Дисертації з теми "Aérosols marins – Modèles mathématiques"
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Navarro, Laurent. "Modélisation de la couche de surface atmosphérique marine et des processus dynamiques et thermodynamique des aérosols." Nantes, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NANT2091.
Повний текст джерелаThe SeaCluse model describes the non-linear interactions between evaporating sea spray and the scalar fields of temperature and humidity in the marine atmospheric surface layer. The present study focuses on both the further development and the exploitation of the code. The principal improvement consists of extending the numerical vertical domain well into the atmospheric marine boundary layer by introduction of a new meteorological preprocessor MPP and a turbulence parameterization based on the work of Galperin et al (1988). The extended domain ensures unhampered droplet dispersion in the lower part of the domain. The exploitation of the upgraded SeaCluse model consists of the introduction of spume droplets. Depending on the initial dynamics, spume droplets may have a significant impact on heat fluxes. Furthermore, the profiles of aerosol, temperature and humidity as supplied by SeaCluse are used in models to calculate transmission and refraction effects in the marine surface layer
Guibert, Sarah. "Validation expérimentale des paramétrisations de l'effet indirect des aérosols, via les strato-cumulus marins pour les modèles de climat." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30185.
Повний текст джерелаSandu, Irina. "Impact de l'aérosol sur le cycle de vie des nuages de couche limite." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/116/.
Повний текст джерелаAnthropogenic aerosols may have a noticeable impact on the life cycle of boundary layer clouds, via their effects on radiation and precipitation efficiency. It is however difficult to document such impacts from observations. The interactions between aerosol particles and the dynamics of boundary layer cloud systems (typically marine stratocumulus) have therefore been explored with high resolution numerical models (LES), that now include detailed parameterizations of turbulence, radiative transfer and microphysics. In this study, the focus is on the coupling between aerosol impacts on cloud microphysics and the diurnal cycle of stratocumulus clouds. LES simulations of a 36 hours cycle are performed with aerosol concentrations typical of pristine and polluted air masses, successively. Although the simulations start from the same initial state, they rapidly diverge. The increased concentration of cloud condensation nuclei yields to an increased droplet concentration, a reduction of the droplet sizes and the inhibition of the droplet sedimentation and precipitation formation. The liquid water content at cloud top hence increases and the cloud top entrainment is strengthened. Moreover, the absorption of solar radiation at cloud base is no longer balanced by the droplet and drizzle evaporation, and the decoupling of the cloud layer is reinforced. Overall, the polluted cloud layer is better coupled during the night and more decoupled during the day than its pristine counterpart. Measurable signatures of these impacts are identified to help at designing observational studies of aerosol impacts on the dynamics on boundary layer clouds
Limoges, Alix. "Modélisation haute résolution de la dynamique des aérosols en zone littorale méditerrannéenne." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TOUL0011.
Повний текст джерелаMarine aerosols, generated by wind-wave interaction processes, represent a major component of natural aerosols and play an important role in radiative balance of the planet. Therefore, a better understanding of the properties and atmospheric dynamics of these particles is crucial in the context of climate change, as well as for their interactions with atmospheric pollutants and the transport of large quantities of organic matter, which impact air quality, particularly in coastal regions. This thesis focuses on the development of a high-resolution modeling of aerosol atmospheric dynamics in coastal zones to better understand the intrusion and local atmospheric variations of marine aerosol concentrations in these spatially constrained areas. To achieve this, a LES version of the Meso-NH model, incorporating a specific source function for marine aerosols developed at the MIO laboratory, was implemented in the Toulon coastal region. The numerical simulations were compared with experimental data acquired aboard the research vessel Atalante during the MIRAMER campaign. The ability of the model to predict aerosol concentration variations based on different local wind directions was assessed. The results provided a better understanding of the impact of coastal geographical configuration on aerosol dynamics, highlighting both the benefits and limitations of the high-resolution modeling used. These limitations concern, in particular, the ability of the model to accurately render localized turbulent structures, which require better representation for precise aerosol modeling, especially in the land-sea transition zone. This work further improved the source function of aerosols generated by wave breaking for short fetches through a specific analysis of wave slope. It also enabled the evaluation of the impact of these marine aerosols on an extreme precipitation event in the Mediterranean
Blot, Romain. "Etude et modélisation des variations spatio-temporelles des distributions d'aérosols en zone côtière méditerranéenne." Phd thesis, Université du Sud Toulon Var, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00651785.
Повний текст джерелаBlot, Romain. "Etude et modélisation des variations spatio-temporelles des distributions d'aérosols en zone côtière méditerranéenne." Phd thesis, Toulon, 2009. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00651785/fr/.
Повний текст джерелаWith 70% of the planet surface covered by seas and oceans, the presence of sea salt particles, produced mainly by the waves breaking, represents a major constituent in the geochemical cycle of the atmosphere and in the earth radiative budget. Ln order to anticipate the possible changes, our knowledge has to progress towards a more precise description and modelling of surface flux. The present study proposes a general framework for a better characterization of particles injected in the atmosphere by the waves breaking. One of the objectives is to study the parametrical and numerical models' validity in order to predict the spatio-temporal sea spray's variation at a local and regional scale. A first part of this work is dedicated to the study of the aerosol concentrations' spatial variation in a Mediterranean coastal zone. To do so, a coupling between a meso-scale meteorological code (RAMS) and an aerosol determinist model (Medex) developed by the LSEET has been operated. The predictions of the coupling are confronted with the data recorded during an experimental campaign led in May 2007 at Porquerolles Island. The second part is focused on the parametrical model improvement : with the help of the data recorded in May 2007, the seasonal influence has been corrected, thus refining the Medex predictions. The third part is dedicated to the parameters influencing the sea spray concentrations during an episode of Mistral. It is shown that other parameters than the wind speed act, such as fetch or the height of the marine boundary layer. The last part proposes the development of a numerical transport model of aerosols. The first results show the influence of the atmospheric stability on the horizontal and vertical profiles of sprays
Ioannidis, Eleftherios. "Local and remote sources of Arctic air pollution." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://theses.hal.science/tel-03889862.
Повний текст джерелаThe Arctic region is warming faster than any other region on Earth due to the effect of greenhouse gases, notably CO2, and short-lived climate forcers of anthropogenic origin, such as black carbon (BC). Over the last 20-30 years, remote anthropogenic emissions over mid-latitude regions have been decreasing. Anthropogenic emissions within the Arctic are also contributing and might increase in the future and further affect Arctic air pollution and climate. Natural emissions, such as sea-spray aerosols, also might increase due to on-going climate change. However, the processes and sources influencing Arctic aerosols and trace gases are poorly quantified, especially in wintertime. In this thesis, quasi-hemispheric and regional simulations are performed using the Weather Research Forecast model, coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem). The model is used to investigate atmospheric composition over the wider Arctic and during two field campaigns, one in northern Alaska at Barrow, Utqiagvik in January and February 2014 and the second in Fairbanks, central Alaska in November and December 2019 during the French pre-ALPACA (Alaskan Layered Pollution And Chemical Analysis) campaign. First, modelled inorganic and sea-spray (SSA) aerosols are evaluated at remote Arctic sites during wintertime. Then, the model is improved with respect to SSA treatments, following evaluation against Barrow field campaign data, and their contribution to the total aerosol burden within the Arctic region is quantified. A series of sensitivity runs are performed over northern Alaska, revealing model uncertainties in processes influencing SSA in the Arctic such as the presence of sea-ice and open leads. Second, a sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate processes and sources influencing wintertime BC over the wider Arctic and over northern Alaska, with a focus on removal treatments and regional emissions. Variations in model sensitivity to wet and dry deposition is found across the Arctic and could explain model biases. Over northern Alaska, regional emissions from petroleum extraction are found to make an important contribution to observed BC. Model results are also sensitive to planetary boundary layer parameterisation schemes. Third, the improved version of the model is used to investigate the contribution of regional and local sources on air pollution in the Fairbanks area in winter 2019. Using up-to-date emissions, the model performs better in winter 2019 than in winter 2014, when compared to observations at background sites across Alaska. Underestimations in modelled BC and sulphate aerosols can be partly explained by lacking local and regional anthropogenic emissions. In the case of sulphate, additional secondary aerosol formation mechanisms under dark/cold conditions also need to be considered
Carrié, François-Rémi. "Obturation de fuites à l'aide d’aérosols : : application à la réhabilitation des systèmes de distribution d'air." Lyon, INSA, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ISAL0092.
Повний текст джерелаThe practical objective of this research is to reduce leakage in residential air-distribution systems, as earlier research proved that the energy savings potentials of sealing duct leaks is on the order of 20% of the furnace or air-conditioner energy use. The work presented herein consists m the development of an aerosol-based technique to overcome this problem. The second chapter of this thesis includes a literature review of the main phenomena encountered in the mechanics of aerosols. Then, we develop a mode! to predict aerosol penetration in an air-distribution network. The latter is based on the assumption that the system can be divided in elementary parts (straight tubes and bends) where the deposition efficiency may be determined. Thus, the relative quantity of deposited particles can be calculated for miscellaneous aerosol and air flow characteristics. It appears that 10 micron (or less) particles penetrate remarkably well in the network at reasonable air t1ow rates. The fourth chapter is dedicated to the study of particle deposition in leaks. Following a literature review of earlier investigations in this field, we focus our attention on particle suction in a two-dimensional slot since it presents similarities with our problem. It appears that an aerosol of 10 micron particles can plug significant openings (on the order of 1 mm) in conditions reproducible in situ. This result was validated with the experimental apparatus described in chapter V. The outcome of this research consists in the construction of a prototype field device that can reduce the leakiness of duct systems
Marchand, Denis. "Etude du rabattement des produits de fission sous forme aérosol par une pulvérisation de gouttelettes d'eau générée par un système d'aspersion de REP." Rouen, INSA, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ISAM0008.
Повний текст джерелаLe, Mezo Priscilla. "Variabilité des écosystèmes marins de l'échelle inter-annuelle au dernier cycle glaciaire-interglaciaire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV003.
Повний текст джерелаClimate variability influences marine primary productivity and marine species distribution over all timescales, from seasonal to interannual variability and glacial-interglacial cycles. The links between climate and marine ecosystems are still sparsely known so that the predictions of futur changes are difficult. Moreover, because paleoclimate recorders extracted from marine archives are often linked to the functionning of the ecosystem, this lack of knowledge limits our ability to reconstruct past climate variability.This thesis work aims at improving our knowledge of these links between climate and marine ecosystems : we have looked into marine productivity changes during the last glacial-interglacial cycle, but we also examined the "end-to-end" ecosystem response to inter-annual to decadal variability in a pre-industrial climate. This work uses a climate model (IPSL-CM), a bio-geochemical model (PISCES) and a model of high trophic levels (APECOSM).First, we show that the link between Indian summer monsoon intensity and marine primary productivity in the Arabian Sea is indirect. Indeed, it appears necessary to consider the monsoon pattern, such as the Findlater Jet position, which drives the Ekman dynamics in the region, as well as its intensity to understand the productivity changes.Second, we study the marine productivity changes off the Congo river mouth and their links with the river runoff and the African atmospheric dynamics. This work shows that the relationship between monsoon intensity and trade winds intensity, often used to reconstruct past changes, is not always verified. Depending on the climate, thermal or dynamical effects are more or less prominent drivers of the simulated changes in precipitation and winds. Productivity off the Congo river mouth, which is mainly located in the subsurface, seems more affected by the ocean and atmosphere dynamics than by the river supply in nutrients.Third, we study the inter-annual variability effects over past productivity changes and over the climatic signal potentially recorded in the biological climate proxies.Finally, the last part of the thesis focuses on high trophic levels marine organisms response to climate variability at different frequencies. This study shows that marine organisms response to environmental changes varies with the organism' size and habitat
Fortilus, Jeanne Marie Rose. "Modélisation bioéconomique des pêcheries thonières : mise en place d'aires marines protégées en haute mer de l'Océan indien." Nantes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NANT4023.
Повний текст джерелаEn introduction de la thèse, j'expose tout d'abord les enjeux biologiques et économiques de la gestion des pêcheries, puis la problématique des aires marines protégées (AMPs), notamment en haute mer. Dans une seconde partie, la description de la structure en réseau du système bioéconomique a été réalisée: des stocks jusqu'aux di#érents marchés. Je présente ensuite comment la prise en compte de cette structure m'a permis d'homogénéiser les données de captures issues de la base de données Sardara et celles de commerce issues de la base de données Fishstat. Je propose alors une analyse succincte des données homogénéisées. Dans la dernière partie de la thèse, je développe un modèle bioéconomique de l'ensemble de la filière. Ce modèle est basé sur la notion d'équilibre de réseau lequel est reconnu comme de grande taille puis qu'il implique environ 1000 liens biologiques ou économiques. Les algorithmes que j'utilise pour le calcul de l'équilibre du réseau tout en itérant le principe sur plusieurs années sont fournis en annexe. Enfin, je montre que ce travail est capable de développer et d'analyser différents scénarii, de la mise en place d'AMPs au large, entre autres, dont les résultats sont analysés avant de conclure
Coopman, Quentin. "Impact des aérosols sur les nuages en Arctique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10154/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe Arctic region is warming particularly rapidly. The aerosol-cloud interaction (ACI) plays an important role on cloud radiative properties and climate change but aerosol impact on cloud microphysical parameters is still poorly understood.In this study we combine measurements from the satellite instruments POLDER-3 and MODIS to temporally and spatially co-localize cloud microphysical properties with carbon monoxide concentrations, passive tracer of aerosol content, from GEOS-Chem and FLEXPART. We also add ERA-I reanalysis of meteorological parameters to stratify meteorological parameters, such as specific humidity and lower tropospheric stability. Thus, observed differences in cloud-microphysical-parameters can be attributed to differences in aerosol content and not in meteorological parameters. We define a net ACI (ACInet) which can be interpreted as a measure of the sensitivity of a cloud at any given location to pollution plumes from distant sources. We study the impact of aerosols from anthropogenic and biomass-burning sources on liquid-cloud microphysical properties in Arctic, between 2005 and 2010, above ocean, and for different meteorological regimes. Our results suggest that the effect of biomass pollution plumes is smaller than the effect of anthropogenic pollution plumes. Meteorological parameters can significantly influence the ACI. We analyze the impact of anthropogenic aerosol on thermodynamic phase transition. The smaller the effective radius, the greater the supercooled temperature, whereas the greater the aerosol concentration, the smaller the supercooled temperature
Salles, Tristan. "Modélisation numérique du remplissage sédimentaire des canyons et chenaux sous-marins par approche génétique." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13254.
Повний текст джерелаCaro, Dimitri. "Conception et évaluation d'un schéma microphysique chaud et d'un schéma de capture et de lessivage des aérosols." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CLF21372.
Повний текст джерелаRompas, Parabelem Tinno Dolf. "Un modèle numérique pour l'étude des courants marins dans le détroit de Bangka, Nord Sulawesi, Indonésie." Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX30023.
Повний текст джерелаA numerical model makes it possible to study the marine currents in the Bangka strait (North Sulawesi, Indonesia) is proposed. This study is intended for the installation of hydroelectric in the place more adapted of strait in order to provide electric current to the close environment. The project uses a three-dimensional model of taking flow where the pressure distribution in the liquid vertical layers which is supposed hydrostatic. We are thus brought back to a twodimensional calculation using the shallow water equations. The objective of the study is the simultaneous obtaining of the current threads and the power availabilities of the tides per unit of horizontal area of the strait. The Bangka strait is 5500 m width for an average depth of 40 m. Numerical calculation is simulated using horizontal meshes of 60 side meters. The velocity data of the edge conditions result from experimental measurements. The numerical solutions were obtained by using a time step of one second. The results show that threads of currents and values of velocities correspond to the results of measurements. The values of the power available per m2 then obtained by calculation must make it possible to choose the more suitable place to install turbines adapted well for a future undersea power plant
Chrit, Mounir. "Formation des aérosols organiques et inorganiques en Méditerranée." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1027/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis work aims at understanding the origins and processes leading to the formation of organic aerosols (OA) and inorganic aerosols (IA) over the western Mediterranean Sea during different seasons, using the air-quality model Polyphemus. In the framework of ChArMEx (the Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment), measurements of both aerosol concentrations and properties are performed at a remote site (Ersa) on Corsica Island in the northwestern Mediterranean sea in the summers 2012, 2013 and the winter 2014. This thesis also benefits from measurements performed during flights above the western Mediterranean Sea in the summer 2014. The model is evaluated during these periods, and different processes/parameterizations are added or modified in order to have good model-to-measurements comparisons, not only of aerosol concentrations but also of their properties. Origins of aerosols are assessed through different sensitivity studies to the meteorological model, anthropogenic emissions inventory, sea-salt emissions and different input models. The contribution of marine emissions to inorganic aerosols (IA) is important, and the parameterization of sea-salt emissions is chosen such as having good comparisons to sodium measurements, which is a non-volatile compound emitted mainly by sea salts. Marine organic aerosols (OA), which are added to the model with a parameterization that uses the chlorophyll-a concentration as a proxy parameter to model the marine chemistry, contribute to OA by only 2% at the maximum. The ground-based and airborne model-to-measurements comparisons show the importance of an accurate description of shipping emissions to model sulfate and OA concentrations. However, this is not true for nitrate and ammonium concentrations, which are very dependent on the hypotheses used in the model for condensation/evaporation (thermodynamic equilibrium, mixing state).During the summers 2012 and 2013, OA concentrations are mostly of biogenic origin, which is well reproduced by the model. Measurements show important concentrations of highly oxidized and oxygenated OA. For the model to reproduce not only the concentrations but also the oxidation and hydrophilicity properties of OA, three processes to form secondary organic aerosols (SOA) from monoterpenes are added to the model : the autoxidation process leading to the formation of extremely low volatility organic compounds, the organic nitrate formation mechanism and the second generational ageing. The high oxidation and oxygenation states of OA at Ersa are well modeled when organosulfate formation is also assumed. Winter simulations show that OA are mainly of anthropogenic origin. The influence of the anthropogenic intermediate/semi-volatile organic compound (ISVOC) emissions, which are missing from emission inventories, is low in summer. Nonetheless, the role and the contribution of ISVOC appear very significant during the winter, with a large contribution from residential heating. Different parameterizations to represent the emissions and the ageing of IS-VOC are implemented in the model, namely the volatility distribution of emissions, single-step vs multi-step oxidation scheme and non-traditional volatile organic compounds (NTVOC) chemistry. Sensitivity studies show that the volatility distribution at the emission is a key parameter to improve the modeling of OA concentrations. The model reproduces well the observed concentrations, but the observed organic oxidation and oxygenation states are strongly under-estimated, stressing the potential role of autoxidation and organic nitrate from anthropogenic precursors
Zabiégo, Magali. "Rayonnement d'un bain de corium dans un milieu chargé en aérosols issus de l'interaction corium/béton." Aix-Marseille 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX11002.
Повний текст джерелаMartin, Emmanuel. "Etude et modélisation de la formation et de la croissance des aérosols organiques secondaires d'origine biogène." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR13195.
Повний текст джерелаMelachroinos, Stavros A. "Positionnement géodésique à haute fréquence de réseaux GNSS terrestres et marins." Observatoire de Paris (1667-....), 2007. https://hal.science/tel-02071426.
Повний текст джерелаThe surface deformations of the Earth’s crust and the sea-level variations measured by terrestrial or maritime GNSS networks are a subject that the CNES/GRGS team wanted to investigate thoroughly. In the first part, the main characteristics and differences of four global positioning systems that will constitute the future Global Navigation Satellite System of Systems are presented. In the second part, I concentrate in the definition of the basic geodetic components of GNSS used in positioning. In the third part, GINS scientific software package the basic tool used in this PhD study is presented. Updated modifications implemented for the needs of my research are overseen. Then validations tests of the modifications on the level of precise orbit determination (for GPS and GIOVE-A) and positioning are presented. In the fourth part, the main study of ocean tide loading – OTL in a complex coastal area that of Brittany, in France is presented. The implemented method aims to use a dedicated dense GPS network in order to evaluate/validate the performances of ocean tide models in the region. The impact of OTL on tropospheric parameters, the datum stability used to align the GNSS solution and the aliasing affects on the campaign stations’ time-series of unmodeled vertical displacement are analyzed. In the final and last part, the preliminary results of a GPS kinematic data set designated to cross compare and validate altimetric and oceanographic observations of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current are analyzed
Le, Mezo Priscilla. "Variabilité des écosystèmes marins de l'échelle inter-annuelle au dernier cycle glaciaire-interglaciaire." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV003/document.
Повний текст джерелаClimate variability influences marine primary productivity and marine species distribution over all timescales, from seasonal to interannual variability and glacial-interglacial cycles. The links between climate and marine ecosystems are still sparsely known so that the predictions of futur changes are difficult. Moreover, because paleoclimate recorders extracted from marine archives are often linked to the functionning of the ecosystem, this lack of knowledge limits our ability to reconstruct past climate variability.This thesis work aims at improving our knowledge of these links between climate and marine ecosystems : we have looked into marine productivity changes during the last glacial-interglacial cycle, but we also examined the "end-to-end" ecosystem response to inter-annual to decadal variability in a pre-industrial climate. This work uses a climate model (IPSL-CM), a bio-geochemical model (PISCES) and a model of high trophic levels (APECOSM).First, we show that the link between Indian summer monsoon intensity and marine primary productivity in the Arabian Sea is indirect. Indeed, it appears necessary to consider the monsoon pattern, such as the Findlater Jet position, which drives the Ekman dynamics in the region, as well as its intensity to understand the productivity changes.Second, we study the marine productivity changes off the Congo river mouth and their links with the river runoff and the African atmospheric dynamics. This work shows that the relationship between monsoon intensity and trade winds intensity, often used to reconstruct past changes, is not always verified. Depending on the climate, thermal or dynamical effects are more or less prominent drivers of the simulated changes in precipitation and winds. Productivity off the Congo river mouth, which is mainly located in the subsurface, seems more affected by the ocean and atmosphere dynamics than by the river supply in nutrients.Third, we study the inter-annual variability effects over past productivity changes and over the climatic signal potentially recorded in the biological climate proxies.Finally, the last part of the thesis focuses on high trophic levels marine organisms response to climate variability at different frequencies. This study shows that marine organisms response to environmental changes varies with the organism' size and habitat
Turmel, Dominique. "Analyse des chutes de bloc dans le domaine subaquatique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25529/25529.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаChami, Malik. "Développement d'un code de transfert radiatif pour le système océan-atmosphère : application au détroit du Pas-de-Calais." Littoral, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997DUNK0012.
Повний текст джерелаThe observation of the sea surface from space proovides informations about the water content in suspended matter. Numerous sensors are launched in order to assess the pigment concentration in the open ocean (case I) as well as in the coastal waters (case II). Therefore, we need to understand the mechanisms which affect the solar beam in the ocean-atmosphere system. We thus developed a radiative transfer code for both atmosphere and coastal layer. The validation of this code was carried out first through an inter-comparison between existing models and second through truth measurements. The observation of the ocean is made throughout the atmosphere wich disturbs the pathways of the solar beam. We thus need to correct the signal for atmospheric effects. Among the components of the atmosphere, aerosols are the most difficult to remove because of their strong variability in time and space ; it is then useful to derive them locally. Atmospheric optical measurements were carried out in the Straits of Dover in 1994 ans 1995 in order to describe the aerosols. The analysis of the polarized radiation enabled to identify a mode of small particles, correctly represented by Shettle and Fenn’s size distribution. The atmospheric contribution to the signal has been removed using Shettleand Fenn’s models on POLDER airborne scenes to get the water leaving radiance. Marine optical measurements were also collected in the water column in summer and autumn. Summer experiments were favorable to remote sense chlorophyll pigments whereas autumn ones concerned mineral particles. The analysis of marine and satellite data showed that a map of suspended matter concentration was possible. Also the theoretical sensitivity studies conducted in this work revealed that the sediment signature could possibly be extracted from the polarized radiance
Marsaleix, Patrick. "Modélisation tridimensionnelle de la circulation océanique dans le Golfe du Lion." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30072.
Повний текст джерелаCousin, Frédéric. "Modélisation de l'intéraction dynamique- chimie - aérosol : campagne ESCOMPTE 2001." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30106.
Повний текст джерелаVallé, Michel. "Mise au point de techniques microbiologiques et biochimiques d'évaluation de l'altération de la chair de poissons marins et essais de modélisation." Lille 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LIL10107.
Повний текст джерелаConchon, Anna. "Modélisation du zooplancton et du micronecton marins." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LAROS011/document.
Повний текст джерелаZooplankton and micronecton are the first marine trophic levels. Different by their size (200μm to 2mm for zooplankton, 2 to 20cm for micronekton), this two groups undergo diel vertical migration from depth by day to the surface during the night. These migrations create major organic matter fluxes between the deep ocean and the surface. Biogeochemical cycles are of great importance for climate change studies. These studies are conducted with ocean global circulation model and biogeochemical model. The way to go is develop low and mid-trophic level modelling approaches. SEAPODYM ensemble of models are three parsimonious model of biomass at diverse level of the trophic chain, from zooplankton to top predators. This thesis introduce the zooplankton biomass model SEAPODYM-LTL (lower trophic level) and a forcing fields sensitivity analysis. Indeed, these model are forced off line by currents, temperature and primary production fields produced by other models. SEAPODYM-LTL has also been compared to PISCES (NPZD) and both have similar performance score in this study. In order to improve SEAPODYM-MTL (mid trophic level) predictions, a data assimilation framework has been developed to find a better parameterisation. 38kHz active acoustic data have been used to improve the model. This methodology has been develop thanks to a test case that we present in this thesis. The gathered acoustic dataset permitted to show the need of a better definition of vertical layer depths. It has been developed using the acoustic dataset. The related study is presented in this thesis
Equihua, Anguiano Luisa Nicté. "Modélisation des ancrages de structures offshore flottantes dans les grands fonds marins." Grenoble INPG, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPG0006.
Повний текст джерелаThe development of deepwater petroleum exploitation has been accompanied by a major evolution and a necessity to know the structures performance in particular soil conditions. Suction caissons and plate anchors are examples of structures used as anchoring for floating systems. Ln this work, a numerical study of suction caissons and plate anchors foundations is presented. Axi-symmetric, 2D and 3D simulations were performed. The soil characteristics considered were clays, corresponding to deep sea sediments. The clay was simulated with the two constitutive soil models "Mohr-Coulomb" and "Soft-Soil". The effect of suction in the bearing capacity of the two anchors was studied. For the suction caissons relationships were obtained that permitted the evaluation of the bearing capacity of laterally loaded caissons. 3D results are acquired by extrapoling 2D simulation. For plate anchors, factors to calculate the bearing capacity were obtained
Bensaker, Bachir. "Contribution à la modélisation et à l'identification d'un processus de croissance de micro-organismes marins (Dinophysis acuminata)." Le Havre, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LEHA0002.
Повний текст джерелаAssier, Rzadkiewicz Sandrine. "Etudes numériques et expérimentales d'un glissement de sédiments le long d'une pente sous-marine et des vagues générées." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20024.
Повний текст джерелаChen, Cheng. "Retrieving global sources of aerosol emissions from satellite observations." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R001/document.
Повний текст джерелаUnderstanding of the role that atmospheric aerosol play in the Earth-atmosphere system is limited by uncertainties in aerosol distribution, composition and sources. Thus, accurate chemical transport model simulation systems are crucial needed to analyse and predict atmospheric aerosols and their impacts on climate change and environment. Satellite observations have ability to provide an extensive spatial coverage and accurate aerosol products, however, are constrained by clear-sky condition, global coverage orbit cycle and information content. One of the most promising approaches is to reduce model uncertainty by improving the aerosol emission fields (i.e., model input) by means of inverse modeling relying on satellite observations as a constrain. In this study, we designed a method of simultaneous retrievals of desert dust, black carbon and organic carbon aerosol emission sources using aerosol data obtained from GRASP algorithm applied to POLDER/PARASOL satellite observations, and relying on the GEOS-Chem inverse modeling framework. Then, a satellite-based global aerosol emission database (2006-2011) has been developed. This aerosol emission database has been further evaluated by utilization in GEOS-Chem and GEOS-5/GOCART models. The model posterior simulation of aerosol properties employing the retrieved emissions shows a better agreement than the model prior simulation; it is true for not only fitted PARASOL products, but also for completely independent measurements from ground-based AERONET and satellites aerosol products (e.g., MODIS, MISR, OMI). The results suggest that the satellite-based aerosol emission database improves overall global aerosol modeling
Bellouin, Nicolas. "Estimation de l'effet direct des aérosols à partir de la modélisation et de la télédétection passive." Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2003/50376-2003-183-184.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаGiraud, Xavier. "Reconstitution paléocéanographique du signal delta15N : modélisation couplée physique et biogéochimique d'un upwelling côtier." Bordeaux 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR12452.
Повний текст джерелаCastelle, Bruno. "Modélisation de l'hydrodynamique sédimentaire au-dessus des barres sableuses soumises à l'action de la houle : application à la côte aquitaine." Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12859.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis presents the first complete study of wave dynamics, wave-induced currents, and morphodynamics of nearshore sandy bars on the aquitanian coast beaches. This study is based on a physical modeling approach, associated with satellite imagery as well as treatment and analysis of field data. From the 12th to the 19th of october 2001 at Truc Vert beach, hydrodynamic and sedimentary data were collected during PNEC 2001 field measurements for energetic swell conditions. From the analysis of these data, the hydrodynamic module of the morphodynamic model developed during this thesis has been validated, and the dynamics of waves and wave-induced currents has been described. Simulations over aquitanian coast ridge and runnel systems and nearshore crescentic bar system show an intense tidal modulation of physical processes. Rip currents are induced by shore normal incidence long swells and an oscillating longshore current is induced by oblic incidence swells. The morphodynamic coupling including tidal cycles shows that self-organization mechanisms are responsible for the formation fo ridge and runnel systems in the intertidal domain and crescentic bar systems in the nearshore zone. The morphological characteristics of simulated systems are in agreement with observations. The development of these bars is also studied, as well as its sensitivity to wave forcing. The study leads to a new conceptual model of sandy bars morphology on the aquitanian coast
Tarhini, Ali. "Analyse numérique des méthodes quasi-Monte Carlo appliquées aux modèles d'agglomération." Chambéry, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CHAMS015.
Повний текст джерелаMonte Carlo (MC) methods are probabilistic methods based on the use of random numbers in repeated experiments. Quasi-Monte Carlo (QMC) methods are deterministic versions of Monte Carlo methods. Random sequences are replaced by low discrepancy sequences. These sequences ha ve a better uniform repartition in the s-dimensional unit cube. We use a special class of low discrepany sequences called (t,s)-sequences. In this work, we develop and analyze Monte Carlo and quasi-Monte Carlo particle methods for agglomeration phenomena. We are interested, in particular, in the numerical simulation of the discrete coagulation equations (the Smoluchowski equation), the continuous coagulation equation, the continuous coagulation-fragmentation equation and the general dynamics equation (GDE) for aerosols. In all these particle methods, we write the equation verified by the mass distribution density and we approach this density by a sum of n Dirac measures ; these measures are weighted when simulating the GDE equation. We use an explicit Euler disretiza tion scheme in time. For the simulation of coagulation and coagulation-fragmentation, the numerical particles evolves by using random numbers (for MC simulations) or by quasi-Monte Carlo quadratures. To insure the convergence of the numerical scheme, we reorder the numerical particles by their increasing mass at each time step. In the case of the GDE equation, we use a fractional step iteration scheme : coagulation is simulated as previously, other phenomena (like condensation, evaporation and deposition) are integrated by using a deterministic particle method for solving hyperbolic partial differential equation. We prove the convergence of the QMC numerical scheme in the case of the coagulation equation and the coagulation-fragmentation equation, when the number n of numerical particles goes to infinity. All our numerical tests show that the numerical solutions calculated by QMC algorithms converges to the exact solutions and gives better results than those obtained by the corresponding Monte Carlo strategies
Drugé, Thomas. "Contribution des aérosols aux scénarios climatiques en Méditerranée pour le XXIème siècle à l'échelle régionale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30328.
Повний текст джерелаThe Euro-Mediterranean region is subject to high aerosol loads of various origins and with high spatial and temporal variability. The climate of this region will be impacted by their direct effect on radiation but also by their semi-direct and indirect effects on clouds and atmospheric dynamics. This thesis work, which is part of the Med-CORDEX and ChArMEx research programmes, will address through regional climate modelling the question of the direct radiative effect of the various aerosols over the historical period, their evolution between the period 1971-2000 and the period 2021-2050 as well as the sensitivity of the future climate of this region to these aerosols. In order to take into account as fully as possible anthropogenic aerosols in the ALADIN-Climat regional climate model, used throughout this thesis work, a new simplified aerosol module to represent nitrate and ammonium particles has been implemented in its interactive aerosol scheme TACTIC. A set of simulations, taking into account or not nitrate and ammonium particles, were carried out over the period 1979-2016. The results showed the significant impact of these atmospheric particles on the Euro-Mediterranean climate with a contribution of 40% to the total AOD (at 550 nm) and a direct radiative forcing higher than that of sulphate and organic carbon particles from 2005. Over a longer period of time and using different scenarios, results show a decrease of total AOD of 35% over Europe between 1971-2000 and 2021-2050. This is mainly due to the decrease of the sulphate aerosols AOD, partly offset by the increase of nitrates. Nitrate particles will also have the highest total AOD contribution over Europe, of 45%, during the future period. This evolution of the various aerosols will impact their direct radiative forcing, with a significant decrease in that exerted by sulphate particles and an increase in that of nitrate and ammonium aerosols. These changes, which are robust under the different scenarios, explain on an annual average about 6% of the expected global warming over Europe between the two periods, mainly due to aerosols-radiation interactions but also to a change in cloud albedo (first indirect effect) and atmospheric dynamics over this region
André, Gaël. "Échanges côte-large à moyenne échelle au niveau de la pente continentale du Golfe du Lion : processus et modélisation." Toulon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOUL0018.
Повний текст джерелаDynamics of water mass exchanges between the Gulf of Lions (GoL) and the open sea are driven by several physical processes, which influence circulation at several spacio-temporal scales. This study, based on a realistic modelling during two years, aims to bring a better knowledge of circulation and hydrodynamics processes occurring in the NW Mediterranean Sea and in the GoL. Firstly, the NW Mediterranean Basin circulation modelled during the year 2001 is compared with Sea Surface Temperature (SST) satellite measurements (AVHRR) and with the MEDATLAS climatology. These comparisons show a good agreement concerning surface patterns and seasonal variability of the large scale circulation. At lower scale, several processes influence circulation over the shelf and the GoL's continental slope. These processes are studied by comparing model results to SST and chlorophyll satellite measurements. Secondly, an improved modelling configuration had been used with in-situ measurements collected during the ECOLOPHY experiment (June - December 2005) to investigate the mesoscale variability generated on the onshore Northern Current (NC) front. The one-year time series of ADCP current measurements revealed that mesoscale activity strengthens during winter due to seasonal variability of the NC and to local wind effect. Current fluctuations evidenced by meanders and eddies, are attributed to baroclinic and barotropic instability processes. Finally, modelling test cases show that wind forcing and bathymetry influence the generation of these instabilities
Déchoux, Véronique. "Utilisation du fluage dans une modélisation du manteau sub océanique." Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10331.
Повний текст джерелаRakotonarivo, Sandrine. "Caractérisation quantitative des fonds marins à l'aide des sondeurs de sédiment (1 khz-10 khz) : modélisation directe pour l'inversion sur données réelles." Brest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BRES2003.
Повний текст джерелаThis work deals with sub-bottom profiling signals backscattered by the seafloor and aims at remotely characterize marine sediments at middle frequencies (1 kHz - 10 kHz) and at normal incidence. For that, the study is divided into two parts: the direct modelling analysis and the inverse problem. The work firstly focuses on determining a direct backscattering model which may take into account: measurement geometry (monostatic, normal incidence, and low directive antennas), signal’s properties (linear chirp defined between 1 kHz and 10 kHz), seafloor’s features (layering, attenuation, rough interfaces, inhomogeneous and random layers) and the inverse problem. After justifying predominance of specular energy returns on scattering, the analysis leads to a direct modified layered model which may offer the best compromise between inversion possibility and seafloor parameters accounted for (reflection loss for layering, attenuation coefficient, standard deviation of roughness heights and thickness of an inhomogeneous layer). Accuracy of modified layered model is also calculated and it is experimentally validated with laboratory measurements on absorbent layered plates, and then, with in situ data recorded with sub-bottom profiler Echoes 3 500 from the firm IXSEA on a layered seabed with continuous impedance variations. Then, model inversion is applied with an iterative process on each echo. Frequency dependent parameters (attenuation, roughness, and continuous impedance variations) are firstly evaluated with a wavelet modelling approach while minimising absolute error in order to get a direct linear problem. Next, reflection coefficient is estimated thanks to the method of maximum likelihood equivalent to least square minimisation criteria. Finally, inversion algorithm is implemented on two synthetic examples in order to evaluate efficiency of the inverse operation
Idier, Déborah. "Dynamique des bancs et dunes de sable du plateau continental : observation in-situ et modélisation numérique." Toulouse, INPT, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPT035H.
Повний текст джерелаTidiga, Mariam. "Contenu et variabilité des aérosols de la stratosphère : impact des éruptions volcaniques sur la période 2013-2019." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021ORLE2011.
Повний текст джерелаLarge volcanic eruptions affect the climate by injecting sulphur dioxide gas into the stratosphere which is converted to sulphate aerosols. These aerosols have the power to warm the stratosphere, cooling the troposphere by reflecting solar radiation. Since the Pinatubo eruption in 1991, which resulted in a global cooling of 0.4◦C, observations have shown that the stratosphere has been regularly impacted by volcanic eruptions of moderate magnitude on a hemispheric scale, but that these events have been less well documented in the tropics. During our research, we carried out simulations by the global model WACCM-CARMA, including chemical and microphysical cycles of Sulphur to study the variability of stratospheric aerosol content in the tropics over the period 2013-2019. The simulations show that the volcanic events of the period (Kelud, Calbuco, Ambae, Raikoke and Ulawun) have significantly influenced the aerosol layer in the tropics, either by direct injection or by transport from distant latitudes
Ferré, Bénédicte. "Comparaison de l'effet des tempêtes et du chalutage sur la resuspension et le transport de matières particulaires dans le Golfe du Lion." Perpignan, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PERP0584.
Повний текст джерелаThe impact of storms and trawling on the resuspension and transport of sediment in the Gulf of Lion has been studied. A first experiment conducted in a muddy-sand bay, illustrated the effect of a major storm on sediment resuspension. The results revealed a strong turbidity increase throughout the whole water column. Particulate flux were estimated and highlighted the limitation of erosion by bed armoring. Residence time of suspended fine particles after the peak of the storm was about one week. A 1DV oscillatory turbulent boundary layer model compared well with the observations and further showed that such storms could resuspend sediment up to 40 m depth, corresponding to the sand to mud transition limit. A second experiment aimed at estimating the characteristics of the turbid plumes and the resuspension fluxes generated by bottom trawls (geometry, resuspended sediment concentration, grain size) on different muddy substrates. Monitoring and modeling of plume deposition showed that most of the resuspended sediment settled within a couple of hours, and that the remaining suspended fine sediment could feed the bottom nepheloid layer. The impact of both resuspension processes was compared in winter conditions using a sediment- and hydro- dynamics model. Results indicate that waves and currents resuspend primarily muddy-sand sediments of the inner-shelf, between 20 and 40 m deep, whereas trawling-induced resuspension is maximum on muddy sediment between 80 and 100 m depth. Whereas the quantities resuspended by waves and currents clearly exceed those induced by trawling, the quantities of exported particles are comparable
Lebrun, Dominique. "Inversion linéarisée de données sismiques à deux composantes." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20055.
Повний текст джерелаRichon, Camille. "Modélisation de l'impact du dépôt d'aérosols sur les cycles biogéochimiques de la mer Méditerranée." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV105.
Повний текст джерелаObservations and experiments showed that aerosol deposition can increase the amount of bioavailable nutrients and favor biological production of the Mediterranean Sea. In this context, the present study yields for the first time a quantification of the effects of aerosol deposition from various sources thanks to the coupled physical-biogeochemical model NEMOMED12/PISCES. This study consists in modeling and analyzing the effects on the Mediterranean biogeochemistry of atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and phosphate from various natural and anthropogenic sources. For this purpose, regional and global atmospheric models representing aerosol deposition were evaluated and selected. The NEMOMED12/PISCES model was modified to take into account these new nutrient sources. The analysis of the simulations showed that atmospheric deposition accounts for approximately 10 % of total external nitrate supply and 5 to 30 % of phosphate supply on average over the entire basin. Aerosol deposition can also increase biological production up to 50 % thanks to the lowering of nutrient limitations. The maximal fertilizing effects are observed during the stratied period which, in the Mediterranean region, is summer. The effects of climate change may be particularly important in sensitive regions such as the Mediterranean. Therefore, the evolutions of basin scale biogeochemistry were evaluated under a climate change scenario. The NEMOMED8/PISCES model was used with physical and biogeochemical forcings for the IPCC A2 climate change scenario. This study shows a reduction in basin scale surface productivity by approximately 10 % triggered by warming and stratification. Nutrient limitations are modified and the Mediterranean Sea sensibility to atmospheric deposition changes. The results of this thesis underline the importance of atmosphere as a nutrient source, in particular for nitrogen and phosphate. Deposition effects vary according to the season and the location. They are more important during the stratied period, when surface water is nutrient limited. Also, any change in biological productivity is quickly transfered along the biological chain. To refine the results, the atmospheric models could be improved and more knowledge on deposition fluxes and physical and chemical transformations of aerosols before and after deposition would be necessary. Moreover, more precise scenarios concerning climate change effects would be necessary in order to study the future evolutions of biogeochemical conditions in the Mediterranean. Finally, the recent developments on the PISCES model make new studies possible in a non redfieldian context. Preliminary results indicate that the productivity of the different phytoplanktonic groups varies with intracellular C/N/P ratios
Lachatre, Mathieu. "Étude de la pollution atmosphérique en Chine par modélisation et télédétection." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. https://theses.hal.science/tel-02914807.
Повний текст джерелаAs a result of its significant economic development, Chinese society has transformed itself and today faces a global environmental crisis. In everyday life, China’s big cities are covered with a thick smog of gas and particles, which is responsible for more than 1.6 million premature deaths, making China the most affected country by air pollution, along with its neighbor, India. In China, there are many sources of air pollution linked to human activities [traffic, industry, agriculture, energy production, construction], but also various natural sources of pollutants, in particular emissions of mineral dust from the deserts of Asia, in western China. The People’s Republic of China has begun to regulate activities that may affect air quality. The effectiveness of such actions is conditioned by the detailed knowledge of the anthropogenic contribution to this pollution and the complex relationship between primary and secondary pollutants. In this thesis, we have investigated, on the one hand, the impact of primary pollutant reduction policies on ammonia concentrations and more generally inorganic aerosols, and on the other hand, the contribution of desert aerosol to the particulate matter load in Chinese urban agglomerations. To do so, we combined data sources and tools such as satellite observations and numerical modelling. We use the CHIMERE regional chemistry-transport model to study and characterize air pollution in China. First, we carried out a detailed evaluation of the simulations performed with a configuration of the CHIMERE model set up for China. For this, we relied on satellite observations, remote sensing, and in-situ measurements of particulate concentrations and gaseous [inorganic] precursors. The results obtained show that the model works satisfactorily according to criteria given in the literature. Regarding the impact of emission reduction policies - especially for sulfur and nitrogen oxides, long term measurements with the OMI instrument aboard the AURA satellite show a sharp decrease in the atmospheric sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide columns. From these observations, it was possible to derive corrected emissions [compared to the available 2010 inventory] for the years 2013 and 2015 for NOX and SO2. The derived emission trends were then used to study the impacts on atmospheric composition, particularly on the formation of inorganic particles and associated gases such as ammonia, whose concentrations appeared to strongly increase in recent years. Simulations showed that the sharp decrease in SO2 and NO2 emissions between 2011 and 2015 led to a overall 14% decrease in nitrate, sulphate and ammonium aerosol concentrations, as well as an increase of nearly 50% of ammonia column levels, a value corroborated by the IASI observations that indicate an increase in ammonia columns of +65 ˙% under the same conditions. In a second step, the objective was to evaluate the contribution of desert aerosol to the particulate matter load in several Chinese cities. Dust emission modeling by Asian desert regions was first evaluated using remote sensing observations. Then, we verified the model’s ability to represent PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in Chinese megacities by comparing measurements of ground based observation networks. The study focuses mainly on three of the most populated PRC cities with different geographic locations, Beijing, Chengdu and Shanghai [...]
Guarracino, Maud. "Contrôle hydrodynamique du transfert de la matière particulaire sur la marge continentale du Golfe du Lion." Perpignan, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PERP0575.
Повний текст джерелаA long term experiment of monthly downward particle fluxes and hourly currents and temperature has been initiated in 1993 on the continental slope of the Gulf of Lions. This study aims at describing the spatial variation of the intensity and nature of particle fluxes, discriminating the temporal flux variability, and analysing the role of some forcing factors in the control of particle exchange across the margin. Forcing variables include sources of particulate matter on the shelf (river inputs, atmospheric input and resuspension) and cross-slope exchange mechanism derived from in-situ temperature and current records. The statistical analysis of the long term time series underlines that the transfer of particulate matter to the deep ocean is not forced by the sources of matter, and mass fluxes are likely controlled by the meandering of the Northern Current and by winter dense water formation. Numerical simulations have been carried out to check these hypotheses as well as to define the spatial structure of the water exchanges between the continental shelf and the basin and the major hydrodynamic mechanism which controls the export of matter to deep ocean. This modelling approach scans the impact of local atmospheric forcing (wind stress, heat fluxes, precipitation-evaporation budget) on the variability of the oceanic circulation and of mass fluxes within the canyons. Some results showed an East-West gradient of matter export on the shelf, a positive correlation between matter inputs from the shelf and particle fluxes measured on the slope as well as a positive correlation between anomalies of dense water formation rates and interannual variability of particle fluxes
Mendez, Maxence. "Étude expérimentale de la réactivité hétérogène de particules ultrafines d’acides gras et modélisation de la composition chimique des aérosols à l'échelle régionale." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10170/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe intensity of environmental and health impacts of atmospheric aerosol depend on their chemical composition. This composition varies as function of their emission source and transport time in the atmosphere where many chemical and physical transformations occur. The objectives of this thesis are, firstly, to study the initial steps of the atmospheric aging of organic aerosol in laboratory and, secondly, to provide with information on the modelling of the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol. The first part of this work has been dedicated to the study of the reactivity of model organic aerosol in an aerosol flow tube for two heterogeneous chemical systems: oleic acid + ozone; palmitic acid + chlorine radical. Chemical analyses in both gas phase and particle phase were performed to quantify the products and determine the chemical mechanisms.In the second part of the thesis, we have built a model to generate anthropogenic pollutant emission data for the chemistry weather forecast with the WRF-Chem model. The chemical speciation of primary aerosol permits us to model the chemical composition of aerosol over the French northern region. The model results have been validated by statistical comparison with data coming from measurements network (ATMO Nord-Pas de Calais) and also measurement campaigns performed with an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer
Bru, Driss. "Corrections atmosphériques pour capteurs à très haute résolution spatiale en zone littorale." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0314/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe coastal area accumulates major socio-economic and environmental issues. To understand the dynamics of the associated systems and predict their evolution, particularly in a context of strong human pressure and climate change, it is necessary to rely on long-termobservation systems providing robust data. By its spatial extent, ocean color remote sensing has demonstrated in recent years its strong potential for the observation of the coast and tends to become a central component of observation systems. However, very high resolution sensors (hereafter named THRS), suitable for small-scale observation of the physical and biogeochemical processes that characterize the dynamics of the coastal zone, still have strong limitations requiring important technical and scientific developments. As part of my PhD, I will focus on the atmospheric correction issues. The latter represent a key step of the signal processing in ocean color remote sensing. They are used to extract the marine signal from the total signal measured the sensor through an onboard radiometer. This signal, which only represents about 10% of the total signal, is used to measure, from inversion models, physical and biogeochemical parameters characterizing the marine and continental aquatic systems. However, atmospheric correction methods developed for ocean missions are often inadequate or ineffective for THRS sensors due to lower instrumental characteristics (low spectral resolution and low signal to noise ratio). My work was first to develop an innovative atmospheric correction method based on the elaboration of a local aerosol model, the ISAC model. This aerosol model is the result of the study of variations of the optical and microphysical properties of aerosol over Arcachon, based on four years of AERONET data. This method has later been applied to Landsat 8 images and the results were evaluated with other standard methods. Then, a comparison with field data was used to validate and demonstrate the good performance of the method. Finally, the ISAC’s corrected images were used used to evaluate the performance of an inversion model to extract bathymetry
Plantamp, Alice. "Étude et modélisation du comportement chimique des aérosols issus d’un feu de sodium lors de leur dispersion atmosphérique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0072/document.
Повний текст джерелаAs part of the development of 4th generation Sodium cooled Fast Reactors, studies are conducted on the consequences of a sodium fire, including the toxicological impact of possible releases of aerosols into the atmosphere. The carbonation of aerosols from a sodium fire results in a decreased toxicity, from their release point in sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The objective is to develop and experimentally validate a kinetics model of NaOH aerosols carbonation. The kinetic model based on the reactive absorption of atmospheric CO2 and using the double film theory enables to describe the carbonation of NaOH aerosols, initially formed as soda droplets. This model defines the initial aerosol characteristics of soda in equilibrium with the atmosphere. It is applied by considering the absorption of CO2 at the particle’s external surface. All the model variables are described and their equations explained. The validation of this kinetic model has motivated the development of an experimental device dedicated to the monitoring of physicochemical behavior of aerosols from a sodium fire with a better control of conditions of reactive atmosphere and of aerosols sampling. The new experimental data show the competition between the influence of temperature, partial pressure of water and of CO2. The comparison between the experimental results validates the kinetic model based on reactive absorption for relative humidity over 30%. Finally, the kinetic model was adapted into the form of an analytic expression for its use in association with the atmospheric dispersion calculation
Berthet, Sarah. "Développement d'un nouveau schéma de physique des nuages dans le modèle de méso-échelle MésoNH pour l'étude des interactions aérosol-nuage." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00542807.
Повний текст джерелаRodriguez, Cuevas Clemente. "Modélisation numérique des courants océaniques. Application à la région du Golfe du Mexique." Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX30039.
Повний текст джерелаWe introduce a parallel numerical code for solving 3D Navier-Stokes equations, in the case of an incompressible flow with free surface, and under the hydrostatic pressure assumption. A semi-implicit finite difference method has been used. The method is (mainly) of secondorder accurate in space. The code was validated by comparing numerical results with experimental measurements carried out for recirculating shallow-water flow in the wake of conical islands models with gently sloping sides. Thereafter, the code was adapted to the study of oceanic circulation in the Gulf of Mexico and more particularly to the phenomenology study of the Loop Current stability. The effect of physical parameters was firstly investigated using a reduced gravity model (two-dimensional). Then, the effect of density stratification was shown by using a 3D Navier-Stokes model with free surface. The present code is operational, of simple use, and requires a low running cost