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1
Anderson, Susan D. "“Latter-Day Slavery”." California History 97, no. 4 (2020): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2020.97.4.137.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
My research highlights little-known aspects of African American participation in the mobilization on behalf of women’s suffrage in California, an issue of vital importance to African Americans. The history of suffrage in the United States is marked by varying degrees of denial of voting rights to African Americans. In California, African Americans were pivotal participants in three major suffrage campaigns. Based on black women’s support for the Fifteenth Amendment, which granted black men the right to vote, black men and women formed a critical political alliance, one in which black men almost universally supported black women’s suffrage. Black women began and continued their activism on behalf of male and female voting rights, not as an extension of white-led suffrage campaigns, but as an expression of African American political culture. African Americans—including black women suffragists—developed their own political culture, in part, to associate with those of similar culture and life experiences, but also because white-led suffrage organizations excluded black members. Black politics in California reflected African Americans’ confidence in black women as political actors and their faith in their own independent efforts to secure the franchise for both black men and women.
2
Anderson, Susan D. "“Latter-Day Slavery”." California History 97, no. 4 (2020): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2020.97.4.137.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
My research highlights little-known aspects of African American participation in the mobilization on behalf of women’s suffrage in California, an issue of vital importance to African Americans. The history of suffrage in the United States is marked by varying degrees of denial of voting rights to African Americans. In California, African Americans were pivotal participants in three major suffrage campaigns. Based on black women’s support for the Fifteenth Amendment, which granted black men the right to vote, black men and women formed a critical political alliance, one in which black men almost universally supported black women’s suffrage. Black women began and continued their activism on behalf of male and female voting rights, not as an extension of white-led suffrage campaigns, but as an expression of African American political culture. African Americans—including black women suffragists—developed their own political culture, in part, to associate with those of similar culture and life experiences, but also because white-led suffrage organizations excluded black members. Black politics in California reflected African Americans’ confidence in black women as political actors and their faith in their own independent efforts to secure the franchise for both black men and women.
3
Michalowski, Kristin M., Jay A. Gold, Debra L. Morse, and Joseph N. Bluestein. "Reducing Disparities in Lipid Testing for African-Americans with Diabetes: Interim Report." Journal of Health and Human Services Administration 26, no. 3 (September 2003): 363–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107937390302600304.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Health care disparities exist throughout the United States. MetaStar, the Quality Improvement Organization (QIO) for Wisconsin, has developed a project designed to define, study, and reduce an identifiable health care disparity in Wisconsin. A disparity of 17% exists between the rate that African-American Medicare beneficiaries with diabetes and non-African-American Medicare beneficiaries receive lipid panel tests in Wisconsin. This article reviews the various methods that MetaStar has used to learn about this disparity, the African-American community, and the providers who serve this population. In addition, interventions developed from the information gathered through the learning activities are briefly described.
4
Gidlow, Liette. "THE SEQUEL: THE FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT, THE NINETEENTH AMENDMENT, AND SOUTHERN BLACK WOMEN'S STRUGGLE TO VOTE." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 17, no. 3 (July 2018): 433–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781418000051.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This essay reframes both the woman suffrage narrative and narratives of African American voting rights struggles by focusing on the experiences of southern African American women between the 1870s and the 1920s. It argues that the Fifteenth Amendment remained central to their suffrage strategy long after the failure of the “New Departure” to win court sanction caused white suffragists to abandon it. As white supremacists in the South worked at the turn of the century to disfranchise black men, leading African American suffragists such as Mary Church Terrell, Gertrude Bustill Mossell, and Adella Hunt Logan called for the enforcement of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments as well as the enfranchisement of black women. After the federal woman suffrage amendment was ratified in 1920, many southern African American women encountered the same barriers to voting—obstructionist tactics, threats, and violence—that black men had faced a generation earlier. In short, for aspiring African American voters in the South, the failure of the Nineteenth Amendment to secure voting rights for black women constituted a sad sequel to the failure of the Fifteenth Amendment to secure voting rights for black men.This interpretation offers three significant interventions. It pairs the Reconstruction-era Amendments with the Nineteenth Amendment, recognizing their shared focus on voting rights. It connects the voting rights struggles of southern African Americans across genders and generations. Finally, it finds that, for some women, the canonical “century of struggle” for voting rights continued long after the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified.
5
Pruitt, John. "History, Hollywood, and the Hood: Challenging Racial Assumptions in Rural Central Wisconsin." Teaching English in the Two-Year College 35, no. 1 (September 1, 2007): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.58680/tetyc20076514.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In light of research on diversity learning and teaching, an introductory course on cinematic depictions of African Americans taught at a predominately white, rural university campus leads students to see the impact of history and Hollywood on their own local and statewide communities.
6
Oneil Thomas, Dorell. "Beyond Disciplinary Drama: Federal Dollars, ESL Instruction for African Americans, and Public Memory." College Composition & Communication 73, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 52–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.58680/ccc202131587.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A 1969 English 101 class at the University of Wisconsin, where linguists used ESL pedagogy to teach Black American students, has dense connections to the Dartmouth Conference. This work recovers a matrix of related linguists who did not disclose their interest in defining who qualifies as a native English speaker.
7
Stinson, Jennifer Kirsten. "Black Bondspeople, White Masters and Mistresses, and the Americanization of the Upper Mississippi River Lead District." Journal of Global Slavery 1, no. 2-3 (2016): 165–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405836x-00102002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
African Americans inhabited a multicultural spectrum of bondage and resistance in the antebellum Illinois-Wisconsin lead district. Contests between early Upper Mississippi River Valley Native American, French, and British inhabitants first forced bondspeople into the lead country. There, overlapping US and French practices of bondage and lengthy race-based indentures made a mockery of the Northwest Ordinance that forbade slavery, consigning black men and women to outright slavery at worst or a liminal, limited freedom at best. Bondage fractured families and imposed arduous mining and domestic labor upon African Americans. Simultaneously, it underpinned white Americans’ bids for supremacy in the region, making elite masculinity, protecting whiteness, promoting political advancement, and civilizing the “wilderness” in the process. In response to the miseries inflicted upon them, bondspeople pursued courtroom resistance and sought extralegal respite through religion and within military culture. Too often, their efforts yielded disappointment or devastation. Freedom eluded most until 1850.
8
Swanson, Kara W. "Inventing the Woman Voter: Suffrage, Ability, and Patents." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 19, no. 4 (August 7, 2020): 559–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781420000316.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractIn 1870, the New York State Suffrage Association published a pamphlet titled “Woman as Inventor.” White suffragists distributed this history of female invention to prove women's inventiveness, countering arguments that biological disabilities justified women's legal disabilities. In the United States, inventiveness was linked to the capacity for original thought considered crucial for voters, making female inventiveness relevant to the franchise. As women could and did receive patents, activists used them as government certification of female ability. By publicizing female inventors, counting patents granted to women, and displaying women's inventions, they sought to overturn the common wisdom that women could not invent and prove that they had the ability to vote. Although partially successful, these efforts left undisturbed the equally common assertion that African Americans could not invent. White suffragists kept the contemporary Black woman inventor invisible, relegating the technological creations of women of color to a primitive past. White suffragists created a feminist history of invention, in words and objects, that reinforced white supremacy—another erasure of Black women, whose activism white suffragists were eager to harness, yet whose public presence they sought to minimize in order to keep the woman voter, like the woman inventor, presumptively white.
9
Childress, Micah. "LIFE BEYOND THE BIG TOP: AFRICAN AMERICAN AND FEMALE CIRCUSFOLK, 1860–1920." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 15, no. 2 (June 19, 2015): 176–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781415000250.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
At the turn of the twentieth century, most Americans celebrated the arrival of a circus. Circus Day had become a local holiday that brought together ethnicities, races, and classes (of both genders) that did not usually assemble at the same place and time. Within the circus itself, however, race and gender provided boundaries and fostered acrimony. The racism and segregation of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries could be found aboard any circus train and throughout every show lot. African Americans were relegated to certain jobs, segregated within those jobs, and usually paid less than their white counterparts. The show's scheduled route often took them into areas in which they experienced the racial volatility typical of the era. Although the public perception of circus employment often produced thoughts of travel and fun adventures, African American circusfolk endured harsh treatment, low pay, and vile racism.For African Americans, the work environment at a circus reflected the national social atmosphere, but female circus employees encountered conditions that most other women were not afforded. Indeed, female employees were confined to one or two train cars and lived under specific rules about when (or even if) they could entertain guests. Yet circus employment provided women with the ability to leave the restraints of the home during the height of Victorian domesticity, as well as the even rarer opportunity to outearn their male counterparts. Moreover, employment under the big top gave circuswomen a public platform to advocate for suffrage.
10
Hayduk, Ron, Marcela Garcia-Castañon, and Vedika Bhaumik. "Exploring The Complexities of “Alien Suffrage” in American Political History." Journal of American Ethnic History 43, no. 2 (January 1, 2024): 70–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/19364695.43.2.03.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Although historians and political scientists have long acknowledged the significant place of immigrants in American political history, the role of “alien suffrage” has not been well appreciated, and gaps remain in the scholarship about the nature of its practice. How extensively was “alien voting” practiced and what were its effects? This study addresses these questions by examining eleven of the forty states that allowed non-citizens to vote before obtaining citizenship. These states, located in the Midwest, South and West, were selected because immigrants comprised a significant proportion of their total population and allowed alien suffrage for an extended period of time (1848–1920). We develop estimates of non-citizen voters and examine ethnic voting patterns in these states to gauge their impacts on partisan dynamics in gubernatorial elections. Our findings show non-citizens voted and factored into election outcomes, furthering the incorporation of European immigrants. We also shed light on the unsavory side of alien suffrage, which contributed to a form of settler colonialism and functioned to block or delay the enfranchisement of African Americans and women. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of these findings for our understanding of immigrant political incorporation in American political history, as well as for contemporary debates about the revival of the legal practice of non-citizen voting in the United States.
11
Margolis, David A., Mary Eapen, Jeanette Carreras, Julie-An Talano, Meghen Browning, and James Casper. "The Role of Race on Survival after Alternative Donor Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Transplant for Pediatric Acute Leukemia: Provocative Single Center Data." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 5323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.5323.5323.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Allogeneic blood or bone marrow transplant (BMT) can be a curative treatment for many children and adolescents with acute leukemia. With advances in unrelated donor transplant, others and we have shown that unrelated donor BMT can have similar survival to matched sibling BMT. There are several reports describing outcomes after matched related donor transplantation among various ethnic groups. Thus far, there are no published studies comparing outcomes among ethnic groups after alternative donor transplantation. Anecdotally, however, there have been concerns regarding outcomes among racial and ethnic groups, especially African-Americans. In order to address this question, we utilized our institutional database to analyze survival among children and adolescents receiving an alternative donor BMT at Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin from 1988-present. We compared survival in Caucasians and African-Americans undergoing unrelated donor and mismatched related donor transplantation (including haploidentical donors). One hundred and twenty four Caucasians underwent matched and mismatched unrelated donor transplantation compared to 11 African Americans. The 2-year probabilities of overall survival were significantly better for Caucasians at 53% (95% CI 44–62) than for African Americans, 18% (95% CI 2–45), p=0.01. Fifty-four Caucasians and 9 African Americans received mismatched family donor transplantation. Corresponding probabilities of overall 2-year survival were 38% (95% CI 25–51) and 30% (95% CI 5–64), respectively. Interestingly, our data show no statistically significant difference in survival after mismatched related donor transplantation between the Caucasian and African-American cohorts. Our data should be interpreted cautiously as the number of African Americans transplanted at our institution is few. Additionally, our analysis is limited by our inability to adjust for disease status at transplantation, HLA disparity and other known risk factors that may impact survival. Nevertheless these observations from a single institution cannot be ignored and warrant further analysis in a larger cohort such that outcomes after transplantation may be adjusted appropriately for relevant risk factors. We believe that a national database/registry study will have the numbers necessary to answer the questions that need to be asked regarding outcomes with alternative donor transplantation in the African-American population. We also believe that as cell processing and supportive care technologies improve mismatched family member transplantation outcomes, these advances could have a significant impact in improving leukemia-free survival for African-American children and adolescents.
12
Buckley, Thomas E. "“A Great Religious Octopus”: Church and State at Virginia's Constitutional Convention, 1901–1902." Church History 72, no. 2 (June 2003): 333–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000964070009987x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A hundred years ago Virginia drafted a new state constitution designed to disfranchise African American voters. That objective was transparent from the outset of the convention. As John Goode, the presiding officer, assumed his seat, he called black suffrage “a great crime against civilization and Christianity.” At the age of seventy-two, Goode was the grand old man of the convention. A graduate of the University of Virginia and life-long Democrat, he had served in the state legislature, the Secession Convention of 1861, the Confederate legislature, and the U.S. House of Representatives before his appointment as Solicitor General of the United States in 1885. Goode reflected the mentality of the vast majority of convention delegates when he stated that African Americans were incapable of education or citizenship. “The omniscient Ruler of the Universe … made [them] inferior,” he proclaimed, and sometime in the future, when the North knew better, the Fifteenth Amendment would be repealed.
13
Rivell, Guillermo L., Jenny H. Petkova, Karim Tazi, Milos Budisavljevic, Luciano J. Costa, and Robert K. Stuart. "The Influence of Race and ADAMTS13 Status On Outcomes in Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura." Blood 120, no. 21 (November 16, 2012): 4638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.4638.4638.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Abstract 4638 Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), a syndrome characterized by thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia due to deficiency of the von Willebrand factor cleaving protease ADAMTS13, was once a highly fatal condition, but therapeutic plasma exchange (PEX) has dramatically improved outcomes. We report the results of a retrospective chart review of TTP patients treated with PEX at our institution from September 2006 through December 2011. Complete demographic, clinical, laboratory, treatment, and response data were collected to examine the influence of race on clinical outcomes. A total of 49 patients were treated for TTP. This cohort was predominantly female (71%) and African American (61%). Three patients were of Hispanic ethnicity. The median age was 50 years (14–81), and the median number of comorbidities at presentation was 4 (range 0–14). Assays for ADAMTS13 activity with reflex to ADAMTS13 inhibitor were performed by the Blood Center of Wisconsin. All patients were treated with PEX (1–1.5 plasma volume using fresh frozen plasma as replacement fluid) once daily until plateau in the platelet count, and then PEX frequency was tapered over 2 weeks in remitting patients. The median number of PEX procedures for the first episode was 8 (1–22). The median total PEX for all episodes was 9 (1–56). The majority of patients, 37 (75.5%), received corticosteroids, and rituximab was administered to 19 (38.8%) of patients at some point during their treatment, usually for slow response or relapse. An initial response to PEX, defined by normalization of platelet count (above 140×109/L) and resolution of signs of hemolysis, was achieved in 36/49 (73.5%) patients. The response rate was not significantly different between African Americans (73.3%) and Caucasians (68.8%, p=0.742), and all 3 Hispanic patients responded to initial treatment. Pre-treatment ADAMTS13 activity was severely deficient (<10% of normal) in 20/39 (51.3%) patients. An inhibitor of ADAMTS 13 was detected (>0.4 Inhibitor Units) in 19/23 (82.6%) patients tested. African Americans were more likely to have severely deficient ADAMTS13 activity (16/25, 64%) than Caucasians (2/13, 15.4%; p=0.004). The initial response rate was higher in patients with severely deficient ADAMTS 13 activity (90.0%) in comparison to those with >10% activity (68.4%), however the difference did not reach statistical significance (p=0.067). Of the patients with severely deficient ADAMTS 13 activity and detectable inhibitor levels, 89.5% had an initial response to PEX. All four patients with severely deficient ADAMTS 13 activity but undetectable inhibitor levels also responded to PEX. The total number of relapse events was 16 (32.7%), and the median time to relapse was 19.4 months. All three Hispanic patients, 4 (25%) Caucasians, and 9 (30%) African Americans relapsed. One-year relapse free survival was similar among Caucasians and African Americans at 72% and 75% respectively (p=0.852). All three Hispanic patients relapsed within the first year. One-year overall survival was similar for Caucasians and African Americans at 81.3% and 83.3% respectively (p=0.968). A total of 10 deaths were documented. The causes of death were relapse of TTP (3/10), sepsis (4/10), GI bleeding (2/10), and unknown etiology (1/10). In this unusual TTP cohort with 61% African Americans, we found that African Americans were more likely to have severely deficient ADAMTS13 activity than Caucasians, but response to PEX, relapse, and survival for Caucasian and African Americans were very similar. This study also supports pre-treatment assays for ADAMTS13 activity and its inhibitor, not only for the diagnosis of TTP, but also for predicting response to PEX therapy. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Xu, Zengwang, and John Logan. "Vulnerability to COVID-19 Infection in Milwaukee." International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijagr.304890.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study focuses on variation of the prevalence rate of COVID-19 over time by age and race/ethnicity, and how neighborhood social vulnerability affects the COVID-19 prevalence in the whole epidemic as well as its three consecutive sub-waves in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. It found that the highest prevalence rate was for young adults (18-44). Hispanics and Asians were more likely to be infected than were non-Hispanic whites and African Americans. The high neighborhood social vulnerability was associated with greater risk of infection especially for persons over age 25, for Hispanics and Asians. High prevalence rates were significantly and strongly associated with all major factors of the social vulnerability in early stage of the pandemic, especially with the factor associated with Hispanic and immigrant population. Throughout the epidemic, the Hispanic/immigrant and African American factors had a reduced but still significant effect, but the socioeconomic factor was not significant and the explained variance across neighborhoods was smaller.
15
Walker, Rebekah J., Renee E. Walker, Elise Mosley-Johnson, and Leonard E. Egede. "Exploring the Lived Experience of Food Insecure African Americans with Type 2 Diabetes Living in the Inner City." Ethnicity & Disease 31, no. 4 (October 21, 2021): 527–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.31.4.527.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose: Despite evidence that food insecure African Americans with type 2 diabetes are at particularly high risk for poor health outcomes, there is currently a lack of information on their lived experience. This qualitative study aimed to identify challenges, facilitators, and barriers to effective diabetes care for food insecure African Americans with type 2 diabetes residing in an inner city.Methods: In fall 2018, we conducted two focus groups attended by a total of 16 food insecure adults with type 2 diabetes residing in the inner city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. A standardized moderator guide included questions to explore the role of food insecurity in managing diabetes, and facilitators that improve diabetes management within the context of food insecurity. Focus groups were audio recorded and recordings were transcribed by a professional transcription service. A grounded theory approach was used for analysis.Results: Six major challenges existed at the individual level (diet/nutrition, exercise, diabetes knowledge and skills, complications from diabetes, a family history of diabetes, and a preoccupation with food). Five major barriers and facilitators existed both internally and externally to the individuals (access to food, medications, stress, cost of health-related needs and religion/spirituality).Conclusions: This study identified multiple challenges, barriers, and facilitators to effective care for food insecure African American adults with type 2 diabetes. It is imperative to incorporate this understanding in future work by using an ecological approach to investigate strategies to address food insecurity beyond a singular focus on access to food. Ethn Dis. 2021;31(4):527-536; doi:10.18865/ed.31.4.527
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Jani, Chinmay, Christian Mouchati, Nour Abdallah, Melissa Mariano, Ruchi Tusharkumar Jani, Justin D. Salciccioli, Dominic C. Marshall, Harpreet Singh, Joseph Shalhoub, and Rana R. McKay. "Trends in prostate cancer mortality in the United States of America, by state and race, from 1999 to 2019: Estimates from the Centers for Disease Control WONDER database." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 6_suppl (February 20, 2022): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.6_suppl.030.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
30 Background: In the United States of America (USA), prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men, and it remained the second leading cause of cancer related mortality. It has a disproportionate burden of disease among minorities. In particular, African American (AA) men have a higher incidence and more aggressive disease course. Our study compares trends in prostate cancer mortality in the United States of America (USA) by race and state from 1999 to 2019. Methods: We used the Center for Disease Control (CDC) WONDER database using ICD-10 code C61 to extract mortality data for malignant prostate cancer. Age standardized death rates (ASDRs) are reported per 100,000 population using the USA standard population. ASDRs were divided into American Indian or Alaskan Native, Asian, Black or African American and, Whites and reported by year for each state. Due to the lack of available data in many states, state-wise analyses were done for white and African American men only. We used Joinpoint regression analysis for trends comparison. Results: Between 1999 and 2019, data was analyzed from 50 states of the USA, of which four started collecting data from 2000, one from 2001, one from 2008, and one from 2009. Three states had data until 2018 only. Data was missing for African American men in 17 states. In 2019, ASDR in African American (13.4/100,000) was significantly higher than Whites (7.3/100,000) (p<0.001). The highest ASDR for African American was observed in Nebraska (33.5/100,000), followed by Wisconsin (17.7/100,000). In contrast, the highest ASDR for whites was observed in Alaska (11/100,000), followed by Utah (10.5/100,000) ASDR decreased by 31.8% in White men at the national level, compared to a decline of 44.6% in African American men. ASDR decreased in all states for both races. For White men, the widest drops were in South Dakota (-45.9%) and Kentucky (-47.0%), and the lowest declines in New Hampshire (-11.5%) and Alaska (-16.0%). For African American men, the largest decreases were in Delaware (-57.8%) and Nevada (-55.3%), and the smallest declines were in Kentucky (-14.9%) and Wisconsin (-20.3%). Conclusions: During the last 20 years, the mortality rate from prostate cancer has consistently dropped in all the states of the USA and for all races. Even though a higher decrease in ASDR was observed in the African American and Asian racial groups, ASDR is still higher in African Americans as compared to Whites.[Table: see text]
17
Dressel, Anne, Robert Schneider, Melissa DeNomie, Jennifer Kusch, Whitney Welch, Mirtha Sosa, Sally Yeldell, et al. "Assessing Health Promotion Interventions: Limitations of Traditional Research Methods in Community-Based Studies." Health Promotion Practice 19, no. 4 (September 7, 2017): 573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524839917725489.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Most low-income Americans fail to meet physical activity recommendations. Inactivity and poor diet contribute to obesity, a risk factor for multiple chronic diseases. Health promotion activities have the potential to improve health outcomes for low-income populations. Measuring the effectiveness of these activities, however, can be challenging in community settings. A “Biking for Health” study tested the impact of a bicycling intervention on overweight or obese low-income Latino and African American adults to reduce barriers to cycling and increase physical activity and fitness. A randomized controlled trial was conducted in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in summer 2015. A 12-week bicycling intervention was implemented at two sites with low-income, overweight, or obese Latino and African American adults. We found that randomized controlled trial methodology was suboptimal for use in this small pilot study and that it negatively affected participation. More discussion is needed about the effectiveness of using traditional research methods in community settings to assess the effectiveness of health promotion interventions. Modifications or alternative methods may yield better results. The aim of this article is to discuss the effectiveness and feasibility of using traditional research methods to assess health promotion interventions in community-based settings.
18
Dykema, Jennifer, John Stevenson, Chad Kniss, Katherine Kvale, Kim González, and Eleanor Cautley. "Use of Monetary and Nonmonetary Incentives to Increase Response Rates Among African Americans in the Wisconsin Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System." Maternal and Child Health Journal 16, no. 4 (April 21, 2011): 785–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-011-0780-2.
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Edwards, Dorothy, Rebecca Koscik, Erin Jonatis, Asenath LaRue, Bruce Hermann, Gina Green-Harris, Soryal Soryal, and Mark Sager. "P1-227: Do African Americans have the Same TOMM40 Distribution as Caucasians? Preliminary Results from Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention (WRAP)." Alzheimer's & Dementia 7 (July 2011): S183—S184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2011.05.507.
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Barouqa, Mohammad, Jui Choudhuri, Roger Fecher, Jack Jacob, Saed Sadeghi, and Morayma Reyes Gil. "The Magnificent VWF SNPs and Where to Find Them: A Journey in Exon 28 of the Hispanic Population." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 152, Supplement_1 (September 11, 2019): S16—S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqz112.032.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract von Willebrand disease (VWD) is a common coagulation disorder with a prevalence of 0.1% to 1.0% manifesting as a wide spectrum of bleeding symptoms. Type 1 is diagnosed by confirming a quantitative decrease in VWF level, while type 3 has undetectable levels of VWF. Type 2 VWD variants are characterized by functional and binding defects. Initial diagnosis and follow-up depend mainly on measuring VWF protein and VWF activity and calculating the activity to protein ratio. Ristocetin cofactor activity (VWF:RCo) is the most widely used and gold standard activity assay. In our institute, we use a cutoff of VWF:RCo/VWF:Ag <0.7 to screen for possible type 2 VWD. However, the use of this ratio is flawed by the presence of specific SNPs (I1380V, N1435S, and D1472H) in the A1 domain, especially in African Americans. These SNPs lead to a decrease in ristocetin binding to VWF and hence decreased VWF:RCo/VWF:Ag ratio. In this retrospective study, we analyzed the levels of VWF:AG and VWF:RCo based on patients’ ethnicity using an in-house data mining software from 2011 to 2016. Then, we validated several exon 28 primers, kindly provided by Dr. Montgomery (Blood Center of Wisconsin), used to detect type 2 mutations and SNPs in African Americans. We excluded cases diagnosed as positive for VWD and included only cases rendered nondiagnostic of VWD following a comprehensive panel including multimers, collagen binding, and molecular studies when indicated. In our Hispanic population (n = 936), VWF:Ag was 138.9% and 117% (average and median) and VWF:RCo was 110.5% and 93.0% (average and median); 43.2% of Hispanics had VWF:RCo/VWF:Ag <0.7. In our African American population (n = 664), VWF:Ag was 163.0% and 138.5% (average and median) and VWF:RCo was 108.5% and 92.0% (average and median); 50.6% of the African American patients had VWF:RCo/VWF:Ag <0.7. Patients from Caucasian origins (n = 242) had VWF:Ag of 149.6% and 113.0% (average and median) and VWF:RCo of 137.6% and 116.0% (average and median), respectively; 30.9% of Caucasian patients had VWF:RCo/VWF:Ag of less than 0.7. We then selected four random Hispanic cases with VWF:RCo/VWF:Ag <0.5 as part of the validation study of exon 28 sequencing. Using a Sanger sequence assay, we found multiple benign/likely benign single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at exon 28 that code for VWF antigen A1 domain. All four cases showed P.Thr1381Ala and P.Thr1547 = [OC1] polymorphism, three showed p.Val1565Leu polymorphism, and two showed p.Ala1555 = polymorphism. The statistical analysis of VWF:Ag/VWF:RCo levels from Hispanics shows a similar trend to African Americans with a high rate of cases with VWF:RCo/VWF:Ag <0.7 in comparison to Caucasians. However, the finding of SNPs and absence of known African American polymorphisms suggest that these SNPs may be the cause of decreased ristocetin binding in Hispanics. This study calls for ethnic-based considerations in VWD workflows.
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Song, Xinlu. "Study of the Development of American Feminism (1790-1990): Three Waves and Interaction with Racial Equality Movement." Communications in Humanities Research 26, no. 1 (January 3, 2024): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/26/20232008.
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Since the birth of feminism, it has been committed to pushing for transforming the inequality state between males and females. American feminism achieved incredible achievements within the last three centuries, not only legislatively, but also ideologically. Meanwhile, the feminism of America and another one of the most essential social group that struggled for their own rights of egalitarianism -- African Americans--have been influenced by one another, making progresses in separate or communal interests. This paper will use literature and case analysis to focus on three waves of the development of American feminism and some important interactions between feminism and the racial equality movement, which aims to find out the differences and evolving factors in three stages of American feminism development and analyze whether positive or negative impacts weigh more when racial equality movement interacted with feminism movement. The result of the research is that the first wave of American feminism was liberal feminism with a significant symbol of gaining female suffrage; the second wave of American feminism was more radical and far more concerned with issues of class and race; the third wave of America feminism was less characterized by a specific political agenda and more of a culture revolution. Furthermore, it could be beneficial for both of them when American Feminism cooperates properly with the racial equality movement.
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Yassai-Gonzalez, D., M. J. Marquine, A. Perez-Tejada, A. Umlauf, L. Kamalyan, A. Morlett Paredes, P. Suarez, et al. "Normative Data for Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64 Item in a Spanish Speaking Adult Population Living in the US/Mexico Border Region." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 7 (August 30, 2019): 1281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz029.48.
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Abstract Objective The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is a commonly used test of executive functioning. We aimed to generate norms on the WCST-64 item version for Spanish-speakers living in the US. Participants and Method Healthy Spanish-speakers (N=189) were recruited (Age M = 38.2, SD = 10.3, range 19-60; Education M = 10.9, SD = 4.5, range 0-20; 59.3% female) from the US-Mexico border region. Participants completed the WCST-64 as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. Spearman correlations and Wilcoxon Rank-sum tests were used to assess associations between demographic variables and raw scores. T-scores enabling demographic corrections for various WCST-64 measures (Total Errors, Perseverative Responses, Perseverative Errors, and Number of Categories Completed) were obtained using fractional polynomial equations with corrections for age, education, and gender. Uncorrected percentile scores were reported for Failures to Maintain Set. Rates of neurocognitive impairment (NCI; T < 40) were calculated by applying the newly developed norms along with published norms for non-Hispanic (NH) White and African American English-speakers. Results Older age was significantly associated with worse performance, and higher education was linked to better performance on most WCST-64 raw scores. Current norms resulted in expected rates of NCI (14-16% across measures). Applying norms for NH-Whites overestimated NCI (38-52% across measures). Applying norms for African Americans yielded NCI rates closer to what would be expected, with milder misclassifications (NCI: Total Errors = 14%, Perseverative Responses = 19%, Perseverative Errors = 10%). Conclusions Regional normative data will improve interpretation of test performance on the WCST-64 for Spanish-speakers of Mexican origin living in the US and will facilitate a more valid analysis of neuropsychological profile patterns in this population. Future research will need to explore the generalizability of these norms to other groups.
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Koscik, Rebecca L., Sterling C. Johnson, Derek L. Norton, Lindsay R. Clark, Gina Green-Harris, Bruce P. Hermann, Sanjay Asthana, Dorothy Farrar Edwards, Cynthia M. Carlsson, and Carey E. Gleason. "[P4-286]: A COMPARISON OF METHODS TO MEASURE INTRA-INDIVIDUAL COGNITIVE VARIABILITY IN NON-HISPANIC WHITES AND AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE WISCONSIN REGISTRY FOR ALZHEIMER'S PREVENTION (WRAP)." Alzheimer's & Dementia 13, no. 7S_Part_29 (July 2017): P1394—P1396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2017.06.2155.
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Lim, Hyun Ja, Michael McCart, W. Hobart Davies, Alice Calhoun, and Marlene D. Melzer-Lange. "Risk for Repeat Emergency Department Visits for Violent Injuries in Youth Firearm Victims." Clinical medicine. Trauma and intensive medicine 2 (December 12, 2008): CMTIM.S2141. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/cmtim.s2141.
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Objective To identify significant risk factors associated with repeat emergency department (ED). Visits for violent injuries in youth firearm victims. Methods The study subjects of this retrospective cohort study were firearm victims aged 18 and younger presenting to a Pediatric Emergency Department/Trauma Center at Children's Hospital of Wisconsin between 1990 and 1995. The primary outcome was subsequent Emergency Department visits (REDV) at any emergency department in Milwaukee for a violent injury. Results A total of 495 subjects were eligible for the present study in the pediatric firearm victim's ED visit database. Eighty-five percent (n = 420) were males and 82% were African-Americans. Mean age was 15 years old (s.d = ±3.6). A majority of them had a single-parent family. Eighty-eight subjects (17.8%) had a prior history of ED visit due to violence. During the study time, 201 subjects had at least one REDV. In the multivariable model, a subject without a social worker consulting at the hospital were more likely to have REDV compared to subjects with a social worker consulting (O.R = 1.749; p-value = 0.047), controlling for guardian and disposition. Subjects disposed to detention center or police custody were more likely to have REDV compared to subjects disposed to home or a hospital (O.R = 5.351; p-value = 0.003). Conclusion Our analysis indicates that individuals with guardians, those who did not receive social worker intervention on their initial visit, and those discharged in police custody were associated with increased repeat ED visits due to a violent injury.
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Oh, Hyunkyoung, Yura Lee, Wonchan Choi, and Zhi Zheng. "CHALLENGES IN SELF-MANAGEMENT AMONG OLDER ADULTS WITH HYPERTENSION AND DIABETES." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S316—S317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1157.
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Abstract This abstract introduces an ongoing research project that aimed to develop a patient-centered self-management program using health information and technologies for older adults with hypertension and diabetes. The purpose of the project in the first phase was to better understand challenges in self-management faced by older adults with both conditions. A semi-structured and face-to-face interview was conducted to explore the challenges in self-management of the target population living in Milwaukee areas, Wisconsin. Audio recordings were transcribed in verbatim; transcripts were analyzed; and themes were identified. A total of six individuals participated in this study by January 2019. Their age ranged from 56 to 75. Four of them were female; five of them were African Americans; and one was Caucasian. All participants reported more than two additional conditions that were arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, pain, kidney diseases, respiratory diseases, and depression. Most participants were self-managing their conditions mainly by taking prescribed medications. Several themes were emerged as challenges to self-management: monitoring blood pressure and glucose, engagement in physical activity, and healthy eating. Among these, participants reported healthy eating as the most difficult self-managing activity. Majority of participants expressed the need for physical activity support due to pain and/or vision problems known as one of diabetic complications. Understanding challenges and needs of a specific population is the first step for health care providers to support self-management of the patients appropriately. The results of this preliminary study will help health care providers develop effective self-management programs for older adults with both conditions.
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Norman, Marc A., David J. Moore, Michael Taylor, Donald Franklin, Lucette Cysique, Chris Ake, Deborah Lazarretto, Florin Vaida, Robert K. Heaton, and the HNRC Group. "Demographically corrected norms for African Americans and Caucasians on the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test–Revised, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test–Revised, Stroop Color and Word Test, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test 64-Card Version." Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 33, no. 7 (May 4, 2011): 793–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2011.559157.
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Jiang, Xiong, Sophia Dahmani, Margarita Bronshteyn, Fan Nils Yang, John Paul Ryan, R. Craig Gallagher, Srikanth R. Damera, et al. "Cingulate transcranial direct current stimulation in adults with HIV." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 3, 2022): e0269491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269491.
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Background Neuronal dysfunction plays an important role in the high prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in people with HIV (PWH). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)—with its capability to improve neuronal function—may have the potential to serve as an alternative therapeutic approach for HAND. Brain imaging and neurobehavioral studies provide converging evidence that injury to the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is highly prevalent and contributes to HAND in PWH, suggesting that ACC may serve as a potential neuromodulation target for HAND. Here we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, partial crossover pilot study to test the safety, tolerability, and potential efficacy of anodal tDCS over cingulate cortex in adults with HIV, with a focus on the dorsal ACC (dACC). Methods Eleven PWH (47–69 years old, 2 females, 100% African Americans, disease duration 16–36 years) participated in the study, which had two phases, Phase 1 and Phase 2. During Phase 1, participants were randomized to receive ten sessions of sham (n = 4) or cingulate tDCS (n = 7) over the course of 2–3 weeks. Treatment assignments were unknown to the participants and the technicians. Neuropsychology and MRI data were collected from four additional study visits to assess treatment effects, including one baseline visit (BL, prior to treatment) and three follow-up visits (FU1, FU2, and FU3, approximately 1 week, 3 weeks, and 3 months after treatment, respectively). Treatment assignment was unblinded after FU3. Participants in the sham group repeated the study with open-label cingulate tDCS during Phase 2. Statistical analysis was limited to data from Phase 1. Results Compared to sham tDCS, cingulate tDCS led to a decrease in Perseverative Errors in Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), but not Non-Perseverative Errors, as well as a decrease in the ratio score of Trail Making Test—Part B (TMT-B) to TMT—Part A (TMT-A). Seed-to-voxel analysis with resting state functional MRI data revealed an increase in functional connectivity between the bilateral dACC and a cluster in the right dorsal striatum after cingulate tDCS. There were no differences in self-reported discomfort ratings between sham and cingulate tDCS. Conclusions Cingulate tDCS is safe and well-tolerated in PWH, and may have the potential to improve cognitive performance and brain function. A future study with a larger sample is warranted.
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Mohan, Meera, Zimu Gong, Samantha Kendrick, Sharmilan Thanendrarajan, Carolina Schinke, Daisy Alapat, Guido Tricot, et al. "Concomitant Deletion of Short Arm (del 1p) and Amplification or Gain (1q21) of Chromosome 1 By Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH) Is Associated with Poor Clinical Outcome." Blood 138, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2021): 1627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-145822.
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Abstract Introduction- Chromosome 1 abnormalities in multiple myeloma (MM) are increasingly recognized as high risk defined features. While there is robust data on 1q21 gain and amplification (amp), the clinical characteristics and outcome of patients with del 1p is less defined. Novel agents are incorporated into a backbone of multi-agent chemotherapy and tandem autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in successive Total Therapy (TT) protocols for MM patients. We hereby report the prognostic value of del 1p by FISH at enrollment in subjects treated on TT protocols. Methods: (FISH was performed on bone marrow obtained at the time of first visit to our institution or initial diagnosis. FISH probes were generated from specific BAC DNA clones for AHCYL1 gene locus (1p13.3) and CKS1B locus (1q21). MM cells were identified post-hybridization using isotype specific antibody conjugated with 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetic acid (AMCA) to stain Ig-Kappa or Ig-Lambda light chain in cytoplasm (cIg) of myeloma tumor cells. The FISH signals in 100 myeloma cells were recorded. For this analysis, 3 copies of 1q21 are considered as 1q21 gain and ≥ 4 copies as 1q21 amp. A 20% cutoff point was used for detection of significant abnormalities, i.e. del 1p and 1q21 gain and amp. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to examine the combined effects of clinical variables on progression free (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Results- A total of 1133 patients were included in this analysis. The median age was 60 (range 30.2-75), 434 (38.3%) patients were female and 106 (9.4%) were African Americans. ISS stage III disease accounted for 287 (25.3%). GEP70 high-risk was noted in 160/1133 (14.1%) of all patients. Of all patients, 1084 (95.7%) had at least one ASCT and 812 (71.7%) had tandem upfront ASCT. Metaphase cytogenetic abnormalities were noted in 548 (48.4%). While del 1p was detected in 220 (19.4%) patients, 1q21 gain or amplification were observed in 300 (26.5%) and 150 (13.2%) patients, respectively. Isolated 1q21 gain and amplification without del 1p were seen in 235 (20.7%) and 121 (10.7%) patients. Overall, there was enrichment of high-risk features such as ISS stage III disease (5.7% vs 10.9% p=0.049), GEP70 high-risk (8.4% vs 36.8%), GEP 70 subtypes such as MF (4.6% vs 8.2%), MS (10.5% vs 13.6%) and PR (11.3% vs 22.7%) and abnormal cytogenetic abnormalities (45.7% vs 59.5% p=<0.01) in the group with del 1p . The median progression free survival (57 vs 39m; p= <0.0004) and overall survival (131 vs 89 m; p=<0.0013) were inferior in the subgroup with del 1p. On multivariate analysis, presence of ISS stage III disease, GEP high-risk, 1q21 gain and amplification were significant while presence of del 1p did not emerge as independent predictors of PFS or OS. Next, we looked at concomitant 1q21 gain and amp in the context of del 1p. del 1p with 1q21 gain or amp was observed in 65 (5.7%) and 29 (2.5%) patients, respectively. The PFS of the group with combined del 1p/1q21 gain and del 1p/1q21 amp were 25m and 35m respectively compared to 44 m with 1q21 gain and 37m with 1q21 amp alone. The OS of the group with both 1 del 1p/1q21 gain and del 1p/1q21 amp were dismal at 59m and 84 m respectively compared to 108 m with 1q21 gain and 76 m with 1q21 amp alone (Fig 1). Conclusion: Deletion of short arm of chromosome 1p was observed in 19% of MM patients. Concomitant del 1p with 1q21 gain and /or amp was present in 8% of patients. The PFS and OS of patients with combined del1p/1q21gain abnormalities was significantly worse compared to del 1p alone and 1q21 gain alone and thus identifies a subset of patients with poor clinical outcome. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Mohan: Medical College of Wisconsin: Current Employment.
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Singh, Ashima, and Julie Panepinto. "Clinical Meaning of Promis Pain Interference and Pain Behavior Measures for Children with Sickle Cell Disease." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-161.
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Abstract Introduction: The Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) includes tools to assess pain interference and pain behavior for pediatric patients. These domains are especially relevant for children with sickle cell disease who have recurring pain. Though these domains have been shown to be reliable and valid in this patient population, their adoption in practice is significantly limited by lack of clinical interpretation of the scores. The objective of this study was to add clinical meaning to the self-reported pain inference and pain behavior scores for children with sickle cell disease. Methods: We recruited a convenience sample of children with sickle cell disease, 8-17 years of age at Children's Hospital of Wisconsin to complete PROMIS surveys. The pediatric PROMIS measures are scored on a T-score metric with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10, where 50 represents the mean of the pediatric sample in which the item response theory parameters for the measures were estimated. The PROMIS measures for pain interference and pain behavior use a Likert response scale and have a one week recall period. The Likert scale responses were characterized into three groups to support clinical interpretation of PROMIS scores. Patients who reported "never" or "almost never" for all items on the pain interference domain were considered to be having "no or minor pain". Patients who reported "often" or "almost always" for all items were considered to be having "substantial" pain. All other patients were classified as having "mixed" pain interference. Similarly, in the pain behavior domain, patients were categorized as having 'no or minor' (response to all items: "had no pain", "never", "almost never"), or 'substantial' (response to all items: "often" and "almost always") pain behavior, with remaining considered as having mixed pain behavior. For the domains of pain interference and pain behavior, higher scores mean more impairment. The range of scores for patients with no or minor, mixed and substantial problems on the measures were used to determine the clinical thresholds to identify those with mild, moderate and severe symptoms. The thresholds were validated by comparing the distribution of patients who needed to take pain medications in the past 7 days among the groups of patients with mild, moderate and severe symptoms, using Chi-square tests and adjusting for multiple pairwise comparisons. Results: Our study included 115 eligible children (mean (sd) age = 11.8 (2.8) years), of which 54% were females and 95% were African Americans. For pain interference, there were 36 patients reporting no or minor issues, 16 had substantial issues and the remaining 62 were considered to have mixed pain interference (T-score was missing for one patient). Based on the T-score ranges of these groups, the clinical thresholds of mild and severe pain interference were set to be ≤ 48.3 and ≥ 63.6 respectively. For the domain of pain behavior, 30 children reported having no or minor problems, 6 had substantial problems and the remaining 79 endorsed mixed responses on the items. The range-based thresholds for mild and severe pain behavior were similar at ≤ 41.3 and ≥ 57.3 respectively. Figure 1 shows an example of the distribution of item-level response for one item within the severity groups. There were significant differences in the proportion of patients needing to take pain medications at home in the prior 7 days among those with mild, moderate and severe pain interference (% patients needing pain medications, Mild= 7%; Moderate = 28%; Severe = 44%; p = 0.0095) and pain behavior (% patients needing pain medications, Mild= 6%; Moderate = 32%; Severe = 30%; p = 0.0013). The pairwise comparisons indicate that there were significant differences in proportion of patients needing pain medications between the mild and the moderate/severe groups. However, there were no significant differences in pain medication use between the moderate and severe patients. Conclusions: We show that T-scores ≤ 48.3 and ≤ 41.3 on the respective pain interference and pain behavior domains serve as thresholds for children with no or only mild pain. Whereas children with severe pain have T-scores ≥ 63.6 and ≥ 57.3 on pain interference and pain behavior domains respectively. This facilitates the clinical interpretation of PROMIS pain interference and pain behavior scores for children with sickle cell disease. Disclosures Panepinto: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases: Research Funding; Health Resources and Services Administration: Research Funding.
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WEAVER, MICHAEL. "“Let Our Ballots Secure What Our Bullets Have Won”: Union Veterans and the Making of Radical Reconstruction." American Political Science Review, March 29, 2022, 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055422000193.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
After the Civil War, congressional Republicans used sweeping powers to expand and enforce civil rights for African Americans. Though the electoral benefits of African American suffrage were clear, Republicans had to overcome party divisions and racist voters. This paper argues that the war imbued Northern veterans with the belief that true victory required renewing the Union by abolishing slavery and establishing (imperfect) legal equality. This made veterans more receptive to Radical Reconstruction and ignited activism for it from below. Using difference-in-differences, I show that greater enlistment increased Republican vote share, particularly in pivotal postwar elections. Moreover, “as-if” random exposure to combat deaths increased Republican partisanship among soldiers after the war. Finally, I show that veterans became more likely to vote for African American suffrage. The paper concludes that Union veterans, through their votes and their activism, were a decisive part of the white coalition that backed America’s “Second Revolution.”
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Fischer, Barbara L., Carol A. Van Hulle, Mary F. Wyman, Derek L. Norton, Fabu P. Carter, Hector Salazar, Shenikqua Bouges, et al. "Apathy, cognition and beta amyloid in African Americans in the AA‐FAIM cohort." Alzheimer's & Dementia 19, S19 (December 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/alz.072534.
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AbstractBackgroundThe prodrome of cognitive declines and/or dementia may include late‐life neuropsychiatric symptoms such as apathy. In primarily non‐Hispanic White samples, apathy associates with both cognition and amyloid deposition in cognitively intact patients and those with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, little is known about these relationships in African Americans, who are both disproportionately affected by AD and under‐represented in AD research. Apathy could reflect higher levels of proteinopathy or occur co‐morbidly, exacerbating its deleterious effects. We examined associations between apathy and cognition and their potential moderation by plasma beta amyloid in cognitively healthy African American participants.MethodStudy participants enrolled in African Americans Fighting Alzheimer’s In Mid‐Life(AA‐FAIM, a linked study to the WRAP and Wisconsin ADRC) were included in the analytic sample (N = 166; Table 1) if they had ≥1 cognitive visits, plasma amyloid biomarker data, and apathy ratings by study partners using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI‐Q) or the Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES). Cognitive outcomes included performance on measures of processing speed, mental flexibility and immediate and delayed memory. We used linear mixed models to examine association of baseline apathy with cognitive performance measures at multiple time points, and the moderation of apathy‐cognition relationships by plasma Aβ42/40 ratio (C2N, USA). Apathy‐cognitive outcome pairings were selected based on significant findings from a proof‐of‐concept linear mixed effects analysis of the full Wisconsin ADRC sample.ResultResults are shown in Table 2. Among AA‐FAIM participants, NPI‐Q apathy was associated with RAVLT immediate (estimate = ‐7.7, p = .001) and delayed recall (estimate = ‐3.2, p = .001). However, AES was unrelated to Trails A or B performance. There were no associations between plasma amyloid or the Aβ42/40*apathy interaction term with any cognitive outcomes.ConclusionPartner‐rated apathy, but not plasma Aβ42/40, was related to cognition in our African American participants, an important finding given limited data available on this population. It will be critical to address apathy and its antecedents to improve the cognitive and affective health of African American older adults. Future research needs to expand cohorts to African American and other diverse populations to investigate disease mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias more inclusively.
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Holmes, Laurens, Keerti Deepika, Janille Williams, Benjamin Ogundele, Glen Philipcien, Michael Enwere, Shikha Jain, et al. "Black/African Americans (AA) and Disproportionate Burden of SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) Mortality in the United States." Medical Research Archives 10, no. 6 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.18103/mra.v10i6.2786.
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Purpose: Historically until date, viral pathogens remain very challenging with respect to transmission, severity, mortality and survival with respect to sub-population variances. While racial disparities in cumulative incidence (CmI) and mortality from the influenza pandemics of 1918 and 2009 implicated Blacks with survival disadvantage relative to Whites in the United States, COVID-19 currently indicates comparable disparities. We aimed to: assess COVID-19 CmI by race, determine the Black–White case fatality (CF) and risk differentials, and apply explanatory model for mortality risk differentials. Methods: COVID-19 data on confirmed cases and deaths by selective states health departments were assessed using a cross-sectional ecologic design. Chi-square was used for CF independence, while binomial regression model for the Black–White risk differentials. Results: The COVID-19 mortality CmI was disproportionate among Blacks/AA with 34% of the total mortality in the United States, albeit their 13% population size. The COVID-19 CF was higher among Blacks/AA relative to Whites; Maryland, (2.7% vs. 2.5%), Wisconsin (7.4% vs. 4.8%), Illinois (4.8% vs. 4.2%), Chicago (5.9% vs. 3.2%), Detroit (Michigan), 7.2% and St. John the Baptist Parish (Louisiana), 7.9%. Blacks/AA compared to Whites in Michigan were 15% more likely to die, CmI risk ratio (CmIRR) = 1.15, 95% CI, 1.01–1.32. Blacks/AA relative to Whites in Illinois were 13% more likely to die, CmIRR = 1.13, 95% CI, 0.93–1.39, while Blacks/AA compared to Whites in Wisconsin were 51% more likely to die, CmIRR = 1.51, 95% CI, 1.10–2.10. In Chicago, Blacks/AA were more than twice as likely to die, CmIRR = 2.24, 95% CI, 1.36–3.88. Conclusion: Substantial racial/ethnic disparities are observed in COVID-19 CF and mortality with Blacks/AA disproportionately affected across the United States. Keywords: COVID-19 (SARS-COV2), race/ethnicity, case fatality, mortality, health disparities, United States
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Alubo, Ogoh. "Democracy and Challenges of Participation and Exclusion in Nigeria." Annals of the Social Science Academy of Nigeria 22, no. 1 (September 1, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/ssan/191802.22.0110.
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Democracy is cherished because of the opportunities it offers people to contribute to issues affecting their lives. This reasoning accounts for the celebration when this form of government was restored in Nigeria in 1999 after protracted military dictatorships. In 2019 there were further jubilations over 20 unbroken years of democracy, the first since independence in 1960; issues of inclusion and exclusion were not mentioned. Yet, there are widespread exclusion of ethnic minorities and women through which their participation in running for office is circumscribed by circumstances of birth. Experiences in Plateau and Benue States are used as illustrations. It is here contended that until more deliberate efforts are made to include everyone, Nigeria’s brand of democracy will continue to exclude ethnic minorities and women. The dominant mantra of ‘majority carries the vote’ only aggravates the problem, a deliberate policy to resolve exclusion is necessary. Rwanda has led the way in gender inclusion, just as the USA had also shown that through policy reforms such as universal suffrage and affirmative action, African Americans and other minorities can become part of the mainstream, even producing a President and recently, 2021, the Vice President.
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Nteta, Tatishe M., and Douglas Rice. "Driving a Wedge? Republicans, Immigration, and the Impact of Substantive Appeals on African American Vote Choice." Political Research Quarterly, February 17, 2020, 106591291990001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912919900012.
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Recently, a number of prominent Republican elites have argued that the economic plight of African Americans is attributable to undocumented immigration to the United States. Have these arguments concerning the link between black economic well-being and undocumented immigration become commonplace in the rhetoric of Republican elites, and if so, does exposure to these appeals impact black vote choice? Employing data from over forty years of congressional speeches, the campaign speeches and public addresses of President Donald Trump, televised campaign advertisements from the Wisconsin/Wesleyan Advertising Projects, and a survey experiment embedded in the 2016 Cooperative Congressional Election Study, we find that Republican elected officials have increasingly made substantive appeals to blacks on the issue of immigration reform, that exposure to this type of substantive appeal leads blacks to more strongly support a fictional Republican candidate, and that this support is moderated by a respondent’s level of linked fate. These findings challenge existing scholarship that Republican elites ignore the concerns of the black community and suggest that Republicans may be using the issue of immigration to drive a wedge in the Democratic electoral coalition by targeting the Democratic Party’s strongest constituency.
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Malecki, Kristen M. C., Maria Nikodemova, Amy A. Schultz, Tamara J. LeCaire, Andrew J. Bersch, Lisa Cadmus-Bertram, Corinne D. Engelman, et al. "The Survey of the Health of Wisconsin (SHOW) Program: An Infrastructure for Advancing Population Health." Frontiers in Public Health 10 (March 31, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.818777.
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IntroductionThe Survey of the Health of Wisconsin (SHOW) was established in 2008 by the University of Wisconsin (UW) School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH) with the goals of (1) providing a timely and accurate picture of the health of the state residents; and (2) serving as an agile resource infrastructure for ancillary studies. Today, the SHOW program continues to serve as a unique and vital population health research infrastructure for advancing public health.MethodsSHOW currently includes 5,846 adult and 980 minor participants recruited between 2008 and 2019 in four primary waves. WAVE I (2008–2013) includes annual statewide representative samples of 3,380 adults ages 21 to 74 years. WAVE II (2014–2016) is a triannual statewide sample of 1,957 adults (age ≥18 years) and 645 children (age 0–17). WAVE III (2017) consists of follow-up of 725 adults from the WAVE I and baseline surveys of 222 children in selected households. WAVEs II and III include stool samples collected as part of an ancillary study in a subset of 784 individuals. WAVE IV consists of 517 adults and 113 children recruited from traditionally under-represented populations in biomedical research including African Americans and Hispanics in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.Findings to DateThe SHOW resource provides unique spatially granular and timely data to examine the intersectionality of multiple social determinants and population health. SHOW includes a large biorepository and extensive health data collected in a geographically diverse urban and rural population. Over 60 studies have been published covering a broad range of topics including, urban and rural disparities in cardio-metabolic disease and cancer, objective physical activity, sleep, green-space and mental health, transcriptomics, the gut microbiome, antibiotic resistance, air pollution, concentrated animal feeding operations and heavy metal exposures.DiscussionThe SHOW cohort and resource is available for continued follow-up and ancillary studies including longitudinal public health monitoring, translational biomedical research, environmental health, aging, microbiome and COVID-19 research.
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Zuelsdorff, Megan, Barbara L. Fischer, Diane C. Gooding, Carol A. Van Hulle, Lauren W. Y. McLester‐Davis, Mary F. Wyman, Fabu P. Carter, et al. "Social support, plasma amyloid, and cognitive function: Findings on cognitive resilience from the African Americans Fighting Alzheimer’s in Midlife (AA‐FAIM) study." Alzheimer's & Dementia 19, S19 (December 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/alz.079144.
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AbstractBackgroundEpidemiological evidence suggests that excess risk for Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) in minoritized populations is preventable. Social connectedness associates with reduced ADRD risk: plausible mechanisms include (I) direct influence on AD pathology, and (II) indirect influence through cognitive reserve processes. Inclusive, resilience‐focused ADRD research will accelerate equitable translation into communities facing high disease burden. In a richly characterized sample of Black middle‐aged and older adults, we explored (i) associations between social support and cognition, and (ii) moderation of those relationships by plasma amyloid level.MethodParticipants (N = 118) enrolled in AA‐FAIM through the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer’s Prevention (WRAP) or Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center (ADRC). Participants were cognitively healthy, and had plasma amyloid, neuropsychological, and psychosocial data from at least one visit. Multivariable linear regression models assessed cross‐sectional predictor‐outcome relationships. The key predictor was perceived availability of social support, self‐reported via the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (MOS‐SS). Cognitive outcomes included performance on tests of (a) speed and flexibility and (b) episodic memory. Cognitive reserve mechanisms were tested with a model term interacting social support scores with plasma Aβ42/40 ratio (C2N, USA) to predict cognition.ResultTable 1 provides sample characteristics. In adjusted models (Table 2), MOS‐SS scores positively associated with episodic memory performance, but not speed and flexibility. However, MOS‐SS*amyloid interaction was significant in this domain; greater support predicted better mental flexibility most substantially in the presence of accumulated amyloid pathology. Small samples limit precision when plasma Aβ42/40 ratio is dichotomized, but for visualization purposes the interaction between MOS‐SS and amyloid positivity is presented (Figure 1).ConclusionGreater availability of a modifiable resource, social support, predicted better cognitive health within this small sample of Black participants. Mechanisms and implications vary by cognitive domain. For episodic memory, cognitive benefits are consistent across amyloid level. In mental flexibility, social support contributes to cognitive reserve, with noteworthy benefits for participants with elevated AD pathology. Future studies must examine additional ADRD neuropathologies, and in larger samples. Nonetheless, we provide preliminary evidence that facilitating social connection is a promising mitigation strategy, acting via multiple pathways to reduce ADRD‐related impairment in a community experiencing disproportionate risk.
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McLester‐Davis, Lauren W. Y., Taryn T. James, Derek L. Norton, Hector Salazar, Ligia A. Papale, Reid S. Alisch, Kirk J. Hogan, et al. "The relationship between telomere length and neuropsychological test performance in a diverse sample of Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center participants." Alzheimer's & Dementia 19, S15 (December 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/alz.076590.
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AbstractBackgroundAge is the most significant predictor of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD). Biological age, in contrast to chronological age, is modifiable – shaped by environmental and social factors which contribute to the functional declines observed in aging. Accelerated biological aging has been observed in historically underrepresented populations in ADRD research who are at highest risk for developing ADRD. Telomere length (TL) is a marker of biological age and empirically associated with cognitive aging. However, this association has not been investigated in historically underrepresented populations such as American Indians / Alaska Natives (AI/AN). This study reports on the utility of TL to predict cognitive performance in a sample of middle‐aged and older adults from Wisconsin communities historically underrepresented in ADRD research.MethodThe Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center’s (WADRC) Inclusion of Underrepresented Groups Core engages AI/AN, Blacks / African Americans (B/AA), and participants of multi‐race and ethnicity identities through community based participatory research practices. A sample (n = 188) identifying their race as AI/AN or B/AA were included if they provided whole blood and completed the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT, Trials 1‐5) and the Trails Making Test (TMT, A and B times) for verbal learning and executive functioning, respectively. DNA was extracted from whole blood and analyzed with monochrome multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction for TL. Multivariable linear regression analyses tested relationships between TL and cognitive test performance.ResultThe participants (mean age = 60.88 ±9.06) were majority female, with 79.26% B/AA and 12.77% AI/AN (Table 1). In bivariate analyses, TL significantly correlated with all outcomes: longer telomeres correlated with better verbal learning and executive functioning performance (Figure 1A‐C). In multivariable regression models, TL significantly predicted cognitive performance for all outcomes independent of participant sex, race, age, and cognitive status (Table 2).ConclusionThese findings suggest that TL is a strong predictor of cognitive performance for historically underrepresented populations, offering potential opportunities for screening of accelerated biological aging and interventions. The community‐led research at the WADRC makes this analysis the first of its kind to include AI/AN participants. Future ADRD research should consider behavioral and socioeconomic interventions shown to modify biological aging.
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Millen, Amy E., Jing Nie, Michelle W. Sahli, Julie A. Mares, Pamela L. Lutsey, Christopher A. Andrews, Michael J. LaMonte, Barbara EK Klein, and Ronald Klein. "25‐Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Incidence or Progression of Age‐Related Macular Degeneration: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC)." FASEB Journal 30, S1 (April 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.30.1_supplement.lb275.
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ObjectiveVitamin D status has been hypothesized to protect against development and progression of age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) via its anti‐inflammatory and anti‐angiogenic properties. We investigated the association between vitamin D status, assessed with 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] at visit 2 (1990–92), and the incidence or progression of AMD from visit 3 (1993–95) to visit 5 (2011–13) in the population‐based ARIC study.MethodsSerum 25(OH)D concentrations were assessed in 2013 using stored samples from participants drawn at visit 2. Of 12,091 eligible participants attending visit 3, 11,863 had nonmydriatic retinal photographs taken of one randomly chosen eye. At visit 5, retinal photographs were taken of both eyes in a subset of participants (n=1,298). Of these, participants were excluded if they had ungradable photographs at visit 3 or 5 (n=387) or late AMD at visit 3 (n=1), making them ineligible for progression. Eyes from photos taken at both visits were graded using the Wisconsin Age‐Related Maculopathy Grading System, masked to grading results from earlier visits. Then a side‐by‐side grading was conducted on those eyes that had change across visits (either progression or regression) to confirm the incidence or progression of AMD. Participants were further excluded if they were not Caucasian or African American (n=2), if they were missing 25(OH)D (n=62) or other pertinent covariates (n=5). This left an analytic sample of 841 participants (714 Caucasians, 127 African Americans). Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for AMD incidence or progression among those with 25(OH)D concentrations ≥50 to 75 and >75 nmol/L versus <50 nmol/L. P for linear trend was estimated using continuous 25(OH)D concentrations. ORs were adjusted for age, race, smoking status, and hypertension status. Further adjustment was made in a second multivariable model (n=804) for waist to hip ratio and physical activity.ResultsThere were 215 (25.6%), 417 (49.6%) and 209 (24.9%) participants with 25(OH)D concentrations <50, ≥50 to 75 and >75 nmol/L, respectively. At visit 3, there were 12 cases of prevalent early AMD. Between visits, 80 participants developed incident, early AMD; 11 participants had no AMD at visit 3 but developed late AMD at visit 5; and 3 participants progressed from early to late AMD. OR (95% CIs) for AMD incidence or progression were 0.78 (0.44–1.37) and 0.79 (0.41–1.51) for participants with 25(OH)D ≥50 to 75 and >75 compared to <50 nmol/L after adjustment for age, race, smoking status and hypertension status. The OR (95% CI) for each 10 nmol/L difference in 25(OH)D was 0.95 (0.85–1.08), p‐trend=0.44. After further adjustment for waist to hip ratio and physical activity the OR (95% CI) for each 10 nmol/L difference was 1.00 (0.89–1.13), p‐trend=0.998.Conclusion25(OH)D concentrations were not statistically significantly associated with the odds of incident or progressed AMD in this biracial subset of ARIC visit 5 participants.Support or Funding InformationThis research is supported by the NIH National Institute on Aging grant number R01 AG041776, NIH National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute grant number R01 HL103706, and the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements grant number R01 HL103706‐S1. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study is carried out as a collaborative study supported by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute contracts (HHSN268201100005C, HHSN268201100006C, HHSN268201100007C, HHSN268201100008C, HSN268201100009C, HHSN268201100010C, HHSN268201100011C, and HHSN268201100012C). The authors thank the staff and participants of the ARIC study for their important contributions.