Дисертації: "Agricultural labores"

1

Jepsen, Shelly Dee. "Assessment of the U.S. Department of Labor's Tractor and Machinery Certification Program." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1149104900.

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2

Toni, Fabiano. "State-society relations on the agricultural frontier the struggle for credit in the Transamazônica region /." [Florida] : State University System of Florida, 1999. http://etd.fcla.edu/etd/uf/1999/amg2051/toni%5Ff.pdf.

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3

Coin, Francesca. "Pickles and Pickets after NAFTA: Globalization, Agribusiness, the US-Mexico Food-Chain, and Farm-Worker Struggles in North Carolina." restricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-06052007-232906/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2007.
Title from file title page. Charles Gallagher, committee chair; Lesley Reid, Ian C. Fletcher, Robert Adelman, committee members. Electronic text (245 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed June 6, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 220-245).

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4

Leiprecht, Ingrid. "Sectoral adjustment in the Polish labour market 1992-1995 a microeconometric analysis with special reference to agricultural employment /." München : Ifo Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, 2000. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/46781926.html.

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5

Petersen, Emelda. "A theoretical framework for the labour relations between the farmer and farm workers during industrial strike actions." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2671.

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Thesis (MTech (Public Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.
The purpose of this study was to analyse the labour relations of the workers in the agricultural sector, with reference to the De Doors area in the Western Cape. Despite the political, social and economic changes to better the lives of the farm workers that have been implemented to rectify the inequalities of the past, the labour conditions on farms stayed unchanged. It is evident that there is a gap in the labour relations in the agricultural sector, due to the 2012/13 strike actions that took place. Qualitative research methodology was employed in the study; it provided the researcher with the opportunity to personally interact with the farm workers. It further allowed the researcher to gain a holistic understanding of the daily lives of the farm workers which would foster a better understanding of their daily struggles. Interviews were used as method of data collection. This methodology also enables the researcher to interpret and describe the actions of participants. Good labour relations play a vital role in any industry or organisation. Farm workers are generally classified as vulnerable and the most exploited group of the South African society. They often work irregular hours throughout the year in various weather settings. Regardless of the physical strain that their jobs entail, farm workers earn a low wage and are often deprived of the basic benefits that an employee should be entitled to. This was the reason the farm workers embarked on a strike in 2012/13. The researcher proposed recommendations to the Agricultural department on how to improve the labour relations on the farms in the De Doorns area by suggesting that more labour inspectors are being employed to oversee that legislation are implemented. Skills Development needs to be become compulsory for all farm workers as farming is becoming more technological. Skills Development unlocks talents and creative energy for the farm workers which have a positive impact on production.

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6

Mathenge, Mary W. Kiiru. "Essays on off-farm labor market participation, farm production decisions and household economic wellbeing empirical evidence from rural Kenya /." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.

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7

梁佩雯. "打造農民工? : 中國貴州宜田縣農村中學生參與農民工培訓個案研究 = The making of peasant workers? : a case study of pre-migration training programs for rural students in Yitian County, Guizhou Province, China". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2008. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/854.

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8

Patton, Luke. "Organizing the unorganized the Coalition of Immokalee Workers and Latino migrant farm labor in the 21st century /." Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/1397.

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9

Goodman, Bruce (Bruce Edward) Carleton University Dissertation Geography. "Gardening Guatemala: the influence of export vegetables on land and labour relations in the Mayan highlands." Ottawa, 1992.

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10

Cunningham, Andrew David. "Three faces of 'Hodge' : the agricultural labourer in Hardy's work." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329835.

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11

Marentes, Cynthia P. "Campesina cuentos a rhetorical analysis of female farmworkers' narratives of marginalization, resistance, and empowerment /." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2008. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

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12

Speechley, Helen Victoria. "Female and child agricultural day labourers in Somerset, c. 1685-1870." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267210.

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13

Aʻsar, Khadījah Muḥammad. "Sūq al-ʻamālah al-zirāʻīyah fī Miṣr khilāla fatrat al-sabʻīnāt dirāsah taḥlīlīyah /". [Cairo] : al-Hayʼah al-Miṣrīyah al-ʻĀmmah lil-Kitāb, 1991. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/26745005.html.

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14

Uchiyamada, Yasushi. "Sacred grove (Kaavu) : ancestral land of landless agricultural labourers' in Kerala, India." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283506.

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15

Roy, Sankar. "Land, Labour and Politics : a study of agricultural labourers in North Bengal." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/114.

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16

Falletisch, Leila Ann. "Understanding the legacy of dependency and powerlessness by farm workers on wine farms in the Western Cape /." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/836.

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17

Pramanik, Rathindra Nath. "Living conditions of agricultural labourers in West Bengal with special reference to UttarDinajpur." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1611.

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18

Boulay, Basile. "Essays on agricultural development in Tanzania." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/52094/.

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This thesis is made of three self-contained essays on the agricultural sector of Tanzania, each of them focusing on an aspect of direct policy relevance. In the first essay, I study whether an inverse relationship exists between cultivated area and physical productivity (yield per acre) for a set of important annual crops. I define size as the area of a plot on which a crop is grown, thus introducing a more disaggregated level of analysis than the common plot or crop levels of analysis. I control for the existing hypotheses in the literature potentially explaining this inverse relationship and propose to control for two new hypotheses which are only testable at this level of analysis. In the second essay, I look at output marketing for a set of important crops. I stress the links between the market failure theoretical narrative and empirical applications, and argue this has resulted in less attention being paid to the reasons why farmers may enter -or not- the market for a particular crop. I estimate participation and supply equations for a set of important crops and show that the rationale for entry differs across crops. This calls for a more flexible conception of `the market'. The first two essays use the Tanzanian National Panel Surveys to conduct econometric analysis. The third essay is based on primary data collected in 2016 in order to carry analysis of the Bambara nut, an underutilised crop. Because underutilised crops hardly feature in national datasets, primary data is needed to understand their socio-economic dynamics. Focusing on the Mtwara region of Tanzania, I study the importance of Bambara for local livelihoods using a mixed-methods study based on both quantitative and qualitative data. This study contributes to the growing interest on underutilised crops and their importance in designing more sustainable agricultural strategies.

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19

McLochlin, Dustin. "American Catholicism and farm labor activism the Farm Labor Aid Committee of Indiana as a case study /." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1219166598.

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20

Sabolick, Richard Stephen. "The split dark rider: An examination of labor conflict and John Steinbeck's Of mice and men." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2847.

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Argues that Of Mice and Men is not only a tale of morality, but also a representation of the political themes found in In Dubious Battle and The Grapes of Wrath. Establishes that Steinbeck does not simply divorce himself from the labor themes of the other two books; rather he uses this novel as a representative account of the social events taking place in California during the 1930s. Examines aspects of the split hero as found in the novel's two main characters, George and Lennie, who resemble a dark rider coming into a ranch with nothing more than a dream of a better life.

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21

Braga, Celso de Oliveira 1951. "Avaliação de unidades de beneficiamento : boas práticas, qualidade, impactos mecânicos e exigências laborais." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256805.

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Orientador: Marcos David Ferreira
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T12:55:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Braga_CelsodeOliveira_D.pdf: 3406174 bytes, checksum: 113a8ddedc3815bc23a5a33c9e335c89 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: O Brasil desponta como grande produtor agrícola, líder em tecnologia de ponta para regiões tropicais e evoluiu da condição de importador para a de grande exportador de alimentos, sendo o quarto produtor mundial de frutas, atrás dos Estados Unidos, da China e da Índia (IBGE, 2010). Para que esta posição se mantenha é fundamental investir em pesquisa e em inovação tecnológica. Este estudo foi desenvolvido em uma unidade beneficiadora de laranja localizada na região de Aguaí, Estado de São Paulo. A laranja foi escolhida devido à sua importância para o agronegócio brasileiro. Um modelo que fornece um quadro avaliativo de uma unidade de beneficiamento (UB) com indicadores de qualidade, de boas práticas agrícolas, de impactos mecânicos e de exigências laborais foi desenvolvido. Desta forma, dois instrumentos inéditos foram criados: o IAQ ou Instrumento para Avaliação de Qualidade e o IABPA, Instrumento para Aplicação das Boas Práticas Agrícolas. A obtenção de indicadores de Qualidade e de BPA permite posicionar a UB em relação às demais UB nacionais e internacionais (ranking) e elaborar o planejamento estratégico para garantir melhorias e competitividade cada vez maior. Para avaliação de Impactos Mecânicos e de Exigências Laborais procedimentos convencionais foram utilizados. A esfera instrumentada foi empregada para avaliação de impactos mecânicos e o instrumento NASA TLX para avaliação das exigências laborais mentais e físicas. Para avaliação de exigências visuais, utilizou-se o instrumento QAV, Questionário de Avaliação Visual. Por intermédio dessas avaliações, podem-se determinar condições adequadas da tecnologia dos equipamentos, da organização do trabalho, do projeto e das condições ambientais do galpão. O conjunto de instrumentos desenvolvidos e utilizados nesta pesquisa constitui um modelo de avaliação e certificação de uma UB que permite um amplo diagnóstico de avaliação e de certificação, com o objetivo de introduzir melhorias e contribuir para garantia da competitividade da UB e da posição do país como grande exportador de alimentos. Este modelo possibilita conhecer o processo produtivo para introdução de melhorias da qualidade e da produtividade, preservando os aspectos ambientais, sociais, de segurança alimentar, de saúde e segurança dos trabalhadores, com sustentabilidade e se aplica a unidades de beneficiamento de outras frutas e hortaliças
Abstract: Brazil is emerging as a major agricultural producer, leader in cutting edge technology for tropical regions and evolving from importer to becoming a major exporter of food, currently being the fourth largest producer of fruit, behind the United States, China and India (IBGE, 2009). In order for this position to be maintained, investment in research and technological innovation is essential. This study was conducted in an orange processing plant in the region of Aguaí, Sao Paulo. The orange was chosen due to its importance for Brazilian agribusiness. A model that provides a framework of an evaluative processing unit (BU) with indicators of quality, good agricultural practices, mechanical impacts and labor requirements was developed. Thus, two new instruments were created: the IAQ or Instrument for Quality Assessment and IABPA, the Instrument for the Application of Good Agricultural Practices. Obtaining Quality indicators and BPA enables positioning this UB in relation to other national and international UB (ranking) and develop strategic planning to ensure improvements and increasing competitiveness. Conventional procedures were used to evaluate impacts of Mechanical and Industrial Requirements. The instrumented sphere was used for the evaluation of mechanical impacts and NASA TLX instrument for the assessment of mental and physical job demands. For evaluation of visual requirements, we used the instrument QAV, Visual Assessment Questionnaire. Through these reviews, one can determine appropriate conditions of technology equipment, work organization, design and environmental conditions of the shed. The set of tools developed and used in this research is a model of evaluation and certification of a UB that allows a broad diagnostic evaluation and certification, in order to make improvements and contribute to ensuring the competitiveness of UB and the country's position as major food exporter. This model enables the understanding and improving of the production process for improvements in quality and productivity, preserving the environmental, social, food security, health and safety aspects of workers, with sustainability and can also be applied to processing units of other fruits and vegetables
Doutorado
Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável
Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

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22

Shepherd, Josh. "Attitudes and opinions of agricultural growers in Texas regarding guest worker policy /." View online, 2007. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/261.

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23

Danziger, Renée. "Dimensions of powerlessness : a study of agricultural workers in post-war England." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:543a07f7-a9eb-46f0-83ea-166c638ec7b9.

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This inquiry into the nature of political powerlessness begins with a definition which posits that Q is politically powerless to the extent that it is unable to promote and defend its interests within authoritative processes of value allocation. Political powerlessness is said to derive from Q's lack of relevant power resources; and from T's exploitation of this deficiency through its exercise of power over Q. Contrary to pluralist assumptions, it is argued that T may exercise political power over Q both within and beyond formal arenas of value allocation: the determining factor is not where political power is exercised, but rather that it prevents Q from satisfying its interests within these authoritative arenas. The above hypotheses are tested for their validity and utility by being applied to the experiences of the post-war agricultural work force in England. In particular, the study asks whether farmworkers' workplace powerlessness, as identified by Howard Newby in 'The Deferential Worker' (Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1979), has been compensated for by their Union's promotion and defence of agricultural workers' occupational interests at the formal, political level. Part One provides a theoretical, historical and descriptive setting for the empirical study. Part Two determines the extent to which the efforts of the Union and of its external political allies to influence the relevant value allocating institutions have resulted in the successful promotion and defence of farmworkers' objective interests. These interests are defined as: earning high wages (Chapter Four); living in housing which is independent from employment (Chapter Five); and ensuring a reasonable standard of occupational health and safety (Chapter Six). The study shows that the farmworkers' Union has been largely unable to compensate for its members' industrial weakness by taking political action. The Union's political powerlessness is attributed chiefly to its lack of relevant power resources; and to its resulting vulnerability to power exercises both within and beyond the formal political arena, all of which have weakened the Union within that arena. It is suggested finally that the Union's recent merger with the Transport and General Workers' Union provides farmworkers with access to new power resources which may allow for greater success in the future promotion of farmworkers' occupational interests.

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24

Patrick, Andrew Parker. "INNER BLUEGRASS AGRICULTURE: AN AGROECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE, 1850-1880." UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/history_etds/3.

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This study examines agriculture in the Inner Bluegrass Region of Central Kentucky from 1850 to 1880. It utilizes an agroecological perspective, which interprets agriculture through the lens of ecology, to highlight the complex natural and cultural factors that combined to form one of the nation's most prosperous agricultural systems during the nineteenth century. Chapter One explores the agroecosytem Bluegrass farmers created and maintained, emphasizing dynamics in crop and livestock diversity and agricultural technology. Chapter Two examines the African-American labor force that played a key role in shaping the system, first as slaves and later as free men and women. Chapter Three addresses the cultural outlooks and institutions that influenced land use patterns, ranging from beliefs on proper methods of cultivation to voluntary organizations designed to facilitate market access. Through an examination of the various influences at work on the agricultural environment, the landscape emerges as a dynamic factor, rather than a passive backdrop, in Inner Bluegrass history.

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25

Coello, Arguello Agusta Filomena. "Role of farming women in the communities of Puculpala, Llulluchi, and Guzo, Quimiag, Chimborazo." BYU ScholarsArchive, 1999. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5351.

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In the Ecuadorian society there is a pronounced difference in the distribution of work between men and women. In the Ecuadorian society the man is dominant and the woman is seen as a free form of strenuous and excessive labor, who often goes without pay. The woman herself minimizes her own contribution in the production process, thereby magnifying this culture distinction. The division of work related responsibilities, through gender distinctions, has given women more tasks to complete, in addition to those generally reserved for females (taking care of the children, the animals and various household chores). Women also tend to aide in agricultural production, which often generates an important household income. This additional income, through agricultural means, continues to go unnoticed, thereby ignoring the true economic participation of women in rural areas. Planned Objectives were: Determine the production activities that the rural women fulfill in the communities of Puculpala, Llulluchi and Guzo in the Chimborazo province and Determine if the women in rural areas from the before said communities, benefit from their agricultural production. The diagnosis was completed through, studies, observations, personal interviews, text investigation and data analysis. A preliminary visit was made, in order to conduct observations, in the three above noted communities. After establishing a workable relationship with the people, interviews and surveys were conducted according to the annexes one through thirteen. The major production activities of the women in the studied communities are agriculture related. The percentage of women who work in agriculture are 66.67% in Puculpalpa, 60% in Guzo and 66.67% in Llulluchi. In Puculpalpa the women perform handcrafts as well. The women cultivate potatoes and corn in all three areas. They perform minor work with livestock, such as the breeding and rearing of the dairy cow and marketing of its milk. The most widely performed agricultural practice among the women is the cultivation of the potato. They spend an average time of 30% in sowing preparation, 32.22% in soil preparation, 11.67% in seed preparation, 23.33% sowing and fertilizing, 36.67% cultivating, 25.56% insect and disease control, 24.45% weeding, 35.56% harvesting, and 15.55% in the transportation and the marketing of products. Due to the fact that most of the agricultural work is for personal consumption, women are rarely paid for activities they perform. The countrywomen play a fundamental role in the production process, by supplying the food for their household. Despite this, in most circumstances their products have a lower market value then that of their male counterparts. The countrywomen greatly contribute to the income of the family through participation in the raising of cattle. Their role in this process brings an occasional income of 25.26% in Puculpala, 33.33% in Guzo and 30% in Llulluchi. Occasionally they contribute a daily income of S/. 8,000-9,000. In all three communities temporary migration of the women to larger cities, such as Quito, Riobamba and Guayaquil, are prevalent. Women perform house chores for other families in these cities. They prepare the food, take care of the children, collect firewood, clean, sew and shop. Illiteracy is high in all three communities, reaching 40% in Pucupalpa, 13.33%, in Guzo and 6.67% in Llulluchi. They are unable to perform basic solicitations and credit transactions. This lack of knowledge renders the women, unable to properly administrate their finances. This often results in lower paying jobs when they migrate. In all three communities there exists a religious faith in which the women seek divine assistance in their work. In Puculpala 53.33%, Guzo 6.67% and Llulluchi 33.33% of the women pray for a successful harvest. This practice is also true of males.

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26

Nelson, James H. "Labor allocation decisions of Virginia's farm families." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42951.

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Using data collected by the Virginia Agricultural Statistical Service in 1989, off-farm labor participation models were developed to identify factors that influence the probability that a farm operator or spouse in Virginia would choose to work off the farm. The sample indicated that a substantial proportion of Virginia farms had at least one member working off the farm. Higher total incomes were also earned by fanlilies with an operator and/or spouse working off the farm. In addition, the proportion of total income originating from off-farm sources was large regardless of whether the operator or spouse worked off the farm or not. As a result of this survey, the picture developed of farm operators and spouses in Virginia is different than a traditional view of farming would support. Because of the dichotomous dependent variable and the different responses expected from the operator and spouse, probit analysis was selected to estimate separate participation models for the farm operator and spouse. The empirical results reveal that human capital, labor supply and labor demand characteristics influence the off-farm employment decisions of both the operator and spouse, though not in a uniform manner. Additionally, variables found to be important to off-farm labor force participation were primarily not farm specific. Changes in the non-farm economy are expected to affect the majority of Virginia farms more than changes in the farm economy. It is also clear that the majority of farm families in Virginia have a vested interest in efforts made to develop and strengthen the local economy.
Master of Science

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27

Subramaniam, Kandasamy 1953. "Attitudes of agriculture instructors toward their job in northern province, Sri Lanka." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277306.

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The purpose of this study was to appraise the attitudes of agricultural instructors providing village extension services in the northern province of Sri Lanka toward their job in the agriculture extension service. Major findings indicate in the aggregate, agricultural instructors like their job and have a good attitude toward their job. The job factors offering the agricultural instructors the positive attitudes are the communication established between agricultural instructors and various layers of administration, the intrinsic reward of the job itself, and the relationship with co-workers and the working conditions. The job factors offering the negative attitudes was the pay and its adequacy for a comfortable living. Attitudes of agricultural instructors toward the job and its relationship with service were not significantly varied with service.

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28

Maynard, John. "The agricultural labourer in Worcestershire : responses to economic change and social dislocation 1790-1841." Thesis, Coventry University, 2005. http://eprints.worc.ac.uk/365/.

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The study of rural history and social unrest in the English countryside has concentrated largely on East Anglia and southern England. Apart from one or two recent studies, the western agricultural counties have been relatively ignored. More importantly, apart from giving some detailed accounts of the lives of rural political activists, many historians have paid less attention to the daily lives of the majority of agricultural labourers. This has led to a general acceptance that most labourers were part of a rural proletariat whose loss of common rights and declining living standards culminated in the Last Labourers’ Revolt of 1830. This thesis seeks to broaden this view by providing a more holistic view of labourers’ lives in Worcestershire in order to determine what social and economic changes had the most impact on rural life in general and on three settlements in particular. The introduction demonstrates how romantic views of the past have influenced some historians’ attitudes. It then determines the empirical basis for this study.

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29

Sampaio, Vilomar Sandes. "Trabalho familiar e fruticultura no perímetro irrigado de Livramento do Brumado-BA." Pós-Graduação em Geografia, 2013. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/5564.

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The modernization of brazilian agriculture has brought different socioeconomic and environmental impacts. New forms of production were incorporated into this territory by deploying modern agriculture, particularly from the 1970s, a period in which capital entered the field more intensively. In this changing landscape techniques and scientific achievements that presents the general objective of this study that is to analyze the social-spatial transformation of the peasant in the microregion of Livramento do Brumado in South Central Bahia, with the deployment of modernized agriculture and polo fruitful. The economic base of these municipalities is based on agriculture. The economic base of these cities is based on agriculture. With the implementation of the irrigation district in 1986, was the creation and diffusion of small farms. From that period the productive structure sat in the small property, work and family in the cultivation of mango fruit with dominance. The modernization of agriculture is not only the change in the technical basis of production - its consequences are economic and social. The methodology adopted was as follows: literature review, data collection agencies such as Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), the National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform (INCRA) and the Superintendency of Economic and Social Studies of Bahia (SEI). Information on the regional agriculture were obtained in sectors such as the Departments of Agriculture this micro municipalities, associations of rural workers, cooperatives and unions, producers and workers in horticulture. Empirical research was developed from the research papers on the history and occupation of the interior of Bahia and questionnaires and structured interviews with social workers: workers, farmers, businessmen, President of associations and local leaders. With the implementation of this perimeter were significant changes in land use that space, production techniques and labor relations. The modernization resized the agrarian space that micro and social reproduction allowed the small farmer. Currently, this stands as strong micro producer of fruits especially mangoes production. The production and marketing of these fruits has specialized over the years due to the collective organization of producers and the private sector. The fruit production in this micro-region is a potential market while agricultural product. The small farmers have their production units controlled mainly by family labor and supported by collective organizations that favor their reproduction strategies. This activity presents factors favorable to the continuation of the project with the same fruit presented adverse factors.
A modernização da agricultura brasileira trouxe diferentes impactos socioeconômicos e ambientais. Novas formas de produção foram incorporadas ao território com a implantação dessa agricultura moderna, particularmente a partir da década de 1970, período no qual o capital penetrou no campo de forma mais intensa. Nesse cenário de mudanças técnicas e conquistas científicas que se apresenta o objetivo geral desse estudo que é analisar as transformações socioespaciais ocorridas na microrregião de Livramento do Brumado, no Centro Sul Baiano, com a implantação da agricultura modernizada e, do polo frutífero. A base econômica desses municípios está fundamentada na agricultura. Com a implantação do perímetro irrigado em 1986, houve a constituição e difusão da pequena propriedade rural. A partir desse período a estrutura produtiva se assentou na pequena propriedade, no trabalho familiar e no cultivo da fruta com predominância da manga. A modernização da agricultura não representa apenas a mudança na base técnica da produção - suas consequências são econômicas e sociais. A metodologia adotada foi a seguinte: revisão bibliográfica, coleta de dados em órgãos como: Ministério da Agricultura; Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE); Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (INCRA) e Superintendência de Estudos Econômicos e Sociais da Bahia (SEI). As informações sobre a agricultura regional foram obtidas em setores como as Secretarias de Agricultura dos municípios dessa microrregião; associações de trabalhadores rurais, cooperativas e sindicatos; produtores e trabalhadores da fruticultura. A pesquisa empírica foi desenvolvida a partir da investigação em documentos sobre a história e ocupação do interior da Bahia e aplicação de questionários e entrevistas semiestruturadas aos agentes sociais: trabalhadores, produtores, empresários, presidente de associações e lideranças locais. Com a implantação desse perímetro ocorreram significativas transformações no uso da terra nesse espaço, nas técnicas de produção e nas relações de trabalho. A modernização redimensionou o espaço agrário dessa microrregião e permitiu a reprodução social do pequeno agricultor. Atualmente, essa microrregião se destaca como forte produtora de frutas com destaque para produção de mangas. A produção e comercialização dessas frutas tem se especializado ao longo dos anos em função da organização coletiva dos produtores e da iniciativa privada. A produção frutícola nessa microrregião constitui um mercado em potencial enquanto produto agrícola. Os pequenos produtores rurais têm suas unidades de produção comandadas essencialmente pelo trabalho familiar e apoiadas por organizações coletivas que favorecem suas estratégias de reprodução. Essa atividade apresenta fatores favoráveis à continuação do empreendimento com a fruta mesmo apresentado fatores adversos.

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30

Nimo, Michael Kwabi. "Agricultural productivity and supply responses in Ghana." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12583/.

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The importance of Agricultural Supply Response (ASR) modelling cannot be over emphasised. Knowledge of its size provides a roadmap for designing a tailored agricultural policy based on suppliers’ responses to price and non-price incentives. In spite of its policy importance, limited amount of studies exist for Ghana. This study seeks to fill the gap and also sheds some light on how future agricultural policies in Ghana should be formulated. This study is conducted on a regional (ecological) group basis and at a crop-level. Apart from price and non-price factors, we have also accounted for technical inefficiencies, a problem that impedes the growth of agricultural production in Ghana. We employed the duality modelling technique (based on the profit function). This technique provides a more intuitive way of modelling and interpreting ASRs. We used the fourth wave of the Ghana Living Standard Survey (GLSS4), a cross-sectional dataset collected between 1998 and 1999. The analysis is based on six crops, grouped into industrial (cocoa and groundnut), food (maize, rice and cowpea) and staple (sorghum and millet combined and termed migso in the study). A sensitivity analysis is carried out to check the robustness of results. We found high national and ecological technical inefficiency scores. Nationally, technical inefficiency is in the neighbourhood of 53%. At the ecological levels, groundnut (industrial crop) farmers in the Coastal zone recording the highest inefficiency (83%) with the least inefficiency score coming from cowpea (food) farmers in the Savannah zone (30%). In a related outcome we found that technical inefficiency estimates and patterns are sensitive to the structure and composition of the dataset. Our supply elasticities support claims that farmers in Ghana will respond to both market (price) and non-price incentives. In terms of price incentives we found that, with or without technical inefficiency, farmers of food crops in the Coastal zone will respond the most to changes to outputs prices. Farmers in the Savannah zone for all crops but staples will be the least to respond to output price change. We found, however, that with production inefficiency accounted for, supply responses were relatively lower, reinforcing the arguments that earlier supply response estimates from other studies could have been inaccurately estimated especially where analysis failed to account for non-price factors. Moreover, the study estimates revealed that farmers in Ghana are would record a larger output supply responses to changes in inputs prices than output prices. Besides price, the study also found that all four non-price incentives - plot size, animal capital, family labour and education of household head - are important to the development of an effective agricultural policy regardless of whether technical inefficiency is accounted for or not. In some cases, output supply responses from non-prices factors outweighed price elasticities, again supporting the argument that ASR estimates are likely to be biased if non-price factors are omitted. These findings provide two policy signposts for the design of Ghana’s future agricultural policies. Firstly, the policy - aimed at increasing output and/or improving the sector’s competitiveness - must identify and address technical inefficiencies among smallholder agricultural farmers. Failure to address such inefficiencies would lead to suboptimal performance - operating on a lower production frontier. Secondly, the differences in crop-level ecological supply elasticities support regional-based agricultural policies rather than a one-size-fits all centralised agricultural policy.

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31

Chilka, Rashmi Bali. "The politics of location : bonded labor in Jaunsar Bawar, North India /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10501.

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32

Vozzo, Rosa Elena. "Intercultural communication needs of Mississippi agricultural students, employers, and Hispanic workers." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2006. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-06162006-132840.

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33

Galaviz, Marisela. "Evaluating the effectiveness of the College Assistance Migrant Program student handbook." Menomonie, WI : University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2005. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2005/2005galavizm.pdf.

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34

Bellenger, Moriah J. Fields Deacue. "Selected topics in Alabama's environmental horticulture industry the economic impact of Alabama's green industry and migrant labor in Alabama's horticulture industry /." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Summer/master's/BELLENGER_MORAIH_40.pdf.

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35

Liao, Chen-Yuan. "Design, development and evaluation of educational, training and motivational initiatives for farm stockpeople and animal carers in Taiwan." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2002. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=158845.

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The focus of this thesis is the poor competitive position of the pig industry in Taiwan and the design and evaluation of initiatives to improve the situation. To address these problems, this study set out to design and evaluate educational, training and motivational initiatives for pig farm managers and stockpeople and also for personnel involved in transport of pigs and in the handling of pigs in abattoirs and auction markets. Almost all the participants (99%) found the Pre-Training meetings helpful in preparing them for the training and in providing them with the opportunity to contribute to the planning of the Training Courses and the motivational initiatives. The majority of the participants (53%) wished to have science based Training Courses at frequent (every 1 to 3 months) intervals. There was very strong support (90%) for a progressive career ladder for stockpeople, the award of ‘advancement’ certificates and more appropriate job titles to reflect the considerable knowledge and skills of good stockpeople. Although there was strong overall support for the training and motivational initiatives and their impacts, this was greater on family farms than on company farms. The training resulted in a considerable increase in knowledge as reflected by the increase in Post Course relative to Pre Course Test Scores. Increases in Test Scores for family (60.2 v 91.2) and company farms (58.7 v 89.2) was 51 and 52% respectively. Responses to the same questionnaire completed both before and after training indicated that while both the job satisfaction and morale was increased significantly after training on family farms, this was not the case on company farms. However, there was very strong evidence on both family and company farms that training significantly (p<0.001) increased both awareness of animal welfare and the determination to improve animal welfare.

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36

Mazower, Benjamin Louis. "Agriculture, farm labour and the state in the Natal Midlands, 1940-1960." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14317.

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Bibliography: leaves 204-212.
This thesis analyses agrarian development in the Natal Midlands during the 1940s and 1950s. Based predominantly on archival and primary sources, it seeks to provide some empirical evidence in an area where such information is sorely lacking. The first chapter briefly analyses the national agricultural economy in the 1940s before turning to the Natal Midlands. The importance of urban factors in fuelling the post-war boom is examined, as is the way in which different groups of farmers reacted to these developments. The second chapter discusses the position of farm workers. The system of labour tenancy is considered and stress is laid on the various tensions within the system which became prominent at this time. The use of the courts and the police in helping farmers control their workers, informal methods of control and labourers' resistance are also examined. The next chapter discusses the severe farm labour shortage and shows how it emerged from the tensions within labour tenancy and the increasing urban opportunities seized by farm workers. Attention is also paid to the farm labour policies of the pre-apartheid state and these are compared with the policies demanded by organised agriculture. The final chapter examines these processes during the 1950s. The effect of the slowdown in agricultural growth is discussed as is the limited success of the apartheid state's farm labour policies. It is suggested that the key to understanding the state's lack of success lies in differentiating between different categories of farmers. The agricultural crisis in the late 1950s and its effects are also analysed. Finally, it is suggested that the key determinants of agrarian development are accumulation and struggle rather than state policies.

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37

Saitua, Idarraga Iker. "Sagebrush Laborers| Basque Immigrants in Nevada's Sheep Industry, International Dimensions, and the Making of an Agricultural Workforce, 1880-1954." Thesis, University of Nevada, Reno, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10126026.

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This study explores the history of Basque immigration to the rangelands of Nevada. It views the Basque immigrant sheepherder labor within the social, economic, political, and cultural context of Nevada. Tensions and conflicts occurred as immigrant workers confronted new environments, new labor conditions, and new social adjustments in the context of their new immigrant status. As such, issues developed with other ethnic workforces and over land and water use, particularly upon the advent of the Progressive Conservation Movement in the Far West.

In the late nineteenth century, as sheep and cattle grazing expanded into Nevada (especially from California and Texas), Basque immigrant labor became increasingly visible and encountered discrimination in the use of public ranges. Yet, as the twentieth century progressed stock operators (Basque and Anglo alike) in the sheep industry began to prize Basque labor in the grazing of sheep to the point where that labor became privileged above all others. A stereotype developed of Basque sheepherders that reaffirmed an image of their natural expertise for the tending of sheep that could not be duplicated by any other racial or ethnic group. This study attempts to deconstruct the essentialism surrounding the making of these views that not only attribute to Basques special sheepherding skills, but also confer upon them a degree of racial whiteness and values that entitled them to a privileged labor category.

The 1924 restrictive Immigration Act resulted in a truncated labor supply from the Basque Country. During the Great Depression and especially in WWII the labor shortage became acute. In response Senator Patrick McCarran from Nevada lobbied on behalf of his woolgrowing constituency to open the immigration doors for Basques. Subsequently Cold War international tensions offered opportunities for a rapprochement between the United States and Francisco Franco despite Spain’s previous sympathy with the Axis powers. McCarran took it upon himself to become an informal intermediary with the Spanish dictator to seek more flexible policies on immigration to permit Basques to enter the United States. Ultimately this study explores the role of Basque agricultural labor and McCarran’s ad-hoc diplomacy as catalysts that eventually helped bring Spain into the orbit of western democracies.

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38

Witwatersrand, University of the. "Farmworker Research & Resource Project (DSRP): Press clips summary 3." University of the Witwatersrand, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68951.

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Thousands of farmers were saved from bankruptcy by the Department of Agriculture, says Minister Greyling Wentzel. He said in 1986/1987 2 741 farmers who would have been bankrupt were saved through the department’s production aid scheme. The Rill,7m they received as loans enabled them to get a crop in the ground, without which they would have gone under. The debt consolidation scheme likewise helped about 2 000 farmers escape bankruptcy for the period 1983/1984 to 1986/1987.

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39

Morren, Carel-Jan Hendrikus. "Die bepaling van sekere plaagdoderreste in die bloed van plaaswerkers op appelplase in die Elgin-distrik." Thesis, Cape Technikon, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1478.

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Thesis (Masters Diploma (Technology)--Cape Technikon, Cape Town,1994
Pesticides are generally used in south-Africa for the control of various pests; from insects and fungi to weeds. The agricultural industry is probably the biggest user of pesticides and therefore workers in this part of the labour force have the biggest risk of being exposed to the hazards of these essential products. During the 1988/89 deciduous fruit season the deciduous fruit industry earned approximately R1000 million in foreign exchange. It is therefore very important for this industry to produce fruit of high quality in a very competitive market. Of the total deciduous exports, apples comprised approximately 62,5%. The EIgin-Grabouw area is the biggest producer of apples. This industry is clearly very dependant on pesticides to protect its crops against pests. From time to time farm - workers are exposed to pesticides, a study was therefore performed to access the levels of exposure of farm workers. Blood and urine samples were collected in a comprehensive biological monitoring program in the Elgin area to determine, uusing clinical tests, the level of exposure to pesticides. It was decided later that the determination of pesticide residues in blood would form part of this main study. Other tests included serum and red cell cholinesterase. Samples were collected during August (start of spraying season), November (midseason) and February (end of spraying season). A multi-residue method was developed to extract organophosphate and organochlorine pesticides in whole blood. Although various methods exist, they allow only for the extraction of either organophosphates or organochlorines and not multi-residue extractions. This multi-residue method is based on the liquid/liquid extraction of a blood/Celite/ethanol mixture to extract the following pesticides: Azinphos-methyl, Chlorpyrifos, Endosulfan, Methidathion and Prothiophos. The pesticide residue levels were determined on gas chromatographs equipped with DB-5 and DB-2I0 capillary columns and flame photometric-, electron capture- and nitrogen/phosphorous detectors. The results were confirmed on a gas chromatograph with mass-selective detector in selective ion mode. Of the 402 blood samples analysed, 23 samples showed positive for organophoshates and 29 for organochlorines, and were sent for analysis on the mass spectrometer. Of those samples only one could be positively identified. The presence of the pesticide Endosulfan-B was confirmed. The confirmation of the pesticides was complicated by interfering substances that leached from the rubber stoppers of the collection vessels into the blood. Although the study showed that for practical purposes no pesticides were present, other important information was obtained about the handling and analyses of blood samples for pesticides.

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40

Zaragoza, Tony. "Apple capital growers, labor and technology in the origin and development of the Washington State apple industry, 1890-1930 /." Online access for everyone, 2007. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Fall2007/T_Zaragoza_122907.pdf.

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41

Robinson, Robert Steven. "Creating foreign policy locally migratory labor and the Texas border, 1943-1952 /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1185814949.

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42

Koechlin, Kathleen Marie. "Modeling childhood agricultural injury risk with composite measurement scales." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5num=osu1064287970.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xxi, 308 p. : ill. (some col.). Advisor: J.R. Wilkins III, School of Public Health. Includes bibliographical references (p. 210-220).

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43

Cundiff, David Neal. "A Study of Kentucky’s Agricultural Performance Using Shift-Share Analysts." TopSCHOLAR®, 1992. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1674.

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In this paper the theory that Kentucky has a comparative advantage in agricultural employment, when compared to the United States, is examined. In order to test this hypothesis, a dynamic shift-share analysis was conducted using the thirteen major economic sector of Kentucky over the period 1970 to 1989. The resulting regional shift components, or competitive components, give support to the theory that a comparative advantage for Kentucky in agriculture does exist. Annual regional shift components, as well as their dynamic counterpart, possess predominately positive values, indicating outperformance by Kentucky’s agricultural sector when compared to the United States economy as a whole. Over the past few decades, the United States, as well as most other industrial nations, has experienced a dramatic decrease in employment in the agricultural sector of the economy. This employment shift has been accompanied by increased employment in the other sectors, such as manufacturing and services. The purpose of this thesis is to determine whether Kentucky has followed the same developmental trends as the United States, or has followed its own trends. If Kentucky has, indeed, followed its own trends, then what implications could this have on future development, as well as state developmental policy? In this paper, Kentucky’s developmental trends will be examined using dynamic shift-share analysis as a means of comparison. The first section provides a review of the relevant literature to support and explain the theory. Section two contains a discussion of the methodology and mechanics of shift-share analysis. The third section presents the data used, as well as a discussion of the methodology utilized in the analysis. Both the raw results and interpretations of these results are presented in section four. Finally, section five offers a summary and conclusions based on the empirical work.

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44

Nandasiri, Ratnayake Mudiyanselage 1957. "Institutional constraints affecting county extension agents in Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277302.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the county extension agents' perceptions of institutional constraints to the performance of their duties within the Arizona Cooperative Extension System. Study population was 66 county extension agents in the state of Arizona. They were surveyed by mailed questionnaire. Study results indicated, on the average, most of the institutional constraints affect slightly on the county extension agents' work performance. Considerable variation observed among respondents in their perceptions of severity of the constraints. Some of the other important findings include; (1) 4-H agents perceived constraints more severe than Agriculture or Home Economic Agents. (2) County agents perceived more constraints in salary and promotion more severe than county directors. (3) County agents with more than 5 years of service perceived more of the constraints in the area of Personnel Evaluation more severe than agents with 5 years or less service.

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45

Loprinzi, Colleen Marie. "Hispanic migrant labor in Oregon, 1940-1990." PDXScholar, 1991. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4297.

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Hispanic Migrant Labor in Oregon, 1940-1990, describes the history and conditions of Hispanic farmworkers migrating from the southwestern United States, Mexico, and Latin America after the 1940s. This paper uncovers the history and contribution of a people easily forgotten, but essential to the well-being of the economy and the cultural diversity o f Oregon. Though much has been lost in the comings and the goings o f these people, bits and pieces have been recovered from old newspaper clippings, occasional documents recording the concerns and responses of the federal and state governments, rare articles tucked away in little known periodicals, and interviews.

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46

Host, Elizabeth Anne. "Capitalisation and proletarianization on a Western Cape farm: Klaver Valley 1812-1898." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22559.

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This thesis is the study of a single farm, Klaver Valley in the Darling district, 1812 - 1898. Chapter One provides a physical view of Klaver Valley from 1812 to 1898 showing the changes in the landscape and production of grains, wine and wool over the period. It argues that these changes occurred as a direct result of external market forces. Chapter Two focuses on the changes which occurred in the labour process from the early 1800s to 1898, arguing that the main impetus for change came from mechanisation of harvesting in the 1820s and 1850s. Chapter Three explores the notion of a capitalist farmer and argues that Duckitt and later Ruperti can be categorised as capitalist farmers. The main thrust of their progressive capitalization occurred before the 1850s and it did so as a result of the system of informal credit which existed at farm level among farmers, allowing for re-investment and survival of cash flow. Chapter Four studies the process of proletarianisation which accompanied the capitalist development of the farm and its farmers. While taking account of the existence of a small number (3) of sharecroppers on the farm in the 1840s, 1870s and 1890s, this chapter argues that by the early 1830s, the farm was operating on the back of fully proletarianised labour. Composition of the labour force, wages and tasks, the work of women and the change from resident and permanent to casual labour from the 1820s to the 1890s, form some of the main focuses of this chapter. Chapter Five explores the nature of the relationship between the farmer and workers from 1829 - 1898, the two increasingly alienated from each other by the encroachment of the overseer. It argues that capitalist relations of production developed in the context of paternalism throughout although it was increasingly shaped by the cash-oriented relationship.

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47

Kirwan, Susanne. "Best uses of labour for animal welfare and productuvity in extensive sheep farming systems in Britain." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=136665.

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In relation to hill sheep, the perception is that they live to a high welfare standard with minimal labour input per ewe, and that there is little reason for concern. This perception has however not been confirmed by science to date, chiefly due to a lack of research interest into the hill sheep sector. Meanwhile, extensive sheep farming faces increasing economic pressures, with low returns and falling government subsidy that may compromise animal welfare. Labour has been shown to be a key input factor for both productivity and welfare in extensive production systems. Despite this, little research has been done to try and optimise the labour input for productivity and welfare. This study is a first attempt to link labour input, productivity and welfare in extensive sheep systems through empirical observation and computer modelling. The fieldwork was undertaken from 2007 to 2009 on three research farms and three commercial farms. Labour use was analysed within a number of defined tasks. Linear programming (LP) modelling was then used to explore eight different scenarios with regard to sheep welfare, labour and productivity, and the potential impacts of specific management changes. Data analysis and model results showed hill sheep live to a high welfare standard according to the low incidence of welfare problems with low risks to productivity, confirming public expectations. Farmers, are however, aware their attention to an individual sheep’s welfare brings poor returns in terms of flock productivity. With this in mind, there is some scope for welfare-beneficial or –neutral reductions in labour, particularly if within-farm movement, e.g. between grazing areas, can be reduced. However, larger reductions of labour, even within legal guidelines, could seriously endanger the welfare of individual sheep, though without great risks to productivity at flock or farm level. Thus considerable savings in labour might, in some circumstances, reduce costs and hence improve profitability.

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48

Blake, Adam. "Computable general equilibrium modelling and the evaluation of agricultural policy." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10336/.

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This thesis is concerned with computable general equilibrium modelling and evaluation of agricultural policy in a global context. Particular emphasis has been given to the EU's Common Agricultural Policy, reform of which was an important element in the successful conclusion of the Uruguay Round (UR), and which is to be subject to further reforms under Agenda 2000. Nevertheless, attention has also been given to modelling the effects of other Uruguay Round outcomes in manufactures and services, so that the reform of the CAP can be assessed within the liberalised global setting. Chapter 1 describes the UR agreement in general, and the Agricultural Agreement in detail. Chapter 2 discusses the construction of computable general equilibrium models. This informs the consideration given in Chapter 3 to the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model and to results from several papers that use the model for the analysis of the UR, as well as other UR CGE models. The GTAP version 2 database is examined in Chapter 4 (the latest version, released in June 1998, is covered in Chapter 7). Chapter 5 gives attention to the finer detail of the standard GTAP model, and describes the modifications and extensions made to this model, such as the modelling of partiallyspecific- factors and endogenous subsidy rates and a means of decomposing welfare changes in the GTAP model. Chapter 6 presents the resuUs from modelling the Uruguay Round with the aggregation and model developed in Chapters 4 and 5. The main resuUs for these simulations show that the global welfare gain and regional gains to the EU, the USA and Japan are comparable to studies discussed in Chapter 3. Chapters 7 and 8 use the most recent GTAP database, which gives wider coverage of regions, sectors and factors than the version used in earlier chapters. Chapter 7 augments the model of Chapter 5 with production quotas for milk and sugar, explicit modelling of compensation and headage payment, intervention prices and support buying, and detailed representation of the EU export subsidy commitments. Chapter 8 reports the resuUs of simulations using this in a model 'projected' to 2005. The main resuUs are that the UR leads to welfare losses in the EU, which are partially reduced through Agenda 2000, and that in all scenarios, the redistributional impacts of reforms are far greater than the overall welfare changes. Finally, Chapter 9 offers some conclusions and suggestions for future research.

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49

Roy, Tapan Kumar. "Determinants of employment, wages and income of agricultural labourers : a study of select villages in Uttar Dinajpur district of West Bengal." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1499.

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50

O'Connor, Helen. "Agricultural protectionism and multilateral trade negotiations in the GATT." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1994. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14302/.

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The 7 year long GATT Uruguay Round (UR) of trade negotiations saw the first concerted attempt to reform world trade in agricultural products which was badly distorted by government policies to support domestic fanners. From the outset agriculture was the single most divisive issue on the 15 point agenda, with conflicts between the USA and the EC severely hampering the reform process. This study provides a review, and analysis, of the alternative strategies proposed by the main participants in the UR, and the final UR settlement, agreed in December 1993; it also provides an examination of the policy options open to governments wishing to support farm incomes with minimal distortions to world markets. The main participants accepted relatively early in the Round that an Aggregate Measure of Support (AMS) would be needed to quantify the existing level of internal support and then monitor reductions in it. Differences of opinion as to the calculation of such an AMS existed until 1990 when the main participants proposed that the AMS be based on the DECO Producer Subsidy Equivalent (PSE), but adjusted for differing policy coverage and the method of measuring market price support. Therefore, the PSE and the changes to the PSE suggested by the major participants in the UR are examined, giving the un surprising conclusion that by 1990 the USA and Cairns Group (CG) of exporting countries were calling for a far greater reduction in agricultural support than the EC. In addition, the USA and CG required that there be separate reductions in border protection and export subsidisation while the Ee contended that an AMS should capture all agricultural policies so that separate commitments would not be required. A partial equilibrium, dynamic, stochastic simulation model, covering 7 main trading areas, for wheat is developed to examine this contention; using the EC's 1990 proposals for reform, it is found that a reduction in the AMS does lead to a commensurate fall in import tariffs, but not in export subsidisation. The final UR agreement is analysed, using the model developed previously to determine whether the commitments in each of the 3 areas (internal support, border protection and export subsidisation) are compatible, in the sense that the different targets can be met simultaneously. The conclusions of this analysis are that the EC and USA are likely to have considerable difficulty in meeting the commitment to reduce the quantity of subsidised exports if the current agricultural policies are continued. Finally, it is acknowledged that although a significant aim of the agreed UR programme is raising world prices above what they would otherwise have been, it also has the effect of limiting the policy options of governments wishing to provide income support to fanners. The analysis suggests that the need to meet the UR commitment on export subsidisation will force the USA to cut expenditure on the Export Enhancement Program, and the EC to reduce intervention prices further and increase the amount of effective set aside. In addition, the cost of the compensatory payments policy is likely to result in continued budgetary crises after 1996.

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Дисертації з теми "Agricultural labores"

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