Статті в журналах: "Agricultural chemicals"

1

Taylor, C. Robert, John B. Penson, Edward G. Smith, and Ronald D. Knutson. "Economic Impacts of Chemical Use Reduction on the South." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 23, no. 1 (July 1991): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200017763.

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A growing segment of society is concerned about a myriad of health and environmental issues related to the use of pesticides and other agricultural chemicals. Despite the leveling-off of agricultural chemical use in the 1980s, chemical use in agriculture has come to be seen as a two-edged sword. On the positive side, agricultural chemicals have become the engine for world-wide productivity gains. These chemicals have contributed to increased yields per acre and have reduced waste in storage and distribution. On the negative side, agricultural chemicals are perceived by many to present risks to the safety of the food we eat, to the quality of our drinking water, to the wildlife population, to applicators and to people who inadvertently come into point contact with them.

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2

Boxall, Alistair, Anthony Hardy, Sabine Beulke, Tatiana Boucard, Laura Burgin, Peter Falloon, Philip Haygarth, et al. "Impacts of climate change on indirect human exposure to pathogens and chemicals from agriculture." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 15, no. 3 (May 2010): 743–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-81232010000300017.

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Climate change is likely to affect the nature of pathogens/ chemicals in the environment and their fate and transport. We assess the implications of climate change for changes in human exposures to pathogens/chemicals in agricultural systems in the UK and discuss the effects on health impacts, using expert input and literature on climate change; health effects from exposure to pathogens/chemicals arising from agriculture; inputs of chemicals/pathogens to agricultural systems; and human exposure pathways for pathogens/chemicals in agricultural systems. We established the evidence base for health effects of chemicals/pathogens in the agricultural environment; determined the potential implications of climate change on chemical/pathogen inputs in agricultural systems; and explored the effects of climate change on environmental transport and fate of various contaminants. We merged data to assess the implications of climate change in terms of indirect human exposure to pathogens/chemicals in agricultural systems, and defined recommendations on future research and policy changes to manage adverse increases in risks.

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3

Wang, Z., S. Zheng, H. H. Wang, and S. Liang. "Determinants of agricultural chemical price in China’s export-oriented vegetable production area." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 56, No. 1 (January 29, 2010): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1/2009-agricecon.

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Agricultural chemicals may have an adverse impact on environment and food safety. The demand prices of such chemicals reveal farmers’ willingness to pay and their preferences. This article examines the determinants of the agricultural chemicals price in the export-oriented vegetable production area, Anqiu, Shandong Province, applying the Hedonic Price Model based on the spatial econometric technique to analyze the price. We find that the agricultural chemicals with a different shape and function have different equilibrium prices, and the chemical attributes of permeability, rainfastness, being a substitute of the highly poisonous chemical, having a zero residue, and the internal absorption can all influence the equilibrium prices remarkably. We also find that the prices of biological and non-pollution agricultural chemicals might not be higher than the ordinary agricultural chemicals with the same characteristics. These findings do not show a good sign to the new agricultural chemicals promotion and environmental protection, and should be brought to the government’s attention.

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4

Amalan, A. Adaikalaraj, and I. Arul Aram. "Media influence in agriculture practices and scopes for non-chemical agricultural messages." Communications in Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21924/chss.3.2.2023.51.

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Non-chemical agricultural methods can improve soil health, conserve ecology and enhance biodiversity, and are more sustainable. Media messages trigger a change in farmers’ attitudes that needs to be studied to understand their practices. This study used the Diffusion of Innovation theory to figure out how farmers accept chemicals in farming practices from the media and how the chemicals impact the environment. The objective is to understand how media influence farmers towards chemical fertilizers and pesticides, to find out which media has been widely used by farmers, and to find out which the popular medium has provided information about non-chemical agricultural methods (NCAM). A stratified sampling technique was used, and fifty small farmers were selected for the survey. The key findings suggested that effective media use by the farmers shift to agricultural practices now and then through media influences on that Non-Chemical Agricultural Methods (NCAM) messages are redefined through survey methodology.

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5

Plumlee, Konnie H. "Toxicosis from agricultural chemicals." Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice 1, no. 2 (June 2002): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/ctep.2002.34238.

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6

Bender, Jim. "Agricultural addiction." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 5, no. 4 (December 1990): 168–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300003623.

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AbstractImpediments to agricultural change extend beyond lack of appropriate research and the federal farm program to addiction to use of agricultural chemicals. Several recent trends in American agriculture have been caused by or have resulted in dependence on agricultural chemicals. They include the continuing separation of livestock from farms, farm size, separation of ownership and farming of the land, discontinuity of learned procedures, part-time farming, and certain aspects of noxious perennial weeds. This implies that prospects for agricultural change are related to the trends with which they are associated.

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7

Saparbayev, Abdizhapar, Aiymzhan Makulova, Assel Kaziyeva, Zaure Klyshbayeva, and Elmira Saparbayeva. "Optimization models for the use of agricultural aviation when performing chemical works." SHS Web of Conferences 107 (2021): 06001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110706001.

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The article discusses the optimization models for the use of agricultural aviation when performing chemical works. The question of determining the need of vehicles for the maintenance of agricultural work is of great national economic importance. Aviachemical method is firmly established in the technology of cultivation of grain crops. First of all, this is due to the fact that, compared to ground-based methods, the aero-chemical method of chemization of agriculture has a number of technical and economic advantages, including a higher quality and uniformity of chemicals, eliminates mechanical damage to crops, and less dependence on the physical and geographical conditions of the area, allows to obtain significant savings of chemicals and fuel, reduces the time of work.

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8

Antle, John M., and Susan M. Capalbo. "Physical and Economic Model Integration for Measurement of the Environmental Impacts of Agricultural Chemical Use." Northeastern Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 20, no. 1 (April 1991): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0899367x00002889.

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Chemical use in agriculture has, over the last fifty years, been the good, the bad, and the uncertain. By all accounts, agricultural productivity increased significantly in the last half century due in part to the introduction and expanded use of agricultural chemicals. More recently, however, some agricultural practices, including increased chemical use, are viewed as having a major impact on the larger ecosystem and as being an important source of environmental nonpoint pollution. Recent groundwater-monitoring programs in the United States sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have revealed contamination of underground water supplies by pesticides, nitrates, and other industrial organic chemicals. It has also been questioned whether the high rates of productivity growth that have characterized modern agriculture can be sustained with technologies that disrupt the ecosystem. While there is no doubt that production agriculture does affect the ecosystem, it is not obvious that these effects are necessarily widespread and deleterious to the environment or to long-run productivity, or, if they are, how they should be valued and traded-off with other social objectives.

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9

Song, Myoungki, Minwook Kim, Sea-Ho Oh, Chaehyeong Park, Moonsu Kim, Minsung Kim, Hyunji Lee, Seoyeong Choe, and Min-Suk Bae. "Influences of Organic Volatile Compounds on the Secondary Organic Carbon of Fine Particulate Matter in the Fruit Tree Area." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (September 3, 2021): 8193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11178193.

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Three combined investigations were conducted to examine the sources of PM2.5 in agricultural areas. The first was the measurement of PM2.5 and gaseous compounds in the greenhouse, which is a relatively closed system, while the second was the analysis of pesticide components used in agricultural areas. Finally, the physical and chemical properties of PM2.5 were analyzed in an orchard area and compared with the results of the greenhouse and agricultural chemical analyses. As a result, this research was able to confirm the source of emission and characteristics of PM2.5 originating from the agricultural area. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in agricultural areas are emitted by agricultural chemicals, and the discharged agricultural chemicals are first absorbed into the soil, and then released into the air by evaporation. Finally, the secondary products of PM2.5 in agricultural areas were estimated to have positive relationships with the VOCs from agricultural chemicals, and NH3 from fertilizers. The photochemical reactions of VOCs and NH3 were responsible for the impact on secondary products.

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10

G., R. V., and W. T. Thomson. "Agricultural Chemicals, Book IV. Fungicides." Mycologia 84, no. 2 (March 1992): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3760273.

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11

Miyahara, Sumihiko. "Application Techniques of Agricultural Chemicals." Journal of Pesticide Science 28, no. 3 (2003): 386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.28.386.

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12

Saito, Takeshi. "Application Techniques of Agricultural Chemicals." Journal of Pesticide Science 28, no. 3 (2003): 392–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.28.392.

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13

Gale, Allen E. "Accidental poisoning with agricultural chemicals." Medical Journal of Australia 149, no. 5 (September 1988): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb120622.x.

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14

Christophers, Allen J. "Accidental poisoning with agricultural chemicals." Medical Journal of Australia 150, no. 3 (February 1989): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1989.tb136411.x.

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15

Gale, Allen E. "Accidental poisoning with agricultural chemicals." Medical Journal of Australia 150, no. 3 (February 1989): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1989.tb136412.x.

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16

Maslowsky, Edward. "Agricultural chemicals for consumer use." Journal of Chemical Education 62, no. 9 (September 1985): 774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed062p774.

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17

Cornford, Clive. "Agricultural chemicals of the future." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 18, no. 3 (January 1987): 263–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(87)90090-9.

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18

Wang, Xueran, Hongguo Xie, Pei Wang, and Heng Yin. "Nanoparticles in Plants: Uptake, Transport and Physiological Activity in Leaf and Root." Materials 16, no. 8 (April 14, 2023): 3097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16083097.

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Due to their unique characteristics, nanoparticles are increasingly used in agricultural production through foliage spraying and soil application. The use of nanoparticles can improve the efficiency of agricultural chemicals and reduce the pollution caused by the use of agricultural chemicals. However, introducing nanoparticles into agricultural production may pose risks to the environment, food and even human health. Therefore, it is crucial to pay attention to the absorption migration, and transformation in crops, and to the interaction with higher plants and plant toxicity of nanoparticles in agriculture. Research shows that nanoparticles can be absorbed by plants and have an impact on plant physiological activities, but the absorption and transport mechanism of nanoparticles is still unclear. This paper summarizes the research progress of the absorption and transportation of nanoparticles in plants, especially the effect of size, surface charge and chemical composition of nanoparticle on the absorption and transportation in leaf and root through different ways. This paper also reviews the impact of nanoparticles on plant physiological activity. The content of the paper is helpful to guide the rational application of nanoparticles in agricultural production and ensure the sustainability of nanoparticles in agricultural production.

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19

Skelhorn, John, and Candy Rowe. "Frequency-dependent taste-rejection by avian predation may select for defence chemical polymorphisms in aposematic prey." Biology Letters 1, no. 4 (August 31, 2005): 500–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0359.

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Chemically defended insects advertise their unpalatability to avian predators using conspicuous aposematic coloration that predators learn to avoid. Insects utilize a wide variety of different compounds in their defences, and intraspecific variation in defence chemistry is common. We propose that polymorphisms in insect defence chemicals may be beneficial to insects by increasing survival from avian predators. Birds learn to avoid a colour signal faster when individual prey possesses one of two unpalatable chemicals rather than all prey having the same defence chemical. However, for chemical polymorphisms to evolve within a species, there must be benefits that allow rare chemical morphs to increase in frequency. Using domestic chicks as predators and coloured crumbs for prey, we provide evidence that birds taste and reject proportionally more of the individuals with rare defence chemicals than those with common defence chemicals. This indicates that the way in which birds attack and reject prey could enhance the survival of rare chemical morphs and select for chemical polymorphism in aposematic species. This is the first experiment to demonstrate that predators can directly influence the form taken by prey's chemical defences.

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20

Wu, Yiyun, Xican Xi, Xin Tang, Deming Luo, Baojing Gu, Shu Kee Lam, Peter M. Vitousek, and Deli Chen. "Policy distortions, farm size, and the overuse of agricultural chemicals in China." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 27 (June 18, 2018): 7010–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1806645115.

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Understanding the reasons for overuse of agricultural chemicals is critical to the sustainable development of Chinese agriculture. Using a nationally representative rural household survey from China, we found that farm size is a strong factor that affects the use intensity of agricultural chemicals across farms in China. Statistically, a 1% increase in farm size is associated with a 0.3% and 0.5% decrease in fertilizer and pesticide use per hectare (P < 0.001), respectively, and an almost 1% increase in agricultural labor productivity, while it only leads to a statistically insignificant 0.02% decrease in crop yields. The same pattern was also found using other independently collected data sources from China and an international panel analysis of 74 countries from the 1960s to the 2000s. While economic growth has been associated with increasing farm size in many other countries, in China this relationship has been distorted by land and migration policies, leading to the persistence of small farm size in China. Removing these distortions would decrease agricultural chemical use by 30–50% and the environmental impact of those chemicals by 50% while doubling the total income of all farmers including those who move to urban areas. Removing policy distortions is also likely to complement other remedies to the overuse problem, such as easing farmer’s access to modern technologies and knowledge, and improving environmental regulation and enforcement.

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21

Schoolman, Ethan D. "Do direct market farms use fewer agricultural chemicals? Evidence from the US census of agriculture." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 34, no. 5 (January 16, 2018): 415–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170517000758.

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AbstractAre strong local food systems better for the environment than conventional food systems where relatively close proximity between points of production and consumption is not a defining characteristic? Despite growing support for efforts to strengthen local food systems, surprisingly little is known about the relationship of local food to environmental sustainability. In particular, the relationship of local food systems to the use of agricultural chemicals to manage pests, weeds and disease has not been a subject of systematic research. In this paper, I use longitudinal data from the US Census of Agriculture to explore whether growth in local food systems is associated with decreased on-farm use of agricultural chemicals. Drawing on county-level data from 1997 to 2012, I find that an increase in the strength of local food systems—whether measured as the number of farms that market products directly to consumers, or as the total value of direct market products—has been broadly associated with a decrease in spending on agricultural chemicals in the USA as a whole. But the magnitude of the relationship between direct marketing to consumers and changes in agricultural chemical use has dwindled over time, to the point where it is not clear whether contemporary local food systems are still incentivizing farmers to reduce their use of pesticides. Overall, this study lends new credence to the idea that robust local food systems can benefit the environment. But even where just one dimension of agriculture's impact on the environment is concerned, the characteristics of local food systems appear to have varied over time—a qualification that argues strongly for further research into the relationship of local food to agricultural practice.

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22

MAEKAWA, Ken-ichi, Kensuke KAGAWA, Yasunari MATSUNO, Keiko TOMITA, Hiromi MOURI, Hiroo HATAKEYAMA, Naoki KATSUMURA, Masahiro YAMATOU, Osamu KAWAMURA, and Kazuo HASHIYAMA. "Four Cases of Agricultural Chemicals Poisoning." JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF RURAL MEDICINE 46, no. 1 (1997): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2185/jjrm.46.52.

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23

Yoneyama, Katsuyoshi. "A private view on agricultural chemicals." Journal of Pesticide Science 32, no. 4 (2007): 423–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.32.423.

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24

Adachi, Yoshinori, Hajime Aoyama, Kazuyoshi Ishikawa, Saori Ishimura, Yuichi Satsumi, Kazutaka Yokota, and Koichi Ozaki. "Development of Agricultural Chemicals Injection Robot." Journal of the Robotics Society of Japan 28, no. 7 (2010): 821–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7210/jrsj.28.821.

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25

Bingham, S. A. "Agricultural Chemicals in the Food Chain." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 82, no. 5 (May 1989): 311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107688908200526.

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26

Tillotson, Patti, and Don Goolsby. "Agricultural Chemicals and Water Quality Session." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 74, no. 39 (1993): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93eo00544.

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27

Manunayaka, G., and S. Ganesamoorthi. "Knowledge of Vegetable Growers on the Effects of Agricultural Chemicals." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 10 (August 22, 2023): 784–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i102716.

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The present study was conducted in Kolar district of Karnataka state during 2018-19 to understand the knowledge level of vegetable growers on the effects of agricultural chemicals. The data was collected from 120 vegetable growing farmers in Kolar and Malur talukas by applying simple random sampling technique and pretested interview schedule. Results revealed that more than forty per cent of the vegetable growers (42.50 %) possessed medium level of knowledge on the effects of agricultural chemicals, more than three fourth of the vegetable growers. (77.50 %) knew that taking bath using soap immediately after application of agricultural chemicals was a must, only 53.33 per cent. of the vegetable growers knew that red colour on the agricultural chemical container indicated extremely toxic level, sixty per cent of the vegetable growers knew that usage of same fertilizer for a long time reduces soil fertility, nearly seventy per cent of the vegetable growers (69.17 %) knew about importance of puncturing the pesticide bottle to prevent its reuse and burying it in the waste land as a safe method of disposal. The results of the study implies that still majority of the farmers were largely unaware of ill-effects of agro-chemicals on various entities like soil, underground water, water bodies, soil micro-organisms, natural predators as well as their personal health. This necessitates the extension agencies to sensitize farmers on optimum use of agro-chemicals for a sustainable farming and livelihood. Other variables like age, family size, annual income, size of land holding hardly associated with their knowledge on the effects of agricultural chemicals.

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28

Panda, Subhranshu, Padmini Priyadarsini, Ujju Kumara, Saket Mishra, Shashi Kant Ekka, Akhilesh Kushwaha, and Reena Kujur. "Review on Organic and Chemical Farming in Agricultural Sector." Asian Journal of Biology 20, no. 4 (March 1, 2024): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajob/2024/v20i4397.

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Present day healthy food is very important but farmers and market people are using more chemicals so that total recourses are polluted. Mainly farmers using more chemical fertilizer so that it is affected to soil, resource, human health, animals and plants. These all are polluted due to inorganic farming. The main objective of the study is to reduce chemical fertilizers for growing yields and also not use chemicals in marketing. So, that reduces diseases like cancer, heart attack, stroke and many other type of diseases. Improvement of organic yields is very important in that way to involve government and take initiative towards motivate the farmer to use organic fertilizers and also provide separate marketing for organic products and also encourage for government site to give more subsidies to organic farmer and also provide free certification. The paper explained what is the differences between organic and chemical farming and the main advantage of using organic farming and how organic farming save the environment and climate.

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29

Thiviya, Punniamoorthy, Niroshan Gunawardena, Ashoka Gamage, Terrence Madhujith, and Othmane Merah. "Apiaceae Family as a Valuable Source of Biocidal Components and their Potential Uses in Agriculture." Horticulturae 8, no. 7 (July 7, 2022): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8070614.

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Synthetic chemicals are used to protect crops and agricultural products, thereby producing high yields. However, intensive use of these synthetic chemicals significantly affects the environment and sustainable agriculture production. Moreover, direct or indirect exposure to these synthetic chemicals may cause acute or chronic toxicity in humans and animals. Due to their biodegradability, low toxicity, and being environmentally friendly, secondary metabolites derived from plant sources are being studied as a sustainable approach. Apiaceae family crops are a good source of bioactive phytochemicals. Many studies have found that Apiaceae extracts and essential oils possess various biocidal activities: antibacterial, antifungal, herbicidal, insecticidal or repellent, and larvicidal activities, among others. These various potent bioactivities make the Apiaceae an excellent alternative source for synthetic chemicals. In this context, the present review highlights the biocidal activities of some Apiaceae species and their potential applications in agriculture to protect the plant and agricultural products against pests, weeds, phytopathogens, and foodborne and food spoilage microorganisms.

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30

Quintero Rueda, Angie Johanna, Flor Marina Reinosa Ortiz, Katherin Dayana Ortiz Blandón, Luis Felipe Pinzón Rincon, and Carlos Alberto Gómez Cano. "Alternatives to agricultural production different from the traditional way." Management (Montevideo) 1 (December 11, 2023): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.62486/agma202310.

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Modern agricultural production is characterized by being responsible for the supply of food, fiber, active ingredients for the pharmaceutical industry and raw materials for a variety of industries, it is dedicated to the cultivation of the land in order to obtain products intended for human use and animal food, whose purpose is the production, breeding of plants and food, through crops or pastures, thus, agriculture benefits the family unit, workers, and people who consume part of it daily, In this case we are based on agricultural production alternatives different from the traditional way, this alternative agriculture is a system that, instead of using agricultural inputs, carries out specific practices depending on the characteristics of each ecosystem, they are alternative productions to the that enable the economic development of the region or provide added value to traditional productions, There are several types of agriculture in the world, such as traditional agriculture, natural agriculture, organic agriculture, industrial agriculture, among others, Alternative agriculture includes the use of vegetable or animal manure instead of chemical fertilizers, integrated pest management instead of chemical pesticides, which, by saving on chemicals, organic farmers obtain more income that contributes to developing the economy of the areas rural. It does not contaminate soil or water and consumes less energy than conventional agriculture, which benefits the environment

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31

Krampuža, Ilga. "THE ROLE OF BEES IN DEVELOPING A LEGAL FRAMEWORK." Latgale National Economy Research 1, no. 11 (October 15, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/lner2019vol1.11.4241.

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The research highlights the need for implementation of sustainable bee population protection. For example, uncontrolled or poorly controlled use of chemicals in agriculture has a direct impact not only on the bee life cycle, but also on the safety and sustainable development of the human environment and on environmental protection as a whole. The aim of the research is to highlight the need to limit and transparently control the use of chemicals in agricultural production in order to protect the safe living environment of humans through the legislation primarily aimed at protecting bees. The main methods used are statistical, systemic, analytical and comparative methods. It is proposed to raise public information activities, as well as to harmonize the regulatory enactments with the right to a favourable environment defined in the Constitution (Satversme) and to prohibit the use of poisonous chemical substances in agricultural production.

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32

Barszcz, Agnieszka, Ewa Siemianowska, Andrzej Wesołowski, Ewelina Kolankowska, and Dariusz Choszcz. "APPLYING OF CHEMICALS AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE." sj-economics scientific journal 22, no. 3 (October 31, 2016): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.58246/sjeconomics.v22i3.309.

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Conception of sustainable development, widely promoted in various industrial branches, is the most important in agriculture because this production must have wide access to the natural resources of the environment. The publication presents problem of chemicals application in agriculture in the context of sustainable development conception. Three aspects were discussed: fertilization, pesticides and veterinary drugs. Proper agricultural exploitation of soil should not degrade it and should not influence negatively the environment. Sensible fertilization should deliver enough nutrients to the plants and excess should not cumulate in the soil. Both fertilization and pesticides and veterinary drugs usage should be applied only when necessary because of economic and social purposes.

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33

Islam, M., MS Uddin, B. Islam, N. Islam, and HP Mazumdar. "Analytical Study of Influence of Chemical Agents in Agricultural Systems." GANIT: Journal of Bangladesh Mathematical Society 33 (January 13, 2014): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ganit.v33i0.17657.

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Modern day agriculture is dependent on the use of chemical agents for maximizing crop yield. This practice has perilous effects on the ecosystem if used in an unchecked manner. The present paper develops a mathematical model of an agricultural system that incorporates the cumulative effect of the chemical agents like pesticides, fertilizers etc. Dynamical behaviour of the system, such as boundedness, permanence and stability, are studied. Numerical simulations are carried out to study the changes in the behaviour of the system due to varying levels of potency of the chemicals. Based on these, an effort is made to determine the conditions necessary for a sustainable and productive agricultural system in presence of chemical agents. Applicability of the model in related scenarios is also discussed. GANIT J. Bangladesh Math. Soc. Vol. 33 (2013) 41-51 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ganit.v33i0.17657

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34

Manasa, Keesam, Basavaprabhu Jirli, B. Srishailam, and Golla Ravi. "A Critical Study on Availability of Agricultural Inputs with the Agri Input Dealers of Nagarkarnool and Wanaparthy Districts of Telangana State, India." Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology 41, no. 3 (March 3, 2023): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2023/v41i31858.

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Biggest discovery in the history of humanity was agriculture for basic livelihood of people to sustain this biggest development the quality supply of agricultural inputs to the farming community is essential because agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for about 58% of India’s population. Gross Value Added by agriculture, forestry, and fishing was estimated at Rs. 19.48 lakh crore (US$ 276.37 billion) in FY20. Share of agriculture and allied sectors in gross value added (GVA) of India at current prices stood at 20.2 % in FY20. (Source: National Statistical Office (NSO). Seeds are critical to successful crop production and inevitably, farm productivity and profitability. Fertilizer supplies nutrients to the soil that are essential for growth. Crop protection chemicals control weed species, harmful insects and plant diseases that affect crops. Technical knowledge and Machinery enhance human labor effectiveness and increase farm productivity. Farm information helps the farmer to identify efficiencies that lead to higher productivity and profitability through achieving cost minimization and profit maximization. The study was carried out in the districts of Nagarkurnool and Wanaparthy of Telangana. A total of 60 input dealers were selected from the two districts based on Simple random sampling method. majority of the input dealers deal with medium range of agricultural inputs (55.00 per cent) Input dealers are dealing with combination of agricultural inputs and also various groups of plant protection chemicals based on their chemical classification are noticed to be sold by the input dealers during the study.

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35

Han, Chunxiao, Jingxu Yang, Xiaohou Zhou, Peng Yun, Xue Li, Dehua Xu, Yanjun Zhong, Benhe Zhong, Zhengjuan Yan, and Xinlong Wang. "Fulvic–polyphosphate composite embedded in ZnO nanorods (FA–APP@ZnO) for efficient P/Zn nutrition for peas (Pisum sativum L.)." RSC Advances 12, no. 51 (2022): 33008–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra05480a.

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36

Gillespie, Gilbert W., and Frederick H. Buttel. "Understanding farm operator opposition to government regulation of agricultural chemicals and Pharmaceuticals: The role of social class, objective interests, and ideology." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 4, no. 1 (March 1989): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300002575.

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AbstractThis study seeks to identify the social factors related to opposition to government regulation of agricultural chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Analysis of data from a 1982 survey of farm operators in New York State shows that, in contrast to much of the literature that represents farmers as being almost universally opposed to regulation, farm operators' orientations toward government regulation of these substances vary considerably. Indicators of the class status or position of farm operators were found to be directly related to opposition to regulation. Willingness to assume risk and the importance placed by farm operators on making profit were also directly related to opposition to regulation, while farm men's off-farm work, cynicism toward agribusiness, non-economic orientation toward agriculture, perceptions of potential side effects of agricultural chemicals and drugs, and liberal political attitudes were inversely related to opposition to regulation. The results of a multivariate analysis suggest that farmer opposition to government regulation of agricultural chemicals is primarily due to farmer ideology and has little relationship with whether farmers actually use these chemicals.

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AOYAMA, Hajime, Kazuyoshi ISHIKAWA, Junya SEKI, Yoshinori ADACHI, Saori ISHIMURA, Yuichi SATSUMI, and Asami TAKAHASHI. "1A1-B04 Practical Agricultural Chemicals Injection Robot(Robotics and Mechatronics in Agriculture)." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2011 (2011): _1A1—B04_1—_1A1—B04_4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2011._1a1-b04_1.

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38

Quandt, Sara, Thomas Arcury, Colin Austin, and Rosa Saavedra. "Farmworker and Farmer Perceptions of Farmworker Agricultural Chemical Exposure in North Carolina." Human Organization 57, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.57.3.n26161776pgg7371.

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Agricultural chemicals pose health risks for farmworkers engaged in cultivating and harvesting crops. In a project to develop culturally appropriate interventions to reduce farmworker exposure to agricultural chemicals, formative research used in-depth interviews and focus groups to elicit beliefs and knowledge about exposure from farmers and migrant and seasonal farmworkers in North Carolina. Farmworkers were concerned about acute effects they attributed to exposure and had little knowledge of long-term effects of low-level exposure. They believe that some individuals are inherently more susceptibility to the health effects of exposure than others; most do not recognize the skin as a site of chemical absorption. They report instances of exposure that reflect the power relationships with farmers, indicating that lack of knowledge is not the only issue that must be addressed in an intervention. Farmers believe that farmworkers are not exposed to chemicals because they do not mix or apply chemicals. Such a belief is consistent with the training received by farmers. The PRECEDE-PROCEED planning model is used to identify predisposing and reinforcing factors on which an effective intervention should focus.

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39

Barden, Graeme. "Regulation of Microbial Organisms in Australia – A Technical Overview." Phytoprotection 79, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/706150ar.

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The National Registration Authority for Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals (NRA) is the regulatory body responsible for the coordinated registration, regulation and review of agricultural and veterinary (agvet) chemicals up to and including the point of retail sale. This role is defined by the Agvet Code, 1994. Each of Australia's eight states and territories retains its own jurisdictional controls over the use of agricultural and veterinary products. The NRA may issue permits to exercise control over research agricultural and veterinary (agvet) chemicals. Under defined emergency conditions, the NRA can also issue "emergency use" permits, and can approve the use of agvet chemicals for minor uses that do not normally appear on product labels, and would otherwise be illegal. The Existing Chemicals Review Program of the NRA reviews registered agvet chemical products to ensure that they meet contemporary standards for efficacy, safety and health, and pose no undue risk to the environment or trade. Recently reviewed chemicals include atrazine, metham sodium, endosulfan and ethylene dibromide, and certain changes to their registration and labelling are being implemented. Several other chemicals are currently under review. The Special Review Program allows the NRA to review registered agvet products if there are any special issues arising that may alter the terms of their original registration. Current challenges to the NRA include the management of insecticide and weed resistance, particularly in relation to the regulation of genes expressing insecticides and herbicide tolerance. Specific guidelines for the registration of microbiological products are currently being reviewed. Issues relating to the release of microbial organisms into existing agricultural Systems and environments require considered risk assessment prior to any approval. Macrobiological control agents are specifically excluded from regulation by the NRA. They may, however, be regulated under other pieces of legislation.

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40

Hokanson, R., R. Fudge, R. Chowdhary, and D. Busbee. "Alteration of estrogen-regulated gene expression in human cells induced by the agricultural and horticultural herbicide glyphosate." Human & Experimental Toxicology 26, no. 9 (September 2007): 747–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327107083453.

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Gene expression is altered in mammalian cells (MCF-7 cells), by exposure to a variety of chemicals that mimic steroid hormones or interact with endocrine receptors or their co-factors. Among those populations chronically exposed to these endocrine disruptive chemicals are persons, and their families, who are employed in agriculture or horticulture, or who use agricultural/horticultural chemicals. Among the chemicals most commonly used, both commercially and in the home, is the herbicide glyphosate. Although glyphosate is commonly considered to be relatively non-toxic, we utilized in vitro DNA microarray analysis of this chemical to evaluate its capacity to alter the expression of a variety of genes in human cells. We selected a group of genes, determined by DNA microarray analysis to be dysregulated, and used quantitative real-time PCR to corroborate their altered states of expression. We discussed the reported function of those genes, with emphasis on altered physiological states that are capable of initiating adverse health effects that might be anticipated if gene expression were significantly altered in either adults or embryos exposed in utero. Human & Experimental Toxicology (2007) 26, 747— 752

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Li, Simeng, Gang Chen, and Aavudai Anandhi. "Applications of Emerging Bioelectrochemical Technologies in Agricultural Systems: A Current Review." Energies 11, no. 11 (October 29, 2018): 2951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11112951.

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Background: Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) are emerging energy-effective and environment-friendly technologies. Different applications of BESs are able to effectively minimize wastes and treat wastewater while simultaneously recovering electricity, biohydrogen and other value-added chemicals via specific redox reactions. Although there are many studies that have greatly advanced the performance of BESs over the last decade, research and reviews on agriculture-relevant applications of BESs are very limited. Considering the increasing demand for food, energy and water due to human population expansion, novel technologies are urgently needed to promote productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: This review study is based on an extensive literature search regarding agriculture-related BES studies mainly in the last decades (i.e., 2009–2018). The databases used in this review study include Scopus, Google Scholar and Web of Science. The current and future applications of bioelectrochemical technologies in agriculture have been discussed. Findings/Conclusions: BESs have the potential to recover considerable amounts of electric power and energy chemicals from agricultural wastes and wastewater. The recovered energy can be used to reduce the energy input into agricultural systems. Other resources and value-added chemicals such as biofuels, plant nutrients and irrigation water can also be produced in BESs. In addition, BESs may replace unsustainable batteries to power remote sensors or be designed as biosensors for agricultural monitoring. The possible applications to produce food without sunlight and remediate contaminated soils using BESs have also been discussed. At the same time, agricultural wastes can also be processed into construction materials or biochar electrodes/electrocatalysts for reducing the high costs of current BESs. Future studies should evaluate the long-term performance and stability of on-farm BES applications.

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42

Jones, Russell L. "Use of Modeling in Developing Label Restrictions for Agricultural Chemicals." Weed Technology 6, no. 3 (September 1992): 683–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00036058.

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The movement and degradation of agricultural chemicals in soil and groundwater is a complex process, influenced by climatic conditions, site characteristics, chemical properties, and agricultural practices. Because of this complexity, mechanistic models are useful tools in evaluating environmental fate. Although currently available unsaturated zone models often do not provide accurate concentration profiles when compared with field measurements, they can be used to estimate the depth and extent of movement. Another application of modeling is to compare predicted movement under different simulation conditions to determine the significance of the various factors affecting the behavior of agricultural chemicals. When properly designed and interpreted, modeling studies can contribute to the understanding of the environmental fate of agricultural chemicals. When necessary, modeling can also be useful in developing management practices included on the label or in state regulations. Modeling has been a frequently used tool in developing restrictions for minimizing the movement of aldicarb residues into groundwater and preventing residues in drinking water. Examples of model use include optimizing application timing, estimating well setback distances, and identifying vulnerable soils.

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43

OKUDAIRA, Hiromi. "The state of agricultural chemicals in Japan." Nishi Nihon Hifuka 49, no. 2 (1987): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2336/nishinihonhifu.49.222.

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44

THAYER, ANN M. "Floods, Drought Buffet Volatile Agricultural Chemicals Market." Chemical & Engineering News 71, no. 39 (September 27, 1993): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v071n039.p015.

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Ray, Chittaranjan, T. W. David Soong, George S. Roadcap, and Deva K. Borah. "Agricultural chemicals: effects on wells during floods." Journal - American Water Works Association 90, no. 7 (July 1998): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1998.tb08472.x.

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46

Bhattacharyya, P. N., M. P. Goswami, and L. H. Bhattacharyya. "Perspective of beneficial microbes in agriculture under changing climatic scenario: a review." Journal of Phytology 8 (May 14, 2016): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.19071/jp.2016.v8.3022.

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<p>Agriculture is a complex network of interactions of plants with microorganisms. There is a growing demand for ecologically compatible environment friendly technique in agriculture that might be able to provide adequate supply of nutrients for the increasing human populations through improvement of the quality and quantity of agricultural products. Under the changing climatic scenario of global fluxes of the key biogenic greenhouse gases (CO<sub>2</sub>, methane and nitrous oxide), and some other environmental problems, the application of beneficial microorganisms in agriculture would serve as an important alternative gateway to some of the traditional agricultural techniques. Microorganisms of agricultural importance represent key ecological strategy for integrated management practices like nutrient management, disease and pest management in order to reduce the use of chemicals in agriculture as well to improve cultivar performance. The present review is intended to focus on the emergence of agriculturally important microorganisms (AIMs) to develop an ideal agricultural system through efficient utilization of nutrients and recycling of energy and thereby to preserve the natural ecosystem resources under climate change. The progress to date in using the beneficial microflora in a variety of applications related to agriculture along with key mechanism of action is also discussed in this review.</p>

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Trivedi, Reena. "CHANGING AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AND IT’S SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES." SCHOLARLY RESEARCH JOURNAL FOR HUMANITY SCIENCE AND ENGLISH LANGUAGE 9, no. 46 (March 25, 2021): 11289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21922/srjhsel.v9i46.1536.

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Agricultural technology advancements are continuously taking place in India, as the progress of agricultural sector directly impacts a major proportion of population and its living condition. Farmers are interested to adopt new inventions and technologies in agriculture. Modern agricultural practices are significantly affecting human health and environment. The release of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are adversely affecting biodiversity and increasing air, water and soil pollution. Agricultural residue management, use of pesticides and insecticides, inorganic manure, chemical fertilizers leads to harmful effect on human health and increasing environmental pollution. Recent agriculture trends emphasizes on enhancing agricultural production in terms of quantity in less time, overlooking its adverse affects. In this paper we have analyzed the negative effects of modern agricultural practices on human health and environment. It leads to decline in soil fertility, loss of biodiversity, climate change, air, water and soil pollution, environmental degradation etc. Our farmers are now adopting modern agricultural techniques, using chemical fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, expanding irrigation facilities, using high yielding varieties of seeds, modern machines, varying crop sequences etc. But these efforts of expanding food supply in less time is taking place at the cost of human health and environment degradation. Spray of harmful chemicals on crops not only pollutes underground water and air but also bad for human and animal health. Non harmonious, unwise and unsustainable agricultural practices have a considerable impact on environment and also harmful for living beings.

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DO PICO, Guillermo A. "Lung (Agricultural/Rural)." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 114, no. 2 (February 1996): 212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-59989670168-7.

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Industrialization of farming, animal raising, and forestry has added chemical and mechanical hazards that need to be recognized and prevented. Lung disease among farmworkers can result from a wide variety of hazardous exposures, which include organic dusts, allergens, chemicals, toxic gases, and infectious agents. In addition to nonspecific symptoms of mucous membrane irritation, farmworkers can experience occupational asthma or bronchitis, organic dust toxic syndrome, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, silo filler's disease (toxic hemorrhagic pulmonary edema), and neuromuscular respiratory failure. At risk are farmworkers and those involved in the processing, stocking, transportation, handling, and inspection of unprocessed agricultural, animal, and forestry products; veterinarians; gardeners; game, river, and forest keepers; persons involved in building, supplying, or servicing farm operations; and residents of rural communities. Worker education on the risks of environmental exposures, adherence to safety regulations, and increased knowledge of the cause and prevention of environmental diseases will reduce their prevalence and their adverse human and animal health and socioeconomic effects.

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Hallberg, George R. "Agricultural chemicals in ground water: Extent and implications." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 2, no. 1 (1987): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300001405.

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AbstractThe accelerated use of agricultural chemicals over the past 20–30 years has increased production and generally has been profitable, but it has also had an adverse impact on ground water quality in many major agricultural areas. The contamination of ground water, related to nitrogen fertilizers and pesticides, from widespread, routine land application, as well as from point sources has become a serious concern. Ground water contamination also impairs surface water quality. Research, world-wide, has shown increases in NO3-N in ground water concurrent with major increases in N-fertilization. Many shallow ground water supplies now exceed recommended NO3-N drinking water standards. While many sources contribute N into the environment, synthetic fertilizers have become the major component. There are clear economic incentives to improve management; harvested crops often account for less than 50 percent of the purchased fertilizer inputs. Pesticides are appearing in ground water with unanticipated frequency, and while their concentrations are generally below acute toxic levels, many are of concern for possible chronic effects. Such widespread contamination is of real concern because of the potential for long-term and widespread exposure of the public through drinking water. Surveys of farmers indicate a desire to improve management practices and reduce chemical inputs. Promoting the principles of alternative, sustainable agriculture is a necessary element in the resolution of these problems.

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Abler, David G., and James S. Shortle. "The Political Economy of Water Quality Protection from Agricultural Chemicals." Northeastern Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 20, no. 1 (April 1991): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0899367x00002865.

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Growing evidence of surface-water and groundwater contamination has led to demands for federal and state water quality protection policies. Agriculture will be an important target of such policies. Numerous instances of surface-water and groundwater contamination by pesticides and fertilizers have been recorded, and one study estimates that the drinking water of 50 million people in the U.S. is potentially contaminated by agricultural chemicals (Hallberg, Nielsen and Lee).

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