidia mm -2 h-1which persisted for approximately 3 days. When E. neoaphidis was subcultured onto SDEM from SEMA medium, the colony growth rate increased on the second subculture on SDEM where more lipases and aminopeptidases were detected at higher concentrations using the API ZYM system. This shows that attenuation might have taken place by either a phenotypic or genotypic (eg mutation) change or both when E. neoaphidis was grown on SDEM from SEMA medium. Growth in GASP medium resulted in the production of more biomass and a delay in the onset of decline phase compared to cultures grown in SDEM. Fewer enzymes were detected at a lower concentration in cultures grown in GASP compared to cultures grown in SDEM, this difference might be more likely to relate to the balance of nutrients and the fact that GASP medium is more similar in composition to the nutrients found in the haemocoel of an aphid. Based on this research. It is recommend that E. neoaphidis be grown in SDEM liquid cultures containing 32 grl glucose instead of 16 grl glucose. Biomass for field applications should be harvested at the end ofthe exponential growth and mycelial mats made. The mycelial mats should be maintained at high relative humidity and can be expected to discharge conidia for 3 days.

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Bueno, Nádia Maebara [UNESP]. "Bases biológicas para utilização de Trichospilus diatraeae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) para controle de Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/131920.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-10T14:22:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-07-23. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-12-10T14:28:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000853174.pdf: 327916 bytes, checksum: 8b80e5d10c5f87704a801b1cac7b55a1 (MD5)
A espécie Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) é um inseto polífago, com ampla distribuição geográfica e considerada uma importante praga nas regiões do mundo em que ocorre. Na safra 2013/2014, a presença desse lepidóptero foi registrada pela primeira vez no Brasil, acarretando em perdas de produtividade. Essa espécie possui diversas características que a tornam de indiscutível importância, como o fato de dispersarse a longas distâncias, alimentar-se na fase jovem de estruturas reprodutivas das plantas, alta fertilidade e diapausa facultativa das pupas. Além disso, é uma espécie que apresenta resistência a um grande número de inseticidas. Diante desse cenário, outras táticas de controle, que englobem técnicas inter e multidisciplinares, devem ser adotadas, de acordo com a proposta do Manejo Integrado de Pragas. Uma delas, o controle biológico, apresenta grande potencial, pois não causa desequilíbrio ambiental e pode manter a população de pragas abaixo do nível de dano econômico. Nesse sentido, o parasitoide de pupas Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian & Margabandhu (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) apresenta potencial de utilização no controle dessa praga. T. diatraeae é uma espécie amplamente distribuída no território brasileiro e foi registrado em diversas famílias de Lepidoptera, o que o caracteriza como altamente polífago. Para tanto, é necessário conhecer previamente as interações entre parasitoide e hospedeiro alvo, tornando importante estudar essas características. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as características biológicas do parasitoide em diferentes hospedeiros, a influência do sexo e idade da pupa, idade e densidade de parasitoides e tempo de parasitismo, além do estudo do desenvolvimento em diferentes temperaturas de T. diatraeae em pupas de H. armigera. Concluiu-se que T. diatraeae desenvolveu-se melhor a 25ºC, em pupas ...
Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a polyphagous insect, with wild geographic distribution and considered the most important pest in the regions where it occurs. Recently, in the 2013/2014 growing season, its presence was first registered in Brazil, bringing yield loss and therefore economic damages. This species has several characteristics that make it of considerable interest, such as the fact of its capacity in disperse over long distances, caterpillars that feeds of reproductive structures, high fertility and optional diapause pupae. Furthermore, it is a species that is resistant to a large number of insecticides. In this scenario, other control tactics, covering inter and multidisciplinary techniques should be adopted in accordance with the proposal of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). One of them, biological control, has great potential because it does not cause environmental imbalance and can keep the pest population below economic injury level. In this sense, the pupae parasitoid Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian & Margabandhu (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) presents potential to be utilizated in biological control. T. diatraeae is a widely distributed species in Brazil, and have already been recorded in several Lepidopteran families, which characterizes this insect as highly polyphagous. Therefore, it is necessary to know the interactions between parasitoid and host, making it important to study these characteristics. Thus, the objective of this work was to study the ...

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35

Bueno, Nádia Maebara 1988. "Bases biológicas para utilização de Trichospilus diatraeae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) para controle de Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) /." Botucatu, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/131920.

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Orientador: Regiane Cristina Oliveira de Freitas Bueno
Coorientador: Carlos Frederico Wilcken
Banca:Everton Pires Soliman
Banca: Valmir Antonio Costa
Resumo: A espécie Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) é um inseto polífago, com ampla distribuição geográfica e considerada uma importante praga nas regiões do mundo em que ocorre. Na safra 2013/2014, a presença desse lepidóptero foi registrada pela primeira vez no Brasil, acarretando em perdas de produtividade. Essa espécie possui diversas características que a tornam de indiscutível importância, como o fato de dispersarse a longas distâncias, alimentar-se na fase jovem de estruturas reprodutivas das plantas, alta fertilidade e diapausa facultativa das pupas. Além disso, é uma espécie que apresenta resistência a um grande número de inseticidas. Diante desse cenário, outras táticas de controle, que englobem técnicas inter e multidisciplinares, devem ser adotadas, de acordo com a proposta do Manejo Integrado de Pragas. Uma delas, o controle biológico, apresenta grande potencial, pois não causa desequilíbrio ambiental e pode manter a população de pragas abaixo do nível de dano econômico. Nesse sentido, o parasitoide de pupas Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian & Margabandhu (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) apresenta potencial de utilização no controle dessa praga. T. diatraeae é uma espécie amplamente distribuída no território brasileiro e foi registrado em diversas famílias de Lepidoptera, o que o caracteriza como altamente polífago. Para tanto, é necessário conhecer previamente as interações entre parasitoide e hospedeiro alvo, tornando importante estudar essas características. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as características biológicas do parasitoide em diferentes hospedeiros, a influência do sexo e idade da pupa, idade e densidade de parasitoides e tempo de parasitismo, além do estudo do desenvolvimento em diferentes temperaturas de T. diatraeae em pupas de H. armigera. Concluiu-se que T. diatraeae desenvolveu-se melhor a 25ºC, em pupas ...
Abstract: Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a polyphagous insect, with wild geographic distribution and considered the most important pest in the regions where it occurs. Recently, in the 2013/2014 growing season, its presence was first registered in Brazil, bringing yield loss and therefore economic damages. This species has several characteristics that make it of considerable interest, such as the fact of its capacity in disperse over long distances, caterpillars that feeds of reproductive structures, high fertility and optional diapause pupae. Furthermore, it is a species that is resistant to a large number of insecticides. In this scenario, other control tactics, covering inter and multidisciplinary techniques should be adopted in accordance with the proposal of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). One of them, biological control, has great potential because it does not cause environmental imbalance and can keep the pest population below economic injury level. In this sense, the pupae parasitoid Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian & Margabandhu (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) presents potential to be utilizated in biological control. T. diatraeae is a widely distributed species in Brazil, and have already been recorded in several Lepidopteran families, which characterizes this insect as highly polyphagous. Therefore, it is necessary to know the interactions between parasitoid and host, making it important to study these characteristics. Thus, the objective of this work was to study the ...
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Oliveira, Cíntia Pimentel de. "Métodos metaheurísticos aplicados a um modelo de planejamento de culturas /." Botucatu, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89777.

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Orientador: Helenice de Oliveira Florentino Silva
Banca: Daniela Renata Cantane
Banca: Antonio Álvaro de Assis Moura
Resumo: No contexto atual de sustentabilidade, formas alternativas à utilização de produtos que podem levar o planeta a uma crise ambiental estão sendo fortemente estudadas. Na agricultura, uma preocupação brasileira 'e com a redução do consumo de agrotóxicos, já que o país é um dos maiores consumidores mundiais do produto. Neste sentido, o planejamento das atividades agrícolas é uma ação preventiva que pode colaborar com a redução da proliferação de pragas entre as culturas plantadas em lotes e, consequentemente, a redução no consumo de produtos químicos. Ele visa determinar a melhor forma de ocupação de áreas de plantio de modo que a disposição das culturas e/ou variedades em talhões favoreça o controle eficiente de pragas. Neste trabalho é proposto um modelo de otimização 0-1 para minimizar a probabilidade de proliferação de pragas entre as culturas plantadas, respeitando restrições de demanda, ocupação de lotes, período de cultivo das culturas e tempo de planejamento. Nesta modelagem, considera-se uma área de plantio genérica, com lotes irregulares e culturas já plantadas em fazendas vizinhas. Para resolução do modelo foram utilizadas as estratégias Metaheurísticas Algoritmo Genético (AG), Simulated Annealing (SA) e a abordagem híbrida Algoritmo Genético com Simulated Annealing (AG+SA) para obtenção de boas estimativas para o planejamento otimizado das atividades agrícolas. Aplicações práticas a duas instâncias distintas foram realizadas e as melhores soluções factíveis encontradas pelos algoritmos são apresentadas, bem como comparação e discussão dos resultados e desempenho computacional dos métodos. Os resultados computacionais indicam que os algoritmos metaheurísticos propostos encontraram soluções factíveis de boa qualidade em um tempo computacional reduzido, e em especial, as estratégias híbridas demonstraram ser excelentes ferramentas para auxilio no planejamento de plantio
Abstract: In the sustainability context we are living nowadays, alternative forms to the utilization of products that can lead the Earth to an environmental crisis have been strongly studied. In agriculture, the Brazilian concern is about the reduction of pesticide consumption, once the country is one of the world's major consumers of it. In this sense, the planning of the agricultural activity is a preventive action that can contribute to reduce the proliferation of pests among crops planted in lots and, consequently, decrease the excessive consumption of such chemicals. This approach aims to determine the best way to use the planting areas arranging the crops and/or varieties in support to an efficient pests control. The research's objective is to propose an optimization model 0-1 in order to minimize the likelihood of pests proliferation among planted crops, considering constraints demand, lots occupation, crops growing period and planning time. In this model, it is considered a generic planting area with irregular lots and already planted crops in neighboring farms. In the model's solutions, Genetic Algorithm and Simulated Annealing Metaheuristics strategies were used, as well as a Genetic Algorithm jointly with Simulated Annealing hybrid approach in order to obtain good estimates for the optimized planning of agricultural activities. A practical application for the two instances was performed and the best feasible solutions found by the algorithms are presented as well as a comparison and discussion of the results and performance of computational methods. The computational results indicate that the metaheuristic algorithms found feasible solutions with good quality in a reduced computational time, and in particular, the proposed hybrid strategies have proven to be excellent tools to help planning the planting
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Ferreira, Junior João Batista. "Eficiência de Fungicidas no Controle da Septoriose em tomateiro Industrial /." Jaboticabal, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/147083.

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Orientador: Antonio Goes
Coorientador: Fernanda Dias Pereira
Banca: Rita de Cássia Panizzi
Banca: Juliana Stracieri
Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar fungicidas de diversos grupos, isoladamente ou em mistura, no controle de Septoria lycopersici em tomateiro híbrido H-9553. Os tratamentos foram avaliados em três anos consecutivos, e constituíram nos seguintes: T1 - azoxistrobina + difenoconazol + clorotalonil; T2 - azoxistrobina + difenoconazol; T3 - clorotalonil; T4 - azoxistrobina; T5 - difenoconazol; T6 - fluazinam + clorotalonil; T7 - fluazinam; T8 - metiram + piraclostrobina + metconazol; T9 - metiram + piraclostrobina; T10 - metconazol; T11 - piraclostrobina; T12 - mancozebe; T13 - tetraconazole + tionafato metilico; T14 - tetraconazole; T15 - tiofanato metilico; T16 - ciprodinil; T17 - ciprodinil + difenoconazol; T18 - testemunha (sem fungicida). O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Cada unidade amostral foi representada por área de 31,25 m2 . As pulverizações, em número de 18, foram realizadas mediante pulverizador pressurizado a CO2, a 50 lb pol2, em intervalos de 7 dias e volume de 400 L ha-1 . Foram realizadas 17 avaliações, em intervalo semanal, nas três linhas centrais, em área de 18,75 m2 . Nas avaliações determinou-se a severidade dos sintomas, mediante escala de notas que variaram de 0 (ausência de sintomas) a 5 (severidade máxima). A partir do conjunto de dados foi determinada a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD). Adicionalmente, foram avaliadas a produtividade, em kg ha-1,... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The present study aim to evaluate various groups fungicides, alone or in combination, working on the control of Septoria lycopersici in hybrid tomato plant H-9553. The treatments were evaluated during three consecutive years, and was consisted in the following: T1 - azoxystrobin + difenoconazol + clorotalonil; T2 - azoxystrobin + difenoconazol; T3 - clorotalonil; T4 - azoxystrobin; T5) difenoconazol; T6) fluazinam + clorotalonil; T7 - fluazinam; T8 - metiram + piraclostrobina + metconazol; T9 - metiram + piraclostrobina; T10 - metconazol; T11 - piraclostrobina; T12 - mancozeb; T13 - tetraconazole + tionafato metilico; T14 - tetraconazole; T15 - tiofanato metilico; T16 - ciprodinil; T17 - ciprodinil + difenoconazol; T18 - witness (with no fungicide). The experimental adopted model was a randomized block with four replications. Each sample unit represented by the area of 31.25 m2 . The 18 spraying were made by spray pressurized CO2, at 50 lb pol2 at 7 day intervals and volume of 400 L ha-1 . Were realized 17 evaluations in weekly intervals, in three central lines in area of 18,75 m2 . The evaluations measured the severity of symptoms, a note scale ranging from 0 (no symptoms) to 5 (maximum severity). From the data set was determined the area under the disease progress curve (AACPD). In addition they were evaluated productivity in kg ha-1 and fruit standart. All treatments were statistically different from the witness as AACPD, productivity, % of green fruits and % of rotten fruit. Five treatments highlighted positively: T1 - azoxystrobin + difenoconazol + clorotalonil; T3 - clorotalonil; T4 - azoxystrobin; T8 - metiram + piraclostrobina + metconazol e T11 - piraclostrobina
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38

Silva, Junior Antonio Carlos da. "Efeito do glyphosate em plantas daninhas da família poaceae submetidas a diferentes potenciais hídricos do solo /." Jaboticabal, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152766.

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Orientador: Dagoberto Martins
Banca: Maria Renata Rocha Pereira
Banca: Robinson Luiz de Campos Machado Pitelli
Banca: Eduardo Custodio Gasparino
Banca: Lucas Perim
Resumo: A ação de herbicidas sobre plantas daninhas que se desenvolvem sob déficit hídrico pode ser comprometida, pois as rotas de penetração de herbicidas como o glyphosate são reduzidas em razão da menor hidratação da cutícula nessas plantas. Avaliou-se nesse estudo a eficiência de controle do herbicida glyphosate em quatro espécies de plantas da família Poaceae quando submetidas a distintos déficits hídricos. Os estudos foram conduzidos em casa-de-vegetação sendo que as espécies estudadas foram: capim-colonião (Megathyrsus maximum), capim-colchão (Digitaria nuda), capim-massambará (Sorghum halepense) e capim-braquiária (Urochloa ruziziensis). As plantas foram submetidas a três condições hídricas do solo [sem restrição hídrica (-0,03 MPa), déficit hídrico intermediário (-0,07 MPa) e alta restrição hídrica (-1,5 MPa)], aplicou-se três doses do herbicida glyphosate (0,0; 270,0 e 540,0 g e.a. ha-1) e em dois estádios fenológicos de desenvolvimento da planta (4-6 folhas e 1-3 perfilhos). O manejo hídrico teve início quando as plantas apresentaram duas folhas desenvolvidas. Foram realizadas avaliações visuais de controle aos 7, 14, 21 e 35 dias após a aplicação do herbicida; analisou-se ainda os parâmetros morfofisiológicos área foliar específica, condutância estomática e a diferença de temperatura do ambiente com a temperatura foliar no dia da aplicação do herbicida, bem como a matéria seca da parte aérea e da raiz ao final do estudo. Os resultados obtidos de controle e matéria seca fo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The action of herbicides on weeds that develop under water deficit can be compromised, the penetration routes of glyphosate herbicide are reduced due to the less hydration of the cuticle in these plants. The control efficiency of glyphosate herbicide in four species of plants of the Poaceae when submitted to different water deficits was evaluated in this study. The studies were carried out in a greenhouse and the species studied were: guineagrass (Megathyrsus maximum), naked crabgrass (Digitaria nuda), johngrass (Sorghum halepense) and congograss (Urochloa ruziziensis). In the treatments, the plants were submitted to three soil water conditions (no water deficit (-0.03 MPa), intermediate water deficit (-0.07 MPa) and high water restriction (-1.5 MPa)), three doses of glyphosate herbicide, (0.0, 270.0 and 540.0 g e.a. ha-1) and two phenological stages of plant development (4-6 leaves and 1-3 tillers). Water management started when the plants had two leaves developed. Visual evaluations were carried out at 7, 14, 21 and 35 days after application of the herbicide; the specific leaf area, stomatal conductance and the temperature difference of the environment with the leaf temperature on the day of application of the herbicide, as well as the dry matter of the aerial part and of the root were analyzed at the end of the study. The results of control and dry matter were submitted to analysis of variance by the "F" test and the means were compared by the Student "t" test (p> 0.05). T... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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39

Formentini, Aline Carraro. "Lepidópteros associados à cultura da soja : diversidade e parasitismo natural por insetos e fungos entomopatogênicos." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2009. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/490.

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O equilíbrio entre insetos-praga e inimigos naturais existentes na cultura da soja, pode ser influenciado pelo manejo do solo, produtos fitossanitários e cultivares de soja. O presente estudo avaliou a diversidade de lepidópteros associados à cultura da soja, no continente Americano, e a abundância específica destes insetos e seus inimigos naturais (parasitóides e fungos entomopatogênicos), em soja convencional e transgênica RR, com aplicação de herbicidas seletivos (Amplo® e Aramo®) e uma formulação de glifosato (Gliz®), sendo o cultivo da soja BRS 133-convencional e BRS Charrua RR-transgênico realizado em Vacaria, RS, sob manejo de solo convencional, em três lotes de um hectare cada. Nas amostragens semanais, os lepidópteros foram coletados com pano-de-batida, mantidos em criação laboratorial até a obtenção dos adultos, dos parasitóides ou dos fungos entomopatogênicos. Também realizaram-se amostragens de solo para isolamento de fungos entomopatogênicos. Elaborou-se uma listagem dos lepidópteros associados à cultura da soja no continente Americano, relacionando-se 71 espécies cujas formas larvais já foram referidas alimentando-se de soja. No presente estudo foram coletadas 1634 larvas de lepidópteros identificados em 22 táxons, destacando-se Anticarsia gemmatalis, Pseudoplusia includens e Rachiplusia nu como as mais representativas (83,05% das larvas coletadas). A aplicação da formulação de glifosato afetou negativamente o número médio de lagartas em relação aos demais lotes tratados com herbicidas seletivos. Os himenópteros, dípteros e strepsípteros foram responsáveis pelo parasitismo de 34,52% das lagartas. Entretanto com relação ao parasitismo específico, observou-se que entre as lagartas parasitadas, 93,05% pertenciam às três espécies mais freqüentes, destacando-se os plusiíneos que foram mais parasitados que A. gemmatalis. N. rileyi foi o único fungo entomopatogênico isolado a partir de lagartas, sendo responsável por 1,41% da mortalidade das três espécies mais abundantes. Os números de unidades formadoras de colônias de Beauveria, Metarhizium e Paecilomyces, isolados das amostras de solo não diferiram estatisticamente entre os lotes.
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In soybean plantations, the equilibrium between insect pests and their natural enemies can be influenced by various factors such as soil management, use of phytosanitary products and soybean cultivar. This study evaluated the diversity of Lepidoptera associated with soybean crops in the Americas, and the specific abundance of these organisms and their natural enemies (parasitoids and entomopathogenic fungi) on conventional and transgenic RR soybean, treated with selective herbicides and glyphosate formulations. The experiment was carried out in Vacaria, Rio Grande do Sul state. Conventional BRS 133 and transgenic RR soy were each planted on three, one-hectare plots and treated with either selective herbicides or a glyphosate formulation. During weekly sampling, Lepidoptera were collected using the drop cloth method and maintained in the laboratory until adults and associated parasitoids and fungi could be obtained. Entomopathogenic fungi were isolated from soil samples. Based on literature data one list of 71 species of Lepidoptera that had been previously reported as feeding on soybean crop was prepared. In the present study, 1634 Lepidoptera larvae were identified in 22 taxa, including the following well-represented species: A. gemmatalis, P. includens e R. nu (83.05% of the larvae collected). The glyphosate treatments reduced the mean number of larvae when compared with the selective herbicide treatments. Hymenopterans, dipterans and strepsipterans were responsible for 34.52% of the total caterpillar parasitism. A large percentage of the larvae parasitized (93.05%) belong to the three most common species of Lepidoptera in our sampling, particularly to the Plusiinae, which were more heavily parasitized than A. gemmatalis. The entomopathogenic fungus N. rileyi was the only species isolated from the caterpillars and was responsible for 1.41% of the deaths amongst the three most common species. The numbers of colony-forming unities of Beauveria, Metarhizium and Paecilomyces, isolated from soil samples, did not differ among the plots.

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Figueroa, Claudio Antonio Salas [UNESP]. "Alternância de hospedeiros de criação e efeito de bioinseticidas no parasitismo de Trichogramma pretiosum em ovos de Plutella xylostella." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/143019.

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Espécies de Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) são utilizadas para o controle de lepidópteros-praga em várias culturas de importância econômica. Contudo, pouco se conhece sobre seus hospedeiros preferenciais, o que pode ser fator limitante para a busca e localização da praga-alvo em condições de campo. Este estudo teve por objetivos a criação de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley linhagem TP8 no hospedeiro alternativoCorcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) e no hospedeiro alvoPlutella xylostella Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae),para avaliar a influência da alternância de hospedeiros na aceitação e preferência pelo parasitoide. T. pretiosumlinhagem Tp8 foi criado em C. cephalonica por gerações sucessivas e, posteriormente emP. xylostella. Em cada geração foi avaliado o número de ovos parasitados e a porcentagem de emergência em cada hospedeiro; a preferência para ambos os hospedeiros, utilizando-se arenas experimentais com e sem chance de escolha e, o número de gerações necessárias para o parasitoide aumentar sua aceitação pelo hospedeiro natural P. xylostella. Também foi objetivo estabelecer bases para a melhoria dos sistemas de criação massal de T. pretiosum e avaliar o efeito de produtos formulados com Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner no desempenho do parasitismo de T. pretiosum em ovos de P. xylostella. Verificou-se que a linhagem Tp8 de T. pretiosum, tanto nos testes de preferência com alternância de hospedeiros quanto nos de livre escolha, tevepreferência por C. cephalonica. Quando foram oferecidos ovos deP. xylostella sem chance de escolha, os níveis de parasitismo e emergência obtidos foram de 66% e 64%, respectivamente, demostrando que o condicionamento sobre o hospedeiro parental pode ser alterado em favor da aceitação e parasitismo da espécie-alvo a controlar. Fêmeas de T. pretiosum criadas por uma geração sobre P. xylostella aumentaram sua afinidade por...
Species of the Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) genus are used to control Lepidoptera pests in many crops of economic importance, however, little is known about their parental or breeding hosts; this may be a limiting factor in the search and localization of the target pest in field conditions. In this perspective, the purpose of the present study was to breed the parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) alternating the breeding hosts Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and target, Plutella xylostella Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), so as to assess the influence of hosts alternation in the acceptance and preference. To this end T. pretiosum was bred for successive generations in the alternate host C. cephalonica and later on in the natural host, P. xylostella. The number of parasited eggs and the emergence percentage per host was assessed in each generation. The preference towards both hosts was also determined in each generation, using experimental sands, with and without choice possibilities. In this way it was possible to determine the number of generations required for the parasitoid to increase its acceptance of the natural host P. xylostella, an unpredictable factor for the success of biological control of this important pest; thus setting the basis to carry out improvements in the mass breeding systems of these parasitoids. The effect of products based on Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner on the parasitic performance of T. pretiosum upon P. xylostella eggs was also studied. The evaluated T. pretiosum Tp8 strain was recorded in the preference tests with host's alternation and in the free choice tests, showing a preference towards the C. cephalonica host. However, when P. xylostella was offered singly with no choice possibilities, the parasitism and emergence levels obtained were,66% and 64% respectively, thus showing that the conditioning towards ...

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Figueroa, Claudio Antonio Salas. "Alternância de hospedeiros de criação e efeito de bioinseticidas no parasitismo de Trichogramma pretiosum em ovos de Plutella xylostella /." Jaboticabal, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/143019.

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Orientador: Sergio Antonio De Bortoli
Coorientador: Nelson Wanderley Perioto
Banca: Odair Aparecido Fernándes
Banca: Guilherme Duarte Rossi
Banca: Rogéria Inês Rosa Lara
Banca: Carlos Ladislao Quiroz Escobar
Resumo: Espécies de Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) são utilizadas para o controle de lepidópteros-praga em várias culturas de importância econômica. Contudo, pouco se conhece sobre seus hospedeiros preferenciais, o que pode ser fator limitante para a busca e localização da praga-alvo em condições de campo. Este estudo teve por objetivos a criação de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley linhagem TP8 no hospedeiro alternativoCorcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) e no hospedeiro alvoPlutella xylostella Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae),para avaliar a influência da alternância de hospedeiros na aceitação e preferência pelo parasitoide. T. pretiosumlinhagem Tp8 foi criado em C. cephalonica por gerações sucessivas e, posteriormente emP. xylostella. Em cada geração foi avaliado o número de ovos parasitados e a porcentagem de emergência em cada hospedeiro; a preferência para ambos os hospedeiros, utilizando-se arenas experimentais com e sem chance de escolha e, o número de gerações necessárias para o parasitoide aumentar sua aceitação pelo hospedeiro natural P. xylostella. Também foi objetivo estabelecer bases para a melhoria dos sistemas de criação massal de T. pretiosum e avaliar o efeito de produtos formulados com Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner no desempenho do parasitismo de T. pretiosum em ovos de P. xylostella. Verificou-se que a linhagem Tp8 de T. pretiosum, tanto nos testes de preferência com alternância de hospedeiros quanto nos de livre escolha, tevepreferência por C. cephalonica. Quando foram oferecidos ovos deP. xylostella sem chance de escolha, os níveis de parasitismo e emergência obtidos foram de 66% e 64%, respectivamente, demostrando que o condicionamento sobre o hospedeiro parental pode ser alterado em favor da aceitação e parasitismo da espécie-alvo a controlar. Fêmeas de T. pretiosum criadas por uma geração sobre P. xylostella aumentaram sua afinidade por...
Abstract: Species of the Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) genus are used to control Lepidoptera pests in many crops of economic importance, however, little is known about their parental or breeding hosts; this may be a limiting factor in the search and localization of the target pest in field conditions. In this perspective, the purpose of the present study was to breed the parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) alternating the breeding hosts Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and target, Plutella xylostella Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), so as to assess the influence of hosts alternation in the acceptance and preference. To this end T. pretiosum was bred for successive generations in the alternate host C. cephalonica and later on in the natural host, P. xylostella. The number of parasited eggs and the emergence percentage per host was assessed in each generation. The preference towards both hosts was also determined in each generation, using experimental sands, with and without choice possibilities. In this way it was possible to determine the number of generations required for the parasitoid to increase its acceptance of the natural host P. xylostella, an unpredictable factor for the success of biological control of this important pest; thus setting the basis to carry out improvements in the mass breeding systems of these parasitoids. The effect of products based on Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner on the parasitic performance of T. pretiosum upon P. xylostella eggs was also studied. The evaluated T. pretiosum Tp8 strain was recorded in the preference tests with host's alternation and in the free choice tests, showing a preference towards the C. cephalonica host. However, when P. xylostella was offered singly with no choice possibilities, the parasitism and emergence levels obtained were,66% and 64% respectively, thus showing that the conditioning towards ...
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Santos, Laís da Conceição dos. "Uso de coentro e sorgo granífero em cultivo de tomate orgânico visando ao aumento de insetos predadores e polinizadores /." Jaboticabal, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/139504.

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Orientador: Francisco Jorge Cividanes
Coorientador: Terezinha Monteiro dos Santos Cividanes
Banca: Melissa Vieira Leite
Banca: Roberto Botelho Ferraz Branco
Banca: José Carlos Barbosa
Banca: Guilherme Duarte Rossi
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the strategy "push-pull" using sorghum plants (Sorghum bicolor L.) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) on pests insect and predators and evaluate the abundance and species richness of Coleoptera, Hemiptera and bees in organic tomato. The experiment consisted of two treatments: a) polyculture; b) tomato monoculture. The polyculture was formed by tomato plants, Solanum lycopersicum L., coriander and sorghum. The evaluations were carried out fortnightly, from planting to end of crop cycle. In each plot the insects were sampled visually examining the whole plant, considering randomly 10 tomato plants, 10 plants of C. sativum and 10 plants of S. bicolor. The design was a randomized block with split plot in the time (Split-Plot) with 12 repetitions, the main treatments (plots) were represented by mono and tomato polyculture and secondary treatments (subplots) represented by the collection dates, having been evaluated eight dates in each crop cycle. The presence of sorghum and coriander did not significantly reduce the population density of Tuta absoluta (Meirick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), Caliothrips phaseoli Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididade) in tomato in greenhouse. The tomato-coriander-sorghum polyculture favors the occurrence of insect predators, especially after flowering coriander. Coriander provides greater diversit... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Resumo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da estratégia "pushpull" utilizando plantas de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L.) e coentro (Coriandrum sativum L.) sobre insetos-praga e predadores e avaliar a abundância e riqueza de espécies de Coleoptera, Hemiptera e abelhas, em tomateiro orgânico cultivado em casa-devegetação. O experimento foi composto de dois tratamentos: a) policultivo e b) monocultivo de tomateiro. O policulivo compreendeu plantas de tomate, Solanum lycopersicum L., de coentro e sorgo. As avaliações foram quinzenais e realizadas desde o plantio até o fim do ciclo da cultura. Em cada parcela os insetos foram amostrados visualmente examinando-se toda a planta, considerando-se aleatoriamente 10 plantas de tomateiro, 10 plantas de C. sativum e 10 plantas de S. bicolor. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas no tempo (Split-Plot), com 12 repetições, sendo os tratamentos principais (parcelas) representados pelo mono e policultivo de tomateiro e os tratamentos secundários (subparcelas) representados pelas datas de coleta, sendo oito datas de coleta para cada safra. A presença de sorgo e coentro não reduz significativamente a densidade populacional de Tuta absoluta (Meirick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), Caliothrips phaseoli Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) e Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididade) no tomateiro em casa-de-vegetação. O policultivo tomateiro-coentrosorgo ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
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Aguirre-Gil, Oniel Jeremías. "Aspectos biológicos de Microcharops anticarsiae (Hymenoptera:Ichneumonidae) parasitando Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) /." Jaboticabal, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/144687.

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Orientador: Antonio Carlos Busoli
Banca: Marcos Doniseti Michelotto
Banca: Julio César Guerreiro
Banca: Odair Aparecido Fernandes
Banca: Raphael de Campos Castilho
Resumo: Microcharops anticarsiae é um eficiente parasitoide da lagarta-dasojaAnticarsia gemmatalis que, também, parasita lagartas de outras espécies comoChrysodeixis includens e Spodoptera eridania. O objetivo do trabalho foi (1)determinar o ínstar larval de A. gemmatalis preferencialmente parasitado por M.anticarsiae a partir de lagartas coletadas em campo, (2) determinar o efeito decriações sucessivas de M. anticarsiae nos parâmetros biológicos do parasitoide e (3)determinar o efeito da soja transgênica sobre a longevidade de adultos do parasitoide.Os experimentos foram conduzidos nos anos agrícolas de 2014/15 e 2015/16 naFCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil. Para a coleta das lagartas em campo, foramsemeadas duas áreas de soja transgênica, uma tolerante ao herbicida glifosato e aoutra resistente a insetos. Os resultados indicam que (1) M. anticarsiae preferiuparasitar lagartas de A. gemmatalis de primeiro e segundo ínstar em soja tolerante aoglifosato em campo, (2) não houve diferenças nos parâmetros biológicos de M.anticarsiae criado durante três gerações sucessivas em laboratório e (3) a longevidadetotal de M. anticarsiae e a longevidade de fêmeas foi mais longa em soja tolerante aoglifosato e a longevidade dos machos foi mais curta em ambas as sojas, tolerante aoglifosato e resistente a insetos. Finalmente, conclui-se que M. anticarsiae parasitalagartas de A. gemmatalis de primeiro e segundo ínstar em campo, que os parâmetrosbiológicos de M. a... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Microcharops anticarsiae is an efficient parasitoid of Anticarsiagemmatalis and also parasitizes larvae of other species such as Chrysodeixis includens and Spodoptera eridania. This work aimed to (1) determine the larval ínstar of A. gemmatalis preferentially parasitized by M. anticarsiae from larvae collected in the field, (2) determine the effect of successive laboratory rearings of M. anticarsiae in the biological parameters of the parasitoid, and (3) determine the effect of transgenic soybean in the longevity of adults of the parasitoid. the experiments were carried out in the seasons 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 in the FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil. Two areas were sown with transgenic soybean, the first one tolerant to glyphosate and the second one resistant to insects. The results indicate that (1) M. anticarsiae preferred to parasitize A. gemmatalis larvae on the first and second larval ínstar in soybean tolerant to glyphosate in the field, (2) there were not differences in the biological parameters of M. anticarsiae reared during three successive laboratory rearings, and (3) the longevity total of M. anticarsiae and longevity of females was longer in soybean tolerant to glyphosate and the longevity of males was shorter in soybean tolerant to glyphosate and resistant to insects. Finally, we conclude that M. anticarsiae parasitize first and second ínstar larvae of A. gemmatalis in the field, the biological parameters of M. anticarsiae are not affected when reared during three generations in the laboratory, and the soybean resistant to insects affects negatively the longevity of males M. anticarsiae
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Laurentis, Valéria Lucas de. "Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) : táticas para o manejo integrado /." Jaboticabal, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/148862.

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Orientador: Sergio Antonio de Bortoli
Banca: Ricardo Antônio Polanczyk
Banca: Fernando Hercos Valicente
Banca: Daniel Junior de Andrade
Banca: Pedro Takao Yamamoto
Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar algumas estratégias para o manejo de Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lep.: Noctuidae), como o uso de inseticidas químicos (clorantraniliprole, clorfenapir e zeta-cipermetrina) e biológicos (Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki, Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai e VPN-HzSNPV), o uso do parasitoide de ovos Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), além da compatibilidade entre estas ferramentas, em condições de laboratório. Para os testes de toxicidade foi avaliada a mortalidade das lagartas de segundo ínstar via ingestão e contato, e estimada a CL50, via ingestão, dos inseticidas. Por ingestão, todos os produtos testados, exceto VPN-HzSNPV, provocaram 100% de mortalidade. Por contato, os produtos clorfenapir e clorantraniliprole mataram 100% dos insetos. Clorfenapir matou as lagartas em menos tempo. Dentre os produtos químicos, zeta-cipermetrina foi o que demorou mais tempo para matar os insetos. Clorantraniliprole (0,00031 g i.a./L) e VPN-HzSNPV (0,001293 g i.a./L) apresentam os menores valores de CL50. Nos testes com T. pretiosum, comparados com Corcyra cephalonica (Staiton) (Lep.: Pyralidae), foi estudado o parasitismo, a emergência e o período de ovo a adulto, com 24 e 48 h de exposição do parasitoide aos ovos de H. armigera; a longevidade dos descendentes com 24 h de exposição; o parasitismo e a emergência em ovos de diferentes idades e diferentes dias de oviposição dos lepidópteros; e a preferência hospedeira. O parasitis... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The aim of this research was to study some strategies for Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lep.: Noctuidae) management, such as: chemicals (chlorantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr and zeta-cypermethrin) and biological insecticides use (Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki, Bacillus thuringiensis azawai and VPN-HzSNPV), egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), in addition to the compatibility among these tools, under laboratory conditions. In the toxicity tests, the second instar larvae mortality was evaluated through insecticides ingestion and contact; the LC50 was estimated through ingestion. All products tested by ingestion caused 100% mortality, except VPN-HzSNPV. Chlorfenapyr and chlorantraniliprole killed 100% of the insects in the contact tests, and chlorfenapyr killed the larvae in less time. Among the chemicals, zeta-cypermethrin took longer to kill the insects. Chlorantraniliprole (0.00031 g a.i./L) and VPN-HzSNPV (0.001293 g a.i./L) had the lowest LC50 value. In the T. pretiosum tests, parasitism, emergence and egg-to-adult period with 24 and 48 h of parasitoid exposure to H. armigera eggs, offspring longevity with 24 h of exposure, parasitism and emergence in different egg ages and in eggs from different days of lepidopteran oviposition, and the host preference were studied and compared to Corcyra cephalonica (Staiton) (Lep.: Pyralidae). The parasitism was higher in C. cephalonica than H. armigera after 24 and 48 h of exposure (57.4% e 84.6%, respectively). When eggs laid in different days were used in C. cephalonica, the highest parasitism was on the second day (76.2%), and in H. armigera on the third one (71.1%). When different egg ages were used, the lowest parasitism was in C. cephalonica, with two-day-old eggs (63.3%) and H. armigera with three-day-old eggs (41.3%). In the test with chance of choice... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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De, Villiers Marelize. "Development of a pest management system for table grapes in the Hex River Valley." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1394.

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Thesis (PhD (Agric) (Conservation Ecology and Entomology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.
A study was performed to develop a generic pest monitoring system for sampling the main table grape pests in vineyards in the Hex River Valley, Western Cape Province of South Africa. The presence of phytophagous and predatory mites on cover crop plants was also investigated as this may contribute to biological control of the phytophagous mites in vines. Life table studies for Epichoristodes acerbella (Walker), an important phytosanitary pest, were conducted to determine whether or not this pest was sensitive to high temperatures. Information gained from the latter can also be used for breeding purposes in the possible future development of a sterile insect technique (SIT) programme to control this pest. The sampling system consisted of inspecting 20 plots of five vines per plot per one to two hectares. The top fork of each of the five vines per plot was examined for Planococcus ficus (Signoret) to a distance of within 30 cm of the stem, as well as the distal 15 cm of one cane per vine for the presence of P. ficus and damage caused by Phlyctinus callosus Boh. One bunch per vine was examined for insect damage or presence, and one leaf per vine for the presence of leaf infesting arthropods, such as Tetranychus urticae Koch, P. ficus and Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). Corrugated cardboard bands, tied around the stem of one vine per plot, were used to monitor activity of P. callosus. Blue sticky traps, at a density of four to five traps per one to two hectares, were used to monitor activity of F. occidentalis. Pheromone traps, at a density of one trap per one to two hectares, were used to monitor activity of P. ficus, E. acerbella and Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). All the above-mentioned inspections were done at two-weekly intervals, except traps for E. acerbella and H. armigera, which were inspected weekly. In each of the rows in which the sample plots were situated, one leaf of each of the cover crop plant species was examined for the presence of phytophagous mites and their predators. The abundance and distribution of cover crop plants were determined using a co-ordinate sampling system. Cover crop sampling was done at monthly intervals. The current threshold for P. ficus is 2% stem infestation, which is reached when more than 65 males per pheromone trap are recorded. Counting mealybugs on the sticky pads in the pheromone traps is time consuming. However, the number of grid blocks on the sticky pad with males present can be counted. When P. ficus males are found in 27 blocks on the sticky pad, stem inspections should commence. Due to the spatial association between P. ficus bunch and stem infestation, stem infestation could give an indication of where bunch infestation could be expected. The use of blue sticky traps for predicting halo spot damage, caused by F. occidentalis, is not recommended. The presence of thrips on the vine leaves could not give an indication of where to expect bunch damage, since thrips on the leaves and halo spot damage were not spatially associated. A suitable sampling method for F. occidentalis still needs to be developed. The monitoring system described here can only provide information on the infestation status of the vineyard. For E. acerbella, H. armigera and P. callosus, the traps and cardboard bands could be used to identify vineyards where these pests are present and therefore, where phytosanitary problems may arise. The presence of P. callosus under the bands was spatially associated with P. callosus damage and could be used as an indicator of the latter. The presence of drosophilid flies in the bunches could not be used as an indicator of the presence of E. acerbella in the bunches. If 5% bunch damage is used as an economic threshold for E. acerbella and P. callosus, there will be a good chance of not under spraying if control measures are applied at 1% bunch damage. Epichoristodes acerbella favoured more moderate constant temperatures, with constant temperatures of 28°C and above being unfavourable for development. The economic threshold for Tetranychus urticae Koch is six mites per leaf, or if presence-absence sampling is used, 11 to 29% leaf infestation. Three important predatory mites, that kept T. urticae under control, were found in the Hex River Valley, namely Euseius addoensis (Van der Merwe & Ryke), Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) and an undescribed phytoseiid in the genus Typhlodromus. Various cover crop plants served as hosts for T. urticae and predatory mites. The presence of these plants created suitable conditions for the survival of these mites and may have influenced their presence on the vine leaves. In the case of phytosanitary pests, both field and pack shed inspections can be used to conclude with a 99% degree of certainty that infestation levels in the pack shed will be 10% or less, since similar results for both methods were obtained. However, more than 20 plots will have to be inspected.

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Costa, Marilene Aparecida da [UNESP]. "Biocontrole de nematoides com fungos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/128036.

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Em razão das elevadas perdas que os nematoides causam a agricultura e das limitações e impactos causados pelos defensivos químicos, assim como do cultivo sucessivo de plantas hospedeiras que propiciam o aumento das populações dessas pragas, esse trabalho teve como objetivo, isolar, identificar fungos nematófagos e avaliar o potencial como agentes de controle biológico das principais espécies de fitonematoides no Brasil. Os fungos foram isolados de amostras de solo coletadas em regiões dos estados do MS, MG e SP, de cisto e de nematoides naturalmente parasitados. Para testar a patogenicidade dos isolados fúngicos parasitas de ovos e cisto de Heterodera glycines pelos fungos Pochonia chlamydosporia, Fusarium solani e Trichoderma sp., dois experimentos in vitro foram conduzidos, compostos pela combinação das espécies de nematoides com cada isolado parasita e a testemunha: 1) capacidade de parasitismo de ovos de Meloidogyne javanica e H. glycines, e 2) capacidade de parasitismo de ovos de H. glycines dentro do cisto, totalizando 10 e 4 tratamentos, respectivamente e 3 repetições cada. Para o fungo endoparasita Catenaria sp. foram usados ovos e formas ativas de Pratylenchus brachyurus, 3 tratamentos e 3 repetições. Os ovos e cistos parasitados foram avaliados e fotomicrografados. O isolado de P. chlamydosporia se destacou, tendo parasitado mais de 80% dos ovos de H. glycines. O fungo endoparasita Catenaria sp. parasitou 89% das formas ativas de P. brachyurus, além de parasitar ovos dessa mesma espécie
Given the high losses that nematodes cause agriculture and the limitations and impacts of agrochemicals, as well as the continuous cultivation of host plants that provide increased populations of these pests, this study aimed to isolate, identify and fungi nematophagous evaluate the potential as biological control agents of the main species of plant-parasitic nematodes in Brazil. The fungi were isolated from soil samples collected in regions of the states of MS, MG and SP, cyst and naturally infected nematodes. To test the pathogenicity of the isolated fungal parasite eggs and cysts of Heterodera glycines by fungi Pochonia chlamydosporia, Fusarium solani and Trichoderma sp, two in vitro experiments were conducted, composed by the combination of species of nematodes with every single parasite and the witness: 1 ) parasitism capacity of Meloidogyne javanica eggs and H. glycines, and 2) parasitism capacity of H. glycines eggs within the cyst, totaling 10 and 4 treatments, respectively, and 3 repetitions each. For fungus endoparasite Catenaria sp. they were used eggs and active forms Pratylenchus brachyurus, three treatments and three replications. Eggs and infected cysts were evaluated and photomicrographed. The isolate of P. chlamydosporia stood, infested with more than 80% of the eggs of H. glycines. The fungus endoparasite Catenaria sp. parasitized 89% of active forms of P. brachyurus, and parasite eggs of the same species

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Magalhães, Gustavo Oliveira de. "Aspectos biológicos de Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) e estratégias para o manejo da praga /." Jaboticabal, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/142829.

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Orientador: Sergio Antonio De Bortoli
Banca: Fernando Hercos Valicente
Banca: Roberto Marchi Goulart
Banca: Ricardo Antonio Polanczyk
Banca: Nilza Maria Martinelli
Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a biologia de linhagens de P. xylostella em criações para fins de pesquisa e verificar o efeito de B. thuringiensis sobre P. nigrispinus em associação de métodos para o manejo da praga em ambiente protegido. As larvas de P. xylostella foram coletadas em Brassica oleracea var. italica - brócolis Piracicaba, e mantidas em Brassica oleracea var. acephala - couve Manteiga híbrida HS-20. A cada geração aspectos biológicos dos insetos foram avaliados em ensaios de laboratório. As características biológicas analisadas foram: período larval, viabilidade de larvas, período pupal, viabilidade de pupas, peso pupal, razão sexual, número de ovos por fêmea, fertilidade de ovos, longevidade de machos e longevidade de fêmeas. Também, com os dados obtidos foi construída a tabela de vida de fertilidade. Já com predador, P. nigrispinus, foi avaliada a história de vida, o consumo de lagartas de P. xylostella em plantas de couve tratadas com bioinseticidas à base de Bacillus thuringiensis e também sua atividade de fitofagia nestas plantas, em casa de vegetação. Nas avaliações de P. xylostella, indivíduos coletados no campo apresentaram duração larval (8,2 dias) e pupal (3,8 dias) maiores, diminuindo ao longo de gerações. A viabilidade pupal (86,9%) e a fertilidade (93,0%) também foram maiores para essa população, com menor peso de pupa (4,7 mg). Além disso, apresentaram menor taxa líquida de aumento populacional (Ro), com 39 fêmeas/fêmea/dia, enquanto que, na... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the biology of P. xylostella strains in mass rearing for research and verify the effects of B. thuringiensis on P. nigrispinus in association methods for the management of this pest in protected environment. Larvae collected from Brassica oleracea var. italica - broccoli Piracicaba, were kept in Brassica oleracea var. acephala - kale Manteiga hibrida HS-20. The biological aspects of insects generations were evaluated in laboratory bioassays. The biological parameters evaluated were: larval period, larval viability, pupal period, pupal viability, pupal weight, sex ratio, number of eggs per female, eggs fertility, longevity of males and females. The data were used to construc of a life table fertility. The predator consuming P. xylostella larvae in kale plants treated with bionsecticides based on Bacillus thuringiensis and also their phytophagy activity in these plants, in green house was evaluated. The individuals collected in the field presented larval period (8.2 days) and pupal (3.8 days) longer, decreasing over generations. 86.9% of pupal viability and 93.0% of fertility were also high in this population, however prepal weight was significanthy low (4.7 mg). In addition, the lower net rate of population increase (Ro) with 39 females / female / day, whereas in P. xylostella population from the laboratory was 47.8 females / female / day. In general, the biological characteristics of predators did not change when the predators consumed prey direct... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Carvalho, Vanessa Fabíola Pereira de. "Qualidade de Cotesia flavipes Cameron, 1891 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) produzida por biofábricas do estado de São Paulo /." Jaboticabal, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/149875.

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Orientador: Sergio Antonio De Bortoli
Coorientador: Alessandra Marieli Vacari
Banca: Raphael de Campos Castilho
Banca: Rogéria Inês Rosa Lara
Resumo: Cotesia flavipes Cameron, 1891 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), parasitoide utilizado no programa de controle biológico de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), é liberado em áreas de cana-de-açúcar pelo menos uma vez durante o ciclo da cultura. Para isso são produzidos aproximadamente 21 bilhões de parasitoides por ano, em cerca de 40 biofábricas no Brasil. Esse programa teve início há mais de 40 anos, quando esse parasitoide foi introduzido no país, e até o momento não foram realizadas novas introduções. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar qualidade de C. flavipes proveniente de cinco das maiores biofábricas do estado de São Paulo, Brasil - I = Sertãozinho, II = Santa Ernestina, III = Pradópolis, IV = Américo Brasiliense e V = Ribeirão Preto, através da morfometria externa dos exemplares, produção de descendentes, sobrevivência e habilidade de voo, em dez amostragens durante dois anos. Quanto aos parâmetros morfométricos, a Biofábrica I apresentou parasitoides semelhantes ao encontrado na literatura. A maior longevidade foi encontrada na Biofábrica IV (4 dias). A média da razão sexual foi maior para a Biofábrica I (0,73 fêmeas/hospedeiro). A média geral de sobrevivência de pupa a adulto foi acima de 80% para todas as Biofábricas. As massas de pupa que produziram, em média, o maior número de parasitoides por hospedeiro foram as da Biofábrica I (média de 67,53 fêmeas/hospedeiro). Os insetos de todas as Biofábricas apresentaram bom desempenho, observando... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Cotesia flavipes Cameron, 1891 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid used in the biological control program of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is released in sugarcane areas at least once during the culture. Approximately 21 billion parasitoids are produced per year in about 40 biofactories in Brazil. This program began more than 40 years ago, when this parasitoid was introduced in the country, and so far no new introductions have been made. The objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of C. flavipes coming from five of the largest biofactories in the state of São Paulo in Brazil, I = Sertãozinho, II = Santa Ernestina, III = Pradópolis, IV = Américo Brasiliense and V = Ribeirão Preto. External morphometry of the specimens, production of offspring, survival and flight ability, in ten samplings over two years. Regarding the morphometric parameters, Biofactory I presented parasitoids similar to those found in the literature. The greatest longevity was found in Biofactory IV (4 days). The mean sex ratio was higher for Biofactory I (0.73 females / host). The overall survival rate from pupae to adult was above 80% for all Biofactories. The pupal masses that produced, on average, the highest number of parasitoids per host were those of Biofactory I (mean of 67.53 females / host). The insects of all the Biofactories presented good performance, however, observing, however, that Biofactory I was the one that stood out about the biological pa... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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49

Costa, Marilene Aparecida da. "Biocontrole de nematoides com fungos /." Jaboticabal, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/128036.

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Orientador: Jaime Maia dos Santos
Banca: Nilza Maria Martinelli
Banca: Bruno Flávio Figueiredo Barbosa
Resumo: Em razão das elevadas perdas que os nematoides causam a agricultura e das limitações e impactos causados pelos defensivos químicos, assim como do cultivo sucessivo de plantas hospedeiras que propiciam o aumento das populações dessas pragas, esse trabalho teve como objetivo, isolar, identificar fungos nematófagos e avaliar o potencial como agentes de controle biológico das principais espécies de fitonematoides no Brasil. Os fungos foram isolados de amostras de solo coletadas em regiões dos estados do MS, MG e SP, de cisto e de nematoides naturalmente parasitados. Para testar a patogenicidade dos isolados fúngicos parasitas de ovos e cisto de Heterodera glycines pelos fungos Pochonia chlamydosporia, Fusarium solani e Trichoderma sp., dois experimentos in vitro foram conduzidos, compostos pela combinação das espécies de nematoides com cada isolado parasita e a testemunha: 1) capacidade de parasitismo de ovos de Meloidogyne javanica e H. glycines, e 2) capacidade de parasitismo de ovos de H. glycines dentro do cisto, totalizando 10 e 4 tratamentos, respectivamente e 3 repetições cada. Para o fungo endoparasita Catenaria sp. foram usados ovos e formas ativas de Pratylenchus brachyurus, 3 tratamentos e 3 repetições. Os ovos e cistos parasitados foram avaliados e fotomicrografados. O isolado de P. chlamydosporia se destacou, tendo parasitado mais de 80% dos ovos de H. glycines. O fungo endoparasita Catenaria sp. parasitou 89% das formas ativas de P. brachyurus, além de parasitar ovos dessa mesma espécie
Abstract: Given the high losses that nematodes cause agriculture and the limitations and impacts of agrochemicals, as well as the continuous cultivation of host plants that provide increased populations of these pests, this study aimed to isolate, identify and fungi nematophagous evaluate the potential as biological control agents of the main species of plant-parasitic nematodes in Brazil. The fungi were isolated from soil samples collected in regions of the states of MS, MG and SP, cyst and naturally infected nematodes. To test the pathogenicity of the isolated fungal parasite eggs and cysts of Heterodera glycines by fungi Pochonia chlamydosporia, Fusarium solani and Trichoderma sp, two in vitro experiments were conducted, composed by the combination of species of nematodes with every single parasite and the witness: 1 ) parasitism capacity of Meloidogyne javanica eggs and H. glycines, and 2) parasitism capacity of H. glycines eggs within the cyst, totaling 10 and 4 treatments, respectively, and 3 repetitions each. For fungus endoparasite Catenaria sp. they were used eggs and active forms Pratylenchus brachyurus, three treatments and three replications. Eggs and infected cysts were evaluated and photomicrographed. The isolate of P. chlamydosporia stood, infested with more than 80% of the eggs of H. glycines. The fungus endoparasite Catenaria sp. parasitized 89% of active forms of P. brachyurus, and parasite eggs of the same species
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Moura, Jaqueline Zanon de [UNESP]. "Distribuição espacial e plano de amostragem sequencial de Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), em dois sistemas de plantio de soja." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105130.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O controle de pragas da soja representa até 36,50% do custo de produção. As lagartas desfolhadoras podem comprometer a produção de soja causando desfolhas de até 100%. A dificuldade de controle, associada ao aumento populacional e seriedade dos danos causados colocam a subfamília Plusiinae em destaque nacional, sendo mais abundante a espécie Pseudoplusia includens (Walker). Portanto, objetivou-se com este trabalho estudar a distribuição espacial da P. includens em dois sistemas de cultivo de soja, bem como, elaborar um plano de amostragem sequencial para a praga. Para monitoramento dos insetos foram realizadas coletas semanais através do método do pano de batida. Estudou-se a distribuição espacial do inseto, através de índices de dispersão e testes de ajuste às principais distribuições de probabilidade. Testaram-se os ajustes às distribuições de Poisson e binomial negativa. Os valores dos índices de dispersão, para lagartas de P. includens, em sistema de plantio convencional de soja, indicaram distribuição agregada para as duas categorias de lagartas (pequenas e grandes). Os resultados na área com sistema de plantio direto foram semelhantes. Desta forma, é possível afirmar que lagartas de P. includens apresentaram disposição agregada no campo independentemente do sistema de plantio. Lagartas de P. includens apresentam disposição agregada no campo independentemente do sistema de plantio. O ajuste do número de lagartas coletadas à distribuição de probabilidades binomial negativa possibilitou a elaboração de plano de amostragem sequencial para monitoramento da praga independentemente do sistema de plantio. O número mínimo de unidades amostrais necessário para tomada de decisão é quatro
The soybean pest control represents to 36.50% of the cost of production. The defoliating caterpillars may compromise the production of soy causing defoliation of up to 100%. The difficulty of control, with increased population and seriously damage the subfamily Plusiinae put into national prominence, being the most abundant species Pseudoplusia includens (Walker). Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the spatial distribution of P. includens in two systems of land use, as well as develop a sequential sampling plan for the pest. The insects were collected weekly by the ground cloth method. The spatial distribution of the insect was studied, using dispersion indices and testing the main probability distributions. Tested the adjustments to the distributions of Poisson and negative binomial. The values of aggregation index to P. includens larvae in conventionally tilled soybean indicated aggregated distribution for the two categories of larvae (small and large). The results in the area with no-tillage system were similar. Caterpillars of P. includens present aggregate provision in the field regardless of tillage system. Adjusting the number of caterpillars collected the negative binomial probability distribution enabled the development of sequential sampling plan for monitoring the pest regardless of tillage system. The minimum number of sample units required for decision making is four

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